31:
165:
277:
293:
208:(the boundary between the troposphere stratosphere) is located. The width of the troposphere can vary depending on latitude: for example, the troposphere is thicker in the tropics (about 16 km (9.9 mi)) because the tropics are generally warmer, and thinner at the poles (about 8 km (5.0 mi)) because the poles are colder. Temperatures in the atmosphere decrease with height at an average rate of 6.5
149:. Commonly, it is approximated by the mean of discrete readings (e.g. 24 hourly readings, four 6-hourly readings, etc.) or by the mean of the daily minimum and maximum readings (though the latter can result in mean temperatures up to 1 °C cooler or warmer than the true mean, depending on the time of observation).
216:°F) per kilometer. Because the troposphere experiences its warmest temperatures closer to Earth's surface, there is great vertical movement of heat and water vapour, causing turbulence. This turbulence, in conjunction with the presence of water vapour, is the reason that weather occurs within the troposphere.
219:
Following the tropopause is the stratosphere. This layer extends from the tropopause to the stratopause, which is located at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi). Temperatures remain constant with height from the tropopause to an altitude of 20 km (12 mi), after which they start to
227:
The next layer, the mesosphere, extends from the stratopause to the mesopause (located at an altitude of 85 km (53 mi)). Temperatures in the mesosphere decrease with altitude, and are the coldest in the Earth's atmosphere. This decrease in temperature can be attributed to the diminishing
168:
These images show temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured by a series of satellite-based instruments between
January 1979 and December 2005. The measurements were taken by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units flying on a series of National
366:
The effect of latitude, tropical climate, constant gentle wind, and seaside locations show smaller average temperature ranges, smaller variations of temperature, and a higher average temperature (the graph on the right, taken for the same period as
Campinas, at
231:
The fourth layer of the atmosphere is known as the thermosphere, and extends from the mesopause to the 'top' of the collisional atmosphere. Some of the warmest temperatures can be found here, due to its reception of strong
417:, who first reported this phenomenon in 1932 based on observations at different screen heights at six meteorological centers across India. The phenomenon is attributed to the interaction of
409:
The minimum temperature on calm, clear nights has been observed to occur not on the ground, but rather a few tens of centimeters above the ground. The lowest temperature layer is called
224:, and it is because of this inversion that the stratosphere is not turbulent. The stratosphere receives its warmth from the sun and the ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet radiation.
138:—a standardized, well-ventilated, white-painted instrument shelter. The thermometers should be positioned 1.25–2 m above the ground. Details of this setup are defined by the
169:
Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather satellites. The instruments record microwave energy emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. Source:
204:
The troposphere is the lowest of the four layers and extends from the surface of the Earth to about 11 km (6.8 mi) into the atmosphere, where the
692:
153:
651:
803:
347:
In
Campinas, for example, the daily temperature range in July (the coolest month of the year) may typically vary between 10 and 24
709:
17:
627:
559:
Geometric altitude vs. temperature, pressure, density, and the speed of sound derived from the 1962 U.S. Standard
Atmosphere.
834:
808:
849:
455:, and denotes the average temperature of the Earth based on surface, near-surface or tropospheric measurements. These
139:
844:
839:
558:
112:
518:
464:
438:
105:
596:
571:
344:°C for the minimum). The graph also shows the typical phenomenon of increased temperature ranges during winter.
387:°C only. Temperature variation throughout the year in Aracaju is very damped, with a standard deviation of 1.93
185:; it is this variation which characterizes the four layers that exist in the atmosphere. These layers are the
684:
404:
249:
39:
503:
446:
460:
130:
The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological observatories and
493:
434:
456:
442:
513:
248:
The variation in temperature that occurs from the highs of the day to the cool of nights is called
237:
85:. The abbreviation MAAT is often used for Mean Annual Air Temperature of a geographical location.
528:
228:
radiation received from the Sun, after most of it has already been absorbed by the thermosphere.
221:
98:
508:
498:
35:
539:
255:
The size of ground-level atmospheric temperature ranges depends on several factors, such as:
70:
761:
583:
488:
8:
313:
170:
30:
765:
587:
308:
The figure on the left shows an example of monthly temperatures recorded in the city of
777:
645:
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124:
717:
633:
623:
418:
781:
769:
591:
534:
135:
131:
94:
476:
164:
468:
296:
Average maximums, minimums, and ranges of monthly air temperatures recorded in
280:
Average maximums, minimums, and ranges of monthly air temperatures recorded in
181:
Temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the surface of the
120:
51:
828:
637:
795:
472:
414:
198:
190:
452:
186:
146:
66:
55:
43:
371:, also in Brazil and located at a latitude of 10 degrees, nearer to the
336:°C. Variability throughout the year is small (standard deviation of 2.31
252:. Temperature ranges can also be based on periods of a month or a year.
523:
422:
276:
205:
194:
176:
74:
292:
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773:
740:
The vertical distribution of air temperature near the ground at night
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82:
78:
47:
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A true daily mean could be obtained from a continuously recording
93:"Surface air temperature" redirects here. Not to be confused with
372:
368:
297:
116:
301:
285:
27:
Physical quantity that expresses hot and cold in the atmosphere
182:
467:
temperature measurements, then compiled using a database or
688:
597:
10.1175/1520-0450(1975)014<0471:EOOTOM>2.0.CO;2
572:"Effect of Observation Time on Mean Temperature Estimation"
312:, Brazil, which lies approximately 60 km north of the
266:
134:, usually using thermometers placed in a shelter such as a
451:
The concept of a global temperature is commonly used in
104:
For temperature measurements made by instruments, see
355:°C), while in January, it may range between 20 and 30
272:
Proximity to large bodies of water, such as the sea
269:(intensity, duration, variation, temperature, etc.)
459:and measurements are typically acquired using the
826:
220:increase with height. This is referred to as an
752:Lake, JV (1955). "The nocturnal heat balance".
111:For temperature changes relevant to historical
88:
159:
58:with approximate altitudes of various objects.
799:"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP)"
447:Schumann resonances § Global temperature
398:
375:). Average maximum yearly temperature is 28.7
804:National Aeronautic and Space Administration
742:. Beitrage zur Geophysik, v.37, pp. 116–117.
73:. It is governed by many factors, including
415:Lakshminarayanapuram Ananthakrishnan Ramdas
340:°C for the maximum monthly average and 4.11
324:°C, ranging from an average minimum of 12.2
685:"Earth's Atmosphere: A Multi-layered Cake"
650:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
595:
332:°C. The average temperature range is 11.4
751:
664:
383:°C. The average temperature range is 5.7
291:
275:
163:
29:
738:Ramdas, L.A. and Atmanathan, S., 1932.
391:°C for the maximum temperature and 2.72
14:
827:
704:
702:
614:Ross, Sheila Loudon (11 March 2013).
569:
428:
616:Weather and climate: an introduction
613:
609:
607:
421:effects on atmospheric aerosols and
320:. Average yearly temperature is 22.4
304:, between January 2001 and July 2006
288:, between January 2001 and July 2006
243:
809:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
699:
471:. Long-term global temperatures in
24:
794:
25:
861:
667:Atmospheric Processes and Systems
604:
140:World Meteorological Organization
695:from the original on 2019-10-06.
504:Emissivity of Earth's atmosphere
395:°C for the minimum temperature.
119:past (distinguished from recent
716:(in Portuguese). Archived from
519:Instrumental temperature record
439:Instrumental temperature record
154:average surface air temperature
106:Instrumental temperature record
788:
745:
732:
677:
658:
576:Journal of Applied Meteorology
570:Baker, Donald G. (June 1975).
563:
552:
425:transfer close to the ground.
379:°C and average minimum is 21.9
13:
1:
665:Thompson, Russell D. (1998).
546:
405:Surface temperature inversion
250:diurnal temperature variation
89:Near-surface air temperature
7:
482:
160:Temperature versus altitude
69:at different levels of the
10:
866:
835:Atmospheric thermodynamics
494:Atmospheric thermodynamics
435:Global surface temperature
432:
402:
399:Lifted minimum temperature
174:
110:
103:
92:
850:Meteorological quantities
443:Global temperature record
514:Freezing air temperature
238:Van Allen radiation belt
75:incoming solar radiation
845:Atmospheric temperature
840:Atmospheric circulation
529:Outside air temperature
328:°C to a maximum of 29.9
259:Average air temperature
99:Sea surface temperature
63:Atmospheric temperature
34:Comparison of the 1962
18:Surface air temperature
509:Equivalent temperature
499:Brightness temperature
305:
289:
172:
59:
36:US Standard Atmosphere
540:Total air temperature
295:
279:
167:
156:is about 14 °C.
33:
710:"Station statistics"
489:Apparent temperature
475:are discerned using
236:at the level of the
766:1955Natur.176...32L
720:on October 12, 2013
622:, Ontario, Canada.
588:1975JApMe..14..471B
465:ground instrumental
457:temperature records
314:Tropic of Capricorn
429:Global temperature
306:
290:
234:ionizing radiation
173:
125:Temperature record
71:Earth's atmosphere
60:
40:geometric altitude
629:978-0-19-544587-9
419:thermal radiation
244:Temperature range
16:(Redirected from
857:
820:
819:
817:
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796:Hansen, James E.
792:
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774:10.1038/176032b0
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535:Room temperature
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262:Average humidity
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136:Stevenson screen
132:weather stations
95:Soil temperature
65:is a measure of
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760:(4470): 32–33.
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359:°C (range of 10
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351:°C (range of 14
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109:
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582:(4): 471–476.
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469:computer model
430:
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316:at 22 degrees
274:
273:
270:
265:The regime of
263:
260:
245:
242:
175:Main article:
161:
158:
121:climate change
113:climate change
90:
87:
52:speed of sound
26:
9:
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3:
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115:over Earth's
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84:
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76:
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64:
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41:
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812:. Retrieved
802:
790:
757:
753:
747:
739:
734:
722:. Retrieved
718:the original
713:
679:
666:
660:
615:
579:
575:
565:
554:
473:paleoclimate
450:
411:Ramdas layer
410:
408:
365:
346:
307:
254:
247:
230:
226:
218:
203:
199:thermosphere
191:stratosphere
180:
152:The world's
151:
144:
129:
62:
61:
814:1 September
724:October 11,
453:climatology
187:troposphere
147:thermograph
67:temperature
56:temperature
44:air density
829:Categories
547:References
524:Lapse rate
477:proxy data
433:See also:
423:convection
403:See also:
206:tropopause
195:mesosphere
177:Lapse rate
714:Agritempo
671:Routledge
646:cite book
638:812064583
620:Don Mills
461:satellite
222:inversion
38:graph of
693:Archived
483:See also
318:latitude
310:Campinas
282:Campinas
212:°C (11.7
117:geologic
83:altitude
79:humidity
48:pressure
42:against
782:4210305
762:Bibcode
584:Bibcode
373:Equator
369:Aracaju
298:Aracaju
142:(WMO).
123:), see
780:
754:Nature
636:
626:
445:, and
413:after
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
361:
357:
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349:
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338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
302:Brazil
286:Brazil
214:
210:
197:, and
81:, and
50:, the
778:S2CID
363:°C).
267:winds
183:Earth
816:2011
726:2013
689:NASA
652:link
634:OCLC
624:ISBN
54:and
770:doi
758:176
592:doi
463:or
97:or
831::
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768:.
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701:^
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784:.
772::
764::
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673:.
654:)
640:.
600:.
594::
586::
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108:.
101:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
