135:
20:
151:
267:
collect weather data in remote and inhospitable locations. By 1940, the NBS radiosonde system included a pressure drive, which measured temperature and humidity as functions of pressure. It also gathered data on cloud thickness and light intensity in the atmosphere. Due to this and other improvements in cost (about $ 25), weight (> 1 kilogram), and accuracy, hundreds of thousands of NBS-style radiosondes were produced nationwide for research purposes, and the apparatus was officially adopted by the U.S. Weather Bureau.
1254:
353:. The maximum altitude to which the balloon ascends is determined by the diameter and thickness of the balloon. Balloon sizes can range from 100 to 3,000 g (3.5 to 105.8 oz). As the balloon ascends through the atmosphere, the pressure decreases, causing the balloon to expand. Eventually, the balloon will expand to the extent that its skin will break, terminating the ascent. An 800 g (28 oz) balloon will burst at about 21 km (13 mi). After bursting, a small
159:
143:
1642:
1899:
1909:
527:
Africa have experienced severe (57%) and moderate (25%) radiosonde data gap. This dire situation has prompted call for urgent need to fill the data gap in Africa and globally. The vast data gap in such a large part the global landmass, home to some of the most vulnerable societies, the aforementioned call has galvanised a global effort to “plug the data gap” in the decade ahead and halt a further deterioration in the observation networks.
28:
263:. In 1937, Diamond, along with his associates Francis Dunmore and Wilbur Hinmann, Jr., created a radiosonde that employed audio-frequency subcarrier modulation with the help of a resistance-capacity relaxation oscillator. In addition, this NBS radiosonde was capable of measuring temperature and humidity at higher altitudes than conventional radiosondes at the time due to the use of electric sensors.
170:, a recording device measuring pressure and temperature that would be recovered after the experiment. This proved difficult because the kites were linked to the ground and were very difficult to manoeuvre in gusty conditions. Furthermore, the sounding was limited to low altitudes because of the link to the ground.
396:
Radiosondes weather balloons have conventionally been used as means of measuring atmospheric profiles of humidity, temperature, pressure, wind speed and direction. High-quality, spatially and temporally “continuous” data from upper-air monitoring along with surface observations are critical bases for
312:
by satellites, aircraft and ground sensors is an increasing source of atmospheric data, none of these systems can match the vertical resolution (30 m (98 ft) or less) and altitude coverage (30 km (19 mi)) of radiosonde observations, so they remain essential to modern meteorology.
526:
which stated that "the situation in Africa shows a dramatic decrease of almost 50% from 2015 to 2020 in the number of radiosonde flights, the most important type of surface-based observations. Reporting now has poorer geographical coverage". Over the last two decades, some 82% of the countries in
611:
In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of
Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is with-in the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation
509:
Radiosonde data is a crucially important component of numerical weather prediction. Because a sonde may drift several hundred kilometers during the 90- to 120-minute flight, there may be concern that this could introduce problems into the model initialization. However, this appears not to be so
316:
Although hundreds of radiosondes are launched worldwide each day year-round, fatalities attributed to radiosondes are rare. The first known example was the electrocution of a lineman in the United States who was attempting to free a radiosonde from high-tension power lines in 1943. In 1970, an
266:
In 1938, Diamond developed the first ground receiver for the radiosonde, which prompted the first service use of the NBS radiosondes in the Navy. Then in 1939, Diamond and his colleagues developed a ground-based radiosonde called the “remote weather station,” which allowed them to automatically
521:
Lamentably, in less developed parts of the globe such as Africa, which has high vulnerability to impacts of extreme weather events and climate change, there is paucity of surface- and upper-air observations. The alarming state of the issue was highlighted in 2020 by the
357:
on the radiosonde's support line may slow its descent to Earth, while some rely on the aerodynamic drag of the shredded remains of the balloon, and the very light weight of the package itself. A typical radiosonde flight lasts 60 to 90 minutes. One radiosonde from
397:
understanding weather conditions and climate trends and providing weather and climate information for the welfare of societies. Reliable and timely information underpin society’s preparedness to extreme weather conditions and to changing climate patterns.
243:
in an anti-coincidence circuit to avoid counting secondary ray showers. This became an important technique in the field, and Vernov flew his radiosondes on land and sea over the next few years, measuring the radiation's latitude dependence caused by the
400:
Worldwide, there are about 1,300 radiosonde launch sites. Most countries share data with the rest of the world through international agreements. Nearly all routine radiosonde launches occur one hour before the official observation times of 0000
215:
did the first primitive experiments with weather measurements from balloon, making use of the temperature dependence of radio circuits. The first true radiosonde that sent precise encoded telemetry from weather sensors was invented in France by
191:
the first regular daily use of these balloons. Data from these launches showed that the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude, which varied with the season, and then stabilized above this altitude. De Bort's discovery of the
238:
Working with a modified
Molchanov sonde, Sergey Vernov was the first to use radiosondes to perform cosmic ray readings at high altitude. On April 1, 1935, he took measurements up to 13.6 km (8.5 mi) using a pair of
431:. A list of U.S. operated land based launch sites can be found in Appendix C, U.S. Land-based Rawinsonde Stations of the Federal Meteorological Handbook #3, titled Rawinsonde and Pibal Observations, dated May 1997.
270:
Diamond was given the
Washington Academy of Sciences Engineering Award in 1940 and the IRE Fellow Award (which was later renamed the Harry Diamond Memorial Award) in 1943 for his contributions to radio-meteorology.
426:
launches radiosondes twice daily from 92 stations, 69 in the conterminous United States, 13 in Alaska, nine in the
Pacific, and one in Puerto Rico. It also supports the operation of 10 radiosonde sites in the
1609:
1118:
118:("radar wind -sonde"). Most radiosondes have radar reflectors and are technically rawinsondes. A radiosonde that is dropped from an airplane and falls, rather than being carried by a balloon is called a
1639:
975:"The Invention and Development of the Radiosonde, with a Catalog of Upper-Atmospheric Telemetering Probes in the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution"
259:, who had previously worked on radio navigation and invented a blind landing system for airplanes. The organization led by Diamond eventually (in 1992) became a part of the
1798:
369:, and gave only a wind estimation by the position. With the advent of radar by the Signal Corps it was possible to track a radar target carried by the balloons with the
35:
sonde, approx 220 Ă— 80 Ă—75 mm (8.7 Ă— 3.1 Ă— 3 in) (with grounding station in the background, used to perform a 'ground check' and also recondition the humidity sensor)
1126:
365:
The modern radiosonde communicates via radio with a computer that stores all the variables in real time. The first radiosondes were observed from the ground with a
384:
Sometimes radiosondes are deployed by being dropped from an aircraft instead of being carried aloft by a balloon. Radiosondes deployed in this way are called
2227:
231:
flew a radiosonde on
January 30, 1930. Molchanov's design became a popular standard because of its simplicity and because it converted sensor readings to
2237:
1497:
1156:
482:
Raw upper air data is routinely processed by supercomputers running numerical models. Forecasters often view the data in a graphical format, plotted on
1945:
1356:
1794:
999:
Gillmor, Stewart (December 26, 1989). "Seventy Years of Radio
Science, Technology, Standards, and Measurement at the National Bureau of Standards".
824:
217:
1641:
1203:
Ding, Tong; Awange, Joseph L.; Scherllin-Pirscher, Barbara; Kuhn, Michael; Anyah, Richard; Zerihun, Ayalsew; Bui, Luyen K. (16 September 2022).
871:
2252:
904:
649:
1631:
974:
1802:
1177:
413:
1094:
278:
services during the 1930s and their increasing need for data motivated many nations to begin regular radiosonde observation programs
2247:
114:
or 1680 MHz. A radiosonde whose position is tracked as it ascends to give wind speed and direction information is called a
1938:
1380:
260:
227:. Bureau coined the name "radiosonde" and flew the first instrument on January 7, 1929. Developed independently a year later,
2207:
1594:
1539:
ITU Radio
Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations
1078:
536:
1584:
1846:
732:
405:
and 1200 UTC to center the observation times during the roughly two-hour ascent. Radiosonde observations are important for
2212:
1842:
1205:"GNSS Radio Occultation Infilling of the African Radiosonde Data Gaps Reveals Drivers of Tropopause Climate Variability"
1332:
1316:
1604:
1599:
1579:
1931:
523:
212:
1436:"Confronting the boundary layer data gap: evaluating new and existing methodologies of probing the lower atmosphere"
626:
However, military usage, in bands where there is civil usage, will be in accordance with the ITU Radio
Regulations.
1160:
325:
suffered a loss of control after striking a radiosonde in flight resulting in the death of all 45 people on board.
55:
and transmits them by radio to a ground receiver. Modern radiosondes measure or calculate the following variables:
1818:
1786:
1624:
442:
RS41 radiosondes four times daily (an hour before 00, 06, 12, and 18 UTC) from 6 launch sites (south to north):
812:
2222:
1955:
1770:
1738:
1686:
1368:
2257:
166:
The first flights of aerological instruments were done in the second half of the 19th century with kites and
134:
1923:
1830:
1778:
1774:
88:
2232:
1902:
576:
459:
373:. Modern radiosondes can use a variety of mechanisms for determining wind speed and direction, such as a
1204:
19:
2242:
2217:
1814:
1782:
1766:
1750:
1678:
1617:
722:
558:
402:
1434:
Bell, Tyler M.; Greene, Brian R.; Klein, Petra M.; Carney, Matthew; Chilson, Phillip B. (2020-07-16).
181:
1838:
1718:
883:
378:
245:
32:
1912:
1886:
820:
712:
423:
256:
252:
1271:
2096:
2036:
1810:
758:
916:
2076:
1866:
1758:
1558:
842:
483:
374:
1806:
1650:
1563:
1068:
552:
1174:
753:
2001:
1878:
1790:
1762:
1746:
1694:
1690:
1526:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.109, definition:
1447:
1406:
1216:
1008:
631:
487:
322:
52:
1514:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.50, definition:
1258:
1253:
8:
2046:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1674:
1286:
406:
350:
302:
275:
205:
150:
1451:
1410:
1257: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1220:
1012:
177:
1862:
1734:
1710:
1702:
1483:
1242:
784:
180:, from France, were the first in 1892 to use a balloon to fly the meteograph. In 1898,
1050:
454:, (53.005, -1.25), central England; Castor Bay, (54.50, -6.34), near the SE corner of
2136:
2126:
1991:
1908:
1870:
1465:
1246:
1074:
912:
879:
717:
572:
167:
68:
1435:
201:
2176:
2121:
2026:
1754:
1455:
1414:
1232:
1224:
1046:
1016:
727:
616:
primary allocation: is indicated by writing in capital letters (see example below)
255:
to develop an official radiosonde for the Navy to use. The NBS gave the project to
222:
1589:
495:
2156:
2151:
2116:
2061:
1986:
1854:
1553:
1320:
1181:
939:
DuBois, Multhauf and Ziegler, "The Invention and Development of the Radiosonde",
584:
228:
200:
was announced in 1902 at the French Academy of Sciences. Other researchers, like
173:
107:
48:
1574:
1301:
622:
exclusive or shared utilization: is within the responsibility of administrations
154:
U.S. Bureau of Standards personnel launch radiosonde near Washington, DC in 1936
1874:
1670:
1666:
1146:"Linemen Cautioned About Disengaging Radiosonde," Electrical World, 15 May 1943
518:, which have precise control over their location and can compensate for drift.
499:
410:
359:
309:
240:
123:
80:
1357:
Did You Know? We’re testing new weather balloons: from Cornwall to Antarctica!
1237:
1037:
Clarke, E.T. (September 1941). "The radiosonde: The stratosphere laboratory".
561:
used for meteorological, including hydrological, observations and exploration.
2201:
2181:
2166:
2071:
1850:
1826:
1682:
1646:
1469:
1460:
515:
420:
370:
1953:
1516:
meteorological aids service / meteorological aids radiocommunication service
1336:
1313:
158:
142:
2171:
2161:
2051:
1834:
1742:
1730:
1706:
1698:
952:
Vernoff, S. "Radio-Transmission of Cosmic Ray Data from the Stratosphere",
763:
447:
286:
282:
197:
2141:
2131:
2111:
2101:
2066:
2011:
1882:
1395:"Impact of Balloon Drift Errors in Radiosonde Data on Climate Statistics"
1228:
737:
455:
64:
1393:
McGrath, Ray; Semmler, Tido; Sweeney, Conor; Wang, Shiyu (15 Jul 2006).
2146:
2091:
2086:
2056:
2031:
2021:
1996:
1966:
1419:
1394:
511:
503:
366:
362:, Philippines, reached an altitude of 155,092 ft (47,272 m).
318:
232:
193:
84:
76:
1498:"How plugging data gaps will transform our response to climate change"
1175:
Radiosonde Observations and Their Use in SPARC-Related Investigations.
1020:
2016:
1981:
1976:
1971:
828:
491:
428:
385:
354:
119:
96:
44:
381:. The weight of a radiosonde is typically 250 g (8.8 oz).
2186:
587:, kite or parachute, and which transmits meteorological data. Each
580:
514:
regions in the stratosphere. This issue may in future be solved by
471:
467:
443:
346:
92:
60:
56:
1070:
A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology
27:
2006:
1095:"NBS radio meteorographs :: Historic Photographs Collection"
748:
498:, all useful for the interpretation of the atmosphere's vertical
463:
451:
439:
187:
1202:
1569:
342:
334:
298:
294:
235:, making it easy to use without special equipment or training.
2106:
2041:
1822:
742:
604:
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to
338:
290:
111:
100:
1799:
Satellite emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
1119:"Harry Diamond Memorial Award - Past Recipients - IEEE-USA"
707:
208:, were working at the same times with similar instruments.
72:
1559:
WMO spreadsheet of all Upper Air stations around the world
813:"Frequently asked questions about NWS observation program"
126:
data, and hundreds are launched all over the world daily.
1392:
973:
DuBois, John; Multhauf, Robert; Ziegler, Charles (2002).
1484:"The gaps in the Global Basic Observing Network (GBON)"
435:
23:
Modern radiosondes showing progress of miniaturisation
1433:
972:
745:- a Japanese manufacturer of meteorological balloons
612:
might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.
162:
US sailors launching a radiosonde during World War 2
47:
instrument carried into the atmosphere usually by a
619:
secondary allocation: is indicated by small letters
274:The expansion of economically important government
1580:NOAA National Weather Service Radiosonde Factsheet
1795:Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
791:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
477:
446:, (lat,lon)=(50.218, -5.327), SW tip of England;
2199:
1157:"1943-radiosonde-fatality.JPG (758x1280 pixels)"
782:
595:in which it operates permanently or temporarily.
146:Meteograph used by the US Weather Bureau in 1898
1554:Upper air data for the world - past and present
825:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
502:profile of temperature and moisture as well as
640:
545:meteorological aids radiocommunication service
391:
1939:
1625:
941:Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology
679:EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
608:of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).
2228:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
1956:meteorological equipment and instrumentation
1209:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1001:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
530:
2238:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
1946:
1932:
1803:Standard frequency and time signal station
1632:
1618:
186:Observatoire de Météorologie Dynamique de
122:. Radiosondes are an essential source of
1459:
1418:
1236:
1187:
835:
681:METEOROLOGICAL-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
1575:Radiosonde Sounding System at webmet.com
641:
305:. The sondes were tracked for two days.
157:
149:
141:
133:
103:concentration are known as ozonesondes.
26:
18:
1297:
1295:
998:
599:
211:In 1924, Colonel William Blaire in the
2200:
1099:nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org
1036:
935:
933:
807:
805:
662:401-402 MHz
2253:International Telecommunication Union
1927:
1613:
1566:Tephigrams and Skew-T log P diagrams.
1062:
1060:
1032:
1030:
876:Découvrir : Mesurer l’atmosphère
866:
864:
537:International Telecommunication Union
301:, each dropped a radiosonde into the
1333:"Federal Meteorological Handbook #3"
1292:
1066:
968:
966:
964:
962:
733:Global horizontal sounding technique
251:In 1936, the U.S. Navy assigned the
1645:
1605:Photo - Radiosonde, Transistor Type
1369:Protecting our observing capability
930:
849:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2014
802:
783:Karin L. Gleason (March 20, 2008).
13:
1570:Radiosonde Museum of North America
1440:Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
1314:U.S. Land-based Rawinsode Stations
1057:
1027:
897:
861:
462:, (55.02, -1.88), NE England; and
14:
2269:
1547:
1039:Journal of the Franklin Institute
959:
909:La météo de A à Z > Définition
685:Mobile except aeronautical mobile
677:SPACE OPERATION (space-to-Earth)
524:World Meteorological Organisation
1907:
1898:
1897:
1640:
1252:
349:lifts the device up through the
1839:Instrument landing system (ILS)
1787:Radio direction-finding station
1649:and systems in accordance with
1532:
1520:
1508:
1490:
1476:
1427:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1325:
1307:
1280:
1265:
1167:
1149:
1140:
1111:
1087:
980:. Smithsonian Institution Press
450:(50.89, 0.318), near SE coast;
2248:Radio stations and systems ITU
1771:Radionavigation mobile station
1739:On-board communication station
1687:High altitude platform station
1277:. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
992:
946:
847:Encyclopædia Britannica online
776:
478:Uses of upper air observations
253:U.S. Bureau of Standards (NBS)
138:Kites used to fly a meteograph
87:readings at high altitude and
16:Meteorological instrumentation
1:
1600:Photo - Early Type Radiosonde
1381:Synoptic and climate stations
1051:10.1016/S0016-0032(41)90950-X
817:Upper-air observation program
769:
571:A radiosonde is an automatic
416:, and atmospheric research.
261:U.S. Army Research Laboratory
106:Radiosondes may operate at a
2208:Telecommunications equipment
1819:Ship's emergency transmitter
1779:Radiolocation mobile station
1775:Radionavigation land station
1564:Interpreting radiosonde data
647:
328:
7:
1272:WMO Global Observing System
821:US National Weather Service
701:
593:radiocommunication service
591:shall be classified by the
577:meteorological aids service
541:meteorological aids service
392:Routine radiosonde launches
341:balloon filled with either
10:
2276:
2213:Atmospheric thermodynamics
1815:Experimental radio station
1783:Radiolocation land station
1767:Radiodetermination station
1751:Aeronautical earth station
1335:. Ofcm.gov. Archived from
723:Atmospheric thermodynamics
563:Furthermore, according to
559:radiocommunication service
510:except perhaps locally in
506:of vertical wind profile.
129:
1962:
1893:
1719:Land mobile earth station
1657:
1585:Sergei Nikolaevich Vernov
1383:Retrieved 1 January 2023.
1371:Retrieved 1 January 2023.
1359:Retrieved 1 January 2023.
1304:Retrieved 1 January 2023.
1289:Retrieved 1 January 2023.
1073:. CRC Press. p. 42.
661:
99:). Radiosondes measuring
1887:Emergency locator beacon
1502:South China Morning Post
1461:10.5194/amt-13-3855-2020
1184:Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
713:Aerography (meteorology)
531:International regulation
424:National Weather Service
281:In 1985, as part of the
2037:Ice accretion indicator
1811:Radio astronomy station
759:Water-activated battery
182:LĂ©on Teisserenc de Bort
2077:Present weather sensor
1759:Aircraft earth station
1679:Survival craft station
1319:March 3, 2016, at the
1275:Upper-air observations
643:Allocation to services
597:
579:usually carried on an
484:thermodynamic diagrams
375:radio direction finder
246:Earth's magnetic field
163:
155:
147:
139:
53:atmospheric parameters
51:that measures various
36:
24:
2223:Measuring instruments
1651:ITU Radio Regulations
1180:June 7, 2007, at the
569:
553:ITU Radio Regulations
488:Skew-T log-P diagrams
458:in Northern Ireland;
161:
153:
145:
137:
89:geographical position
43:is a battery-powered
30:
22:
2258:Atmospheric sounding
2002:Dark adaptor goggles
1879:Multi-satellite link
1835:Radar beacon (racon)
1791:Radio beacon station
1763:Broadcasting station
1747:Aeronautical station
1695:Mobile earth station
1229:10.1029/2022JD036648
1067:Lide, David (2001).
632:frequency allocation
600:Frequency allocation
547:) is – according to
466:, (60.139, -1.183),
414:watches and warnings
323:Aeroflot Flight 1661
1727:Coast earth station
1715:Land mobile station
1667:Terrestrial station
1452:2020AMT....13.3855B
1411:2006JCli...19.3430M
1221:2022JGRD..12736648D
1163:on 8 February 2013.
1013:1989EOSTr..70.1571G
664:METEOROLOGICAL AIDS
407:weather forecasting
303:atmosphere of Venus
276:weather forecasting
206:William Henry Dines
2233:Russian inventions
2047:Lightning detector
1735:Ship earth station
1711:Base earth station
1703:Land earth station
1504:. 31 October 2021.
1420:10.1175/JCLI3804.1
1399:Journal of Climate
1238:20.500.11937/91903
555:(RR) – defined as
164:
156:
148:
140:
37:
25:
2243:Soviet inventions
2218:French inventions
2195:
2194:
2137:Thermo-hygrograph
2127:Sunshine recorder
1992:Ceiling projector
1921:
1920:
1871:Satellite network
1405:(14): 3430–3442.
1287:Weather Balloons!
1080:978-0-8493-1247-2
1021:10.1029/89EO00403
905:"Bureau (Robert)"
718:Atmospheric model
699:
698:
589:radio transmitter
573:radio transmitter
535:According to the
213:U.S. Signal Corps
184:organized at the
69:relative humidity
2265:
2177:Whole sky camera
2122:Stevenson screen
2027:Heat flux sensor
1948:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1911:
1901:
1900:
1867:Satellite system
1755:Aircraft station
1662:
1644:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1446:(7): 3855–3872.
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
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1344:
1329:
1323:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1240:
1200:
1185:
1173:Dian J. Gaffen.
1171:
1165:
1164:
1159:. Archived from
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1125:. Archived from
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1034:
1025:
1024:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
979:
970:
957:
956:, June 29, 1935.
950:
944:
937:
928:
927:
925:
924:
915:. Archived from
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
882:. Archived from
868:
859:
858:
856:
854:
839:
833:
832:
827:. Archived from
809:
800:
799:
797:
796:
780:
728:CTD (instrument)
639:
638:
567:of the ITU RR:
308:Although modern
226:
178:Georges Besançon
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2157:Weather balloon
2152:Transmissometer
2117:Sounding rocket
2062:Pan evaporation
1987:Ceiling balloon
1958:
1952:
1922:
1917:
1889:
1855:Radio altimeter
1831:Secondary radar
1807:Amateur station
1660:
1658:
1653:
1638:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1496:
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1482:
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1432:
1428:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
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1342:
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1331:
1330:
1326:
1321:Wayback Machine
1312:
1308:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1270:
1266:
1201:
1188:
1182:Wayback Machine
1172:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1065:
1058:
1035:
1028:
997:
993:
983:
981:
977:
971:
960:
951:
947:
943:, No. 53, 2002.
938:
931:
922:
920:
903:
902:
898:
889:
887:
870:
869:
862:
852:
850:
841:
840:
836:
811:
810:
803:
794:
792:
781:
777:
772:
704:
684:
682:
680:
678:
666:
602:
533:
480:
394:
331:
241:Geiger counters
229:Pavel Molchanov
220:
174:Gustave Hermite
132:
108:radio frequency
49:weather balloon
17:
12:
11:
5:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2193:
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2190:
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2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1875:Satellite link
1873: |
1847:ILS glide path
1777: |
1691:Mobile station
1665:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1647:Radio stations
1637:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1548:External links
1546:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1489:
1475:
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1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
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1291:
1279:
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1186:
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1110:
1086:
1079:
1056:
1045:(3): 217–238.
1026:
991:
958:
945:
929:
896:
872:"Radiosondage"
860:
834:
831:on 2014-10-09.
801:
774:
773:
771:
768:
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646:
645:
637:
636:
634:
624:
623:
620:
617:
601:
598:
532:
529:
516:weather drones
500:thermodynamics
496:StĂĽve diagrams
479:
476:
411:severe weather
393:
390:
360:Clark Air Base
330:
327:
310:remote sensing
202:Richard AĂźmann
131:
128:
124:meteorological
81:wind direction
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2203:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Wind profiler
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Weather radar
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
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2138:
2135:
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2130:
2128:
2125:
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2110:
2108:
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2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
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2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Pyrheliometer
2070:
2068:
2065:
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2060:
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2055:
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2048:
2045:
2043:
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2018:
2015:
2013:
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1869: |
1868:
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1864:
1861: |
1860:
1857: |
1856:
1853: |
1852:
1851:Marker beacon
1849: |
1848:
1845: |
1844:
1843:ILS localizer
1841: |
1840:
1837: |
1836:
1833: |
1832:
1829: |
1828:
1827:Primary radar
1825: |
1824:
1821: |
1820:
1817: |
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1813: |
1812:
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1808:
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1804:
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1788:
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1784:
1781: |
1780:
1776:
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1772:
1769: |
1768:
1765: |
1764:
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1760:
1757: |
1756:
1753: |
1752:
1749: |
1748:
1745: |
1744:
1741: |
1740:
1737: |
1736:
1733: |
1732:
1729: |
1728:
1725: |
1724:
1723:Coast station
1721: |
1720:
1717: |
1716:
1713: |
1712:
1709: |
1708:
1705: |
1704:
1701: |
1700:
1697: |
1696:
1693: |
1692:
1689: |
1688:
1685: |
1684:
1683:Fixed station
1681: |
1680:
1677: |
1676:
1675:Space station
1673: |
1672:
1671:Earth station
1669: |
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1616:
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1523:
1517:
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1493:
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1471:
1467:
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1457:
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1449:
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1437:
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1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1339:on 2013-12-22
1338:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1310:
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1234:
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1222:
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1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1129:on 2018-07-13
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1061:
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1033:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
976:
969:
967:
965:
963:
955:
949:
942:
936:
934:
919:on 2007-10-29
918:
914:
911:(in French).
910:
906:
900:
886:on 2006-12-07
885:
881:
878:(in French).
877:
873:
867:
865:
848:
844:
838:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
808:
806:
790:
786:
779:
775:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
754:Vilho Väisälä
752:
750:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
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714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
671:
670:
669:
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660:
656:
653:
651:
648:
644:
635:
633:
629:
628:
627:
621:
618:
615:
614:
613:
609:
607:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
568:
566:
565:article 1.109
562:
560:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
528:
525:
519:
517:
513:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
425:
422:
421:United States
417:
415:
412:
408:
404:
398:
389:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
371:SCR-658 radar
368:
363:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
326:
324:
320:
314:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
262:
258:
257:Harry Diamond
254:
249:
247:
242:
236:
234:
230:
224:
219:
218:Robert Bureau
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
189:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:
160:
152:
144:
136:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
29:
21:
2172:Weather vane
2162:Weather buoy
2081:
2052:Nephelometer
1954:Earth-based
1863:Space system
1858:
1743:Port station
1731:Ship station
1707:Base station
1699:Land station
1590:SCR-658 pics
1538:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1478:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1341:. Retrieved
1337:the original
1327:
1309:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1251:
1212:
1208:
1169:
1161:the original
1151:
1142:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1122:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1069:
1042:
1038:
1007:(52): 1571.
1004:
1000:
994:
982:. Retrieved
953:
948:
940:
921:. Retrieved
917:the original
913:Météo-France
908:
899:
888:. Retrieved
884:the original
880:Météo-France
875:
851:. Retrieved
846:
843:"Rawinsonde"
837:
829:the original
816:
793:. Retrieved
788:
785:"Ozonesonde"
778:
764:Cricketsonde
663:
642:
625:
610:
605:
603:
592:
588:
585:free balloon
570:
564:
556:
549:Article 1.50
548:
544:
540:
534:
520:
508:
481:
448:Herstmonceux
433:
418:
399:
395:
383:
364:
332:
315:
307:
287:Vega program
283:Soviet Union
280:
273:
269:
265:
250:
237:
210:
198:stratosphere
185:
172:
165:
115:
105:
40:
38:
2142:Thermometer
2132:Tethersonde
2112:Solarimeter
2102:Snow pillow
2067:Pyranometer
2012:Disdrometer
1883:Feeder link
1302:Radiosondes
1123:ieeeusa.org
738:Rocketsonde
630:Example of
456:Lough Neagh
221: [
168:meteographs
65:temperature
2202:Categories
2147:Tide gauge
2092:Snow gauge
2087:Rain gauge
2082:Radiosonde
2057:Nephoscope
2032:Hygrometer
2022:Field mill
1997:Ceilometer
1967:Anemometer
1859:Radiosonde
1595:early pics
1528:radiosonde
1343:2013-09-15
1133:2018-07-13
1104:2018-07-13
923:2008-06-30
890:2008-06-30
795:2011-07-04
770:References
512:jet stream
504:kinematics
492:Tephigrams
386:dropsondes
367:theodolite
351:atmosphere
321:operating
319:Antonov 24
289:, the two
233:Morse code
194:tropopause
116:rawinsonde
85:cosmic ray
77:wind speed
41:radiosonde
2097:Snowboard
2017:Dropsonde
1982:Barometer
1977:Barograph
1972:Atmometer
1470:1867-1381
1259:CC BY 4.0
1247:251652497
657:Region 3
606:Article 5
494:, and or
460:Albemarle
438:launches
429:Caribbean
355:parachute
329:Operation
120:dropsonde
97:longitude
45:telemetry
2187:Windsock
1903:Category
1317:Archived
1261:license.
1178:Archived
984:July 13,
853:June 15,
789:noaa.gov
702:See also
654:Region 2
650:Region 1
581:aircraft
486:such as
472:Scotland
468:Shetland
444:Camborne
347:hydrogen
293:probes,
93:latitude
61:pressure
57:altitude
2007:Dewcell
1659:desig-
1448:Bibcode
1407:Bibcode
1217:Bibcode
1009:Bibcode
749:Vaisala
575:in the
551:of the
543:(also:
464:Lerwick
452:Watnall
440:Vaisala
188:Trappes
130:History
110:of 403
1913:Portal
1661:nation
1468:
1245:
1215:(17).
1077:
954:Nature
683:Fixed
343:helium
335:rubber
299:Vega 2
295:Vega 1
75:(both
2107:SODAR
2042:Lidar
1823:Radar
1243:S2CID
978:(PDF)
743:Totex
339:latex
291:Venus
225:]
101:ozone
1466:ISSN
1075:ISBN
986:2018
855:2014
708:6AK5
539:, a
434:The
419:The
297:and
204:and
196:and
176:and
79:and
73:wind
1456:doi
1415:doi
1233:hdl
1225:doi
1213:127
1047:doi
1043:232
1017:doi
557:"A
474:.
403:UTC
379:GPS
377:or
345:or
337:or
285:'s
112:MHz
83:),
33:GPS
2204::
1500:.
1464:.
1454:.
1444:13
1442:.
1438:.
1413:.
1403:19
1401:.
1397:.
1294:^
1241:.
1231:.
1223:.
1211:.
1207:.
1189:^
1121:.
1097:.
1059:^
1041:.
1029:^
1015:.
1005:70
1003:.
961:^
932:^
907:.
874:.
863:^
845:.
823:,
819:.
815:.
804:^
787:.
583:,
490:,
470:,
436:UK
409:,
388:.
333:A
248:.
223:fr
71:,
67:,
63:,
59:,
39:A
31:A
1947:e
1940:t
1933:v
1633:e
1626:t
1619:v
1486:.
1472:.
1458::
1450::
1423:.
1417::
1409::
1346:.
1249:.
1235::
1227::
1219::
1136:.
1107:.
1083:.
1053:.
1049::
1023:.
1019::
1011::
988:.
926:.
893:.
857:.
798:.
95:/
91:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
