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31:
159:
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Celsius scales. The 20th century developed new remote sensing tools, such as weather radars, weather satellites and wind profilers, which provide better sampling both regionally and globally. Remote sensing instruments collect data from weather events some distance from the instrument and typically stores the data where the instrument is located and often transmits the data at defined intervals to central data centers.
267:
Remote sensing, as used in meteorology, is the concept of collecting data from remote weather events and subsequently producing weather information. Each remote sensing instrument collects data about the atmosphere from a remote location and, usually, stores the data where the instrument is located.
243:
is used by meteorologists to determine the height of the base of clouds above ground level during daylight hours. The principle behind the ceiling balloon is a balloon with a known ascent rate (how fast it climbs) and determining how long the balloon rises until it disappears into the cloud. Ascent
75:
Devices used to measure weather phenomena in the mid-20th century were the rain gauge, the anemometer, and the hygrometer. The 17th century saw the development of the barometer and the
Galileo thermometer while the 18th century saw the development of the thermometer with the Fahrenheit and
317:
to illuminate a specific portion of the atmosphere. Weather satellites along with more general-purpose Earth-observing satellites circling the earth at various altitudes have become an indispensable tool for studying a wide range of phenomena from forest fires to
55:), are the equipment used to find the state of the atmosphere at a given time. Each science has its own unique sets of laboratory equipment. Meteorology, however, is a science which does not use much laboratory equipment but relies more on on-site observation and
421:
and issue warnings worldwide. They can be taken manually, by a weather observer, by computer through the use of automated weather stations, or in a hybrid scheme using weather observers to augment the otherwise automated weather station. The
308:
anging) is a meteorological instrument as one form of wind profiler, which measures the scattering of sound waves by atmospheric turbulence. Sodar systems are used to measure wind speed at various heights above the ground, and the
239:
is a device that uses a laser or other light source to determine the height of a cloud base. Ceilometers can also be used to measure the aerosol concentration within the atmosphere. A
523:
Grigull, U., Fahrenheit, a
Pioneer of Exact Thermometry. Heat Transfer, 1966, The Proceedings of the 8th International Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, 1966, Vol. 1.
63:, is an abstract idea that can be measured and for which data can be taken. Rain was one of the first quantities to be measured historically. Two other accurately measured
376:
amounts. Wind measurements are taken as free of other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or
220:, sometimes called a research rocket, is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its suborbital flight.
442:
in the Earth's atmosphere, and is used to reduce a station pressure to sea level pressure. Airport observations can be transmitted worldwide through the use of the
235:
on a planar surface and is a sensor that is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (in watts per metre square) from a field of view of 180 degrees. A
67:-related variables are wind and humidity. Many attempts had been made prior to the 15th century to construct adequate equipment to measure atmospheric variables.
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660:
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directly measure most of these quantities, except for wind, which is determined by tracking the radiosonde signal with an antenna or
458:
Internet site. A thirty-year average of a location's weather observations is traditionally used to determine the station's climate.
17:
653:
508:
455:
284:). The main uses of radar are to collect information concerning the coverage and characteristics of precipitation and wind.
205:
593:
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observing code. Personal weather stations taking automated observations can transmit their data to the United States
427:
209:
451:
380:. Manual observations are taken at least once daily, while automated observations are taken at least once an hour.
132:
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speed and the direction the wind is blowing from at the site where it is mounted. A hygrometer measures the
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of South Korea as an official tool to assess land taxes based upon a farmer's potential harvest. In 1450,
410:
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167:
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212:(WMO), which also use these instruments to report weather conditions at their respective locations. A
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123:, a Swedish astronomer, proposed the 'centigrade' temperature scale, the predecessor of the current
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structure of the lower layer of the atmosphere. Radar and lidar are not passive because both use
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creates a reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer. In 1742,
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8:
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34:
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147:, marked the beginning of the age where weather information became available globally.
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503:(paperback) (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 828.
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56:
30:
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896:
881:
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261:
87:, invented the first standardized rain gauge. These were sent throughout the
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invented the mechanical, self-emptying, tipping bucket rain gauge. In 1714,
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176:, or the kinetic energy of the molecules within air. A barometer measures
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This was also used to measure the temperature of the surrounding air.
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is a facility with instruments and equipment to make observations of
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143:. The April 1960 launch of the first successful weather satellite,
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developed a swinging-plate anemometer, and is known as the first
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are chiefly used to determine cloud cover, as well as wind.
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above a particular location. An anemometer measures the
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at a location, which can then be used to compute the
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are the fundamental data used for safety as well as
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rate times ascent time yields the ceiling height. A
344:conditions in order to provide information to make
589:Office of the Federal Coordinator of Meteorology.
264:which falls at any point on the Earth's landmass.
914:
383:
180:, or the pressure exerted by the weight of the
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923:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
671:meteorological equipment and instrumentation
268:The most common types of remote sensing are
111:invents the mercury barometer. In 1662, Sir
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59:equipment. In science, an observation, or
572:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
534:History of the Celsius temperature scale.
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29:
540:, Anders Celsius (Elementa,84:4,2001);
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454:(CWOP), or internationally through the
14:
915:
642:
248:is an instrument used to measure the
591:Surface Weather Observation Program.
501:Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling
27:Measuring device used in meteorology
325:
24:
204:. Supplementing the radiosondes a
141:system for classifying wind speeds
25:
934:
616:
603:
428:International Standard Atmosphere
352:. The measurements taken include
210:World Meteorological Organization
452:Citizen Weather Observer Program
499:Jacobson, Mark Z. (June 2005).
127:scale. In 1783, the first hair
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206:network of aircraft collection
13:
1:
483:
348:and to study the weather and
162:Modern 2020 aneroid barometer
411:Surface weather observations
384:Surface weather observations
7:
461:
390:Surface weather observation
172:A thermometer measures air
168:List of weather instruments
133:Horace-Bénédict de Saussure
10:
939:
559:. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.
552:Bill Giles O.B.E. (2009).
387:
329:
231:used to measure broadband
165:
70:
41:Meteorological instruments
677:
611:Personal Weather Station.
315:electromagnetic radiation
633:Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
613:Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
600:Retrieved on 2008-01-12.
260:are used to measure the
252:and velocity of falling
153:
752:Ice accretion indicator
478:Wireless sensor network
450:through the use of the
18:Weather instrumentation
792:Present weather sensor
407:
250:drop size distribution
163:
109:Evangelista Torricelli
93:Leone Battista Alberti
49:meteorological sensors
37:
609:Weather Underground.
397:
161:
33:
717:Dark adaptor goggles
208:is organized by the
178:atmospheric pressure
568:Peebles, Peyton, ,
456:Weather Underground
404:Victoria, Australia
398:Weather station at
358:barometric pressure
131:is demonstrated by
45:weather instruments
35:Galileo thermometer
762:Lightning detector
629:2009-07-06 at the
596:2009-05-06 at the
408:
182:Earth's atmosphere
164:
117:Gabriel Fahrenheit
38:
910:
909:
852:Thermo-hygrograph
842:Sunshine recorder
707:Ceiling projector
624:Climate Averages.
510:978-0-521-54865-6
346:weather forecasts
190:relative humidity
16:(Redirected from
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892:Whole sky camera
837:Stevenson screen
742:Heat flux sensor
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570:Radar Principles
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419:forecast weather
326:Weather stations
233:solar irradiance
137:Francis Beaufort
113:Christopher Wren
21:
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872:Weather balloon
867:Transmissometer
832:Sounding rocket
777:Pan evaporation
702:Ceiling balloon
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631:Wayback Machine
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617:
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598:Wayback Machine
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584:
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554:Beaufort Scale.
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532:Beckman, Olof,
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473:Weather balloon
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400:Mildura Airport
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338:weather station
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332:Weather station
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241:ceiling balloon
214:sounding rocket
170:
156:
139:introduced his
101:Galileo Galilei
83:'s son, Prince
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53:weather sensors
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415:climatological
388:Main article:
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370:wind direction
330:Main article:
327:
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282:photogrammetry
155:
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121:Anders Celsius
89:Joseon Dynasty
79:In 1441, King
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57:remote sensing
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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897:Wind profiler
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882:Weather radar
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787:Pyrheliometer
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578:0-471-25205-0
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374:precipitation
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311:thermodynamic
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275:
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262:precipitation
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227:is a type of
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103:constructs a
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86:
82:
77:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:), including
46:
42:
36:
32:
19:
887:Weather vane
877:Weather buoy
767:Nephelometer
670:
669:Earth-based
622:Met Office.
618:
605:
585:
569:
564:
548:
541:
537:
528:
519:
500:
426:defines the
409:
335:
305:
301:
297:
293:
266:
254:hydrometeors
222:
171:
149:
96:
78:
74:
60:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:
857:Thermometer
847:Tethersonde
827:Solarimeter
817:Snow pillow
782:Pyranometer
727:Disdrometer
417:reasons to
354:temperature
342:atmospheric
258:Rain gauges
246:disdrometer
229:actinometer
225:pyranometer
218:rocketsonde
198:Radiosondes
174:temperature
135:. In 1806,
107:. In 1643,
105:thermoscope
99:. In 1607,
862:Tide gauge
807:Snow gauge
802:Rain gauge
797:Radiosonde
772:Nephoscope
747:Hygrometer
737:Field mill
712:Ceilometer
682:Anemometer
538:translated
484:References
378:insolation
366:wind speed
286:Satellites
278:satellites
237:ceilometer
202:theodolite
166:See also:
129:hygrometer
97:anemometer
61:observable
812:Snowboard
732:Dropsonde
697:Barometer
692:Barograph
687:Atmometer
468:Mesomeric
436:viscosity
300:etection
194:dew point
917:Category
902:Windsock
627:Archived
594:Archived
462:See also
440:altitude
362:humidity
722:Dewcell
542:English
448:mesonet
432:density
350:climate
320:El Niño
145:TIROS-1
125:Celsius
85:Munjong
71:History
65:weather
576:
507:
434:, and
372:, and
280:(also
276:, and
81:Sejong
822:SODAR
757:Lidar
444:METAR
438:with
290:SODAR
274:lidar
270:radar
154:Types
574:ISBN
505:ISBN
424:ICAO
296:nic
186:wind
43:(or
557:BBC
304:nd
216:or
919::
536:,
491:^
402:,
368:,
364:,
360:,
356:,
336:A
322:.
294:SO
272:,
256:.
223:A
196:.
662:e
655:t
648:v
580:.
513:.
406:.
306:R
302:A
298:D
292:(
51:(
20:)
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