291:
123:
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many different sensors to measure weather conditions. These sensors can vary between models but most measure wind speed, wind direction, outdoor and indoor temperatures, outdoor and indoor humidity, barometric pressure, rainfall, and UV or solar radiation. Other available sensors can measure soil moisture, soil temperature, and leaf wetness. The quality, number of instruments, and placement of personal weather stations can vary widely, making the determination of which stations collect accurate, meaningful, and comparable data difficult. There are a comprehensive number of
510:. Moored weather buoys range from 1.5–12 metres (5–40 ft) in diameter, while drifting buoys are smaller, with diameters of 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in). Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number, with 1250 located worldwide. Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships. There are differences in the values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well, relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity.
38:
467:
382:
325:
A personal weather station is a set of weather measuring instruments operated by a private individual, club, association, or business (where obtaining and distributing weather data is not a part of the entity's business operation). Personal weather stations have become more advanced and can include
318:
333:
Personal weather stations typically involve a digital console that provides readouts of the data being collected. These consoles may interface to a personal computer where data can be displayed, stored, and uploaded to websites or data ingestion/distribution systems.
305:, to keep direct sunlight off the thermometer and wind off the hygrometer. The instrumentation may be specialized to allow for periodic recording, otherwise significant manual labour is required for record keeping. Automatic transmission of data, in a format such as
341:
Personal weather stations may be operated solely for the enjoyment and education of the owner, while some owners share their results with others. They do this by manually compiling data and distributing it, distributing data over the
Internet, or sharing data via
425:. The agreement of the weather ships ended in 1990. Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like merchant ships tended to and were considered a valuable resource. The last weather ship was
408:
as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological measurements for use in weather forecasting. It was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights. The establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during
1030:
The role of the ocean in predicting climate: a report of workshops conducted by Study Panel on Ocean
Atmosphere Interaction under the auspices of the Ocean Science Committee of the Ocean Affairs Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research
350:(CWOP) is a service which facilitates the sharing of information from personal weather stations. This data is submitted through use of software, a personal computer, and internet connection (or amateur radio) and are utilized by groups such as the
362:
Internet site is another popular destination for the submittal and sharing of data with others around the world. As with CWOP, each station submitting data to
Weather Underground has a unique Web page displaying their submitted data. The UK
750:
The firmware is under active development, and users are encouraged to contribute to it by forking the repository on Github. An initiative to further develop the hardware and make it commercially available is ongoing as spin-off project
105:
are taken at least once daily, while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour. Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as
506:, they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s, a network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the
493:
data within the world's oceans and lakes. Moored buoys have been in use since 1951, while drifting buoys have been used since the late 1970s. Moored buoys are connected with the seabed using either chains,
519:
166:
A weather instrument is any device that measures weather related conditions. Since there are a variety of different weather conditions, there are a variety of different weather instruments.
1026:
1099:
327:
301:
Except for those instruments requiring direct exposure to the elements (anemometer, rain gauge), the instruments should be sheltered in a vented box, usually a
1534:
97:
measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or
729:
537:) and at intermediate synoptic hours 03h00, 09h00, 15h00, 21h00 (UTC). Every weather station has assigned station unique code by WMO for identification.
1027:
National
Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Science Committee, National Research Council (U.S.). Study Panel on Ocean Atmosphere Interaction (1974).
1002:
471:
127:
297:'s are the source of the most commonly cited weather reports in the United States, located at airports in all major cities and most smaller ones
1454:
358:. Each weather station submitting data to CWOP will also have an individual Web page that depicts the data submitted by that station. The
417:(ICAO) established a global network of 13 weather ships in 1948. Of the 12 left in operation in 1996, nine were located in the northern
414:
1165:
1060:
840:
813:
359:
1222:
294:
998:
898:
540:
The common instruments of measure are anemometer, wind vane, pressure sensor, thermometer, hygrometer, and rain gauge.
533:
weather stations are instruments which collect meteorological information at synoptic time 00h00, 06h00, 12h00, 18h00 (
433:
830:
940:
235:
1529:
1499:
679:
573:
555:
and pressure systems, such as the synoptic observation network, while others are more regional in nature, known as
453:
347:
17:
1474:
568:
551:
A variety of land-based weather station networks have been set up globally. Some of these are basic to analyzing
507:
763:
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862:
737:
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The weather measures are formatted in special format and transmit to WMO to help the weather forecast model.
355:
689:
161:
1052:
534:
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282:, soil temperature, water temperature in ponds, lakes, creeks, or rivers, and occasionally other data.
252:
1325:
994:
923:
G. L. Timpe & N. Van de Voorde (October 1995). "NOMAD buoys: An overview of forty years of use".
290:
1434:
1500:
Initial
Guidance to Obtain Representative Meteorological Observations at Urban Sites, by Tim R. Oke
1357:
693:
440:
was removed from service
January 1, 2010. Since the 1960s this role has been largely superseded by
351:
1514:
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155:
107:
971:
1389:
1341:
242:
803:
784:
1430:
1405:
1293:
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1238:
1155:
1046:
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656:
122:
925:'Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment'. Conference Proceedings. OCEANS '95 MTS/IEEE
1373:
1114:
628:
579:
335:
183:
139:
74:
8:
684:
518:
58:
54:
31:
1118:
367:'s Weather Observations Website (WOW) also allows such data to be shared and displayed.
309:, is also desirable as many weather station's data is required for weather forecasting.
1309:
1194:
1130:
946:
224:, also called a weather vane or a weathercock: it shows which way the wind is blowing.
1447:
1161:
1134:
1056:
950:
936:
836:
809:
703:
271:
1077:
338:
weather stations are available that are designed to be fully customizable by users.
1122:
928:
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302:
53:
is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring
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42:
37:
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90:
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111:
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131:
70:
1406:
AgriMet: The
Pacific Northwest Cooperative Agricultural Weather Network.
466:
1471:
767:
463:
project transcribes naval logs from before the era of dedicated ships.
364:
263:
209:
194:
188:
135:
98:
82:
1452:
Department of
Agriculture and Food Western Australia Weather Stations.
1282:
Indiana Purdue
Automated Agricultural Weather Station Network (PAAWS).
1418:
1126:
606:
Indiana Purdue
Automated Agricultural Weather Station Network (PAAWS)
441:
432:, known as weather station M ("jilindras") at 66°N, 02°E, run by the
221:
215:
179:
1313:
1297:
866:
1509:
1435:
Automatic Weather Stations for Agricultural and Other Applications.
1361:
1258:
616:
445:
317:
78:
1153:
610:
556:
66:
62:
1098:
Bridget R. Thomas; Elizabeth C. Kent & Val R. Swail (2005).
886:
1206:
662:
Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia
1515:
NWS Observing Handbook No. 2: Cooperative Station Observations
1044:
642:
The Pacific Northwest Cooperative Agricultural Weather Network
600:
495:
452:. Weather observations from ships continue from thousands of
405:
381:
306:
212:
for measuring liquid precipitation over a set period of time.
1242:
1277:
967:
922:
401:
147:
94:
1393:
801:
1377:
993:
169:
Typical weather stations have the following instruments:
114:
outnumber their moored versions by a significant amount.
1100:"Methods to Homogenize Wind Speeds From Ships and Buoys"
489:
Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and
1494:
1220:
Central Pennsylvania Volunteer Weather Station Network.
594:
Central Pennsylvania Volunteer Weather Station Network
1472:
Lower Murray Water Automatic Weather Station Network.
238:, additional instruments may be employed, including:
1181:
828:
218:
for measuring general wind speed and wind direction
1075:
832:Ocean surface waves: their physics and prediction
270:More sophisticated stations may also measure the
1521:
1505:International Weather Watchers Observer Handbook
1160:. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 24–25.
27:Facility for atmospheric research and prediction
1003:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1157:Data analysis methods in physical oceanography
110:(SST), wave height, and wave period. Drifting
1419:Antarctic Automatic Weather Stations Project.
1154:William J. Emery; Richard E. Thomson (2001).
968:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
580:Weather Underground Personal Weather Stations
176:for measuring air and sea surface temperature
1535:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
652:Antarctic Automatic Weather Stations Project
1113:(7). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 979–995.
585:
513:
312:
1330:Michigan Automated Weather Network (MAWN).
764:"WOW - A new weather website for everyone"
1259:Georgia Environmental Monitoring Network.
1045:K. A. Browning; Robert J. Gurney (1999).
891:
621:Michigan Automated Weather Network (MAWN)
421:while three were located in the northern
415:International Civil Aviation Organization
1344:Agricultural Electronic Bulletin Board.
1076:R. Lumpkin & M. Pazos (2010-06-08).
727:
601:Georgia Environmental Monitoring Network
597:Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN)
517:
465:
380:
321:Roof-mounted weather station instruments
316:
289:
121:
36:
989:
987:
669:Water Automatic Weather Station Network
14:
1522:
835:. World Scientific. pp. 369–371.
646:
591:Arizona Meteorological Network (AZMET)
134:harbor measures and transmits data on
117:
57:conditions to provide information for
779:
777:
456:in routine commercial operation; the
245:for identifying falling precipitation
30:For the Canadian folk-rock band, see
1417:Automatic Weather Stations Project.
1107:International Journal of Climatology
984:
880:
855:
805:The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II
1446:Department of Agriculture and Food
972:"Ocean Motion and Surface Currents"
802:Malcolm Francis Willoughby (1980).
295:Automated Surface Observing Station
24:
1243:Florida Automated Weather Network.
1218:Pennsylvania State Climatologist.
774:
478:
434:Norwegian Meteorological Institute
370:
236:automated airport weather stations
25:
1546:
1488:
1182:Citizen Weather Observer Program.
1034:. National Academies. p. 40.
927:. Vol. 1. pp. 309–315.
795:
69:. The measurements taken include
1510:NWS Cooperative Observer Program
1495:Citizen Weather Observer Program
808:. Arno Press. pp. 127–130.
680:Global Telecommunications System
574:Citizen Weather Observer Program
348:Citizen Weather Observer Program
1464:
1440:
1424:
1411:
1399:
1383:
1367:
1351:
1335:
1319:
1303:
1287:
1271:
1248:
1232:
1212:
1207:Arizona Meteorological Network.
1200:
1187:
1174:
1147:
1091:
1069:
1038:
1020:
569:Global Climate Observing System
1470:Lower Murray Water Resources.
1048:Global energy and water cycles
916:
822:
785:"Britain's First Weather Ship"
756:
721:
13:
1:
1362:Cooperative Observer Program.
714:
470:Weather buoy operated by the
1080:. The Global Drifter Program
829:Stanislaw R. Massel (1996).
508:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
7:
1298:Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
690:Surface weather observation
673:
546:
285:
266:for measuring cloud ceiling
162:List of weather instruments
10:
1551:
1346:Missouri Weather Stations.
1053:Cambridge University Press
933:10.1109/OCEANS.1995.526788
899:"Crater Lake weather buoy"
728:Verbelen, Yannick (2016).
502:. With the decline of the
482:
454:voluntary merchant vessels
374:
230:for measuring evaporation.
159:
153:
29:
1326:Michigan State University
1195:Personal Weather Station.
995:National Data Buoy Center
627:National Weather Service
624:Missouri Weather Stations
562:
526:automatic weather station
474:National Data Buoy Center
43:Mildura Airport, Victoria
1481:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1461:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1437:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1421:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1408:Retrieved on 2008-06-05.
1396:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1380:Retrieved on 2017-05-21.
1364:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1358:National Weather Service
1348:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1332:Retrieved on 2008-12-01.
1316:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1300:Retrieved on 2009-11-12.
1296:Department of Agronomy.
1284:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1268:Retrieved on 2010-09-01.
1245:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1229:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1209:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1197:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1184:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
694:surface weather analysis
586:United States of America
514:Synoptic weather station
352:National Weather Service
313:Personal weather station
260:for measuring visibility
234:In addition, at certain
197:for measuring wind speed
1530:Meteorological stations
328:retail weather stations
156:Weather instrumentation
108:sea surface temperature
1390:University of Oklahoma
1342:University of Missouri
634:New York State Mesonet
527:
475:
393:
354:(NWS) when generating
322:
298:
253:drop size distribution
243:Present weather sensor
191:for measuring humidity
151:
46:
1431:Bureau of Meteorology
1294:Iowa State University
1255:University of Georgia
1239:University of Florida
1193:Weather Underground.
999:"Moored Buoy Program"
657:Bureau of Meteorology
521:
469:
384:
320:
293:
160:Further information:
125:
40:
1374:University of Albany
629:Cooperative Observer
184:atmospheric pressure
140:atmospheric pressure
75:atmospheric pressure
1119:2005IJCli..25..979T
1078:"What's a Drifter?"
863:"Great Lakes buoys"
685:Lightning detection
647:Southern Hemisphere
609:Iowa Environmental
360:Weather Underground
130:weather station at
118:Weather instruments
41:Weather station at
32:The Weather Station
1477:2008-07-20 at the
1457:2008-08-19 at the
1310:University of Utah
1264:2010-06-09 at the
1225:2008-05-26 at the
887:Muskegon Lake buoy
730:"WeatherStation 3"
528:
476:
394:
323:
299:
152:
47:
1448:Western Australia
1394:Oklahoma Mesonet.
1167:978-0-444-50757-0
1062:978-0-521-56057-3
842:978-981-02-2109-6
815:978-0-405-13081-6
791:: 136. June 1948.
789:Popular Mechanics
704:Weather satellite
665:Australia: Lower
404:stationed in the
385:The weather ship
272:ultraviolet index
61:and to study the
59:weather forecasts
16:(Redirected from
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1468:
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1127:10.1002/joc.1176
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1088:
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1085:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1042:
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1024:
1018:
1017:
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1014:
1005:. Archived from
991:
982:
981:
979:
978:
964:
955:
954:
920:
914:
913:
911:
910:
901:. Archived from
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865:. Archived from
859:
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849:
826:
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819:
799:
793:
792:
781:
772:
771:
760:
754:
753:
751:OpenObservatory.
747:
745:
736:. Archived from
725:
638:Oklahoma Mesonet
303:Stevenson screen
21:
18:Weather stations
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
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1479:Wayback Machine
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1459:Wayback Machine
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1266:Wayback Machine
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1227:Wayback Machine
1217:
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1192:
1188:
1180:Russ Chadwick.
1179:
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649:
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549:
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487:
481:
479:Dedicated buoys
379:
373:
371:Dedicated ships
356:forecast models
315:
288:
258:Transmissometer
228:Evaporation pan
205:solar radiation
164:
158:
144:air temperature
120:
51:weather station
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1518:
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1489:External links
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1061:
1055:. p. 62.
1037:
1019:
997:(2008-02-04).
983:
970:(2009-04-15).
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631:(COOP) program
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553:weather fronts
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483:Main article:
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419:Atlantic Ocean
375:Main article:
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268:
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255:
251:for measuring
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207:
203:for measuring
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182:for measuring
177:
154:Main article:
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87:wind direction
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1009:on 2011-01-03
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942:0-933957-14-9
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905:on 2012-12-21
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869:on 2012-06-18
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770:. 2011-02-11.
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740:on 2017-04-16
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709:Wind profiler
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699:Weather radar
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458:Old Weather
336:Open-source
330:available.
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201:Pyranometer
174:Thermometer
132:Wake Island
71:temperature
55:atmospheric
1524:Categories
1140:2011-01-29
1084:2011-01-29
1013:2011-01-29
977:2011-01-28
909:2012-06-16
873:2012-06-16
848:2011-01-18
768:Met Office
715:References
442:satellites
438:Polarfront
429:Polarfront
389:Polarfront
365:Met Office
264:Ceilometer
210:Rain gauge
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413:that the
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216:Wind sock
180:Barometer
101:. Manual
93:amounts.
1475:Archived
1455:Archived
1262:Archived
1223:Archived
744:16 April
674:See also
617:MesoWest
557:mesonets
547:Networks
531:Synoptic
524:Synoptic
446:aircraft
427:MS
387:MS
286:Exposure
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1278:NCAR
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