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1732:(PTSD). Scientific studies have linked mental health to several climate-related exposures. These include heat, humidity, rainfall, drought, wildfires and floods. The indirect pathway can be disruption to economic and social activities. An example is when an area of farmland is less able to produce food. The third pathway can be of mere awareness of the climate change threat, even by individuals who are not otherwise affected by it. This especially manifests in the form of anxiety over the quality of life for future generations.
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803:
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1970:
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Janion-Scheepers, Charlene; Jarzyna, Marta A.; Jennings, Sarah; Lenoir, Jonathan; Linnetved, Hlif I.; Martin, Victoria Y.; McCormack, Phillipa C.; McDonald, Jan; Mitchell, Nicola J.; Mustonen, Tero; Pandolfi, John M.; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Popova, Ekaterina; Robinson, Sharon A.; Scheffers, Brett R.; Shaw, Justine D.; Sorte, Cascade J. B.; Strugnell, Jan M.; Sunday, Jennifer M.; Tuanmu, Mao-Ning; Vergés, Adriana; Villanueva, Cecilia; Wernberg, Thomas; Wapstra, Erik; Williams, Stephen E. (31 March 2017).
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2210:: Indigenous communities tend to rely more on the environment for food and other necessities. This makes them more vulnerable to disturbances in ecosystems. Indigenous communities across the globe generally have bigger economic disadvantages than non-indigenous communities. This is due to the oppression they have experienced. These disadvantages include less access to education and jobs and higher rates of poverty. All this makes them more vulnerable to climate change.
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475:. For instance such research can look at historical data for a region and conclude that a specific heat wave was more intense due to climate change. In addition , the time shifts of the season onsets, changes in the length of the season durations have been reported in many regions of the world. As a result of this, the timing of the extreme weather events such as heavy precipitaions and heat waves is changing in parallel with season shifting.
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714:. Agriculture suffers as a result. This means even regions where overall rainfall is expected to remain relatively stable will experience these impacts. These regions include central and northern Europe. Without climate change mitigation, around one third of land areas are likely to experience moderate or more severe drought by 2100. Due to global warming droughts are more frequent and intense than in the past.
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1385:. Through this interaction, climate change increases the risk of extinction for many terrestrial and freshwater species. At 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) of warming (around 2023) some ecosystems are threatened by mass die-offs of trees and from heatwaves. At 2 °C (3.6 °F) of warming, around 10% of species on land would become critically endangered. This differs by group. For instance
2283:. Another study found that excluding tipping points underestimates the global economic impact by a factor of two to eight. Another study found that a temperature rise of 2 °C (3.6 °F) by 2050 would reduce global GDP by 2.5%â7.5%. By 2100 in this scenario the temperature would rise by 4 °C (7.2 °F). This could reduce global GDP by 30% in the worst case.
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This would contribute 7 m (23 ft) to sea levels globally. The ice loss could become irreversible due to a further self-enhancing feedback. This is called the elevation-surface mass balance feedback. When ice melts on top of the ice sheet, the elevation drops. Air temperature is higher at lower altitudes, so this promotes further melting.
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decade. It has declined over 50% since the first satellite records. Ice-free summers are expected to be rare at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) degrees of warming. They are set to occur at least once every decade with a warming level of 2 °C (3.6 °F). The Arctic will likely become ice-free at the end of some summers before 2050.
1039:. If there are very deep cuts in emissions, sea level rise would slow between 2050 and 2100. It could then reach by 2100 slightly over 30 cm (1 ft) from now and approximately 60 cm (2 ft) from the 19th century. With high emissions it would instead accelerate further, and could rise by 1.01 m (
756:. This can cause vegetation and soils to dry out. When a fire starts in an area with very dry vegetation, it can spread rapidly. Higher temperatures can also lengthen the fire season. This is the time of year in which severe wildfires are most likely, particularly in regions where snow is disappearing.
7014:
Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Thomsen, Mads; Harvey, Ben P.; Straub, Sandra C.; Burrows, Michael T.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J.; Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E.; Scannell, Hillary A.; Sen Gupta,
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is affected by changes in the water cycle such as river flows. Diminished river flows can cause power shortages in areas that depend on hydroelectric power. Brazil relies on hydroelectricity. So it is particularly vulnerable. Rising temperatures, lower water flow, and changes in rainfall could reduce
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Further impacts may be irreversible, at least over the timescale of many human generations. This includes warming of the deep ocean and acidification. These are set to continue even when global temperatures stop rising. In biological systems, the extinction of species would be an irreversible impact.
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and by physical modeling. There is already moderate risk of global tipping points at 1 °C (1.8 °F) above pre-industrial temperatures. That becomes a high risk at 2.5 °C (4.5 °F). It is possible that some tipping points are close or have already been crossed. Examples are the West
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between 2007 and 2016. The extent of permafrost has been falling for decades. More decline is expected in the future. Permafrost thaw makes the ground weaker and unstable. The thaw can seriously damage human infrastructure in permafrost areas such as railways, settlements and pipelines. Thawing soil
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could also contribute to a partial collapse. But there is limited evidence for its importance. A partial collapse of the ice sheet would lead to rapid sea level rise and a local decrease in ocean salinity. It would be irreversible for decades and possibly even millennia. The complete loss of the West
5244:
Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US,
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paired the climatic conditions of 520 major cities worldwide with the predicted climatic conditions of cities in 2050. It found that 22% of the major cities would have climatic conditions that do not exist in any city today. For instance, 2050 London would have a climate similar to 2019 Melbourne in
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Climate change is projected to negatively affect all four pillars of food security. It will affect how much food is available. It will also affect how easy food is to access through prices, food quality, and how stable the food system is. Climate change is already affecting the productivity of wheat
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when parts of the natural environment enter into a new state. Examples are the runaway loss of ice sheets or the dieback of forests. Tipping behavior is found in all parts of the climate system. These include ecosystems, ice sheets, and the circulation of the ocean and atmosphere. Tipping points are
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measures both temperature and humidity. Humans cannot adapt to a wet-bulb temperature above 35 °C (95 °F). This heat stress can kill people. If global warming is kept below 1.5 or 2 °C (2.7 or 3.6 °F), it will probably be possible to avoid this deadly heat and humidity in most of
9614:"3.3.1 Impacts on systems and sectors. In (section): Synthesis Report. In: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.))"
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Climate change has a bigger impact on economic sectors directly affected by weather than on other sectors. It heavily affects agriculture, fisheries and forestry. It also affects the tourism and energy sectors. Agriculture and forestry have suffered economic losses due to droughts and extreme heat.
2286:
Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather events since the 1970s. Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses. These factors include population growth and increased wealth. Regional climatic factors also play a role. These include changes in
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Economic impacts are bigger the more the temperature rises. Scientists have compared impacts with warming of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and a level of 3.66 °C (6.59 °F). They use this higher figure to represent no efforts to stop emissions. They found that total damages at 1.5 °C were
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around the world. Those in poverty have a higher chance of experiencing the ill-effects of climate change, due to their increased exposure and vulnerability. A 2020 World Bank paper estimated that between 32 million to 132 million additional people will be pushed into extreme poverty by 2030 due to
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and rising sea levels gradually erode livelihoods. They force communities to abandon traditional homelands. Other forms of migration are adaptive and voluntary. They are based on individual or household decisions. On the other hand, some households may fall into poverty or get poorer due to climate
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and economic growth. The effects of climate change are often interlinked. They can exacerbate each other as well as existing vulnerabilities. Some areas may become too hot for humans to live in. Climate-related changes or disasters may lead people in some areas to move to other parts of the country
2003:
are especially vulnerable. They are likely to experience more intense storm surges, salt water intrusion and coastal destruction. Low-lying small islands in the
Pacific, Indian, and Caribbean regions even risk permanent inundation. This would displace their population. On the islands of Fiji, Tonga
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would likely halve rainfall in India and lead to severe drops in temperature in
Northern Europe. Many tipping points are interlinked such that triggering one may lead to a cascade of effects. This remains a possibility even well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) of warming. A 2018 study states that 45%
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and food. But 70â90% of today's warm-water coral reefs will disappear even if warming is kept to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). Coral reefs are framework organisms. They build physical structures that form habitats for other sea creatures. Other framework organisms are also at risk from climate change.
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again. Warming over land increases the severity and frequency of droughts around much of the world. In some tropical and subtropical regions of the world, there will probably be less rain due to global warming. This will make them more prone to drought. Droughts are set to worsen in many regions of
465:
The excess water vapour also gets caught up in storms. This makes them more intense, larger, and potentially longer-lasting. This in turn causes rain and snow events to become stronger and leads to increased risk of flooding. Extra drying worsens natural dry spells and droughts. This increases risk
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Displacement is when people move within a country. Migration is when they move to another country. Some people use the terms interchangeably. Climate change affects displacement in several ways. More frequent and severe weather-related disasters may increase involuntary displacement. These destroy
1186:
In contrast to the West
Antarctic ice sheet, melt of the Greenland ice sheet is projected to take place more gradually over millennia. Sustained warming between 1 °C (1.8 °F) (low confidence) and 4 °C (7.2 °F) (medium confidence) would lead to a complete loss of the ice sheet.
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The various layers of the oceans have different temperatures. For example, the water is colder towards the bottom of the ocean. This temperature stratification will increase as the ocean surface warms due to rising air temperatures. Connected to this is a decline in mixing of the ocean layers, so
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the temperature will be about 2.7 °C (2.0â3.6 °C) above pre-industrial levels by 2100. It would rise by 2.4 °C (4.3 °F) if governments achieved all their unconditional pledges and targets. If all the countries that have set or are considering net-zero targets achieve them, the
7216:
Global
Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and
6191:
Global
Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and
4676:
von
Schuckmann, Karina; MiniÚre, Audrey; Gues, Flora; Cuesta-Valero, Francisco José; Kirchengast, Gottfried; Adusumilli, Susheel; Straneo, Fiammetta; Ablain, Michaël; Allan, Richard P.; Barker, Paul M.; Beltrami, Hugo; Blazquez, Alejandro; Boyer, Tim; Cheng, Lijing; Church, John (17 April 2023).
3234:
Global
Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and
2069:
Migration due to climate and weather is usually within countries. But it is long-distance. Slow-onset disasters such as droughts and heat are more likely to cause long-term migration than weather disasters like floods. Migration due to desertification and reduced soil fertility is typically from
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pressure are other factors. Droughts result in crop failures and the loss of pasture for livestock. Loss and poor growth of livestock cause milk yield and meat production to decrease. The rate of soil erosion is 10â20 times higher than the rate of soil accumulation in agricultural areas that use
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within ecosystems. This is because species from one location do not leave the warming habitat at the same rate. The result is rapid changes in the way the ecosystem functions. Impacts include changes in regional rainfall patterns. Another is earlier leafing of trees and plants over many regions.
536:
Experts can often attribute the intensity of individual heat waves to global warming. Some extreme events would have been nearly impossible without human influence on the climate system. A heatwave that would occur once every ten years before global warming started now occurs 2.8 times as often.
11527:
Steffen, Will; Persson, Ă
sa; Deutsch, Lisa; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Williams, Mark; Richardson, Katherine; Crumley, Carole; Crutzen, Paul; Folke, Carl; Gordon, Line; Molina, Mario; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Rockström, Johan; Scheffer, Marten; Schellnhuber, Hans
Joachim; Svedin, Uno (12 October 2011).
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Global warming affects the insurance and financial services sectors. Insurance is an important tool to manage risks. But it is often unavailable to poorer households. Due to climate change, premiums are going up for certain types of insurance, such as flood insurance. Poor adaptation to climate
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Humans have a climate niche. This is a certain range of temperatures in which they flourish. Outside that niche, conditions are less favourable. This leads to negative effects on health, food security and more. This niche is a mean annual temperature below 29 °C. As of May 2023, 60 million
1337:
These changes of land and ocean ecosystems have direct effects on human well-being. For instance, ocean ecosystems help with coastal protection and provide food. Freshwater and land ecosystems can provide water for human consumption. Furthermore, these ecosystems can store carbon. This helps to
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worldwide are moving poleward to colder areas. On land, species may move to higher elevations. Marine species find colder water at greater depths. Climate change had the third biggest impact on nature out of various factors in the five decades up to 2020. Only change in land use and sea use and
2735:
Pecl, Gretta T.; AraĂșjo, Miguel B.; Bell, Johann D.; Blanchard, Julia; Bonebrake, Timothy C.; Chen, I-Ching; Clark, Timothy D.; Colwell, Robert K.; Danielsen, Finn; EvengĂ„rd, Birgitta; Falconi, Lorena; Ferrier, Simon; Frusher, Stewart; Garcia, Raquel A.; Griffis, Roger B.; Hobday, Alistair J.;
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or destroy the potential of intelligent life on Earth. Key risks of climate change do not fit that definition. However, some key climate risks do have an impact people's ability to survive. For instance, areas may become too hot to survive, or sea level rise may make it impossible to live at a
2164:
Research has shown that climate change is not the most important conflict driver, and that it can only affect conflict risks under certain circumstances. Relevant context factors include agricultural dependence, a history of political instability, poverty, and the political exclusion of ethnic
1852:
Water resources can be affected by climate change in various ways. The total amount of freshwater available can change, for instance due to dry spells or droughts. Heavy rainfall and flooding can have an impact on water quality. They can transport pollutants into water bodies through increased
1224:
Sea ice in the Arctic has declined in recent decades in area and volume due to climate change. It has been melting more in summer than it refreezes in winter. The decline of sea ice in the Arctic has been accelerating during the early twenty-first century. It has a rate of decline of 4.7% per
639:
in some regions. Furthermore, tropical cyclones and storm tracks are moving towards the poles. This means some regions will see large changes in maximum wind speeds. Scientists expect there will be fewer tropical cyclones. But they expect their strength to increase. There has probably been an
640:
increase in the number of tropical cyclones that intensify rapidly. Meteorological and seismological data indicate a widespread increase in wind-driven global ocean wave energy in recent decades that has been attributed to an increase in storm intensity over the oceans due to climate change.
1919:
Regions inhabited by a third of the human population could become as hot as the hottest parts of the Sahara within 50 years. This would happen if greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow rapdily without a change in patterns of population growth and without migration. The projected average
1067: ft) by 2100. In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2â3 m (7â10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming stays to its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over the pre-industrial past. It would be 19â22 metres (62â72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F).
6326:
Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah E.; Rockström, Johan; Lenton, Timothy M. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points".
403:. This was around 3 million years ago. At that time, mean global temperatures were about 2â4 °C (3.6â7.2 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures. The global mean sea level was up to 25 metres (82 ft) higher than it is today. The modern observed rise in temperature and CO
2077:, extreme weather events displaced approximately 30 million people in 2020. Violence and wars displaced approximately 10 million in the same year. There may have been a contribution of climate change to these conflicts. In 2018, the World Bank estimated that climate change will cause
10513:
Mach, Katharine J.; Kraan, Caroline M.; Adger, W. Neil; Buhaug, Halvard; Burke, Marshall; Fearon, James D.; Field, Christopher B.; Hendrix, Cullen S.; Maystadt, Jean-Francois; O'Loughlin, John; Roessler, Philip; Scheffran, JĂŒrgen; Schultz, Kenneth A.; von
Uexkull, Nina (July 2019).
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Cramer, Wolfgang; Guiot, Joël; Fader, Marianela; Garrabou, Joaquim; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Iglesias, Ana; Lange, Manfred A.; Lionello, Piero; Llasat, Maria Carmen; Paz, Shlomit; Peñuelas, Josep; Snoussi, Maria; Toreti, Andrea; Tsimplis, Michael N.; Xoplaki, Elena (November 2018).
1920:
temperature of above 29 °C (84 °F) for these regions would be outside the "human temperature niche". This is a range for climate that is biologically suitable for humans. It is based on historical data of mean annual temperatures. The most affected regions have little
1008:
rose by 15â25 cm (6â10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013â2022.
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reflects 50% to 70% of the incoming solar radiation back into space. Only 6% of incoming solar energy is reflected by the ocean. As the climate warms, the area covered by snow or sea ice decreases. After sea ice melts, more energy is absorbed by the ocean, so it warms up. This
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are likely to become more severe when they do occur. The interactions between rainfall and flooding are complex. There are some regions in which flooding is expected to become rarer. This depends on several factors. These include changes in rain and snowmelt, but also
2303:
Climate change has contributed to global economic inequality. Wealthy countries in colder regions have felt little overall economic impact from climate change or may have benefited. Poor hotter countries probably grew less than if there had been no global warming.
2204:: Climate change increases gender inequality. It reduces women's ability to be financially independent, and has an overall negative impact on the social and political rights of women. This is especially the case in economies that are heavily based on agriculture.
9488:. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 2163â2194,
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change may be a stronger driver of biodiversity loss, at least in the near term. Beyond 2050, climate change may be the major cause of biodiversity loss globally. Climate change interacts with other pressures. These include habitat modification, pollution and
5152:; Xiao, C.; AĂ°algeirsdĂłttir, G.; Drijfhout, S. S.; Edwards, T. L.; Golledge, N. R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R. E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; PĂ©an, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
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from climate-driven sea level rise vary. Estimates range from 190 million to 300 million. It could even be 640 million in a worst-case scenario related to the instability of the Antarctic ice sheet. People are most affected in the densely-populated low-lying
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from rainforest to savanna might be close. A 2019 study concluded that this ecosystem could begin a 50-year-long collapse to a savanna around 2021. After that it would become increasingly and disproportionally more difficult to prevent or reverse this shift.
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An additional aspect to consider is the detrimental impact climate change can have on green or blue natural spaces, which have been proven to have beneficial impact on mental health. Impacts of anthropogenic climate change, such as freshwater pollution or
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Australia. Athens and Madrid would be like Fez in Morocco. Nairobi in Kenya would be like Maputo in Mozambique. The Indian city Pune would be like Bamako in Mali and Bamako would be like Niamey in Niger. Brasilia would be like Goiania, both in Brazil.
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Economic forecasts of the impact of global warming vary considerably. The impacts are worse if there is insufficient adaptation. Economic modelling may underrate the impact of catastrophic climatic changes. When estimating losses, economists choose a
678:. Climate change leaves soils drier in some areas, so they may absorb rainfall more quickly. This leads to less flooding. Dry soils can also become harder. In this case heavy rainfall runs off into rivers and lakes. This increases risks of flooding.
1103:, the area of the Earth covered by snow or ice, is extremely sensitive to changes in global climate. There has been an extensive loss of snow on land since 1981. Some of the largest declines have been observed in the spring. During the 21st century,
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Earth lost 28 trillion tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017, with melting grounded ice (ice sheets and glaciers) raising the global sea level by 34.6â±3.1âmm. The rate of ice loss has risen by 57% since the 1990sâfrom 0.8 to 1.2 trillion tonnes per
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3751:. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US.
2322:
total energy production by 7% annually by the end of the century. Climate change affects oil and natural gas infrastructure. This is also vulnerable to the increased risk of disasters such as storms, cyclones, flooding and rising sea levels.
1857:. In coastal regions, more salt may find its way into water resources due to higher sea levels and more intense storms. Higher temperatures also directly degrade water quality. This is because warm water contains less oxygen. Changes in the
1460:, changes to the frequency and intensity of tropical storms, and altered ocean circulation patterns. When combined, all of these impacts dramatically alter ecosystem function, as well as the goods and services coral reef ecosystems provide.
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the rainforest is losing this ability. This effect is even worse because climate change brings more frequent droughts to the area. The higher frequency of droughts in the first two decades of the 21st century and other data signal that a
2316:
In the energy sector, thermal power plants depend on water to cool them. Climate change can increase the likelihood of drought and fresh water shortages. Higher operating temperatures make them less efficient. This reduces their output.
230:. Excess heat is causing environmental changes in those locations that exceed the ability of animals to adapt. Species are escaping heat by migrating towards the poles and to higher ground when they can. Sea level rise threatens coastal
1961:
Low-lying cities and other settlements near the sea face multiple simultaneous risks from climate change. They face flooding risks from sea level rise. In addition they may face impacts from more severe storms, ocean acidification, and
5601:
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021:
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and other causes of illness, injury or death. Heat waves and extreme weather events have a big impact on health both directly and indirectly. When people are exposed to higher temperatures for longer time periods they might experience
2287:
precipitation and flooding events. It is difficult to quantify the relative impact of socio-economic factors and climate change on the observed trend. The trend does suggest social systems are increasing vulnerable to climate change.
577:. Precipitation is when water vapour condenses out of clouds, such as rain and snow. Higher temperatures increase evaporation and surface drying. As the air warms it can hold more water. For every degree Celsius it can hold 7% more
9475:, Bastin J-F, Clark E, Elliott T, Hart S, van den Hoogen J, Hordijk I, et al. (2019), PLOS ONE 14(7): e0217592, Crowther Lab, Department for Environmental Systems Science, Institut for Integrative Biology, ETH ZĂŒrich, 10 July 2019.
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Hoegh-Guldberg, O., D. Jacob, M. Taylor, M. Bindi, S. Brown, I. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K.L. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J.Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, A. Payne, S.I. Seneviratne, A. Thomas, R. Warren, and G. Zhou, 2018:
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have risen by 1.1 °C (2.0 °F). Scientists say they will rise further in the future. The changes in climate are not uniform across the Earth. In particular, most land areas have warmed faster than most ocean areas. The
1228:
Sea ice extent in Antarctica varies a lot year by year. This makes it difficult to determine a trend, and record highs and record lows have been observed between 2013 and 2023. The general trend since 1979, the start of the
12400:
Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II (WG2) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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7064:
Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. ArĂstegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson, 2019:
4948:
Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. ArĂstegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson, 2019:
743:
Wildfire disasters (those claiming at least 10 lives or affecting over 100 people) have increased substantially in recent decades. Climate change intensifies heatwaves and droughts that dry vegetation, which in turn fuels
2275:. This determines how much one prefers to have goods or cash now compared to at a future date. Using a high discount rate may understate economic losses. This is because losses for future generations weigh less heavily.
2186:
People living with disability. Climate impacts on disabled people have been identified by activists and advocacy groups as well as through the UNHCR adopting a resolution on climate change and the rights of people with
1786:: the baseline, SSP2, and SSP3, scenario of high global rivalry and conflict. The red and the orange lines show projections for SSP3 assuming high and low intensity of future emissions and the associated climate change.
422:) is emitted in the 21st century the hotter the world will be by 2100. For a doubling of greenhouse gas concentrations, the global mean temperature would rise by about 2.5â4 °C (4.5â7.2 °F). If emissions of CO
927:
follows. The reduced vertical mixing makes it harder for the ocean to absorb heat. So a larger share of future warming goes into the atmosphere and land. One result is an increase in the amount of energy available for
11763:
9398:
Esperon-Rodriguez, Manuel; Tjoelker, Mark G.; Lenoir, Jonathan; Baumgartner, John B.; Beaumont, Linda J.; Nipperess, David A.; Power, Sally A.; Richard, BenoĂźt; Rymer, Paul D.; Gallagher, Rachael V. (October 2022).
11330:
Watts, Nick; Amann, Markus; Arnell, Nigel; Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja; Belesova, Kristine; Boykoff, Maxwell; Byass, Peter; Cai, Wenjia; Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid; Capstick, Stuart; Chambers, Jonathan (16 November 2019).
1209:
Reporting the reduction in Antarctic sea ice extent in mid 2023, researchers concluded that a "regime shift" may be taking place "in which previously important relationships no longer dominate sea ice variability".
2717:
Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more
1861:
threaten existing and future water infrastructure. It will be harder to plan investments for water infrastructure. This is because there are significant uncertainties about future variability of the water cycle.
430:, the Earth's climate would not start moving back to its pre-industrial state. Temperatures would stay at the same high level for several centuries. After about a thousand years, 20% to 30% of human-emitted CO
3202:
Oppenheimer, M., B.C. Glavovic , J. Hinkel, R. van de Wal, A.K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, M. Cifuentes-Jara, R.M. DeConto, T. Ghosh, J. Hay, F. Isla, B. Marzeion, B. Meyssignac, and Z. Sebesvari, 2019:
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the world. These include Central America, the Amazon and south-western South America. They also include West and Southern Africa. The Mediterranean and south-western Australia are also some of these regions.
10168:
Lenton, Timothy M.; Rockström, Johan; Gaffney, Owen; Rahmstorf, Stefan; Richardson, Katherine; Steffen, Will; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (November 2019). "Climate tipping points â too risky to bet against".
1324:
The impacts of climate change on nature are likely to become bigger in the next few decades. The stresses caused by climate change, combine with other stresses on ecological systems such as land conversion,
470:
and wildfires. Scientists have identified human activities as the cause of recent climate trends. They are now able to estimate the impact of climate change on extreme weather events using a process called
11785:
Bouwer, Laurens M. (2019), Mechler, Reinhard; Bouwer, Laurens M.; Schinko, Thomas; Surminski, Swenja (eds.), "Observed and Projected Impacts from Extreme Weather Events: Implications for Loss and Damage",
1671:. Climate change will impact where infectious diseases are able to spread in the future. Many infectious diseases will spread to new geographic areas where people have not previously been exposed to them.
9015:
Climate Change 2014: Impacts,Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
5773:
Collins M., M. Sutherland, L. Bouwer, S.-M. Cheong, T. Frölicher, H. Jacot Des Combes, M. Koll Roxy, I. Losada, K. McInnes, B. Ratter, E. Rivera-Arriaga, R.D. Susanto, D. Swingedouw, and L. Tibig, 2019:
4791:
4072:
Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:
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90% less than at 3.66 °C. One study found that global GDP at the end of the century would be 3.5% less if warming is limited to 3 °C (5.4 °F). This study excludes the potential effect of
2181:
Climate change does not affect people within communities in the same way. It can have a bigger impact on vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly, religious minorities and refugees than on others.
10016:
1035:'s temperature by many decades, and sea level rise will therefore continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that has already happened. What happens after that depends on human
2081:
of between 31 and 143 million people by 2050. This would be as they escape crop failures, water scarcity, and sea level rise. The study covered only Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America.
1720:
and wellbeing are being documented as the consequences of climate change become more tangible and impactful. This is especially the case for vulnerable populations and those with pre-existing serious
1897:(ASEAN) are among the most vulnerable in the world to the negative effects of climate change. ASEAN's climate mitigation efforts are not in proportion to the climate change threats the region faces.
1577:
1163:
will continue to contribute to sea level rise over long time-scales. The Greenland ice sheet loss is mainly driven by melt from the top. Antarctic ice loss is driven by warm ocean water melting the
4207:
Knutson, Thomas; Camargo, Suzana J.; Chan, Johnny C. L.; Emanuel, Kerry; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Kossin, James; Mohapatra, Mrutyunjay; Satoh, Masaki; Sugi, Masato; Walsh, Kevin; Wu, Liguang (6 August 2019).
2801:
Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems
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more likely. In some areas, an increase of wildfires has been attributed directly to climate change. Evidence from Earth's past also shows more fire in warmer periods. Climate change increases
7262:
Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah E.; Rockström, Johan; Lenton, Timothy M. (2022).
7448:
Lontzek, Thomas S.; Cai, Yongyang; Judd, Kenneth L.; Lenton, Timothy M. (May 2015). "Stochastic integrated assessment of climate tipping points indicates the need for strict climate policy".
3112:
2042:. The consequences of climate change, and the failure to address it, can distract people from tackling its root causes. This leads to what some researchers have termed a "climate doom loop".
581:. Scientists have observed changes in the amount, intensity, frequency, and type of precipitation. Overall, climate change is causing longer hot dry spells, broken by more intense rainfall.
376:
is warming faster than most other regions. Night-time temperatures have increased faster than daytime temperatures. The impact on nature and people depends on how much more the Earth warms.
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11332:
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1334:
Movements of species to higher latitudes and altitudes, changes in bird migrations, and shifting of the oceans' plankton and fish from cold- to warm-adapted communities are other impacts.
537:
Under further warming, heatwaves are set to become more frequent. An event that would occur every ten years would occur every other year if global warming reaches 2 °C (3.6 °F).
12149:
1724:. There are three broad pathways by which these effects can take place: directly, indirectly or via awareness. The direct pathway includes stress-related conditions caused by exposure to
9135:
Overland, Indra; Sagbakken, Haakon Fossum; Chan, Hoy-Yen; Merdekawati, Monika; Suryadi, Beni; Utama, Nuki Agya; Vakulchuk, Roman (December 2021). "The ASEAN climate and energy paradox".
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Cohen, Judah; Agel, Laurie; Barlow, Mathew; Garfinkel, Chaim I.; White, Ian (3 September 2021). "Linking Arctic variability and change with extreme winter weather in the United States".
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have affected armed conflict within countries (medium confidence), but the influence of climate is small compared to socio-economic, political, and cultural factors (high confidence)."
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6471:
Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
6436:
Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
2858:
11090:
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2216:: The Lancet review on health and climate change lists children among the worst-affected by global warming. Children are 14â44 percent more likely to die from environmental factors.
7679:
1329:, harvesting, and pollution. They threaten substantial damage to unique ecosystems. They can even result in their complete loss and the extinction of species. This can disrupt key
167:
and oceans absorb the vast majority of excess heat in the atmosphere, delaying effects there but causing them to accelerate and then continue after surface temperatures stabilize.
5305:
This corresponds to a mean sea-level rise of about 7.5 cm over the whole altimetry period. More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr.
1739:, degrade these landscapes and reduce public access to them. Even when the green and blue spaces are intact, their accessibility is not equal across society, which is an issue of
1077:
442:
temperature will rise by around 1.8 °C (3.2 °F). There is a big gap between national plans and commitments and the actions that governments have taken around the world.
6816:
5193:
2341:. Lack of rainfall possibly linked to climate change reduced the number of ships passing through the canal per day, from 36 to 22 and by February 2024, it is expected to be 18.
11220:
Goli, Imaneh; Omidi Najafabadi, Maryam; Lashgarara, Farhad (9 March 2020). "Where are We Standing and Where Should We Be Going? Gender and Climate Change Adaptation Behavior".
10151:
6677:
Cooley, S., D. Schoeman, L. Bopp, P. Boyd, S. Donner, D.Y. Ghebrehiwet, S.-I. Ito, W. Kiessling, P. Martinetto, E. Ojea, M.-F. Racault, B. Rost, and M. Skern-Mauritzen, 2022:
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2704:
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Future melt of the West Antarctic ice sheet is potentially abrupt under a high emission scenario, as a consequence of a partial collapse. Part of the ice sheet is grounded on
13783:
10292:
Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022:
8681:
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
7721:
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6705:
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6421:
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3186:
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3091:
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
399:. These show that recent temperatures have surpassed anything in the last 2,000 years. By the end of the 21st century, temperatures may increase to a level last seen in the
11755:
10298:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
7824:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6683:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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61:
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2498:
1757:
10601:
Climate Change 2022 â Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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6469:
6434:
3617:
3228:
Allen, M.R., O.P. Dube, W. Solecki, F. AragĂłn-Durand, W. Cramer, S. Humphreys, M. Kainuma, J. Kala, N. Mahowald, Y. Mulugetta, R. Perez, M.Wairiu, and K. Zickfeld, 2018:
584:
Climate change has increased contrasts in rainfall amounts between wet and dry seasons. Wet seasons are getting wetter and dry seasons are getting drier. In the northern
379:
Scientists use several methods to predict the effects of human-caused climate change. One is to investigate past natural changes in climate. To assess changes in Earth's
10382:
8792:
IPCC Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems
950:
may reduce the supply of oxygen from surface waters to deeper waters. This lowers the water's oxygen content even more. The ocean has already lost oxygen throughout its
1869:
issues. If global warming reaches 4 °C (7.2 °F), water insecurity would affect about twice as many people. Water resources are likely to decrease in most dry
12369:
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group 1 (WG1) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5)
1233:, has been roughly flat. Between 2015 and 2023, there has been a decline in sea ice, but due to the high variability, this does not correspond to a significant trend.
13959:
10458:
4597:
5376:
Slater, Thomas; Lawrence, Isobel R.; Otosaka, InĂšs N.; Shepherd, Andrew; Gourmelen, Noel; Jakob, Livia; Tepes, Paul; Gilbert, Lin; Nienow, Peter (25 January 2021).
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Climate change can increase conflict risks by causing tensions about scarce resources like food, water and land, by weakening state institutions, by reducing the
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would remain in the atmosphere. The ocean and land would not have taken them. This would commit the climate to a warmer state long after emissions have stopped.
10599:
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Easterling, W.E., P.K. Aggarwal, P. Batima, K.M. Brander, L. Erda, S.M. Howden, A. Kirilenko, J. Morton, J.-F. Soussana, J. Schmidhuber and F.N. Tubiello, 2007:
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2012:. Several factors increase their vulnerability. These are small size, isolation from other land, low financial resources, and lack of protective infrastructure.
9873:
O'Brien, Karen L; Leichenko, Robin M (1 October 2000). "Double exposure: assessing the impacts of climate change within the context of economic globalization".
5608:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5235:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5161:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4079:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3642:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1877:. But they will increase in high latitudes. However, variable streamflow means even regions with increased water resources can experience additional short-term
14338:
4953:
1133:
in South America and in the Himalayas in Asia, the retreat of glaciers could impact water supply. The melting of those glaciers could also cause landslides or
559:
more wavy. This would lead to outbursts of very cold winter weather across parts of Eurasia and North America and incursions of very warm air into the Arctic.
10515:
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5129:
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13800:
5012:
Cheng, Lijing; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Gruber, Nicolas; Abraham, John P.; Fasullo, John T.; Li, Guancheng; Mann, Michael E.; Zhao, Xuanming; Zhu, Jiang (2020).
1559:
There is a number of places around the globe which can pass a tipping point around a certain level of warming and eventually transition to a different state.
501:
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5164:
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3731:
3541:
Hekmatzadeh, A.A., Kaboli, S. and Torabi Haghighi, A. (2020) New indices for assessing changes in seasons and in timing characteristics of air temperature.
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to climate change can also cause conflicts, for instance due to higher food and energy prices or when people are forcibly re-located from vulnerable areas.
140:
are crossed. Climate activists are engaged in a range of activities around the world that seek to ameliorate these issues or prevent them from happening.
14408:
11333:"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate"
8108:"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate"
6731:
4603:
7715:
Schneider, S.H., S. Semenov, A. Patwardhan, I. Burton, C.H.D. Magadza, M. Oppenheimer, A.B. Pittock, A. Rahman, J.B. Smith, A. Suarez and F. Yamin, 2007:
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Schneider, S.H., S. Semenov, A. Patwardhan, I. Burton, C.H.D. Magadza, M. Oppenheimer, A.B. Pittock, A. Rahman, J.B. Smith, A. Suarez and F. Yamin, 2007:
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1956:
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The global average sea level has risen about 250 millimetres (9.8 in) since 1880, increasing the elevation on top of which other types of flooding (
294:
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5108:
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1890:
11993:
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Huggel, Christian; Bouwer, Laurens M.; Juhola, Sirkku; Mechler, Reinhard; Muccione, Veruska; Orlove, Ben; Wallimann-Helmer, Ivo (12 September 2022).
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Lenton, Timothy M.; Rockström, Johan; Gaffney, Owen; Rahmstorf, Stefan; Richardson, Katherine; Steffen, Will; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (2019).
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1347:
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198:
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Tuholske, Cascade; Caylor, Kelly; Funk, Chris; Verdin, Andrew; Sweeney, Stuart; Grace, Kathryn; Peterson, Pete; Evans, Tom (12 October 2021).
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1221:
is a self-reinforcing feedback of climate change. Large-scale measurements of sea ice have only been possible since satellites came into use.
12745:
11381:
Bartlett, Sheridan (2008). "Climate change and urban children: Impacts and implications for adaptation in low- and middle-income countries".
10406:
10129:
8002:
Baker, Rachel E.; Mahmud, Ayesha S.; Miller, Ian F.; Rajeev, Malavika; Rasambainarivo, Fidisoa; Rice, Benjamin L.; et al. (April 2022).
7241:
11505:
6212:
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2034:
Some scientists describe the effects of climate change, with continuing increases in greenhouse gas emissions, as a "climate emergency" or "
946:
Warmer water cannot contain the same amount of oxygen as cold water. As a result, oxygen from the oceans moves to the atmosphere. Increased
12978:
11082:
9453:
8683:, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 273-313.
3610:"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951-2023"
3447:
3188:, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 315-356.
3164:
3093:, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 779-810.
568:
117:
11862:
8309:
Charlson, Fiona; Ali, Suhailah; Benmarhnia, Tarik; Pearl, Madeleine; Massazza, Alessandro; Augustinavicius, Jura; Scott, James G. (2021).
7761:"Impact Assessment of Storm Surge and Climate Change-Enhanced Sea Level Rise on Atoll Nations: A Case Study of the Tarawa Atoll, Kiribati"
7723:, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 779-810
6423:, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 79-131.
3141:
15113:
14813:
12862:
6699:
Fischlin, A., G.F. Midgley, J.T. Price, R. Leemans, B. Gopal, C. Turley, M.D.A. Rounsevell, O.P. Dube, J. Tarazona, A.A. Velichko, 2007:
2165:
groups. Climate change has thus been described as a "threat multiplier". Yet, an impact of climate change on specific conflicts like the
1893:
regions. Low-latitude, less-developed regions are most at risk of experiencing negative climate change impacts. The ten countries of the
1576:
Tipping points are perhaps the most dangerous aspect of future climate change, potentially leading to irreversible impacts on society. A
876:
12174:
10320:
Kaczan, David J.; Orgill-Meyer, Jennifer (2020). "The impact of climate change on migration: a synthesis of recent empirical insights".
15023:
13121:
13079:
12434:
11824:
8106:
Watts, Nick; Amann, Markus; Arnell, Nigel; Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja; Belesova, Kristine; Boykoff, Maxwell; et al. (16 November 2019).
6808:
6707:, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 211-272.
5922:
2226:
1717:
1707:
1698:
321:, have more resources to adapt to global warming than developing nations do. Cumulative effects and extreme weather events can lead to
5189:
3616:. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023.
3378:
1838:
is expected to decrease by about 5%. Tropical and subtropical oceans are most affected, while there may be more fish in polar waters.
14523:
14000:
13116:
12701:
12484:
12008:
10148:
9258:
9068:"Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups"
8948:
6620:
2023:
1620:
1612:
493:
488:
266:
9472:
9463:, Crowther Lab, Department fĂŒr Umweltsystemwissenschaften, Institut fĂŒr integrative Biologie, ETH ZĂŒrich, zugegriffen: 11 July 2019.
7845:
Romanello, Marina; Di Napoli, Claudia; Drummond, Paul; Green, Carole; Kennard, Harry; Lampard, Pete; et al. (5 November 2022).
5348:
2700:
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12547:
9507:
4651:
3953:
3868:
3355:
2055:
1674:
1082:
759:
Weather conditions are raising the risks of wildfires. But the total area burnt by wildfires has decreased. This is mostly because
529:
are twice as likely as they were in 1980. Climate change will lead to more very hot days and fewer very cold days. There are fewer
274:
8509:
Cuijpers, Pim; Miguel, Clara; Ciharova, Marketa; Kumar, Manasi; Brander, Luke; Kumar, Pushpam; Karyotaki, Eirini (February 2023).
3019:
14833:
13687:
13476:
12644:
7885:
Romanello, Marina; McGushin, Alice; Di Napoli, Claudia; Drummond, Paul; Hughes, Nick; Jamart, Louis; et al. (October 2021).
7016:
6784:
5495:
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2074:
2008:
nations such as Kiribati, Maldives, the Marshall Islands, and Tuvalu are at risk of being displaced. This could raise issues of
1623:
are increasingly well studied and quantified. Rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns are increasing the severity of
1400:
The rate of global tree cover loss has approximately doubled since 2001, to an annual loss approaching an area the size of Italy.
775:
717:
Several impacts make their impacts worse. These are increased water demand, population growth and urban expansion in many areas.
5977:
5627:
Lee, Ethan; Carrivick, Jonathan L.; Quincey, Duncan J.; Cook, Simon J.; James, William H. M.; Brown, Lee E. (20 December 2021).
3894:
14658:
13336:
13299:
13153:
13138:
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12706:
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12490:
12146:
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7399:; Palomo, Ignacio; Eikelboom, Jasper A. J.; Law, Beverly E.; Huq, Saleemul; Duffy, Philip B.; Rockström, Johan (28 July 2021).
6415:
Rosenzweig, C., G. Casassa, D.J. Karoly, A. Imeson, C. Liu, A. Menzel, S. Rawlins, T.L. Root, B. Seguin, P. Tryjanowski, 2007:
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species may benefit. However, some of these are toxic to fish phytoplankton species. Their spread poses risks to fisheries and
1417:
588:, warming has also caused an increase in the amount of snow and rain. In the Southern Hemisphere, the rain associated with the
270:
2153:
for impoverished individuals to join armed groups, and by causing tensions related to (climate-induced) migration. Efforts to
2004:
and western Samoa, migrants from outer islands inhabit low and unsafe areas along the coasts. The entire populations of small
644:
dangerous for aviation (hard to predict or that cannot be avoided by flying higher) probably increases due to climate change.
517:
Map of increasing heatwave trends (frequency and cumulative intensity) over the midlatitudes and Europe, JulyâAugust 1979â2020
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14158:
14121:
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Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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310:
11662:"The Effects of Climate Change on GDP by Country and the Global Economic Gains From Complying With the Paris Climate Accord"
10964:"Syrian farmers in the midst of drought and conflict: the causes, patterns, and aftermath of land abandonment and migration"
2685:
15028:
14333:
14017:
12973:
12968:
4843:
Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Hausfather, Zeke; Trenberth, Kevin E. (11 January 2019). "How fast are the oceans warming?".
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2280:
1881:. In the arid regions of India, China, the US and Africa dry spells and drought are already affecting water availability.
1790:
Climate change will affect agriculture and food production around the world. The reasons include the effects of elevated CO
1602:
people lived outside this niche. With every additional 0.1 degree of warming, 140 million people will be pushed out of it.
1564:
1546:
1422:
137:
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2038:". Some researchers and activists describe them as an existential threat to civilization. Some define these threats under
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may be inundated by rising sea levels. Some groups of people may be particularly at risk from climate change, such as the
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Nicholls, R.J., P.P. Wong, V.R. Burkett, J.O. Codignotto, J.E. Hay, R.F. McLean, S. Ragoonaden and C.D. Woodroffe, 2007:
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172:
151:. Surface air temperatures over land have also increased at about twice the rate they do over the ocean, causing intense
13031:
9705:
Church, John A.; White, Neil J.; Hunter, John R. (2006). "Sea-level rise at tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean islands".
8263:
Berry, Helen; Kathryn, Bowen; Kjellstrom, Tord (2009). "Climate change and mental health: a causal pathways framework".
1966:
into the groundwater. Changes like continued development in exposed areas increase the risks that these regions face.
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8403:
White, Mathew; Smith, Amanda; Humphryes, Kelly; Pahl, Sabine; Snelling, Deborah; Depledge, Michael (1 December 2010).
7822:. In Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D. C.; Tignor, M.; Poloczanska, E. S.; Mintenbeck, K.; AlegrĂa, A.; et al. (eds.).
6623:. Website of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Archived from
6544:
Meyer, Andreas L. S.; Bentley, Joanne; Odoulami, Romaric C.; Pigot, Alex L.; Trisos, Christopher H. (15 August 2022).
1581:
of environmental problems, including those caused by climate change, are interconnected. This increases the risk of a
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8405:"Blue space: The importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes"
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1091:
656:
The sixth IPCC Assessment Report projects changes in average soil moisture at 2.0 °C of warming, as measured in
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change further widens the gap between what people can afford and the costs of insurance, as risks increase. In 2019
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10255:"1.5 °C â Dead or Alive? The Risks to Transformational Change Reaching and Breaching the Paris Agreement Goal"
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2641:
908:
521:
Heatwaves over land have become more frequent and more intense in almost all world regions since the 1950s, due to
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Jiménez Cisneros, B.E., T. Oki, N.W. Arnell, G. Benito, J.G. Cogley, P. Döll, T. Jiang, and S.S. Mwakalila, 2014:
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Hasegawa, Tomoko; Fujimori, Shinichiro; Takahashi, Kiyoshi; Yokohata, Tokuta; Masui, Toshihiko (29 January 2016).
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6678:
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5053:
Chester, R.; Jickells, Tim (2012). "Chapter 9: Nutrients oxygen organic carbon and the carbon cycle in seawater".
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are happening more often. They have widespread impacts on life in the oceans. These include mass dying events and
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vary a lot. More monsoon systems are becoming wetter than drier. In Asia summer monsoons are getting wetter. The
338:
113:
12505:
11138:
Rayner, S. and E.L. Malone (2001). "Climate Change, Poverty, and Intragernerational Equity: The National Leve".
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8156:
Watts, Nick; Adger, W Neil; Agnolucci, Paolo; Blackstock, Jason; Byass, Peter; Cai, Wenjia; et al. (2015).
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Kozlov, M.V. and Berlina, N.G. (2002) Decline in the length of the summer season on the Kola Peninsula, Russia.
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concentrations has been rapid. Even abrupt geophysical events in Earth's history do not approach current rates.
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8442:
Alcock, Ian; White, Mathew P.; Wheeler, Benedict W.; Fleming, Lora E.; Depledge, Michael H. (21 January 2014).
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The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2000:
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New high temperature records have outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.
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Ripple, William J; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M; Barnard, Phoebe; Moomaw, William R (1 January 2020).
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6685:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 379â550, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.005.
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9485:
8511:"Impact of climate events, pollution, and green spaces on mental health: an umbrella review of meta-analyses"
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2313:
If global warming goes over 1.5 °C, there may be limits to how much tourism and outdoor work can adapt.
1783:
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8578:"Socioeconomic Inequalities in Green Space Quality and AccessibilityâEvidence from a Southern European City"
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1973:
Floodplains and low-lying coastal areas will flood more frequently due to climate change, like this area of
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11790:, Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 63â82,
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Xu, Chi; Kohler, Timothy A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Scheffer, Marten (26 May 2020).
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6595:"Thousands of photos captured by everyday Australians reveal the secrets of our marine life as oceans warm"
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Davy, Richard; Esau, Igor; Chernokulsky, Alexander; Outten, Stephen; Zilitinkevich, Sergej (January 2017).
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Kennedy, John; Ramasamy, Selvaraju; Andrew, Robbie; Arico, Salvatore; Bishop, Erin; Braathen, Geir (2019).
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in the foreseeable future. However, climate change can increase the risk for intrastate conflicts, such as
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278:
254:
250:. At 2 °C (3.6 °F) of warming, around 10% of species on land would become critically endangered.
227:
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694:. In 2022, the state was experiencing its most serious drought in 1,200 years, worsened by climate change.
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6287:"Analysis of Permafrost Thermal Dynamics and Response to Climate Change in the CMIP5 Earth System Models"
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Sabƫnas, Audrius; Miyashita, Takuya; Fukui, Nobuki; Shimura, Tomoya; Mori, Nobuhito (10 November 2021).
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Climate change is particularly likely to affect the Arctic, Africa, small islands, Asian megadeltas and
1205:
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818:(ÎŒatm; blue) and surface ocean pH (green) at Ocean Station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean.
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4209:"Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part II. Projected Response to Anthropogenic Warming"
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said climate change could make home insurance unaffordable for households at or below average incomes.
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967:
368:
334:
302:
11043:
10781:
9617:
8404:
6076:"Constraining Uncertainties in CMIP5 Projections of September Arctic Sea Ice Extent with Observations"
6009:"Thicker Clouds and Accelerated Arctic Sea Ice Decline: The Atmosphere-Sea Ice Interactions in Spring"
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9188:
7887:"The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future"
7815:
Cissé, G.; McLeman, R.; Adams, H.; Aldunce, P.; Bowen, K.; Campbell-Lendrum, D.; et al. (2022).
2201:
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2154:
1906:
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438:
298:
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13459:
10782:"Multi-method evidence for when and how climate-related disasters contribute to armed conflict risk"
9549:"New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding"
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Jones, Matthew; Smith, Adam; Betts, Richard; Canadell, Josep; Prentice, Collin; Le Quéré, Corrine.
2423:
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711:
400:
314:
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156:
148:
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Wolfe, Barrett; Champion, Curtis; Pecl, Gretta; Strugnell, Jan; Watson, Sue-Ann (28 August 2022).
5428:
Rounce, David R.; Hock, Regine; Maussion, Fabien; Hugonnet, Romain; et al. (5 January 2023).
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10732:
10668:"Climate mitigation policies and the potential pathways to conflict: Outlining a research agenda"
7237:
5128:. National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). February 2022.
3663:"Accelerated western European heatwave trends linked to more-persistent double jets over Eurasia"
1273:
1265:
1242:
635:. Both the maximum and mean rainfall rates increase. This more extreme rainfall is also true for
411:
356:
211:
79:
11756:"Global GDP will suffer at least a 3% hit by 2050 from unchecked climate change, say economists"
8213:
Doherty, Susan; Clayton, Thomas J (2011). "The psychological impacts of global climate change".
4356:"Increasing ocean wave energy observed in Earth's seismic wavefield since the late 20th century"
3161:
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also use this theme. There has not been extensive research in this topic. Existential risks are
347:
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Glavovic, B.C., R. Dawson, W. Chow, M. Garschagen, M. Haasnoot, C. Singh, and A. Thomas, 2022:
8224:
6382:
The Natural Fix? The Role of Ecosystems in Climate Mitigation: A UNEP Rapid Response Assessment
6007:; Xi, Baike; DuVivier, Alice K.; Kay, Jennifer E.; Landrum, Laura L.; Deng, Yi (19 June 2019).
5323:
Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia
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856:
691:
641:
632:
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19:
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group which assesses the physical scientific aspects of the climate system and climate change.
12347:
Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX)
10780:
Ide, Tobias; Brzoska, Michael; Donges, Jonathan F.; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich (1 May 2020).
9801:
9785:
7323:. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 411-429, doi: 10.7930/J0GB227J
4983:"Mixing of the planet's ocean waters is slowing down, speeding up global warming, study finds"
4461:
3135:
2738:"Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being"
1847:
1643:
In addition to direct impacts, climate change and extreme weather events cause changes in the
798:
Oceans have taken up almost 90% of the excess heat accumulated on Earth due to global warming.
124:. As the climate changes it impacts the natural environment with effects such as more intense
14051:
13697:
13574:
13382:
12842:
12765:
9745:"Vulnerability of island countries in the South Pacific to sea level rise and climate change"
8986:
8366:""our Home is Drowning": IĂupiat Storytelling and Climate Change in Point Hope, Alaskalaska*"
8215:
6989:
4081:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055â1210,
2358:
2266:
Regional median economic impacts predicted due to global warming by 2050 compared to present.
1808:
1798:
regimes are also factors. Increased frequency of extreme events and modified weed, pest, and
1740:
1550:
1365:
459:
12454:
11834:
11830:
9454:
Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action, current vs future cities
8734:"Impact of climate change adaptation on food security: evidence from semi-arid lands, Kenya"
7313:
Kopp, R.E., K. Hayhoe, D.R. Easterling, T. Hall, R. Horton, K.E. Kunkel, and A.N. LeGrande,
5930:
5512:
Thackeray, Chad W.; Derksen, Chris; Fletcher, Christopher G.; Hall, Alex (1 December 2019).
4897:
Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (17 October 2020).
2562:
Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (17 October 2020).
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13768:
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11390:
11044:"Long-term environmental change and geographical patterns of violence in Darfur, 2003â2005"
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10744:
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10178:
10051:
9963:
9913:
9756:
9714:
9560:
9412:
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9018:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 229-269.
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7878:
7876:
7733:
Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika; Jones, Richard G.; et al. (2021).
7634:
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7457:
7031:
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6855:
6144:
6087:
6020:
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5813:
5697:. Tina Schoolmeester, Koen Verbist, Kari SynnĂžve Johansen. Paris, France. 2018. p. 9.
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3588:
Aksu, H. (2022). A determination of season shifting across Turkey in the period 1965â2020.
3485:
3419:
3058:
2893:
1969:
1915:
Overlap between future population distribution and extreme heat in a high emission scenario
1827:
1593:
may be lost. Climate change could make it more likely that endangered languages disappear.
947:
868:
597:
544:
180:
11127:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 170.
10651:
10634:
9902:"Climate change and shifts in cropping systems together exacerbate China's water scarcity"
9250:
8916:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 766.
8839:
8822:
8637:"Economic implications of climate change impacts on human health through undernourishment"
8352:
6664:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 206.
6624:
5694:
The Andean glacier and water atlas : the impact of glacier retreat on water resources
4915:
4898:
3661:
Rousi, Efi; Kornhuber, Kai; Beobide-Arsuaga, Goratz; Luo, Fei; Coumou, Dim (4 July 2022).
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734:
8:
13907:
13682:
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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 85.
12106:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
12055:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
11649:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
11270:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 47.
11185:
Eastin, Joshua (1 July 2018). "Climate change and gender equality in developing states".
9952:"Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean"
9683:
5318:
5316:
2966:. Geneva: Chairperson, Publications Board, World Meteorological Organization. p. 6.
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1963:
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The lower and middle atmosphere, where nearly all weather occurs, are heating due to the
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192:
184:
144:
105:
12269:"Changing climate casts a shadow over the future of the Panama Canal â and global trade"
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7742:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
4028:"Winters get warmer with climate change. So what explains Texas' cold snap in February?"
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3945:
3837:
3678:
3644:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 3â32,
3489:
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3205:
Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities
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Climate change has long been described as a severe risk to humans. Climate change as an
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Xu, Chi; M. Lenton, Timothy; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Scheffer, Marten (26 May 2020).
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8510:
8444:"Longitudinal Effects on Mental Health of Moving to Greener and Less Green Urban Areas"
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7017:"Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services"
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6832:
Chart in section titled "Annual rates of global tree cover loss have risen since 2000".
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4899:"The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities"
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4155:
4008:
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3697:
3662:
3622:(change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October)
3511:
3472:
Swain, Daniel L.; Singh, Deepti; Touma, Danielle; Diffenbaugh, Noah S. (19 June 2020).
3023:
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2593:
2564:"The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities"
2461:
2386:
2194:
2115:
Overlap between state fragility, extreme heat, and nuclear and biological catastrophic
2078:
1985:
1758:
Effects of climate change on agriculture § Global food security and undernutrition
1668:
1573:
Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, the Amazon rainforest, and warm-water coral reefs.
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900:
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219:
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7947:"Climate Change Impacts on Waterborne Diseases: Moving Toward Designing Interventions"
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7263:
7144:"Ocean acidification impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation"
6417:
Chapter 1: Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems
5492:
5429:
4783:
3821:
3761:
Clarke, Ben; Otto, Friederike; Stuart-Smith, Rupert; Harrington, Luke (28 June 2022).
3255:
Thomas R. Karl; Jerry M. Melillo; Thomas C. Peterson (eds.). "Global Climate Change".
2961:
2634:"Climate Science Special Report / Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I"
936:
for fish in the upper ocean layers. These changes also reduce the ocean's capacity to
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10554:
10372:
10349:
10216:
10204:
10079:
9935:
9797:
9670:
Barnett, Jon; Adger, W. Neil (December 2003). "Climate Dangers and Atoll Countries".
9616:. Book version: IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. This version: IPCC website. Archived from
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Stokes, Chris R.; Abram, Nerilie J.; Bentley, Michael J.; et al. (August 2022).
5708:
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3702:
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2967:
2921:
2909:
2882:"The impact of climate change on migration: a synthesis of recent empirical insights"
2779:
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2597:
2585:
2536:
2193:: Climate change disproportionally affects poor people in low-income communities and
2131:
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1928:
1405:
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1022:
924:
896:
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779:
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von Uexkull, Nina; Croicu, Mihai; Fjelde, Hanne; Buhaug, Halvard (17 October 2016).
10797:
9993:
9726:
9691:
8848:
8299:
8292:
8099:
7664:
7487:
7051:
4880:
4501:
4307:"Climate-Induced Decadal Ocean Wave Height Variability\ From Microseisms: 1931â2021"
3318:"Chapter 12: Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility"
1516:
are very sensitive to global warming and ocean acidification. Coral reefs provide a
1174:
below sea level. This makes it possibly vulnerable to the self-enhancing process of
794:
771:
is an indigenous practice in the US and Australia. It can reduce wildfire burning.
14012:
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10975:
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10793:
10752:
10733:"The missing subject: Enabling a postcolonial future for climate conflict research"
10703:
10687:
10646:
10605:
10546:
10538:
10365:"Part One: Chapter 2: Reducing Human Vulnerability: Helping People Help Themselves"
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2757:
2749:
2575:
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2166:
2150:
2106:
2089:
2039:
1989:
1774:
Projected changes in average food availability (represented as calorie consumption
1569:
1382:
1326:
991:
predicts different levels of sea level rise for coastlines within a single country.
929:
802:
718:
652:
526:
235:
87:
12514:
10980:
10963:
8901:
Bezner Kerr, Rachel; Hasegawa, Toshihiro; Lasco, Rodel; Bhatt, Indra; et al.
8253:
7826:(Report). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1041â1170.
6521:
6504:
5430:"Global glacier change in the 21st century: Every increase in temperature matters"
5014:"Improved Estimates of Changes in Upper Ocean Salinity and the Hydrological Cycle"
4562:
2262:
1834:, warming waters decrease the amount of fish in the ocean. Per degree of warming,
136:. These changes impact ecosystems and societies, and can become irreversible once
32:
13964:
13885:
13849:
13778:
13752:
13740:
13657:
13589:
13464:
13321:
12943:
12894:
12872:
12153:
11059:
10462:
10364:
10300:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 1041â1170,
10236:
10155:
10136:
9530:
9511:
9460:
9184:
8157:
8052:
5499:
5241:
5230:
5005:
4968:
4957:
4934:
4412:
3498:
3474:"Attributing Extreme Events to Climate Change: A New Frontier in a Warming World"
3473:
3168:
2677:
2272:
2170:
2084:
2062:
1812:
1811:
it is 100 times higher. Climate change worsens this type of land degradation and
1804:
1725:
1694:
1628:
1468:
1464:
1416:
away from the rainforest. This water is essential for sustaining the rainforest.
1369:
1309:
1305:
840:
506:
355:
has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than
243:
176:
133:
121:
83:
75:
11796:
11151:
10597:
9148:
8420:
7995:
7621:
C. Rocha, Juan; Peterson, Garry; Bodin, Ărjan; Levin, Simon (21 December 2018).
7219:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 175-312.
7073:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 447â587.
6132:
5782:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 589â655.
5059:(3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley/Blackwell. pp. 182â183.
4736:
3316:
Collins, M.; Knutti, R.; Arblaster, J. M.; Dufresne, J.-L.; et al. (2013).
3211:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 321â445.
2676:
2516:
2459:
2394:
944:
are increasing. Salty areas are becoming saltier and fresher areas less salty.
13917:
13773:
13715:
13710:
13552:
13441:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13021:
12958:
12696:
12676:
12635:
12556:
12351:
11906:
11881:
11602:
11484:
11452:
11233:
10341:
10190:
10044:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
9926:
9901:
9572:
9424:
8821:
Vermeulen, Sonja J.; Campbell, Bruce M.; Ingram, John S.I. (21 November 2012).
8760:
8019:
7938:
7557:
7532:
6956:
6286:
6156:
6004:
5899:
5874:
5825:
5652:
5537:
5299:
4927:
4713:
4379:
4273:
3845:
3779:
3762:
3687:
3550:
2905:
2413:
2372:
2143:
2035:
1978:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1721:
1690:
1648:
1476:
1457:
1413:
1296:
1269:
1164:
1010:
997:
972:
904:
888:
872:
844:
522:
364:
207:
188:
168:
109:
101:
12443:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,
12199:
Surminski, Swenja; Bouwer, Laurens M.; Linnerooth-Bayer, Joanne (April 2016).
11553:
11166:"Revised Estimates of the Impact of Climate Change on Extreme Poverty by 2030"
10542:
10305:
9975:
9493:
9091:
8718:
8661:
8636:
8527:
8435:
8276:
7962:
7838:
7831:
7808:
7777:
7760:
7264:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points"
7224:
7078:
7043:
6303:
6257:
6199:
5787:
5712:
5615:
5579:
5574:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 39â69.
5289:
5264:
5250:
4804:
4703:
4485:
4086:
3649:
3242:
3237:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 49-92.
3216:
2808:
2531:
1183:
Antarctic ice sheet would cause over 5 metres (16 ft) of sea level rise.
1095:
Melting of glacial mass is approximately linearly related to temperature rise.
454:. Evaporation and atmospheric moisture content increase as temperatures rise.
15087:
13990:
13922:
13647:
13469:
13454:
13389:
13284:
11460:
11428:
11402:
11298:
11067:
11028:
11020:
10989:
10913:
10854:
10805:
10766:
10699:
10276:"What's a Climate 'Doom Loop?' These Researchers Fear We're Heading Into One"
9641:"For small island nations, climate change is not a threat. It's already here"
9432:
8862:
Carter, Colin; Cui, Xiaomeng; Ghanem, Dalia; MĂ©rel, Pierre (5 October 2018).
8603:
8536:
8487:
8428:
8389:
8149:
8027:
7970:
7680:"Risks of 'domino effect' of tipping points greater than thought, study says"
7434:
7416:
7395:
Ripple, William J; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Gregg, Jillian W.;
7297:
7212:
Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5 °C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems
7167:
6762:
6758:"The first breach of 1.5 °C will be a temporary but devastating failure"
6389:
6194:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3-24.
6164:
6109:
6100:
6075:
6052:
5843:
5660:
5610:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US
5545:
5513:
5149:
5074:
5038:
5013:
4722:
4493:
4233:
4208:
3798:
3575:
Sparks, T.H. and Menzel, A. (2002) Observed changes in seasons: an overview.
3507:
2913:
2881:
2838:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
2589:
2380:
2009:
1874:
1835:
1795:
1770:
1736:
1682:
1582:
1495:
1373:
1276:
globally is approximately 1600 gigatons. This is twice the atmospheric pool.
1230:
915:. Scientists estimate that the ocean absorbs about 25% of all human-caused CO
675:
574:
258:
239:
14099:
12499:
12243:"Climate change could make insurance too expensive for most people â report"
11959:
10845:
10475:
Kumari Rigaud, Kanta; de Sherbinin, Alex; Jones, Bryan; et al. (2018).
10115:
10098:
10064:
9365:
9306:
9217:
8863:
7851:
Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels"
7647:
7622:
7320:
Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I
7279:
7109:
6988:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
6340:
5802:"Response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to past and future climate change"
5453:
5101:"Climate Change Indicators: Sea Level / Figure 1. Absolute Sea Level Change"
4864:
4625:
4250:"A recent increase in global wave power as a consequence of oceanic warming"
3996:
3254:
3022:(Report). World Meteorological Organization. 2022. p. 2. Archived from
2753:
2655:
1555:
987:
Long-term sea level rise occurs in addition to intermittent tidal flooding.
710:
Higher temperatures increase evaporation. This dries the soil and increases
143:
The effects of climate change vary in timing and location. Up until now the
13875:
13672:
13316:
13306:
12963:
12847:
12760:
11978:
11620:
11571:
11478:
11359:
11316:
10872:
10717:
10558:
10208:
10083:
10009:"One billion people will live in insufferable heat within 50 years â study"
9590:
9384:
9325:
9236:
8621:
8594:
8554:
8495:
8346:
8327:
8284:
8246:
8191:
8134:
8045:
7988:
7923:
7656:
7576:
7185:
7128:
6974:
6887:
6868:
6579:
6561:
6358:
5851:
5692:
5678:
5471:
5402:
5377:
4872:
4460:
Cook, Benjamin I.; Mankin, Justin S.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J. (12 May 2018).
4397:
4291:
4004:
3869:"Global heating pushes tropical regions towards limits of human livability"
3789:
3706:
3105:"To Predict Effects Of Global Warming, Scientists Looked Back 20,000 Years"
2771:
2408:
2400:
2338:
1932:
1686:
1660:
1633:
1537:
are considered to be at moderate risk from lower levels of global warming.
951:
722:
636:
578:
552:
540:
380:
125:
10609:
9786:"Indigenous People and Environmental Justice:The Impact of Climate Change"
9397:
8977:
Sadoff, Claudia; Grey, David; Borgomeo, Edoardo (2020). "Water Security".
8782:
Mbow, C.; Rosenzweig, C.; Barioni, L. G.; Benton, T.; et al. (2019).
7717:
Chapter 19: Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change
7366:"Climate change driving entire planet to dangerous 'global tipping point'"
4944:
4942:
4892:
4890:
4516:"Scientists confirm global floods and droughts worsened by climate change"
4141:
3379:"Study: Why troposphere warming differs between models and satellite data"
3087:
Chapter 19: Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change
2762:
1931:
threatens urban settlements. This is made worse by the loss of shade from
1475:
have increased. This is in response to warming waters, loss of oxygen and
1121:
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, there has been a widespread
1013:
due to human activities is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, melting
18:
For effects of changes in climate prior to the Industrial Revolution, see
13902:
13419:
13411:
12671:
12480:
12398:
12367:
12312:
12227:
11788:
Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
11686:
11661:
10904:
10887:
10435:"Extreme Weather Displaces Record Numbers of People as Temperatures Rise"
9176:
9157:
7914:
7817:"Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities"
7469:
7400:
7159:
7142:
Hall-Spencer, Jason M.; Harvey, Ben P. (10 May 2019). Osborn, Dan (ed.).
6033:
6008:
4331:
4306:
3822:"Projections of tropical heat stress constrained by atmospheric dynamics"
3528:
Schwartz, M.D. and Reiter, B.E. (2000) Changes in North American spring.
3291:"In-depth Q&A: The IPCC's sixth assessment report on climate science"
1994:
1858:
1831:
1678:
1503:
1409:
976:
937:
884:
703:
616:
589:
455:
262:
9984:
8576:
Hoffimann, Elaine; Barros, Henrique; Ribeiro, Ana Isabel (August 2017).
7319:
7288:
6349:
6043:
5462:
5310:
2633:
1826:
catches are already decreasing because of global warming and changes in
814:
at Mauna Loa (in parts per million volume, ppmv; red), surface ocean pCO
543:
is related to temperature. It also increases if humidity is higher. The
218:
The ecosystems most immediately threatened by climate change are in the
52:
13934:
13311:
12509:
11696:
10888:"Rise or Recede? How Climate Disasters Affect Armed Conflict Intensity"
10757:
10550:
10199:
8478:
8182:
7567:
7478:
7396:
7067:
Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities
6931:
Cooper, Gregory S.; Willcock, Simon; Dearing, John A. (10 March 2020).
6074:
Senftleben, Daniel; Lauer, Axel; Karpechko, Alexey (15 February 2020).
4951:
Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities
4939:
4887:
4652:"Explainer: How climate change is affecting wildfires around the world"
4575:
Daniel Tsegai, Miriam Medel, Patrick Augenstein, Zhuojing Huang (2022)
3763:"Extreme weather impacts of climate change: an attribution perspective"
2318:
1943:
1870:
1775:
1624:
1513:
1453:
1390:
1252:
1104:
1100:
1014:
923:
that warm water stabilises near the surface. A reduction of cold, deep
556:
551:
There is some evidence climate change is leading to a weakening of the
384:
223:
164:
152:
129:
10297:
9014:
8680:
8468:
8443:
8158:"Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health"
7823:
7720:
7425:
6704:
6682:
6550:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6420:
6312:
5629:"Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age"
5607:
5234:
4679:"Heat stored in the Earth system 1960â2020: where does the energy go?"
4675:
4180:"Chapter 11: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate"
4078:
3641:
3185:
3090:
12889:
11863:"Nearly $ 2tn of damage inflicted on other countries by US emissions"
11711:
9769:
9744:
9473:
Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues
8238:
7071:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
6651:"Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and their Services"
5875:"Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state"
5780:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
5572:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
4962:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
4436:"California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years"
4178:
Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Zhang, Xuebin; Adnan, M.; et al. (2021).
3597:
3209:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
3071:
3046:
2825:"Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and their Services"
2327:
2127:
1794:
in the atmosphere. Higher temperatures and altered precipitation and
1644:
1530:
1507:
1126:
1021:
accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from
1005:
848:
764:
530:
484:
467:
342:
12502:
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development
12389:
12117:
Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.C.; Adams, H.; Adelekan, I.; et al.
12091:
Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.C.; Adams, H.; Adelekan, I.; et al.
12040:
Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.C.; Adams, H.; Adelekan, I.; et al.
11634:
Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.C.; Adams, H.; Adelekan, I.; et al.
11585:
Kotz, Mazimilian.; Levermann, Anders; Wenz, Leonie (17 April 2024).
11255:
Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.C.; Adams, H.; Adelekan, I.; et al.
10691:
9816:
7592:"Climate tipping points could topple like dominoes, warn scientists"
7261:
6933:"Regime shifts occur disproportionately faster in larger ecosystems"
6325:
6285:
Koven, Charles D.; Riley, William J.; Stern, Alex (1 October 2012).
5118:
3432:
3407:
3162:
The 20th century was the hottest in nearly 2,000 years, studies show
2632:
1988:
on the coasts is high. Estimates of the number of people at risk of
525:. Heat waves are more likely to occur simultaneously with droughts.
10253:
Laybourn, Laurie; Throp, Henry; Sherman, Suzannah (February 2023).
9951:
8864:"Identifying the Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture"
6806:
6717:
Settele, J.; Scholes, R.; Betts, R.; Bunn, S.; et al. (2014).
6649:
Parmesan, Camille; Morecroft, Mike; Trisurat, Yongyut; et al.
5334:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5190:"WMO annual report highlights continuous advance of climate change"
5147:
5143:
5141:
5139:
4541:
Mishra, A. K.; Singh, V. P. (2011). "Drought modeling â A review".
4439:
2823:
Parmesan, Camille; Morecroft, Mike; Trisurat, Yongyut; et al.
2611:
2334:
2333:
It is possible that climate change has already begun to affect the
1799:
1652:
1534:
1499:
1377:
1316:
Recent warming has had a big effect on natural biological systems.
941:
933:
749:
396:
388:
282:
231:
71:
9505:
Climate change: Sea level rise to affect 'three times more people'
9251:"Climate change: More than 3bn could live in extreme heat by 2070"
9193:"Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios"
7884:
7315:
2017: Potential surprises â compound extremes and tipping elements
6621:"Science Briefs: Warming Climate is Changing Life on Global Scale"
5317:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2011).
5262:
4577:
Drought in Numbers 2022 - restoration for readiness and resilience
3730:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2021. pp. 8â10.
2737:
2610:
2066:
change. This limits their ability to move to less affected areas.
269:
can be impacted by weather extremes or by ripple effects like the
12867:
12525:
11005:"Climatic Stress, Internal Migration, and Syrian Civil War Onset"
8634:
8582:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
8315:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
7794:"Global heating will push billions outside 'human climate niche'"
2662:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. September 2023.
2135:
1974:
1823:
1590:
1517:
1436:
Effects of climate change on oceans § Impacts on marine life
1361:
1357:
1317:
1213:
1171:
1018:
892:
760:
699:
593:
286:
285:. Higher temperatures will increasingly prevent outdoor labor in
12297:(2007), Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R.K; Reisinger, A. (eds.),
11526:
10369:
Managing social risks: Empower communities to protect themselves
9134:
9021:
8695:"Measuring economic impacts of drought: a review and discussion"
8693:
Ding, Ya; Hayes, Michael J.; Widhalm, Melissa (30 August 2011).
5745:"As Himalayan Glaciers Melt, a Water Crisis Looms in South Asia"
5211:
5136:
3760:
3660:
3140:, NOAA Paleoclimatology Program â NCDC Paleoclimatology Branch,
2851:"The Industries and Countries Most Vulnerable to Climate Change"
2239:
has emerged as a key theme in the climate movement. People from
1078:
Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
41:
13870:
12308:
12198:
11530:"The Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship"
10414:. Internal Displacement Monitoring Center. 2021. pp. 42â53
10264:. Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs.
10167:
10099:"Corrigendum: World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency"
7844:
7530:
4842:
2116:
1491:
1486:
Ocean acidification can harm marine organisms in various ways.
1386:
721:
can help reduce the impact of droughts. One example of this is
670:
509:
events (for increasing degrees of global warming) are expected.
373:
352:
12515:
United Nations Environment Programme and the climate emergency
11219:
11083:"Climate Change and Rising Food Prices Heightened Arab Spring"
10474:
10149:
Climate change could pose 'existential threat' by 2050: report
9838:
Dietz, Thomas; Shwom, Rachael L.; Whitley, Cameron T. (2020).
5163:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US.
3820:
Zhang, Yi; Held, Isaac; Fueglistaler, Stephan (8 March 2021).
2517:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ed. (2022),
2056:
Climate change adaptation § Migration and managed retreat
1865:
Between 1.5 and 2.5 billion people live in areas with regular
903:
because the ocean takes up most of the additional heat in the
13784:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
12877:
11483:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
11329:
10818:
10294:
Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities.
9639:
Rasheed Hassan, Hussain; Cliff, Valerie (24 September 2019).
9524:
Rising sea levels pose threat to homes of 300m people â study
8790:
8351:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
8155:
8105:
7945:
Levy, Karen; Smith, Shanon M.; Carlton, Elizabeth J. (2018).
7070:
6902:"Ecosystems the size of Amazon 'can collapse within decades'"
6800:
6133:"Dramatic decline of Arctic sea ice linked to global warming"
5779:
5571:
5514:"Snow and Climate: Feedbacks, Drivers, and Indices of Change"
5375:
4961:
4926:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
4922:
4579:, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
3208:
2800:
2460:
CounterAct; Women's Climate Justice Collective (4 May 2020).
2005:
1894:
1480:
1130:
1032:
1026:
852:
806:
Climate change causes a drop in the ocean's pH value (called
601:
548:
the tropics. But there may still be negative health impacts.
392:
91:
11880:
Callahan, Christopher W.; Mankin, Justin S. (12 July 2022).
7758:
7504:
Climate Tipping Points: Insights for Effective Policy Action
7335:"Climate emergency: world 'may have crossed tipping points'"
7215:
7091:
Riebesell, Ulf; Körtzinger, Arne; Oschlies, Andreas (2009).
6701:
Chapter 4: Ecosystems, their properties, goods, and services
6190:
5923:"Thermodynamics: Albedo | National Snow and Ice Data Center"
5511:
3920:"How global warming can cause Europe's harsh winter weather"
3233:
3137:
NOAA Paleoclimatology Global Warming â The Story: Proxy Data
2880:
Kaczan, David J.; Orgill-Meyer, Jennifer (1 February 2020).
1927:
Increased extreme heat exposure from climate change and the
1107:
is projected to continue its retreat in almost all regions.
843:
are linked to this. The rising temperature contributes to a
12430:
12294:
11712:
10779:
10037:
9170:
9168:
9037:
Sec. 3.3.3 Especially affected systems, sectors and regions
8781:
8508:
7090:
6924:
6679:
Chapter 3: Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and Their Services
6546:"Risks to biodiversity from temperature overshoot pathways"
5182:
5011:
1596:
1578:
collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1129:
lost around 8% of their mass between 1971 and 2019. In the
988:
12175:"40% of Oil and Gas Reserves Threatened by Climate Change"
12126:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
12100:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
12049:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
12001:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
11643:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
11264:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
11121:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
8941:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
8910:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
8308:
7620:
7013:
6658:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
6592:
5873:
Purich, Ariaan; Doddridge, Edward W. (13 September 2023).
5427:
4587:
4585:
3471:
3044:
2959:
2832:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
2648:
1540:
702:. These include how much rain falls and how fast the rain
13960:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
11935:"Global warming has increased global economic inequality"
11426:
10598:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2023).
8900:
8441:
7732:
6543:
6131:
Yadav, Juhi; Kumar, Avinash; Mohan, Rahul (21 May 2020).
5361:
Box SYN-1: Sustained warming could lead to severe impacts
5107:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). July 2022.
4206:
3946:"Climate change: Arctic warming linked to colder winters"
2123:
2070:
rural areas in developing countries to towns and cities.
1693:. These factors together can lead to increasing poverty,
1655:
may become more common in some regions. Examples include
1201:
Antarctic sea ice § Recent trends and climate change
627:
Storms become wetter under climate change. These include
12397:
IPCC AR5 WG2 A (2014), Field, C.B.; et al. (eds.),
12366:
IPCC AR5 WG1 (2013), Stocker, T.F.; et al. (eds.),
10096:
9948:
9547:
Kulp, Scott A.; Strauss, Benjamin H. (29 October 2019).
9486:
Cross-Chapter Paper 2: Cities and Settlements by the Sea
9338:
9165:
7814:
6073:
5325:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p.
3974:
2963:
WMO statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2018
2525:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3â36,
1147:
Antarctic ice sheet § Changes due to climate change
1125:. Those glaciers that are not associated with the polar
12439:, Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the
12116:
12090:
12039:
11633:
11254:
10666:
Gilmore, Elisabeth A.; Buhaug, Halvard (17 June 2021).
10604:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1045.
10130:
Scientists Around the World Declare 'Climate Emergency'
9605:
9401:"Climate change increases global risk to urban forests"
8820:
8402:
8001:
7401:"World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency 2021"
7093:"Sensitivities of marine carbon fluxes to ocean change"
5626:
5256:
4896:
4582:
3127:
2734:
2561:
2299:
Rich nations have done the most to fuel climate change.
2092:, reaching the edge of a village (from the documentary
2022:
Climate change has many impacts on society. It affects
748:
Climate change promotes the type of weather that makes
505:
Large increases in both the frequency and intensity of
12303:, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the
11485:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
10821:"Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought"
9279:
9191:; Steffen, Will; Lenton, Timothy M. (23 August 2022).
8932:
Caretta, Martina Angela; Mukherji, Aditi; et al.
8903:"Chapter 5: Food, Fibre, and other Ecosystem Products"
8575:
8353:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
8262:
7394:
6242:(Second revised ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom.
6002:
5866:
5371:
5369:
4928:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
4766:"Quality of pH Measurements in the NODC Data Archives"
4592:
Haddad, Mohammed; Hussein, Mohammed (19 August 2021).
4353:
4133:
The Changing Flow of Energy Through the Climate System
3713:
2176:
1321:
direct exploitation of organisms had a bigger impact.
1308:
event (partly caused by rising ocean temperatures and
1264:
from decomposing microbes. This can generate a strong
478:
13801:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
12433:(2001), Watson, R. T.; the Core Writing Team (eds.),
10478:
Groundswell: preparing for internal climate migration
10230:
Greta Thunberg showed the world what it means to lead
8979:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science
7752:
6987:
6930:
6648:
5776:
Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risk
4459:
4354:
Aster, R.; Ringler, A.; Anthony, R.; Lee, T. (2023).
4177:
3819:
3448:"Climate change: evidence and causes | Royal Society"
2822:
879:(AMOC). The main root cause of these changes are the
12147:
Climate change, disasters and electricity generation
11882:"National attribution of historical climate damages"
11140:
International Journal of Global Environmental Issues
10512:
10252:
9872:
9632:
8861:
8311:"Climate Change and Mental Health: A Scoping Review"
7447:
5192:. World Meteorological Organization. 21 April 2023.
4604:
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
3440:
3002:
Synthesis report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2348:
1563:
The climate system exhibits "threshold behavior" or
698:
Climate change affects many factors associated with
195:as it absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
12344:IPCC SREX (2012), Field, C.B.; et al. (eds.),
11818:
11816:
10456:
143 Million People May Soon Become Climate Migrants
9638:
8927:
8925:
8923:
7533:"Climate tipping points â too risky to bet against"
7015:Alex; Payne, Ben L.; Moore, Pippa J. (April 2019).
6411:
6409:
5366:
5154:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
4615:
4247:
3198:
3196:
3194:
2497:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
2245:
threats that could cause the extinction of humanity
2220:
1957:
Effects of climate change on small island countries
171:is a particular long term concern as a result. The
12307:of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
12007:of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
11853:
11660:Kompas, Tom; Pham, Van Ha; Che, Tuong Nhu (2018).
11087:Republished with permission by Scientific American
10319:
9341:"Global urban population exposure to extreme heat"
8976:
8947:of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
7711:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7623:"Cascading regime shifts within and across scales"
7238:"Tipping Elements â big risks in the Earth System"
7141:
6644:
6642:
5799:
4068:
3258:Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States
3047:"Diurnal asymmetry to the observed global warming"
2879:
2462:"Climate Justice and Feminism Resource Collection"
2231:Global catastrophe scenarios § Climate change
2122:Climate change is unlikely to cause international
1479:. Melting sea ice destroys habitat, including for
932:and other storms. Another result is a decrease in
12360:in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish.
11992:Begum, Rawshan Ara; Lempert, Robert; et al.
11584:
11112:Begum, Rawshan Ara; Lempert, Robert; et al.
9837:
9704:
9174:
6719:"Chapter 4: Terrestrial and Inland Water Systems"
6695:
6693:
6691:
6213:"Understanding climate: Antarctic sea ice extent"
5835:20.500.11820/9fe0943d-ae69-4916-a57f-13965f5f2691
5604:Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change
5413:20.500.11820/df343a4d-6b66-4eae-ac3f-f5a35bdeef04
4462:"Climate Change and Drought: From Past to Future"
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
3401:
3399:
3315:
2818:
2816:
2489:Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (28 June 2022).
895:are examples of greenhouse gases. The additional
15085:
14001:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
12522:. Timeline by Mimi Eisen and Ursula Wolfe-Rocca.
11932:
11813:
11222:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
10933:Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute
10408:GRID Internal displacement in a changing climate
9665:
9663:
9661:
8920:
8692:
7944:
7746:of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6716:
6477:. Bonn, Germany: ISBES secretariat. p. 16.
6442:. Bonn, Germany: ISBES secretariat. p. 12.
6406:
6278:
6067:
5421:
4618:"Climate Change Increases the Risk of Wildfires"
3191:
11994:"Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concept"
11939:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
11422:
11420:
11180:
11178:
11114:"Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concept"
10926:
10825:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10315:
10313:
9738:
9736:
9345:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9286:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9197:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8004:"Infectious disease in an era of global change"
7702:
6673:
6671:
6639:
6284:
6130:
5872:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5052:
4213:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
4202:
4200:
3728:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
3370:
3248:
3079:
2026:, the availability of drinking water and food,
1348:Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity
782:. Climate models do not yet fully reflect this
12396:
12201:"How insurance can support climate resilience"
11933:Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Burke, Marshall (2019).
11879:
11724:
11498:"Could climate change make humans go extinct?"
11429:"The existential risk space of climate change"
10484:. Washington DC: The World Bank. p. xxi.
10362:
10356:
10246:
8732:Ndiritu, S. Wagura; Muricho, Geoffrey (2021).
8731:
8212:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
6844:"Amazon tipping point: Last chance for action"
6726:
6688:
6618:
6380:Programme, United Nations Environment (2009).
6240:The global cryosphere past, present and future
5093:
4793:The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
4123:
4045:
3408:"Changes in precipitation with climate change"
3396:
3182:Chapter 6: Coastal systems and low-lying areas
3133:
2813:
2488:
2484:
2482:
14129:
14115:
12746:History of climate change policy and politics
12541:
11659:
11002:
10665:
10593:
10591:
10516:"Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict"
10508:
10506:
9658:
8628:
7242:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
6990:"How does climate change affect coral reefs?"
6003:Huang, Yiyi; Dong, Xiquan; Bailey, David A.;
4645:
4643:
4591:
4433:
4173:
4171:
4169:
2045:
669:Due to an increase in heavy rainfall events,
104:are well documented and growing for Earth's
12429:
12390:Climate Change 2013 Working Group 1 website.
12365:
12350:, Cambridge University Press, archived from
12293:
12145:Dr. Frauke Urban and Dr. Tom Mitchell 2011.
11847:
11417:
11175:
11089:. Environment & Energy Publishing, LLC.
10310:
9899:
9817:Climate change and the risk of statelessness
9777:
9733:
9698:
9669:
9053:
8970:
6841:
6668:
6238:Barry, Roger Graham; Gan, Thian-Yew (2021).
5762:
4413:"Is climate change making turbulence worse?"
4248:Reguero, B.; Losada, I.; Mendez, F. (2019).
4197:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3602:
3325:
2953:
2791:
2789:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2678:"The Study of Earth as an Integrated System"
2061:homes and habitats. Climate impacts such as
1950:
1356:in different land types. These include cool
569:Effects of climate change on the water cycle
416:sensitive the climate is to greenhouse gases
363:Global warming affects all parts of Earth's
317:, which have emitted the vast majority of CO
265:can be threatened by environmental changes.
12863:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
12418:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
12382:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
12334:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
11587:"The economic commitment of climate change"
10286:
10262:Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)
9900:Zhang, Li; Chen, Fu; Lei, Yongdeng (2020).
9546:
9101:1871.1/15a62c49-fde8-4a54-95ea-dc32eb176cf4
8931:
7192:
6826:. World Resources Institute. 4 April 2024.
6824:"Indicators of Forest Extent / Forest Loss"
6124:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5263:WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018).
4569:
4540:
4193:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1519.
2849:Director, International (15 October 2018).
2512:
2510:
2508:
2479:
1243:Permafrost § Impacts of climate change
907:. The ocean also absorbs some of the extra
877:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
774:The carbon released from wildfires adds to
78:caused by ocean acidification and heating,
14122:
14108:
14082:
14070:
13527:
12548:
12534:
12266:
12003:. Contribution of Working Group II to the
11274:
11213:
11003:Ash, Konstantin; Obradovich, Nick (2020).
10961:
10588:
10503:
8943:. Contribution of Working Group II to the
8827:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
8814:
8677:Chapter 5: Food, fibre and forest products
8363:
7791:
7589:
7332:
7084:
6842:Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Nobre, Carlos (2019).
6612:
6270:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5970:
5725:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4903:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
4640:
4609:
4166:
4136:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3376:
2626:
2568:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
2307:
2227:Climate change and civilizational collapse
1718:effects of climate change on mental health
1708:Effects of climate change on mental health
1247:Climate change in Russia § Permafrost
1031:Sea level rise lags behind changes in the
458:is a greenhouse gas, so this process is a
13822:
13628:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
12771:United Nations Climate Change conferences
12485:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
12343:
12267:Yerushalmy, Jonathan (22 December 2023).
12172:
12009:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
11968:
11958:
11905:
11795:
11695:
11685:
11610:
11578:
11561:
11468:
11306:
10979:
10962:Dinc, Pinar; Eklund, Lina (1 July 2023).
10903:
10879:
10862:
10844:
10756:
10707:
10650:
10278:. Inside Climate News. 17 February 2023.
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9099:
8949:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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6042:
6032:
5953:"How does sea ice affect global climate?"
5898:
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5461:
5411:
5401:
5298:
5288:
5037:
4914:
4712:
4702:
4387:
4330:
4304:
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4232:
4191:of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
4129:
4104:
4091:
3788:
3778:
3741:
3696:
3686:
3625:
3497:
3431:
3405:
3070:
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2723:
2579:
2530:
1621:effects of climate change on human health
1613:Effects of climate change on human health
1510:can reduce the impact of acidification.
1151:Greenland ice sheet § Recent melting
883:from human activities, mainly burning of
835:. One of the main ones is an increase in
489:Effects of climate change on human health
426:stopped abruptly and there was no use of
328:
13332:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
12141:
12139:
12035:
12033:
11991:
11753:
11380:
11111:
10432:
9179:; Gibbins, Goodwin; Kohler, Timothy A.;
6237:
5584:
4980:
4410:
3155:
2936:"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)"
2848:
2670:
2604:
2505:
2294:
2261:
2110:
2083:
1968:
1910:
1769:
1597:Health, food security and water security
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1447:
1395:
1295:
1204:
1090:
1081:
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909:carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere
801:
793:
738:
685:
651:
611:
512:
500:
492:
346:
197:
155:. These temperatures would stabilize if
13688:National Adaptation Programme of Action
13477:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
11131:
11041:
10927:Spaner, J S; LeBali, H (October 2013).
10730:
10139:, Smithsonian Magazine, 5 November 2019
9175:Kemp, Luke; Xu, Chi; Depledge, Joanna;
8855:
7333:Carrington, Damian (27 November 2019).
6502:
5378:"Review article: Earth's ice imbalance"
5111:from the original on 4 September 2023.
4311:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
4025:
3895:"Understanding the Arctic polar vortex"
2640:. U.S. Global Change Research Program.
2501:from the original on 17 September 2022.
2075:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
2017:
1935:that cannot withstand the heat stress.
1647:. Certain diseases that are carried by
1541:Tipping points and irreversible impacts
1520:for thousands of species. They provide
15086:
13337:Economics of climate change mitigation
13300:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
12823:
12651:Scientific consensus on climate change
12240:
11860:
11784:
11495:
11283:"Indigenous Health and Climate Change"
11184:
11137:
9783:
9742:
8987:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.609
8880:10.1146/annurev-resource-100517-022938
8448:Environmental Science & Technology
8265:International Journal of Public Health
8058:
7510:. Paris: OECD Publishing. p. 29.
7309:
7307:
6809:"Global forest loss increases in 2020"
6505:"Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss"
5879:Communications Earth & Environment
5265:"Global sea-level budget 1993âpresent"
5132:from the original on 29 November 2022.
5126:"2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report"
5113:Data sources: CSIRO, 2017. NOAA, 2022.
4981:Freedman, Andrew (29 September 2020).
3866:
3620:from the original on 16 November 2023.
2644:from the original on 14 December 2019.
2622:from the original on 21 December 2019.
2290:
1895:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
1766:Effects of climate change on livestock
1279:
735:Wildfire § Climate change effects
604:, and drier in the far western Sahel.
273:. Economic impacts include changes to
14103:
13996:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
13821:
13526:
13262:
12822:
12734:
12615:
12567:
12529:
12436:Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report
12300:Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report
12136:
12030:
11735:from the original on 19 December 2019
11080:
10652:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070830
10632:
10006:
9043:from the original on 23 December 2018
8840:10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608
8802:from the original on 27 November 2019
7677:
7363:
6737:from the original on 19 December 2019
5196:from the original on 17 December 2023
5081:from the original on 18 February 2022
4916:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019
4649:
3737:from the original on 4 November 2021.
3336:from the original on 19 December 2019
3271:from the original on 15 November 2019
3115:from the original on 29 December 2019
3103:Joyce, Christopher (30 August 2018).
3102:
2980:from the original on 12 November 2019
2688:from the original on 2 November 2016.
2666:from the original on 26 October 2023.
2581:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019
1341:
1236:
1140:
14018:Representative Concentration Pathway
12969:Tipping points in the climate system
12645:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
11280:
10943:from the original on 7 November 2018
10465:, National Geographic, 19 March 2018
9814:
9611:
9065:
7951:Current Environmental Health Reports
7690:from the original on 7 February 2019
7678:Watts, Jonathan (20 December 2018).
7500:
6467:
6432:
6384:. UNEP/Earthprint. pp. 20, 55.
5170:from the original on 24 October 2022
4993:from the original on 15 October 2020
4600:from the original on 19 August 2021.
4594:"Mapping wildfires around the world"
3956:from the original on 20 October 2021
3892:
3590:International Journal of Climatology
3577:International Journal of Climatology
3530:International Journal of Climatology
3144:from the original on 3 February 2017
3051:International Journal of Climatology
2707:from the original on 27 January 2018
2656:"Extreme Weather and Climate Change"
2491:"Climate Change: Global Temperature"
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
1900:
1884:
1848:Water security § Climate change
1778:), population at risk of hunger and
1547:Tipping points in the climate system
1429:
1412:back into the atmosphere instead of
1352:Climate change is a major driver of
776:carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
767:, so there are fewer trees to burn.
410:How much the world warms depends on
108:and human societies. Changes to the
13789:Nationally determined contributions
13499:Individual action on climate change
12714:World energy supply and consumption
11920:Graphic's caption is from Callahan
11508:from the original on 30 August 2021
11093:from the original on 20 August 2018
11042:De Juan, Alexander (1 March 2015).
10885:
10491:from the original on 2 January 2020
10040:"Future of the human climate niche"
9282:"Future of the human climate niche"
8868:Annual Review of Resource Economics
8409:Journal of Environmental Psychology
8364:Sakakibara, Chie (1 October 2008).
7364:Leahy, Stephen (27 November 2019).
7345:from the original on 4 January 2020
7304:
6503:McElwee, Pamela (1 November 2021).
3543:Theoretical and Applied Climatology
2861:from the original on 2 January 2020
2698:
2419:Extinction risk from climate change
2258:Economic analysis of climate change
2251:
2177:Social impacts on vulnerable groups
1292:Extinction risk from climate change
1286:Effects of climate change on biomes
1110:
1004:Between 1901 and 2018, the average
833:effects of climate change on oceans
825:Effects of climate change on oceans
600:is getting wetter over the central
479:Heat waves and temperature extremes
13:
15114:Regional effects of climate change
13928:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
12555:
12408:from the original on 16 April 2014
11873:from the original on 12 July 2022.
11831:Question 2, Sections 2.25 and 2.26
11766:from the original on 29 March 2020
11496:Pester, Patrick (30 August 2021).
10639:Annual Review of Political Science
10363:The World Bank (6 November 2009),
10282:from the original on 6 March 2023.
10271:from the original on 9 March 2023.
9684:10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004559.08755.88
8699:Disaster Prevention and Management
8382:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00312.x
8073:10.1016/B978-0-323-04579-7.00101-5
8061:"Geography of infectious diseases"
7792:Carrington, Damian (22 May 2023).
7590:Carrington, Damian (3 June 2021).
6912:from the original on 12 April 2020
6819:from the original on 1 April 2021.
6807:Butler, Rhett A. (31 March 2021).
4824:from the original on 29 March 2023
4026:Douglas, Erin (14 December 2021).
1494:are particularly vulnerable. Some
1190:
871:. All this can lead to changes of
14:
15125:
13855:Satellite temperature measurement
13460:forestry for carbon sequestration
12751:History of climate change science
12495:World Meteorological Organization
12474:
12011:. Section 1.3.2.1. Archived from
11287:American Journal of Public Health
10731:Siddiqi, Ayesha (20 April 2022).
9859:10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054614
9790:University of Colorado Law Review
9116:from the original on 23 July 2021
8823:"Climate Change and Food Systems"
6830:from the original on 27 May 2024.
6484:from the original on 23 July 2021
6449:from the original on 23 July 2021
5351:from the original on 30 June 2023
4112:from the original on 27 June 2019
3377:Hausfather, Zeke (21 June 2017).
3362:. 9 November 2021. Archived from
3134:Overpeck, J.T. (20 August 2008),
2466:The Commons Social Change Library
2446:
2429:History of climate change science
1841:
1689:. Climate change can also reduce
1677:and regions, resulting in higher
962:
958:are increasing in size worldwide.
940:. At the same time, contrasts in
875:, for example a weakening of the
778:and therefore contributes to the
607:
573:Warming increases global average
118:changes to precipitation patterns
14844:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
14339:Democratic Republic of the Congo
14081:
14069:
14058:
14057:
14045:
13706:Climate Change Performance Index
12520:The Climate Crisis Has a History
12260:
12241:Neslen, Arthur (21 March 2019).
12234:
12192:
12166:
12162:Institute of Development Studies
12110:
12084:
12067:"Consequences of climate change"
12059:
11985:
11926:
11822:
11778:
11747:
11704:
11653:
11627:
11520:
11489:
11374:
11323:
11248:
11158:
11105:
11074:
11035:
10996:
10955:
10920:
10812:
10773:
10724:
10659:
10626:
10468:
10449:
10426:
10399:
10273:Explained by Tigue, Kristoffer,
10223:
10161:
10142:
10123:
10090:
10031:
10000:
9942:
9893:
9866:
9831:
9808:
9540:
9517:
9498:
9478:
9466:
9447:
9391:
9332:
9273:
9243:
9128:
9059:
9003:
8894:
8775:
8725:
8686:
8669:
8569:
8502:
8396:
8357:
7785:
7726:
7671:
7614:
7602:from the original on 7 June 2021
7583:
7524:
7494:
7441:
7388:
7357:
7326:
7255:
7230:
7148:Emerging Topics in Life Sciences
7135:
7058:
7007:
6981:
6894:
6835:
6777:
6755:
6749:
6710:
6619:Rosenzweig, C. (December 2008).
6586:
6537:
6496:
6461:
6426:
6373:
6319:
6231:
6179:
5996:
5945:
4921:
3020:State of the Global Climate 2021
2393:
2379:
2365:
2351:
2221:Possibility of societal collapse
1751:
1706:This section is an excerpt from
1675:decreasing yields for some crops
1611:This section is an excerpt from
996:This section is an excerpt from
913:pH value of the seawater to drop
823:This section is an excerpt from
810:): Time series of atmospheric CO
206:and the wide-ranging impacts of
60:
51:
40:
31:
13845:Instrumental temperature record
13796:Sustainable Development Goal 13
11861:Milman, Oliver (12 July 2022).
10798:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102063
10388:from the original on 7 May 2011
10019:from the original on 7 May 2020
9727:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.04.001
9261:from the original on 5 May 2020
9011:Chapter 3: Freshwater resources
5915:
5793:
5737:
5685:
5620:
5560:
5505:
5486:
5206:Press Release Number: 21042023.
5046:
4974:
4836:
4758:
4729:
4669:
4534:
4508:
4453:
4427:
4404:
4347:
4298:
4241:
4019:
3968:
3938:
3912:
3886:
3867:Milman, Oliver (8 March 2021).
3860:
3813:
3767:Environmental Research: Climate
3754:
3654:
3582:
3569:
3556:
3535:
3522:
3465:
3348:
3309:
3283:
3222:
3174:
3096:
3038:
3012:
2992:
2928:
2873:
2842:
2701:"Climate Impacts on Ecosystems"
1651:or spread by climate-sensitive
1272:. Some scientists believe that
1260:can also release methane and CO
1071:
660:from the 1850 to 1900 baseline.
339:Instrumental temperature record
246:and damage ecosystems like the
242:in certain locations can cause
147:than most other regions due to
14409:Federated States of Micronesia
13913:Climate variability and change
13263:
12954:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
12404:, Cambridge University Press,
12158:Overseas Development Institute
11281:Ford, James D. (17 May 2012).
11199:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.021
11009:Journal of Conflict Resolution
10433:Niranjan, Ajit (21 May 2021).
10007:Watts, Jonathan (5 May 2020).
9906:Environmental Research Letters
9066:Waha, Katharina (April 2017).
7765:Frontiers in Built Environment
6468:DĂaz, S.; et al. (2019).
6433:DĂaz, S.; et al. (2019).
5518:Current Climate Change Reports
5493:Getting to Know the Cryosphere
4466:Current Climate Change Reports
4411:Stallard, Esme (22 May 2024).
4075:Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes
3230:Chapter 1: Framing and Context
2692:
2612:"The Causes of Climate Change"
2555:
2001:Small island developing states
1780:disability-adjusted life years
1730:post-traumatic stress disorder
1338:stabilize the climate system.
1117:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1053: ft) or even 1.6 m (
592:has shifted south. Changes in
428:negative emission technologies
412:human greenhouse gas emissions
1:
14023:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
13558:Climate emergency declaration
12173:Nichols, Will; Clisby, Rory.
11352:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6
10981:10.1080/17565529.2023.2223600
10635:"Climate Change and Conflict"
9887:10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00021-2
9072:Regional Environmental Change
8174:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6
8127:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6
7906:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6
7867:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01540-9
6522:10.1525/curh.2021.120.829.295
4650:Dunne, Daisy (14 July 2020).
4563:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.049
4434:Irina Ivanova (2 June 2022).
2439:
1784:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
1673:Changes in climate can cause
1483:that grows on its underside.
1304:in Australia in 2016 after a
881:emissions of greenhouse gases
418:. The more carbon dioxide (CO
271:spread of infectious diseases
70:Some climate change effects:
14006:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
13232:Middle East and North Africa
12568:
12372:, Cambridge University Press
11383:Environment and Urbanization
11081:Perez, Ines (4 March 2013).
11060:10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.09.001
10929:"The Next Security Frontier"
9840:"Climate Change and Society"
7217:efforts to eradicate poverty
6793:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
6192:efforts to eradicate poverty
6013:Geophysical Research Letters
4790:"Summary for Policymakers".
4130:Trenberth, Kevin E. (2022).
3499:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.05.011
3235:efforts to eradicate poverty
2999:"Summary for Policymakers".
2638:science2017.globalchange.gov
2140:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1762:Climate change and fisheries
1331:interactions between species
1274:carbon storage in permafrost
1180:Marine ice cliff instability
1176:marine ice sheet instability
1135:glacial lake outburst floods
728:
255:vulnerable to climate change
214:that amplify climate change.
74:caused by heat and dryness,
7:
12735:
12481:IPCC Working Group I (WG I)
12356:. Summary for Policymakers
11797:10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_3
11152:10.1504/IJGENVI.2001.000977
10786:Global Environmental Change
10371:, World Bank Publications,
9875:Global Environmental Change
9707:Global and Planetary Change
9514:, BBC News, 30 October 2019
9149:10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019
8421:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.004
8008:Nature Reviews Microbiology
6785:"Fact sheet - Biodiversity"
2344:
2100:
1452:Climate change will affect
681:
369:Global surface temperatures
351:Over the last 50 years the
10:
15130:
15094:Climate change and society
13840:Global surface temperature
13731:Popular culture depictions
13643:Ecosystem-based adaptation
13373:Carbon capture and storage
13295:Carbon offsets and credits
12616:
12287:
11907:10.1007/s10584-022-03387-y
11717:"Summary for Policymakers"
11603:10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0
11453:10.1007/s10584-022-03430-y
11234:10.1007/s10806-020-09822-3
10342:10.1007/s10584-019-02560-0
10191:10.1038/d41586-019-03595-0
9845:Annual Review of Sociology
9573:10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
9425:10.1038/s41558-022-01465-8
9189:Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim
8784:"Chapter 5: Food Security"
8761:10.1007/s10584-021-03180-3
8020:10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z
7558:10.1038/d41586-019-03595-0
6957:10.1038/s41467-020-15029-x
6157:10.1007/s11069-020-04064-y
5900:10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9
5826:10.1038/s41586-022-04946-0
5653:10.1038/s41598-021-03805-8
5538:10.1007/s40641-019-00143-w
4380:10.1038/s41467-023-42673-w
4274:10.1038/s41467-018-08066-0
4099:"Summary for policymakers"
3846:10.1038/s41561-021-00695-3
3721:"Summary for Policymakers"
3688:10.1038/s41467-022-31432-y
3551:10.1007/s00704-020-03156-w
2906:10.1007/s10584-019-02560-0
2519:"Summary for Policymakers"
2434:Politics of climate change
2255:
2224:
2104:
2049:
2046:Displacement and migration
1954:
1904:
1845:
1755:
1705:
1610:
1589:In social systems, unique
1544:
1433:
1345:
1289:
1283:
1240:
1194:
1144:
1114:
1075:
995:
822:
732:
566:
482:
445:
335:Global surface temperature
332:
323:displacement and migration
17:
15104:Effects of climate change
15099:Health effects by subject
14135:
14130:Climate change by country
14052:Climate change portal
14039:
13978:
13945:Extreme event attribution
13863:
13832:
13828:
13817:
13761:
13696:
13618:
13568:School Strike for Climate
13540:
13536:
13522:
13491:
13447:Climate-smart agriculture
13408:
13365:
13275:
13271:
13258:
13182:
13045:
12992:
12835:
12831:
12818:
12741:
12730:
12659:
12628:
12624:
12611:
12594:Climate change adaptation
12589:Climate change mitigation
12584:Effects of climate change
12574:
12563:
12506:Effects of climate change
12152:20 September 2012 at the
11554:10.1007/s13280-011-0185-x
10543:10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6
10306:10.1017/9781009325844.009
9976:10.1038/s41558-018-0299-2
9494:10.1017/9781009325844.019
9137:Energy and Climate Change
9092:10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2
8719:10.1108/09653561111161752
8662:10.1007/s10584-016-1606-4
8528:10.1017/S0033291722003890
8277:10.1007/s00038-009-0112-0
7963:10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7
7832:10.1017/9781009325844.009
7778:10.3389/fbuil.2021.752599
7225:10.1017/9781009157940.005
7079:10.1017/9781009157964.007
7044:10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1
6304:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00228.1
6200:10.1017/9781009157940.001
5978:"Arctic Report Card 2012"
5788:10.1017/9781009157964.008
5616:10.1017/9781009157896.011
5580:10.1017/9781009157964.002
5290:10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018
5269:Earth System Science Data
5251:10.1017/9781009157896.001
4805:10.1017/9781009157964.001
4704:10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023
4683:Earth System Science Data
4486:10.1007/s40641-018-0093-2
4087:10.1017/9781009157896.010
3893:NOAA (16 February 2022).
3650:10.1017/9781009157896.001
3243:10.1017/9781009157940.003
3217:10.1017/9781009157964.006
2809:10.1017/9781009157988.001
2532:10.1017/9781009157964.001
1951:Low-lying coastal regions
1907:Climate change and cities
1605:
1161:West Antarctic ice sheets
789:
664:
473:extreme event attribution
460:self-reinforcing feedback
257:in many ways. Sources of
14289:Central African Republic
13955:Global warming potential
13762:International agreements
13409:Preserving and enhancing
12853:Arctic methane emissions
12775:Years in climate change
12682:Greenhouse gas emissions
12579:Causes of climate change
12305:Fourth Assessment Report
11403:10.1177/0956247808096125
11299:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300752
11021:10.1177/0022002719864140
10461:19 December 2019 at the
10135:16 December 2019 at the
9927:10.1088/1748-9326/abb1f2
9815:Park, Susan (May 2011).
9784:Tsosie, Rebecca (2007).
9529:30 December 2019 at the
8951:. FAQ4.1. Archived from
8059:Wilson, Mary E. (2010).
7847:"The 2022 report of the
6187:Summary for Policymakers
6101:10.1175/jcli-d-19-0075.1
5498:15 December 2019 at the
5224:Summary for Policymakers
5039:10.1175/jcli-d-20-0366.1
4234:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0194.1
3780:10.1088/2752-5295/ac6e7d
3749:Summary for Policymakers
3638:Summary for Policymakers
2797:Summary for Policymakers
2424:Global catastrophic risk
2191:People living in poverty
2171:armed conflict in Darfur
1929:urban heat island effect
1697:, violent conflict, and
1568:studied using data from
1037:greenhouse gas emissions
383:scientists have studied
357:sea surface temperatures
315:Industrialised countries
193:ocean is also acidifying
173:effects of ocean warming
157:greenhouse gas emissions
149:climate change feedbacks
145:Arctic has warmed faster
13986:Climate change scenario
13638:Disaster risk reduction
13290:Carbon emission trading
13100:U.S. insurance industry
13080:Civilizational collapse
12927:sea surface temperature
12441:Third Assessment Report
12130:Sixth Assessment Report
12104:Sixth Assessment Report
12053:Sixth Assessment Report
12005:Sixth Assessment Report
11960:10.1073/pnas.1816020116
11647:Sixth Assessment Report
11268:Sixth Assessment Report
11125:Sixth Assessment Report
10968:Climate and Development
10846:10.1073/pnas.1607542113
10235:29 October 2021 at the
10154:27 January 2020 at the
10065:10.1073/pnas.1910114117
9366:10.1073/pnas.2024792118
9307:10.1073/pnas.1910114117
9218:10.1073/pnas.2108146119
8945:Sixth Assessment Report
8914:Sixth Assessment Report
7744:Sixth Assessment Report
7648:10.1126/science.aat7850
7280:10.1126/science.abn7950
7110:10.1073/pnas.0813291106
6662:Sixth Assessment Report
6341:10.1126/science.abn7950
5454:10.1126/science.abo1324
4865:10.1126/science.aav7619
4799:. 2019. pp. 3â36.
4219:(3): BAMSâDâ18â0194.1.
4189:Sixth Assessment Report
3997:10.1126/science.abi9167
2836:Sixth Assessment Report
2754:10.1126/science.aai9214
2699:EPA (19 January 2017).
2308:Highly affected sectors
2173:remains hard to prove.
2031:or to other countries.
1977:which was submerged by
1657:mosquito-borne diseases
1488:Shell-forming organisms
1376:. In other ecosystems,
867:, as well as increased
784:climate change feedback
647:
562:
80:environmental migration
14234:Bosnia and Herzegovina
13979:Research and modelling
13663:Nature-based solutions
13483:Nature-based solutions
13425:Carbon dioxide removal
13342:Fossil fuel divestment
13327:Climate risk insurance
13237:Small island countries
12858:Arctic sea ice decline
11754:Koning Beals, Rachel.
10892:International Security
9510:6 January 2020 at the
9459:8 January 2023 at the
8595:10.3390/ijerph14080916
8515:Psychological Medicine
8328:10.3390/ijerph18094486
7417:10.1093/biosci/biab079
6869:10.1126/sciadv.aba2949
6562:10.1098/rstb.2021.0394
5980:. NOAA. Archived from
5403:10.5194/tc-15-233-2021
4305:Bromirski, P. (2023).
3406:Trenberth, Ke (2011).
3360:Climate Action Tracker
2855:International Director
2300:
2267:
2119:
2097:
2088:Sea level rise at the
1982:
1916:
1830:. In combination with
1787:
1728:events. These include
1560:
1514:Warm-water coral reefs
1461:
1401:
1313:
1231:satellite measurements
1210:
1197:Arctic sea ice decline
1096:
1088:
992:
980:
948:thermal stratification
819:
799:
763:has been converted to
745:
695:
661:
642:Atmospheric turbulence
633:extratropical cyclones
624:
555:. This would make the
518:
510:
498:
360:
329:Changes in temperature
215:
210:. Some effects act as
20:Historical climatology
14954:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
14834:Saint Kitts and Nevis
14814:Republic of the Congo
13940:Earth's energy budget
13823:Background and theory
13711:Climate crisis (term)
13383:Fossil fuel phase-out
13277:Economics and finance
13242:by individual country
13184:By country and region
13159:Security and conflict
13154:Psychological impacts
12843:Abrupt climate change
12766:Charles David Keeling
12599:By country and region
12208:Nature Climate Change
10633:Koubi, Vally (2019).
10610:10.1017/9781009325844
10116:10.1093/biosci/biz152
9956:Nature Climate Change
9553:Nature Communications
9405:Nature Climate Change
8216:American Psychologist
7450:Nature Climate Change
7024:Nature Climate Change
6994:oceanservice.noaa.gov
6937:Nature Communications
5729:) CS1 maint: others (
4360:Nature Communications
4254:Nature Communications
4142:10.1017/9781108979030
3667:Nature Communications
3592:, 42(16), 8232â8247.
2359:Climate change portal
2298:
2265:
2114:
2087:
2050:Further information:
1972:
1955:Further information:
1914:
1905:Further information:
1846:Further information:
1773:
1741:environmental justice
1558:
1551:Abrupt climate change
1451:
1399:
1366:mediterranean-climate
1346:Further information:
1299:
1284:Further information:
1241:Further information:
1208:
1195:Further information:
1145:Further information:
1115:Further information:
1094:
1085:
986:
970:
805:
797:
742:
733:Further information:
689:
655:
615:
516:
504:
496:
395:, and ocean and lake
350:
333:Further information:
201:
161:brought under control
114:overall warming trend
15109:Holocene extinctions
15024:United Arab Emirates
13769:Glasgow Climate Pact
13430:Carbon sequestration
13005:Mass mortality event
12228:10.1038/nclimate2979
12071:climate.ec.europa.eu
11687:10.1029/2018EF000922
11346:(10211): 1836â1878.
10905:10.1162/isec_a_00459
10886:Ide, Tobias (2023).
10672:WIREs Climate Change
9645:World Economic Fourm
8168:(10006): 1861â1914.
8121:(10211): 1836â1878.
7900:(10311): 1619â1662.
7861:(10363): 1619â1654.
7470:10.1038/nclimate2570
7411:(biab079): 894â898.
7160:10.1042/ETLS20180117
6034:10.1029/2019gl082791
4543:Journal of Hydrology
4332:10.1029/2023JC019722
3952:. 2 September 2021.
3167:25 July 2019 at the
2241:small island nations
2195:developing countries
2018:Impacts on societies
1997:of Asia and Africa.
1819:and other staples.
1570:Earth's distant past
1473:Harmful algae blooms
1456:ecosystems, through
1418:Due to deforestation
1408:is recycled when it
1393:are more vulnerable.
956:Oxygen minimum zones
869:ocean stratification
598:West African monsoon
545:wet-bulb temperature
181:ocean stratification
14989:Trinidad and Tobago
14159:Antigua and Barbuda
13908:Climate sensitivity
13683:The Adaptation Fund
13139:Infectious diseases
13046:Social and economic
12354:on 19 December 2012
12220:2016NatCC...6..333S
12119:"Technical Summary"
12093:"Technical Summary"
12042:"Technical Summary"
11951:2019PNAS..116.9808D
11898:2022ClCh..172...40C
11725:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014
11678:2018EaFut...6.1153K
11636:"Technical Summary"
11546:2011Ambio..40..739S
11445:2022ClCh..174....8H
11395:2008EnUrb..20..501B
11257:"Technical Summary"
11048:Political Geography
10837:2016PNAS..11312391V
10831:(44): 12391â12396.
10749:2022GComp..16E2622S
10684:2021WIRCC..12E.722G
10535:2019Natur.571..193M
10334:2020ClCh..158..281K
10183:2019Natur.575..592L
10158:, CNN, 5 June 2019.
10056:2020PNAS..11711350X
10050:(21): 11350â11355.
9968:2018NatCC...8..972C
9918:2020ERL....15j4060Z
9761:1999ClRes..12..137M
9719:2006GPC....53..155C
9565:2019NatCo..10.4844K
9417:2022NatCC..12..950E
9357:2021PNAS..11824792T
9351:(41): e2024792118.
9298:2020PNAS..11711350X
9292:(21): 11350â11355.
9209:2022PNAS..11908146K
9203:(34): e2108146119.
9084:2017REnvC..17.1623W
8753:2021ClCh..167...24N
8711:2011DisPM..20..434D
8653:2016ClCh..136..189H
8460:2014EnST...48.1247A
8370:Geographical Review
8065:Infectious Diseases
7735:"Technical Summary"
7639:2018Sci...362.1379R
7633:(6421): 1379â1383.
7549:2019Natur.575..592L
7462:2015NatCC...5..441L
7376:on 19 February 2021
7370:National Geographic
7103:(49): 20602â20609.
7036:2019NatCC...9..306S
6949:2020NatCo..11.1175C
6860:2019SciA....5A2949L
6727:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014
6149:2020NatHa.103.2617Y
6092:2020JCli...33.1487S
6025:2019GeoRL..46.6980H
5984:on 17 February 2013
5891:2023ComEE...4..314P
5818:2022Natur.608..275S
5645:2021NatSR..1124284L
5530:2019CCCR....5..322T
5446:2023Sci...379...78R
5394:2021TCry...15..233S
5300:20.500.11850/287786
5281:2018ESSD...10.1551W
5056:Marine geochemistry
5030:2020JCli...3310357C
5024:(23): 10357â10381.
4987:The Washington Post
4857:2019Sci...363..128C
4714:20.500.11850/619535
4695:2023ESSD...15.1675V
4555:2011JHyd..403..157M
4478:2018CCCR....4..164C
4372:2023NatCo..14.6984A
4323:2023JGRC..12819722B
4266:2019NatCo..10..205R
4225:2020BAMS..101E.303K
3989:2021Sci...373.1116C
3983:(6559): 1116â1121.
3838:2021NatGe..14..133Z
3679:2022NatCo..13.3851R
3490:2020OEart...2..522S
3424:2011ClRes..47..123T
3366:on 26 January 2022.
3063:2017IJCli..37...79D
2898:2020ClCh..158..281K
2291:Economic inequality
2248:specific location.
1745:economic inequality
1665:waterborne diseases
1444:Ocean deoxygenation
1440:Ocean acidification
1280:Wildlife and nature
1219:ice-albedo feedback
1155:The melting of the
1123:retreat of glaciers
851:. Other effects on
808:ocean acidification
658:standard deviations
439:mitigation policies
106:natural environment
94:and sea level rise.
14359:Dominican Republic
13479:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
13451:Forest management
13435:Direct air capture
13400:Sustainable energy
13357:Net zero emissions
13352:Low-carbon economy
13347:Green Climate Fund
13134:Indigenous peoples
13037:Plant biodiversity
12825:Effects and issues
12457:on 3 November 2018
10758:10.1111/gec3.12622
9743:Mimura, N (1999).
9620:on 3 November 2018
9029:"Synthesis report"
8934:"Chapter 4: Water"
6556:(1857): 20210394.
6335:(6611): eabn7950.
6291:Journal of Climate
6080:Journal of Climate
6005:Holland, Marika M.
5933:on 11 October 2017
5633:Scientific Reports
5240:2023-05-26 at the
5229:2021-08-11 at the
5018:Journal of Climate
4967:2021-07-12 at the
4956:2019-12-20 at the
4933:2017-10-16 at the
4628:on 26 January 2024
3926:. 11 February 2021
3545:, 140, 1247â1261.
3264:. pp. 22â24.
2748:(6332): eaai9214.
2387:Environment portal
2301:
2268:
2237:existential threat
2208:Indigenous peoples
2120:
2098:
2079:internal migration
1986:Population density
1983:
1917:
1828:biochemical cycles
1788:
1669:diarrhoeal disease
1638:heat-related death
1561:
1526:coastal protection
1522:ecosystem services
1462:
1402:
1342:Ecosystems on land
1314:
1302:Great Barrier Reef
1237:Permafrost thawing
1211:
1141:Ice sheets decline
1097:
1089:
993:
981:
973:high-tide flooding
911:. This causes the
845:rise in sea levels
837:ocean temperatures
820:
800:
769:Prescribed burning
754:evapotranspiration
746:
696:
662:
625:
519:
511:
499:
361:
311:indigenous peoples
287:tropical latitudes
216:
212:positive feedbacks
15081:
15080:
14384:Equatorial Guinea
14097:
14096:
14035:
14034:
14031:
14030:
13970:Radiative forcing
13813:
13812:
13809:
13808:
13633:Adaptive capacity
13518:
13517:
13514:
13513:
13378:Energy transition
13254:
13253:
13250:
13249:
12974:Tropical cyclones
12900:Urban heat island
12814:
12813:
12726:
12725:
12722:
12721:
12687:Carbon accounting
12641:Greenhouse effect
12607:
12606:
12322:978-92-9169-122-7
12179:Verisk Maplecroft
11945:(20): 9808â9813.
11848:IPCC TAR SYR 2001
11807:978-3-319-72026-5
11597:(8008): 551â557.
11187:World Development
11171:. September 2020.
10737:Geography Compass
10619:978-1-009-32584-4
10529:(7764): 193â197.
10243:25 September 2019
10177:(7784): 592â595.
9537:, 29 October 2019
9054:IPCC AR4 SYR 2007
8996:978-0-19-938941-4
8469:10.1021/es403688w
8082:978-0-323-04579-7
7543:(7784): 592â595.
7517:978-92-64-35465-4
6908:. 10 March 2020.
6756:Cuff, Madeleine.
6399:978-82-7701-057-1
6390:20.500.11822/7852
6249:978-1-108-48755-9
6019:(12): 6980â6989.
5812:(7922): 275â286.
5704:978-92-3-100286-1
5568:Technical Summary
5344:978-0-309-15176-4
5150:Hewitt, Helene T.
5066:978-1-118-34909-0
4851:(6423): 128â129.
4814:978-1-00-915796-4
4770:www.pmel.noaa.gov
4151:978-1-108-97903-0
4032:The Texas Tribune
3826:Nature Geoscience
3326:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013
2973:978-92-63-11233-0
2542:978-1-009-15796-4
2337:by impacting the
2151:opportunity costs
2132:communal violence
2073:According to the
2052:Climate migration
1922:adaptive capacity
1901:Impacts from heat
1885:Human settlements
1430:Marine ecosystems
1406:Amazon rainforest
1354:biodiversity loss
1023:thermal expansion
930:tropical cyclones
925:water circulation
897:greenhouse effect
780:greenhouse effect
690:A dry lakebed in
629:tropical cyclones
621:Hurricane Katrina
452:greenhouse effect
248:Amazon Rainforest
187:, and changes to
15121:
14784:Papua New Guinea
14659:Marshall Islands
14124:
14117:
14110:
14101:
14100:
14085:
14084:
14073:
14072:
14061:
14060:
14050:
14049:
14048:
14013:Paleoclimatology
13830:
13829:
13819:
13818:
13580:Ecological grief
13563:Climate movement
13538:
13537:
13524:
13523:
13504:Plant-based diet
13395:Renewable energy
13273:
13272:
13260:
13259:
13095:Economic impacts
13027:Invasive species
12883:Coastal flooding
12833:
12832:
12820:
12819:
12756:Svante Arrhenius
12732:
12731:
12702:from agriculture
12692:Carbon footprint
12677:Greenhouse gases
12626:
12625:
12613:
12612:
12565:
12564:
12550:
12543:
12536:
12527:
12526:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12453:, archived from
12423:
12417:
12409:
12387:
12381:
12373:
12355:
12339:
12333:
12325:
12281:
12280:
12278:
12276:
12264:
12258:
12257:
12255:
12253:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12205:
12196:
12190:
12189:
12187:
12185:
12170:
12164:
12143:
12134:
12133:
12123:
12114:
12108:
12107:
12097:
12088:
12082:
12081:
12079:
12077:
12063:
12057:
12056:
12046:
12037:
12028:
12027:
12025:
12023:
12017:
11998:
11989:
11983:
11982:
11972:
11962:
11930:
11924:
11919:
11909:
11874:
11859:Chart based on:
11857:
11851:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11833:, archived from
11826:Synthesis Report
11820:
11811:
11810:
11799:
11782:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11771:
11751:
11745:
11744:
11742:
11740:
11734:
11721:
11708:
11702:
11701:
11699:
11689:
11672:(8): 1153â1173.
11657:
11651:
11650:
11640:
11631:
11625:
11624:
11614:
11582:
11576:
11575:
11565:
11524:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11513:
11493:
11487:
11482:
11472:
11424:
11415:
11414:
11378:
11372:
11371:
11337:
11327:
11321:
11320:
11310:
11293:(7): 1260â1266.
11278:
11272:
11271:
11261:
11252:
11246:
11245:
11217:
11211:
11210:
11182:
11173:
11172:
11170:
11162:
11156:
11155:
11135:
11129:
11128:
11118:
11109:
11103:
11102:
11100:
11098:
11078:
11072:
11071:
11039:
11033:
11032:
11000:
10994:
10993:
10983:
10959:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10948:
10924:
10918:
10917:
10907:
10883:
10877:
10876:
10866:
10848:
10816:
10810:
10809:
10777:
10771:
10770:
10760:
10728:
10722:
10721:
10711:
10663:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10630:
10624:
10623:
10595:
10586:
10585:
10583:
10581:
10576:on 12 April 2022
10575:
10569:. Archived from
10520:
10510:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10496:
10490:
10483:
10472:
10466:
10453:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10442:
10430:
10424:
10423:
10421:
10419:
10413:
10403:
10397:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10387:
10360:
10354:
10353:
10317:
10308:
10290:
10284:
10283:
10272:
10270:
10259:
10250:
10244:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10202:
10165:
10159:
10146:
10140:
10127:
10121:
10120:
10118:
10094:
10088:
10087:
10077:
10067:
10035:
10029:
10028:
10026:
10024:
10004:
9998:
9997:
9987:
9946:
9940:
9939:
9929:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9870:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9835:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9824:
9812:
9806:
9805:
9781:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9770:10.3354/cr012137
9749:Climate Research
9740:
9731:
9730:
9702:
9696:
9695:
9667:
9656:
9655:
9653:
9651:
9636:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9609:
9603:
9602:
9584:
9544:
9538:
9521:
9515:
9502:
9496:
9482:
9476:
9470:
9464:
9451:
9445:
9444:
9395:
9389:
9388:
9378:
9368:
9336:
9330:
9329:
9319:
9309:
9277:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9230:
9220:
9185:Scheffer, Marten
9181:Rockström, Johan
9172:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9132:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9103:
9078:(6): 1623â1638.
9063:
9057:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9025:
9019:
9007:
9001:
9000:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8957:
8938:
8929:
8918:
8917:
8907:
8898:
8892:
8891:
8859:
8853:
8852:
8842:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8801:
8788:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8738:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8690:
8684:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8615:
8597:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8548:
8530:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8481:
8471:
8454:(2): 1247â1255.
8439:
8433:
8432:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8361:
8355:
8350:
8340:
8330:
8306:
8297:
8296:
8260:
8251:
8250:
8239:10.1037/a0023141
8232:
8210:
8204:
8203:
8185:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8112:
8103:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8039:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7982:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7917:
7891:
7882:
7871:
7870:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7821:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7739:
7730:
7724:
7713:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7650:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7570:
7560:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7509:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7481:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7428:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7372:. Archived from
7361:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7330:
7324:
7311:
7302:
7301:
7291:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7234:
7228:
7207:
7190:
7189:
7179:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7122:
7112:
7088:
7082:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7021:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6968:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6881:
6871:
6854:(12): eaba2949.
6848:Science Advances
6839:
6833:
6831:
6820:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6789:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6723:
6714:
6708:
6697:
6686:
6675:
6666:
6665:
6655:
6646:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6599:The Conversation
6590:
6584:
6583:
6573:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6524:
6515:(829): 295â300.
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6476:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6448:
6441:
6430:
6424:
6413:
6404:
6403:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6352:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6297:(6): 1877â1900.
6282:
6276:
6275:
6269:
6261:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6217:NOAA Climate.gov
6209:
6203:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6143:(2): 2617â2621.
6128:
6122:
6121:
6103:
6086:(4): 1487â1503.
6071:
6065:
6064:
6046:
6036:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5929:. Archived from
5919:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5837:
5797:
5791:
5771:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5716:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5624:
5618:
5599:
5582:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5509:
5503:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5465:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5405:
5373:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5356:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5292:
5275:(3): 1551â1590.
5260:
5254:
5220:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5158:
5148:Fox-Kemper, B.;
5145:
5134:
5133:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4978:
4972:
4946:
4937:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4798:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4716:
4706:
4689:(4): 1675â1709.
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4624:. Archived from
4613:
4607:
4601:
4589:
4580:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4549:(1â2): 157â175.
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4285:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4175:
4164:
4163:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4095:
4089:
4070:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3792:
3782:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3725:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3700:
3690:
3658:
3652:
3634:
3623:
3621:
3606:
3600:
3598:10.1002/joc.7705
3586:
3580:
3579:, 22, 1715â1725.
3573:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3539:
3533:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3501:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3452:royalsociety.org
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3412:Climate Research
3403:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3329:. p. 1104.
3322:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3263:
3252:
3246:
3226:
3220:
3200:
3189:
3178:
3172:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3100:
3094:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:10.1002/joc.4688
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2765:
2732:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2616:climate.nasa.gov
2608:
2602:
2601:
2583:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2252:Economic impacts
2167:Syrian civil war
2107:Climate security
2090:Marshall Islands
2040:climate security
1990:coastal flooding
1807:. In areas with
1465:Marine heatwaves
1404:Rainfall on the
1383:invasive species
1370:tropical forests
1327:land degradation
1310:marine heatwaves
1258:
1255:warmed by about
1111:Glaciers decline
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
841:marine heatwaves
839:. More frequent
719:Land restoration
623:, September 2005
619:submerged after
527:Marine heatwaves
177:marine heatwaves
88:coastal flooding
64:
55:
44:
35:
15129:
15128:
15124:
15123:
15122:
15120:
15119:
15118:
15084:
15083:
15082:
15077:
14894:Solomon Islands
14749:North Macedonia
14131:
14128:
14098:
14093:
14046:
14044:
14027:
13974:
13965:Orbital forcing
13859:
13824:
13805:
13779:Paris Agreement
13757:
13753:Warming stripes
13692:
13658:Managed retreat
13653:Loss and damage
13614:
13548:Business action
13532:
13510:
13487:
13410:
13404:
13361:
13322:Climate finance
13267:
13246:
13178:
13041:
13017:Extinction risk
12993:Flora and fauna
12988:
12949:Permafrost thaw
12944:Ozone depletion
12873:Extreme weather
12827:
12810:
12737:
12718:
12655:
12620:
12603:
12570:
12559:
12554:
12477:
12460:
12458:
12451:
12411:
12410:
12375:
12374:
12327:
12326:
12323:
12290:
12285:
12284:
12274:
12272:
12265:
12261:
12251:
12249:
12239:
12235:
12203:
12197:
12193:
12183:
12181:
12171:
12167:
12154:Wayback Machine
12144:
12137:
12121:
12115:
12111:
12095:
12089:
12085:
12075:
12073:
12065:
12064:
12060:
12044:
12038:
12031:
12021:
12019:
12015:
11996:
11990:
11986:
11931:
11927:
11886:Climatic Change
11858:
11854:
11840:
11838:
11837:on 5 March 2016
11821:
11814:
11808:
11783:
11779:
11769:
11767:
11752:
11748:
11738:
11736:
11732:
11719:
11709:
11705:
11658:
11654:
11638:
11632:
11628:
11583:
11579:
11525:
11521:
11511:
11509:
11494:
11490:
11433:Climatic Change
11425:
11418:
11379:
11375:
11335:
11328:
11324:
11279:
11275:
11259:
11253:
11249:
11218:
11214:
11183:
11176:
11168:
11164:
11163:
11159:
11136:
11132:
11116:
11110:
11106:
11096:
11094:
11079:
11075:
11040:
11036:
11001:
10997:
10960:
10956:
10946:
10944:
10925:
10921:
10884:
10880:
10817:
10813:
10778:
10774:
10729:
10725:
10692:10.1002/wcc.722
10664:
10660:
10631:
10627:
10620:
10596:
10589:
10579:
10577:
10573:
10518:
10511:
10504:
10494:
10492:
10488:
10481:
10473:
10469:
10463:Wayback Machine
10454:
10450:
10440:
10438:
10431:
10427:
10417:
10415:
10411:
10405:
10404:
10400:
10391:
10389:
10385:
10379:
10361:
10357:
10322:Climatic Change
10318:
10311:
10291:
10287:
10274:
10268:
10257:
10251:
10247:
10237:Wayback Machine
10228:
10224:
10166:
10162:
10156:Wayback Machine
10147:
10143:
10137:Wayback Machine
10128:
10124:
10095:
10091:
10036:
10032:
10022:
10020:
10005:
10001:
9962:(11): 972â980.
9947:
9943:
9898:
9894:
9871:
9867:
9836:
9832:
9822:
9820:
9813:
9809:
9782:
9778:
9741:
9734:
9703:
9699:
9672:Climatic Change
9668:
9659:
9649:
9647:
9637:
9633:
9623:
9621:
9610:
9606:
9545:
9541:
9531:Wayback Machine
9522:
9518:
9512:Wayback Machine
9503:
9499:
9483:
9479:
9471:
9467:
9461:Wayback Machine
9452:
9448:
9411:(10): 950â955.
9396:
9392:
9337:
9333:
9278:
9274:
9264:
9262:
9249:
9248:
9244:
9177:Ebi, Kristie L.
9173:
9166:
9133:
9129:
9119:
9117:
9064:
9060:
9046:
9044:
9027:
9026:
9022:
9008:
9004:
8997:
8975:
8971:
8961:
8959:
8958:on 25 June 2022
8955:
8936:
8930:
8921:
8905:
8899:
8895:
8860:
8856:
8819:
8815:
8805:
8803:
8799:
8795:. p. 442.
8786:
8780:
8776:
8741:Climatic Change
8736:
8730:
8726:
8691:
8687:
8674:
8670:
8641:Climatic Change
8633:
8629:
8574:
8570:
8507:
8503:
8440:
8436:
8401:
8397:
8362:
8358:
8307:
8300:
8261:
8254:
8230:10.1.1.454.8333
8211:
8207:
8154:
8150:
8110:
8104:
8100:
8083:
8057:
8053:
8000:
7996:
7943:
7939:
7889:
7883:
7874:
7843:
7839:
7819:
7813:
7809:
7799:
7797:
7790:
7786:
7757:
7753:
7737:
7731:
7727:
7714:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7676:
7672:
7619:
7615:
7605:
7603:
7588:
7584:
7529:
7525:
7518:
7507:
7499:
7495:
7446:
7442:
7393:
7389:
7379:
7377:
7362:
7358:
7348:
7346:
7331:
7327:
7312:
7305:
7260:
7256:
7246:
7244:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7208:
7193:
7140:
7136:
7089:
7085:
7063:
7059:
7019:
7012:
7008:
6998:
6996:
6986:
6982:
6929:
6925:
6915:
6913:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6840:
6836:
6822:
6805:
6801:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6768:
6766:
6754:
6750:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6730:. p. 275.
6721:
6715:
6711:
6698:
6689:
6676:
6669:
6653:
6647:
6640:
6630:
6628:
6627:on 4 April 2009
6617:
6613:
6603:
6601:
6591:
6587:
6542:
6538:
6509:Current History
6501:
6497:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6431:
6427:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6378:
6374:
6324:
6320:
6283:
6279:
6263:
6262:
6250:
6236:
6232:
6222:
6220:
6219:. 14 March 2023
6211:
6210:
6206:
6184:
6180:
6137:Natural Hazards
6129:
6125:
6072:
6068:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5961:
5959:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5936:
5934:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5871:
5867:
5798:
5794:
5772:
5763:
5753:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5718:
5717:
5705:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5625:
5621:
5600:
5585:
5565:
5561:
5510:
5506:
5500:Wayback Machine
5491:
5487:
5440:(6627): 78â83.
5426:
5422:
5374:
5367:
5354:
5352:
5345:
5315:
5311:
5261:
5257:
5242:Wayback Machine
5231:Wayback Machine
5221:
5212:
5199:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5156:
5146:
5137:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5082:
5067:
5051:
5047:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4979:
4975:
4969:Wayback Machine
4958:Wayback Machine
4947:
4940:
4935:Wayback Machine
4895:
4888:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4796:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4740:
4737:"Atmospheric CO
4735:
4734:
4730:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4648:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4614:
4610:
4590:
4583:
4574:
4570:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4522:. 13 March 2023
4514:
4513:
4509:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4442:
4432:
4428:
4418:
4416:
4409:
4405:
4352:
4348:
4303:
4299:
4246:
4242:
4205:
4198:
4182:
4176:
4167:
4152:
4128:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4071:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4024:
4020:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3899:www.climate.gov
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3865:
3861:
3818:
3814:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3659:
3655:
3635:
3626:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3570:
3564:Climatic Change
3561:
3557:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3523:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3433:10.3354/cr00953
3404:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3375:
3371:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3297:. 9 August 2021
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3227:
3223:
3201:
3192:
3179:
3175:
3169:Wayback Machine
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3097:
3084:
3080:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3008:. 2023. A1, A4.
3005:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2974:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2886:Climatic Change
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2843:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2794:
2787:
2733:
2724:
2710:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2675:
2671:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2631:
2627:
2609:
2605:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2515:
2506:
2487:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2447:
2442:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2335:shipping sector
2310:
2293:
2260:
2254:
2233:
2225:Main articles:
2223:
2198:climate change.
2179:
2144:Climate hazards
2109:
2103:
2063:desertification
2058:
2048:
2020:
1959:
1953:
1909:
1903:
1891:the Middle East
1887:
1850:
1844:
1822:In many areas,
1813:desertification
1805:no-till farming
1793:
1768:
1756:Main articles:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1726:extreme weather
1711:
1703:
1702:
1695:human migration
1683:food insecurity
1629:extreme weather
1616:
1608:
1599:
1553:
1545:Main articles:
1543:
1469:coral bleaching
1446:
1434:Main articles:
1432:
1350:
1344:
1306:coral bleaching
1294:
1288:
1282:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1239:
1203:
1193:
1191:Sea ice decline
1165:outlet glaciers
1153:
1143:
1119:
1113:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1001:
965:
960:
959:
918:
857:sea ice decline
847:due to melting
831:There are many
828:
817:
813:
792:
737:
731:
684:
667:
650:
610:
571:
565:
507:extreme weather
491:
481:
448:
433:
425:
421:
406:
345:
331:
320:
244:desertification
238:. Decreases in
134:desertification
122:extreme weather
98:
97:
96:
95:
84:desertification
67:
66:
65:
57:
56:
47:
46:
45:
37:
36:
23:
12:
11:
5:
15127:
15117:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15096:
15079:
15078:
15076:
15071:
15066:
15064:Western Sahara
15061:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15029:United Kingdom
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14981:
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14956:
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14841:
14836:
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14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14781:
14776:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14756:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14641:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14606:
14601:
14596:
14591:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14381:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14334:Czech Republic
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14133:
14132:
14127:
14126:
14119:
14112:
14104:
14095:
14094:
14092:
14091:
14079:
14067:
14055:
14040:
14037:
14036:
14033:
14032:
14029:
14028:
14026:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14009:
14008:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13982:
13980:
13976:
13975:
13973:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13942:
13937:
13932:
13931:
13930:
13920:
13918:Cloud feedback
13915:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13899:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13873:
13867:
13865:
13861:
13860:
13858:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13836:
13834:
13826:
13825:
13815:
13814:
13811:
13810:
13807:
13806:
13804:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13792:
13791:
13786:
13776:
13774:Kyoto Protocol
13771:
13765:
13763:
13759:
13758:
13756:
13755:
13750:
13749:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13728:
13726:Media coverage
13723:
13718:
13716:Climate spiral
13713:
13708:
13702:
13700:
13694:
13693:
13691:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13624:
13622:
13616:
13615:
13613:
13612:
13607:
13605:Public opinion
13602:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13571:
13570:
13560:
13555:
13553:Climate action
13550:
13544:
13542:
13534:
13533:
13520:
13519:
13516:
13515:
13512:
13511:
13509:
13508:
13507:
13506:
13495:
13493:
13489:
13488:
13486:
13485:
13480:
13474:
13473:
13472:
13467:
13465:REDD and REDD+
13462:
13457:
13449:
13444:
13442:Carbon farming
13439:
13438:
13437:
13432:
13422:
13416:
13414:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13402:
13397:
13392:
13387:
13386:
13385:
13375:
13369:
13367:
13363:
13362:
13360:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13303:
13302:
13292:
13287:
13281:
13279:
13269:
13268:
13256:
13255:
13252:
13251:
13248:
13247:
13245:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13188:
13186:
13180:
13179:
13177:
13176:
13174:Water security
13171:
13169:Water scarcity
13166:
13164:Urban flooding
13161:
13156:
13151:
13146:
13141:
13136:
13131:
13126:
13125:
13124:
13114:
13109:
13104:
13103:
13102:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13066:
13065:
13060:
13049:
13047:
13043:
13042:
13040:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13022:Forest dieback
13019:
13014:
13009:
13008:
13007:
12996:
12994:
12990:
12989:
12987:
12986:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12959:Sea level rise
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12940:
12939:
12934:
12932:stratification
12929:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12904:
12903:
12902:
12897:
12887:
12886:
12885:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12839:
12837:
12829:
12828:
12816:
12815:
12812:
12811:
12809:
12808:
12807:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12742:
12739:
12738:
12728:
12727:
12724:
12723:
12720:
12719:
12717:
12716:
12711:
12710:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12697:Carbon leakage
12694:
12689:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12663:
12661:
12657:
12656:
12654:
12653:
12648:
12638:
12636:Climate system
12632:
12630:
12622:
12621:
12609:
12608:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12575:
12572:
12571:
12561:
12560:
12557:Climate change
12553:
12552:
12545:
12538:
12530:
12524:
12523:
12517:
12512:
12503:
12500:Climate change
12497:
12488:
12476:
12475:External links
12473:
12472:
12471:
12449:
12426:
12425:
12393:
12392:
12362:
12361:
12341:
12321:
12289:
12286:
12283:
12282:
12271:. The Guardian
12259:
12233:
12214:(4): 333â334.
12191:
12165:
12135:
12109:
12083:
12058:
12029:
12018:on 24 May 2022
11984:
11925:
11852:
11812:
11806:
11777:
11746:
11728:. p. 12.
11703:
11666:Earth's Future
11652:
11626:
11577:
11540:(7): 739â761.
11519:
11488:
11416:
11389:(2): 501â519.
11373:
11322:
11273:
11247:
11228:(2): 187â218.
11212:
11174:
11157:
11146:(2): 175â202.
11130:
11104:
11073:
11034:
10995:
10974:(5): 349â362.
10954:
10919:
10878:
10811:
10772:
10723:
10658:
10625:
10618:
10587:
10502:
10467:
10448:
10425:
10398:
10377:
10355:
10328:(3): 281â300.
10309:
10285:
10245:
10222:
10160:
10141:
10122:
10089:
10030:
9999:
9941:
9912:(10): 104060.
9892:
9881:(3): 221â232.
9865:
9852:(1): 135â158.
9830:
9807:
9776:
9732:
9713:(3): 155â168.
9697:
9678:(3): 321â337.
9657:
9631:
9604:
9539:
9516:
9497:
9477:
9465:
9446:
9390:
9331:
9272:
9257:. 5 May 2020.
9242:
9164:
9127:
9058:
9020:
9002:
8995:
8969:
8919:
8893:
8874:(1): 361â380.
8854:
8833:(1): 195â222.
8813:
8774:
8724:
8705:(4): 434â446.
8685:
8668:
8647:(2): 189â202.
8627:
8568:
8521:(3): 638â653.
8501:
8434:
8415:(4): 482â493.
8395:
8356:
8298:
8271:(2): 123â132.
8252:
8223:(4): 265â276.
8205:
8148:
8098:
8081:
8051:
8014:(4): 193â205.
7994:
7957:(2): 272â282.
7937:
7872:
7837:
7807:
7796:. The Guardian
7784:
7751:
7748:. p. 106.
7725:
7701:
7670:
7613:
7582:
7523:
7516:
7493:
7456:(5): 441â444.
7440:
7387:
7356:
7325:
7303:
7254:
7229:
7191:
7154:(2): 197â206.
7134:
7083:
7057:
7030:(4): 306â312.
7006:
6980:
6923:
6893:
6834:
6799:
6776:
6748:
6709:
6687:
6667:
6638:
6611:
6585:
6536:
6495:
6460:
6425:
6405:
6398:
6372:
6318:
6277:
6248:
6230:
6204:
6178:
6123:
6066:
5995:
5969:
5944:
5914:
5865:
5792:
5761:
5736:
5703:
5684:
5619:
5583:
5559:
5524:(4): 322â333.
5504:
5485:
5420:
5388:(1): 233â246.
5382:The Cryosphere
5365:
5343:
5335:10.17226/12877
5309:
5255:
5210:
5181:
5135:
5117:
5092:
5065:
5045:
5004:
4973:
4938:
4886:
4835:
4813:
4782:
4757:
4738:
4728:
4668:
4639:
4608:
4596:. Al Jazeera.
4581:
4568:
4533:
4507:
4472:(2): 164â179.
4452:
4426:
4403:
4346:
4297:
4240:
4196:
4165:
4150:
4122:
4105:IPCC SREX 2012
4090:
4044:
4018:
3967:
3937:
3924:Deutsche Welle
3911:
3885:
3859:
3832:(3): 133â137.
3812:
3753:
3740:
3712:
3653:
3624:
3601:
3581:
3568:
3555:
3534:
3532:, 20, 929â932.
3521:
3484:(6): 522â527.
3464:
3439:
3418:(1): 123â138.
3395:
3369:
3356:"Temperatures"
3347:
3308:
3282:
3247:
3221:
3190:
3173:
3171:, 25 July 2019
3154:
3126:
3095:
3078:
3037:
3026:on 18 May 2022
3011:
2991:
2972:
2952:
2927:
2892:(3): 281â300.
2872:
2841:
2812:
2785:
2763:10019.1/120851
2722:
2691:
2684:. NASA. 2016.
2669:
2647:
2625:
2603:
2554:
2541:
2504:
2478:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Climate crisis
2411:
2405:
2404:
2390:
2376:
2373:Ecology portal
2362:
2346:
2343:
2309:
2306:
2292:
2289:
2281:tipping points
2256:Main article:
2253:
2250:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2188:
2178:
2175:
2105:Main article:
2102:
2099:
2047:
2044:
2036:climate crisis
2019:
2016:
1979:Cyclone Nargis
1964:salt intrusion
1952:
1949:
1902:
1899:
1886:
1883:
1867:water security
1855:surface runoff
1843:
1842:Water security
1840:
1791:
1753:
1750:
1722:mental illness
1712:
1704:
1691:water security
1687:undernutrition
1617:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1565:tipping points
1542:
1539:
1477:eutrophication
1458:sea level rise
1431:
1428:
1343:
1340:
1281:
1278:
1270:global warming
1261:
1238:
1235:
1192:
1189:
1142:
1139:
1112:
1109:
1073:
1070:
1011:Climate change
1002:
998:Sea level rise
994:
964:
963:Sea level rise
961:
916:
905:climate system
889:Carbon dioxide
873:ocean currents
829:
821:
815:
811:
791:
788:
730:
727:
683:
680:
666:
663:
649:
646:
609:
608:Extreme storms
606:
586:high latitudes
567:Main article:
564:
561:
523:climate change
480:
477:
447:
444:
431:
423:
419:
404:
365:climate system
330:
327:
318:
299:coastal cities
295:Island nations
208:climate change
189:ocean currents
169:Sea level rise
138:tipping points
110:climate system
102:climate change
76:bleached coral
69:
68:
59:
58:
50:
49:
48:
39:
38:
30:
29:
28:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15126:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15091:
15089:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15034:United States
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
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14705:
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14700:
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14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
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14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
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14652:
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14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
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14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14600:
14597:
14595:
14592:
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14582:
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14570:
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14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14532:
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14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14474:Guinea-Bissau
14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14380:
14377:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14134:
14125:
14120:
14118:
14113:
14111:
14106:
14105:
14102:
14090:
14089:
14080:
14078:
14077:
14068:
14066:
14065:
14056:
14054:
14053:
14042:
14041:
14038:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14007:
14004:
14003:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13991:Climate model
13989:
13987:
13984:
13983:
13981:
13977:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13929:
13926:
13925:
13924:
13923:Cloud forcing
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13878:
13877:
13874:
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13869:
13868:
13866:
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13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13837:
13835:
13831:
13827:
13820:
13816:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13781:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13766:
13764:
13760:
13754:
13751:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13733:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13703:
13701:
13699:
13698:Communication
13695:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13679:
13678:Vulnerability
13676:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13648:Flood control
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13625:
13623:
13621:
13617:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13569:
13566:
13565:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13545:
13543:
13539:
13535:
13531:
13525:
13521:
13505:
13502:
13501:
13500:
13497:
13496:
13494:
13490:
13484:
13481:
13478:
13475:
13471:
13470:reforestation
13468:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13456:
13455:afforestation
13453:
13452:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13436:
13433:
13431:
13428:
13427:
13426:
13423:
13421:
13418:
13417:
13415:
13413:
13407:
13401:
13398:
13396:
13393:
13391:
13390:Nuclear power
13388:
13384:
13381:
13380:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13370:
13368:
13364:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13301:
13298:
13297:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13285:Carbon budget
13283:
13282:
13280:
13278:
13274:
13270:
13266:
13261:
13257:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13189:
13187:
13185:
13181:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13123:
13122:Mental health
13120:
13119:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13101:
13098:
13097:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13064:
13063:United States
13061:
13059:
13056:
13055:
13054:
13051:
13050:
13048:
13044:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13006:
13003:
13002:
13001:
12998:
12997:
12995:
12991:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12917:deoxygenation
12915:
12913:
12912:acidification
12910:
12909:
12908:
12905:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12892:
12891:
12888:
12884:
12881:
12880:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12840:
12838:
12834:
12830:
12826:
12821:
12817:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12743:
12740:
12733:
12729:
12715:
12712:
12708:
12707:from wetlands
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12684:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12667:Deforestation
12665:
12664:
12662:
12658:
12652:
12649:
12646:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12633:
12631:
12627:
12623:
12619:
12614:
12610:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12576:
12573:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12551:
12546:
12544:
12539:
12537:
12532:
12531:
12528:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12507:
12504:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12492:
12489:
12486:
12482:
12479:
12478:
12469:
12468:0-521-01507-3
12456:
12452:
12450:0-521-80770-0
12446:
12442:
12438:
12437:
12432:
12428:
12427:
12421:
12415:
12407:
12403:
12402:
12395:
12394:
12391:
12385:
12379:
12371:
12370:
12364:
12363:
12359:
12353:
12349:
12348:
12342:
12337:
12331:
12324:
12318:
12314:
12310:
12306:
12302:
12301:
12296:
12292:
12291:
12270:
12263:
12248:
12244:
12237:
12229:
12225:
12221:
12217:
12213:
12209:
12202:
12195:
12180:
12176:
12169:
12163:
12159:
12155:
12151:
12148:
12142:
12140:
12131:
12127:
12120:
12113:
12105:
12101:
12094:
12087:
12072:
12068:
12062:
12054:
12050:
12043:
12036:
12034:
12014:
12010:
12006:
12002:
11995:
11988:
11980:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11940:
11936:
11929:
11923:
11917:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11899:
11895:
11891:
11887:
11883:
11877:
11872:
11868:
11864:
11856:
11849:
11836:
11832:
11828:
11827:
11819:
11817:
11809:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11789:
11781:
11765:
11761:
11757:
11750:
11731:
11727:
11726:
11718:
11714:
11707:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11671:
11667:
11663:
11656:
11648:
11644:
11637:
11630:
11622:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11588:
11581:
11573:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11539:
11535:
11531:
11523:
11507:
11503:
11499:
11492:
11486:
11480:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11462:
11458:
11454:
11450:
11446:
11442:
11438:
11434:
11430:
11423:
11421:
11412:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11377:
11369:
11365:
11361:
11357:
11353:
11349:
11345:
11341:
11334:
11326:
11318:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11284:
11277:
11269:
11265:
11258:
11251:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11216:
11208:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11192:
11188:
11181:
11179:
11167:
11161:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11134:
11126:
11122:
11115:
11108:
11092:
11088:
11084:
11077:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11045:
11038:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11006:
10999:
10991:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10958:
10942:
10939:(10): 30â35.
10938:
10934:
10930:
10923:
10915:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10882:
10874:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10856:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10815:
10807:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10783:
10776:
10768:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10750:
10746:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10727:
10719:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10662:
10653:
10648:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10629:
10621:
10615:
10611:
10607:
10603:
10602:
10594:
10592:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10517:
10509:
10507:
10487:
10480:
10479:
10471:
10464:
10460:
10457:
10452:
10436:
10429:
10410:
10409:
10402:
10384:
10380:
10378:9780821379882
10374:
10370:
10366:
10359:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10316:
10314:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10295:
10289:
10281:
10277:
10267:
10263:
10256:
10249:
10242:
10241:The Guardian,
10238:
10234:
10231:
10226:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10164:
10157:
10153:
10150:
10145:
10138:
10134:
10131:
10126:
10117:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10100:
10093:
10085:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10034:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10003:
9995:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9945:
9937:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9896:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9869:
9860:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9846:
9841:
9834:
9818:
9811:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9780:
9771:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9739:
9737:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9701:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9646:
9642:
9635:
9619:
9615:
9612:IPCC (2007).
9608:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9543:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9525:
9520:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9501:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9481:
9474:
9469:
9462:
9458:
9455:
9450:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9394:
9386:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9335:
9327:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9276:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9246:
9238:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9171:
9169:
9159:
9158:11250/2734506
9154:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9131:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9062:
9055:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9024:
9017:
9012:
9006:
8998:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8973:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8935:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8915:
8911:
8904:
8897:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8858:
8850:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8817:
8798:
8794:
8793:
8785:
8778:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8735:
8728:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8689:
8682:
8678:
8672:
8663:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8631:
8623:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8572:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8505:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8438:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8399:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8360:
8354:
8348:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8305:
8303:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8259:
8257:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8209:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8152:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8109:
8102:
8093:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8067:: 1055â1064.
8066:
8062:
8055:
8047:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
7998:
7990:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7941:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7916:
7915:10278/3746207
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7850:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7795:
7788:
7779:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7755:
7747:
7745:
7736:
7729:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7674:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7617:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7527:
7519:
7513:
7506:
7505:
7501:OECD (2022).
7497:
7489:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7444:
7436:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7391:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7360:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7258:
7243:
7239:
7233:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7213:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7187:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7138:
7130:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7018:
7010:
6995:
6991:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6889:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6838:
6829:
6825:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6795:
6794:
6786:
6780:
6765:
6764:
6763:New Scientist
6759:
6752:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6672:
6663:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6643:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6581:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6499:
6480:
6473:
6472:
6464:
6445:
6438:
6437:
6429:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6401:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6376:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6281:
6273:
6267:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6245:
6241:
6234:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6188:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5370:
5362:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5207:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5049:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5008:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4945:
4943:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4909:(1): 83â112.
4908:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4891:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4794:
4786:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4746:
4742:
4741:and Ocean pH"
4732:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4644:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4602:Data source:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4578:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4126:
4111:
4108:, p. 8,
4107:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3790:10044/1/97290
3786:
3781:
3776:
3773:(1): 012001.
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3619:
3615:
3614:NCEI.NOAA.gov
3611:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3572:
3566:, 54, 387â398
3565:
3559:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3531:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3400:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3312:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2574:(1): 83â112.
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2273:discount rate
2264:
2259:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2187:disabilities.
2185:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2010:statelessness
2007:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:In 2019, the
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:mid-latitudes
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1836:ocean biomass
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1796:transpiration
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:Food security
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:deforestation
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1699:mental health
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1583:domino effect
1579:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:phytoplankton
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1423:tipping point
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1374:Arctic tundra
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:feedback loop
1254:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1079:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
999:
990:
985:
978:
974:
969:
957:
953:
949:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
920:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:ocean warming
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:oxygen levels
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
809:
804:
796:
787:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
741:
736:
726:
724:
720:
715:
713:
708:
705:
701:
693:
688:
679:
677:
676:soil moisture
672:
659:
654:
645:
643:
638:
637:thunderstorms
634:
630:
622:
618:
614:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
575:precipitation
570:
560:
558:
554:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
532:
528:
524:
515:
508:
503:
495:
490:
486:
476:
474:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
443:
440:
437:With current
435:
429:
417:
413:
408:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
370:
366:
358:
354:
349:
344:
340:
336:
326:
324:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
240:soil moisture
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
209:
205:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
185:deoxygenation
182:
178:
175:also include
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
63:
54:
43:
34:
25:
21:
16:
15004:Turkmenistan
14904:South Africa
14874:Sierra Leone
14854:Saudi Arabia
14259:Burkina Faso
14086:
14074:
14062:
14043:
13876:Carbon cycle
13833:Measurements
13528:Society and
13412:carbon sinks
13317:Climate debt
13307:Carbon price
13129:Human rights
12964:Season creep
12922:heat content
12848:Anoxic event
12824:
12761:James Hansen
12583:
12459:, retrieved
12455:the original
12435:
12431:IPCC TAR SYR
12399:
12368:
12352:the original
12346:
12299:
12295:IPCC AR4 SYR
12273:. Retrieved
12262:
12250:. Retrieved
12247:The Guardian
12246:
12236:
12211:
12207:
12194:
12182:. Retrieved
12178:
12168:
12125:
12112:
12099:
12086:
12074:. Retrieved
12070:
12061:
12048:
12020:. Retrieved
12013:the original
12000:
11987:
11942:
11938:
11928:
11921:
11889:
11885:
11875:
11867:The Guardian
11866:
11855:
11839:, retrieved
11835:the original
11825:
11787:
11780:
11768:. Retrieved
11759:
11749:
11737:. Retrieved
11723:
11706:
11669:
11665:
11655:
11642:
11629:
11594:
11590:
11580:
11537:
11533:
11522:
11510:. Retrieved
11502:Live Science
11501:
11491:
11436:
11432:
11386:
11382:
11376:
11343:
11339:
11325:
11290:
11286:
11276:
11263:
11250:
11225:
11221:
11215:
11190:
11186:
11160:
11143:
11139:
11133:
11120:
11107:
11095:. Retrieved
11086:
11076:
11051:
11047:
11037:
11012:
11008:
10998:
10971:
10967:
10957:
10945:. Retrieved
10936:
10932:
10922:
10898:(4): 50â78.
10895:
10891:
10881:
10828:
10824:
10814:
10789:
10785:
10775:
10740:
10736:
10726:
10675:
10671:
10661:
10642:
10638:
10628:
10600:
10578:. Retrieved
10571:the original
10526:
10522:
10493:. Retrieved
10477:
10470:
10451:
10439:. Retrieved
10428:
10416:. Retrieved
10407:
10401:
10390:, retrieved
10368:
10358:
10325:
10321:
10288:
10261:
10248:
10240:
10225:
10174:
10170:
10163:
10144:
10125:
10106:
10102:
10092:
10047:
10043:
10033:
10021:. Retrieved
10013:The Guardian
10012:
10002:
9985:10261/172731
9959:
9955:
9944:
9909:
9905:
9895:
9878:
9874:
9868:
9849:
9843:
9833:
9821:. Retrieved
9810:
9793:
9789:
9779:
9752:
9748:
9710:
9706:
9700:
9675:
9671:
9648:. Retrieved
9644:
9634:
9622:. Retrieved
9618:the original
9607:
9556:
9552:
9542:
9535:The Guardian
9534:
9519:
9500:
9480:
9468:
9449:
9408:
9404:
9393:
9348:
9344:
9334:
9289:
9285:
9275:
9263:. Retrieved
9254:
9245:
9200:
9196:
9140:
9136:
9130:
9118:. Retrieved
9075:
9071:
9061:
9045:, retrieved
9032:
9023:
9005:
8978:
8972:
8960:. Retrieved
8953:the original
8940:
8909:
8896:
8871:
8867:
8857:
8830:
8826:
8816:
8804:. Retrieved
8791:
8777:
8744:
8740:
8727:
8702:
8698:
8688:
8671:
8644:
8640:
8630:
8585:
8581:
8571:
8518:
8514:
8504:
8451:
8447:
8437:
8412:
8408:
8398:
8373:
8369:
8359:
8318:
8314:
8268:
8264:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8165:
8161:
8151:
8118:
8114:
8101:
8064:
8054:
8011:
8007:
7997:
7954:
7950:
7940:
7897:
7893:
7858:
7854:
7848:
7840:
7810:
7798:. Retrieved
7787:
7768:
7764:
7754:
7741:
7728:
7692:. Retrieved
7684:The Guardian
7683:
7673:
7630:
7626:
7616:
7604:. Retrieved
7596:The Guardian
7595:
7585:
7540:
7536:
7526:
7503:
7496:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7408:
7404:
7390:
7378:. Retrieved
7374:the original
7369:
7359:
7347:. Retrieved
7339:The Guardian
7338:
7328:
7318:
7289:10871/131584
7271:
7267:
7257:
7245:. Retrieved
7232:
7151:
7147:
7137:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7060:
7027:
7023:
7009:
6997:. Retrieved
6993:
6983:
6940:
6936:
6926:
6914:. Retrieved
6906:The Guardian
6905:
6896:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6821:â Data from
6812:
6802:
6791:
6779:
6767:. Retrieved
6761:
6751:
6739:. Retrieved
6725:
6712:
6657:
6629:. Retrieved
6625:the original
6614:
6602:. Retrieved
6598:
6588:
6553:
6549:
6539:
6512:
6508:
6498:
6486:. Retrieved
6470:
6463:
6451:. Retrieved
6435:
6428:
6381:
6375:
6350:10871/131584
6332:
6328:
6321:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6239:
6233:
6221:. Retrieved
6216:
6207:
6185:IPCC, 2018:
6181:
6140:
6136:
6126:
6083:
6079:
6069:
6044:10150/634665
6016:
6012:
5998:
5986:. Retrieved
5982:the original
5972:
5960:. Retrieved
5956:
5947:
5935:. Retrieved
5931:the original
5926:
5917:
5882:
5878:
5868:
5809:
5805:
5795:
5752:. Retrieved
5748:
5739:
5693:
5687:
5639:(1): 24284.
5636:
5632:
5622:
5566:IPCC, 2019:
5562:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5502:, Earth Labs
5488:
5463:10852/108771
5437:
5433:
5423:
5385:
5381:
5360:
5353:. Retrieved
5322:
5312:
5304:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5222:IPCC, 2021:
5205:
5198:. Retrieved
5184:
5172:. Retrieved
5160:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5095:
5083:. Retrieved
5055:
5048:
5021:
5017:
5007:
4995:. Retrieved
4986:
4976:
4906:
4902:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4826:. Retrieved
4792:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4769:
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4744:
4731:
4686:
4682:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4656:Carbon Brief
4655:
4630:. Retrieved
4626:the original
4622:ScienceBrief
4621:
4611:
4571:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4524:. Retrieved
4520:PBS NewsHour
4519:
4510:
4469:
4465:
4455:
4443:. Retrieved
4429:
4417:. Retrieved
4406:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4216:
4212:
4186:
4132:
4125:
4114:, retrieved
4102:
4093:
4035:. Retrieved
4031:
4021:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3949:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3923:
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3898:
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3873:The Guardian
3872:
3862:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3747:IPCC, 2013:
3743:
3727:
3715:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3636:IPCC, 2021:
3613:
3604:
3589:
3584:
3576:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:
3442:
3415:
3411:
3386:. Retrieved
3383:Carbon Brief
3382:
3372:
3364:the original
3359:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3324:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3295:Carbon Brief
3294:
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3257:
3250:
3224:
3176:
3157:
3146:, retrieved
3136:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3108:
3098:
3081:
3057:(1): 79â93.
3054:
3050:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3014:
3001:
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2962:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2939:
2930:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2854:
2844:
2831:
2795:IPCC, 2019:
2745:
2741:
2716:
2709:. Retrieved
2694:
2681:
2672:
2659:
2650:
2637:
2628:
2615:
2606:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2546:, retrieved
2522:
2494:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2409:Anthropocene
2401:World portal
2339:Panama Canal
2332:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2236:
2234:
2180:
2163:
2148:
2142:concludes: "
2121:
2093:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2033:
2021:
2014:
1999:
1984:
1960:
1940:Crowther Lab
1937:
1926:
1918:
1888:
1873:regions and
1864:
1851:
1821:
1817:
1789:
1715:
1713:
1661:dengue fever
1642:
1634:heat illness
1618:
1600:
1587:
1575:
1562:
1512:
1485:
1463:
1403:
1351:
1336:
1323:
1315:
1300:Part of the
1250:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1185:
1179:
1169:
1154:
1120:
1098:
1072:Ice and snow
1003:
952:water column
938:store carbon
921:
919:emissions.
885:fossil fuels
830:
773:
758:
747:
723:agroforestry
716:
712:plant stress
709:
697:
668:
626:
590:storm tracks
583:
579:water vapour
572:
553:polar vortex
550:
539:
535:
520:
464:
456:Water vapour
449:
436:
409:
401:mid-Pliocene
381:past climate
378:
362:
267:Human health
252:
217:
202:The primary
142:
126:forest fires
99:
24:
15:
14944:Switzerland
14914:South Sudan
14909:South Korea
14839:Saint Lucia
14799:Philippines
14744:North Korea
14724:New Zealand
14719:Netherlands
14539:Ivory Coast
14379:El Salvador
14139:Afghanistan
13903:Carbon sink
13881:atmospheric
13746:video games
13420:Blue carbon
13053:Agriculture
13032:Marine life
12979:Water cycle
12937:temperature
12672:Fossil fuel
12313:Switzerland
12275:28 December
12184:15 February
11760:MarketWatch
11739:15 February
11697:1885/265534
11193:: 289â305.
11015:(1): 3â31.
10947:23 November
10678:(5): e722.
10645:: 343â360.
10580:21 November
10551:10871/37969
10495:29 December
10200:10871/40141
9755:: 137â143.
9559:(1): 4844.
9047:28 December
8806:24 December
8747:(1â2): 24.
8479:10871/15080
8321:(9): 4486.
8183:10871/17695
7694:24 December
7568:10871/40141
7479:10871/35041
7397:Lenton, Tim
6999:19 February
6943:(1): 1175.
6488:28 December
6453:28 December
5200:18 December
4971:. In press.
4775:18 December
4750:17 November
4745:cleanet.org
4661:17 February
4632:16 February
4366:(1): 6984.
4116:17 December
4037:15 December
3930:15 December
3904:19 February
3673:(1): 3851.
3457:19 November
3388:19 November
3301:12 February
3148:20 November
3119:29 December
2984:24 November
2865:15 December
2495:climate.gov
1933:urban trees
1871:subtropical
1859:water cycle
1832:overfishing
1679:food prices
1506:. Fighting
1504:aquaculture
1414:running off
1391:salamanders
1257:0.3 °C
977:storm surge
859:, reducing
617:New Orleans
541:Heat stress
414:and on how
291:heat stress
275:agriculture
263:fresh water
253:Humans are
224:coral reefs
120:, and more
112:include an
100:Effects of
15088:Categories
15044:Uzbekistan
14964:Tajikistan
14869:Seychelles
14699:Mozambique
14689:Montenegro
14664:Mauritania
14629:Madagascar
14624:Luxembourg
14584:Kyrgyzstan
14559:Kazakhstan
14364:East Timor
14314:Costa Rica
14284:Cape Verde
14194:Bangladesh
14184:Azerbaijan
13935:Cryosphere
13896:permafrost
13668:Resilience
13620:Adaptation
13595:Litigation
13585:Governance
13530:adaptation
13312:Carbon tax
13265:Mitigation
13202:Antarctica
13090:Disability
12510:Met Office
12424:. Archived
12156:. London:
11892:(40): 40.
10792:: 102063.
10437:. Ecowatch
10109:(1): 100.
10103:BioScience
9650:28 January
9143:: 100019.
8588:(8): 916.
8376:(4): 473.
8162:The Lancet
8115:The Lancet
7894:The Lancet
7855:The Lancet
7426:1808/30278
7405:BioScience
7247:31 January
6258:1256406954
5937:14 October
5885:(1): 314.
5713:1085575303
5319:"Synopsis"
5245:pp. 3â32,
5174:18 October
5085:20 October
4997:12 October
4260:(1): 205.
3960:20 October
2945:12 January
2711:5 February
2440:References
2319:Hydropower
2128:civil wars
2028:inequality
1995:megadeltas
1944:ETH Zurich
1782:under two
1776:per capita
1625:heat waves
1454:coral reef
1410:evaporates
1372:, and the
1290:See also:
1253:permafrost
1251:Globally,
1127:ice sheets
1105:snow cover
1101:cryosphere
1076:See also:
1015:ice sheets
849:ice sheets
744:wildfires.
704:evaporates
692:California
557:jet stream
531:cold waves
483:See also:
468:heat waves
385:tree rings
228:the Arctic
165:Ice sheets
153:heat waves
130:permafrost
128:, thawing
90:caused by
82:caused by
15054:Venezuela
14924:Sri Lanka
14879:Singapore
14774:Palestine
14729:Nicaragua
14669:Mauritius
14619:Lithuania
14509:Indonesia
14464:Guatemala
14174:Australia
14164:Argentina
13950:Feedbacks
13721:Education
13222:Caribbean
13217:Australia
13144:Migration
13107:Fisheries
13058:Livestock
12984:Wildfires
12890:Heat wave
12508:from the
12493:from the
12358:available
11916:250430339
11846:, p. 55,
11512:31 August
11461:1573-1480
11368:207976337
11242:216404045
11097:21 August
11068:0962-6298
11054:: 22â33.
11029:0022-0027
10990:1756-5529
10914:0162-2889
10855:0027-8424
10806:0959-3780
10767:1749-8198
10700:1757-7780
10567:186207310
10392:29 August
10350:207988694
10217:208330359
9936:225127981
9599:204962583
9441:252401296
9433:1758-6798
9110:134523218
8888:158817046
8769:233890082
8604:1661-7827
8563:255467995
8537:0033-2917
8488:0013-936X
8429:0272-4944
8390:0016-7428
8225:CiteSeerX
8200:205979317
8143:207976337
8028:1740-1534
7971:2196-5412
7932:239046862
7435:0006-3568
7349:4 January
7298:0036-8075
7168:2397-8554
6741:2 January
6531:240056779
6367:252161375
6266:cite book
6173:218762126
6165:0921-030X
6118:210273007
6110:0894-8755
6061:189968828
6053:0094-8276
5927:nsidc.org
5909:261855193
5860:251494636
5844:1476-4687
5749:Yale E360
5721:cite book
5661:2045-2322
5554:201675060
5546:2198-6061
5480:255441012
5075:781078031
4723:1866-3508
4494:2198-6061
4341:260414378
4160:247134757
4013:237402139
3854:232146008
3807:250134589
3799:2752-5295
3516:222225686
3508:2590-3322
3478:One Earth
3340:3 January
2922:207988694
2914:1573-1480
2780:206653576
2718:frequent.
2598:225741986
2590:1543-5938
2328:Munich Re
1879:shortages
1653:pathogens
1645:biosphere
1531:Mangroves
1508:pollution
1368:systems,
1360:forests,
1157:Greenland
1006:sea level
934:nutrients
899:leads to
861:pH values
750:wildfires
729:Wildfires
485:Heat wave
397:sediments
389:ice cores
343:Heat wave
279:fisheries
220:mountains
15074:Zimbabwe
14974:Thailand
14969:Tanzania
14934:Suriname
14889:Slovenia
14884:Slovakia
14809:Portugal
14789:Paraguay
14764:Pakistan
14684:Mongolia
14644:Maldives
14639:Malaysia
14569:Kiribati
14489:Honduras
14404:Ethiopia
14399:Eswatini
14354:Dominica
14349:Djibouti
14309:Colombia
14274:Cameroon
14269:Cambodia
14254:Bulgaria
14239:Botswana
14199:Barbados
14076:Glossary
14064:Category
13886:biologic
13600:Politics
13492:Personal
13197:Americas
13070:Children
12836:Physical
12629:Overview
12569:Overview
12414:citation
12406:archived
12378:citation
12330:citation
12315:: IPCC,
12252:22 March
12150:Archived
12076:15 April
11979:31010922
11876:Guardian
11871:Archived
11770:29 March
11764:Archived
11730:Archived
11715:(2014).
11621:38632481
11612:11023931
11572:22338713
11506:Archived
11479:36120097
11439:(1): 8.
11411:55860349
11360:31733928
11317:22594718
11207:89614518
11091:Archived
10941:Archived
10873:27791091
10718:34594401
10559:31189956
10486:Archived
10459:Archived
10383:archived
10280:Archived
10266:Archived
10233:Archived
10209:31776487
10152:Archived
10133:Archived
10084:32366654
10017:Archived
9994:92556045
9823:29 April
9819:(Report)
9796:: 1625.
9692:55644531
9624:10 April
9591:31664024
9527:Archived
9508:Archived
9457:Archived
9385:34607944
9326:32366654
9259:Archived
9255:BBC News
9237:35914185
9114:Archived
9041:archived
8962:12 March
8849:28974132
8797:Archived
8622:28809798
8555:36606450
8496:24320055
8347:33922573
8293:22561555
8285:20033251
8247:21553952
8192:26111439
8135:31733928
8046:34646006
7989:29721700
7924:34687662
7688:Archived
7665:56582186
7657:30573623
7600:Archived
7577:31776487
7488:84760180
7343:Archived
7274:(6611).
7186:33523154
7129:19995981
7052:91471054
6975:32157098
6916:13 April
6910:Archived
6888:32064324
6828:Archived
6817:Archived
6813:Mongabay
6732:Archived
6580:35757884
6479:Archived
6444:Archived
6359:36074831
6223:26 March
5962:21 April
5852:35948707
5679:34931039
5496:Archived
5472:36603094
5355:11 April
5349:Archived
5238:Archived
5227:Archived
5194:Archived
5165:Archived
5130:Archived
5109:Archived
5079:Archived
4991:Archived
4965:Archived
4954:Archived
4931:Archived
4881:57825894
4873:30630919
4828:26 March
4819:Archived
4598:Archived
4502:53624756
4440:CBS News
4398:37914695
4389:10620394
4292:30643133
4110:archived
4005:34516838
3954:Archived
3950:BBC News
3732:Archived
3707:35788585
3618:Archived
3331:Archived
3266:Archived
3165:Archived
3142:archived
3113:Archived
3030:23 April
2978:Archived
2859:Archived
2772:28360268
2705:Archived
2686:Archived
2682:nasa.gov
2664:Archived
2660:NASA.gov
2642:Archived
2620:Archived
2618:. NASA.
2548:24 April
2499:Archived
2345:See also
2214:Children
2155:mitigate
2136:protests
2101:Conflict
2094:One Word
1800:pathogen
1667:such as
1659:such as
1591:cultures
1535:seagrass
1524:such as
1500:seagrass
1378:land-use
1362:savannas
1019:glaciers
979:) occur.
942:salinity
855:include
765:cropland
700:droughts
682:Droughts
594:monsoons
307:children
283:forestry
236:flooding
232:wetlands
72:wildfire
15059:Vietnam
15049:Vanuatu
15039:Uruguay
15019:Ukraine
14994:Tunisia
14899:Somalia
14859:Senegal
14819:Romania
14739:Nigeria
14709:Namibia
14704:Myanmar
14694:Morocco
14679:Moldova
14609:Liberia
14604:Lesotho
14599:Lebanon
14544:Jamaica
14524:Ireland
14499:Iceland
14494:Hungary
14459:Grenada
14444:Germany
14439:Georgia
14419:Finland
14394:Estonia
14389:Eritrea
14369:Ecuador
14344:Denmark
14319:Croatia
14264:Burundi
14229:Bolivia
14209:Belgium
14204:Belarus
14189:Bahamas
14179:Austria
14169:Armenia
14149:Algeria
14144:Albania
13891:oceanic
13741:fiction
13590:Justice
13541:Society
13149:Poverty
12868:Drought
12736:History
12660:Sources
12491:Climate
12288:Sources
12216:Bibcode
12022:5 March
11970:6525504
11947:Bibcode
11894:Bibcode
11841:21 June
11674:Bibcode
11563:3357752
11542:Bibcode
11470:9464613
11441:Bibcode
11391:Bibcode
11308:3477984
10864:5098672
10833:Bibcode
10745:Bibcode
10709:8459245
10680:Bibcode
10531:Bibcode
10330:Bibcode
10179:Bibcode
10075:7260949
10052:Bibcode
9964:Bibcode
9914:Bibcode
9802:1399659
9757:Bibcode
9715:Bibcode
9582:6820795
9561:Bibcode
9413:Bibcode
9376:8521713
9353:Bibcode
9317:7260949
9294:Bibcode
9228:9407216
9205:Bibcode
9080:Bibcode
8749:Bibcode
8707:Bibcode
8649:Bibcode
8613:5580619
8546:9975983
8456:Bibcode
8338:8122895
8092:7152081
8037:8513385
7980:6119235
7635:Bibcode
7627:Science
7545:Bibcode
7458:Bibcode
7268:Science
7177:7289009
7120:2791567
7032:Bibcode
6966:7064493
6945:Bibcode
6879:6989302
6856:Bibcode
6571:9234811
6329:Science
6313:1172703
6145:Bibcode
6088:Bibcode
6021:Bibcode
5887:Bibcode
5814:Bibcode
5670:8688493
5641:Bibcode
5526:Bibcode
5442:Bibcode
5434:Science
5418:Fig. 4.
5390:Bibcode
5277:Bibcode
5105:EPA.gov
5026:Bibcode
4853:Bibcode
4845:Science
4691:Bibcode
4551:Bibcode
4474:Bibcode
4368:Bibcode
4319:Bibcode
4283:6331560
4262:Bibcode
4221:Bibcode
3985:Bibcode
3977:Science
3878:22 July
3834:Bibcode
3698:9253148
3675:Bibcode
3486:Bibcode
3420:Bibcode
3059:Bibcode
2894:Bibcode
2742:Science
2169:or the
2117:hazards
1975:Myanmar
1824:fishery
1809:tilling
1701:issues.
1649:vectors
1518:habitat
1492:oysters
1387:insects
1358:conifer
1318:Species
1214:Sea ice
1172:bedrock
1062:⁄
1048:⁄
893:methane
761:savanna
446:Weather
289:due to
15069:Zambia
15014:Uganda
15009:Tuvalu
14999:Turkey
14959:Taiwan
14939:Sweden
14864:Serbia
14829:Rwanda
14824:Russia
14804:Poland
14779:Panama
14754:Norway
14674:Mexico
14634:Malawi
14594:Latvia
14579:Kuwait
14574:Kosovo
14554:Jordan
14529:Israel
14479:Guyana
14469:Guinea
14454:Greece
14434:Gambia
14424:France
14329:Cyprus
14279:Canada
14249:Brunei
14244:Brazil
14224:Bhutan
14214:Belize
14154:Angola
13871:Albedo
13864:Theory
13575:Denial
13366:Energy
13227:Europe
13207:Arctic
13192:Africa
13117:Health
13112:Gender
13075:Cities
13000:Biomes
12907:Oceans
12895:Marine
12618:Causes
12461:21 May
12447:
12401:(IPCC)
12319:
12309:Geneva
12128:. The
12102:. The
12051:. The
11977:
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