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242:. The standard unit can be an artifact, process, or definition which can be duplicated or shared by all observers. In measurement, the number of standard units which is equal to the observation is counted. Measurement reduces an observation to a number that can be recorded, and two observations which result in the same number are equal within the
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one twin goes on a trip near the speed of light and comes home younger than the twin who stayed at home. This is not a paradox: time passes at a slower rate when measured from a frame moving concerning the object. In relativistic physics, an observation must always be qualified by specifying the
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are allowed in research results. Computerized instruments often keep a copy of the "raw data" from sensors before processing, which is the ultimate defense against processing bias, and similarly, scientific standards require preservation of the original unenhanced "raw" versions of images used as
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Modern scientific instruments can extensively process "observations" before they are presented to the human senses, and particularly with computerized instruments, there is sometimes a question as to where in the data processing chain "observing" ends and "drawing conclusions" begins. This has
449:. How much attention the various perceived data are given depends on an internal value system, which judges how important it is to the individual. Thus two people can view the same event and come away with entirely different perceptions of it, even disagreeing about simple facts. This is why
327:. For example, it is not normally possible to check the air pressure in an automobile tire without letting out some of the air, thereby changing the pressure. However, in most fields of science, it is possible to reduce the effects of observation to insignificance by using better instruments.
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that supported ideas of racial superiority in the early 20th century. Correct scientific technique emphasizes careful recording of observations, separating experimental observations from the conclusions drawn from them, and techniques such as
437:, in which certain details of the incoming sense data are noticed and remembered, and the rest is forgotten. What is kept and what is thrown away depends on an internal model or representation of the world, called by psychologists a
369:, it is found that different observers may observe different values for the length, time rates, mass, and many other properties of an object, depending on the observer's velocity relative to the object. For example, in the
520:. The images are enhanced to bring out features that the researcher wants to emphasize, but this also has the effect of supporting the researcher's conclusions. This is a form of bias that is difficult to quantify. Some
443:, that is built up over our entire lives. The data is fitted into this schema. Later when events are remembered, memory gaps may even be filled by "plausible" data the mind makes up to fit the model; this is called
408:. However, when an observation is made to determine the actual location or state of the object, it always finds the object in a single state, not a "mixture". The interaction of the observation process appears to "
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was developed to allow recording and comparison of observations made at different times and places, by different people. The measurement consists of using observation to compare the phenomenon being observed to a
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One problem encountered throughout scientific fields is that the observation may affect the process being observed, resulting in a different outcome than if the process was unobserved. This is called the
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In some specific fields of science, the results of observation differ depending on factors that are not important in everyday observation. These are usually illustrated with apparent "
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Human observations are biased toward confirming the observer's conscious and unconscious expectations and view of the world; we "
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486:. It can also result in erroneous scientific support for widely held cultural myths, on the other hand, as in the
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of new phenomena, this bias can and has caused new discoveries to be overlooked; one example is the discovery of
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Observations play a role in the second and fifth steps of the scientific method. However, the need for
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Several of the more important ways observations can be affected by human psychology are given below.
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91:. The term may also refer to any data collected during the scientific activity. Observations can be
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Why People
Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time
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requires that observations by different observers can be comparable. Human
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gathered in the experiment, or revise the hypothesis or form a new one and
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loves so well as to change existing forms and to make new ones like them."
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Human senses are limited and subject to errors in perception, such as
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being observed. In isolation, quantum objects are represented by a
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Mendez, Carl
Cedrick L.; Heller, H. Craig; Berenbaum, May (2009).
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the origins of observation are related with the origins of
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Have peers with experience researching the same phenomenon
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have begun to set detailed standards for what types of
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Active acquisition of information from a primary source
955:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022.
937:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017.
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Shipman, James; Wilson, Jerry D.; Todd, Aaron (2009).
733:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017.
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of the hypothesis that have not yet been investigated
478:. Since the object of scientific research is the
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99:if a numerical value is attached to the observed
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429:The human senses do not function like a video
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909:. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 152–163.
71:. In living beings, observation employs the
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1628:Relationship between religion and science
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953:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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165:Test the hypothesis' predictions by an
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63:or perceiving and the acquisition of
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145:Make observations of the phenomenon
79:, observation can also involve the
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1596:History and philosophy of science
798:. US: Macmillan. pp. 13–14.
474:". In psychology, this is called
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882:. MacMillan. pp. 299–302.
825:. Cengage Learning. p. 4.
334:and are thus thermodynamically
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846:Shaw, Julia (Aug 12, 2016).
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876:Shermer, Michael (2002).
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472:see what we expect to see
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123:requires observations of
59:is an act or instance of
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1162:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
1139:Functional contextualism
903:Gardner, Martin (1957).
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621:List of cognitive biases
497:double blind experiments
404:or mixture of different
400:which often exists in a
1887:Epistemology of science
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1436:Scientific essentialism
1385:Model-dependent realism
1320:Constructive empiricism
1213:Evidence-based practice
771:. Springer. p. 9.
641:Observational astronomy
626:Metaphysics of presence
590:Meditations. iv. 36. –
202:of observation and the
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1586:Faith and rationality
1455:Scientific skepticism
1235:Scientific Revolution
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854:. Nature America, Inc
765:Kosso, Peter (2011).
701:Uncertainty principle
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1566:Criticism of science
1441:Scientific formalism
1325:Constructive realism
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363:relativistic physics
158:logical, observable
30:For other uses, see
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1796:Imre Lakatos
1751:Otto Neurath
1726:Karl Pearson
1716:Pierre Duhem
1688:Isaac Newton
1618:Protoscience
1576:Epistemology
1450:Anti-realism
1448: /
1429: /
1420: /
1406: /
1404:Reductionism
1402: /
1375:Inductionism
1355:Evolutionism
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160:consequences
148:Formulate a
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1892:Experiments
1872:Observation
1806:Ian Hacking
1791:Thomas Kuhn
1776:Karl Popper
1756:C. D. Broad
1673:Roger Bacon
1601:Non-science
1543:Linguistics
1523:Archaeology
1418:Rationalism
1408:Determinism
1395:Physicalism
1360:Fallibilism
1310:Coherentism
1240:Testability
1193:Observation
1188:Objectivity
1149:alternative
1080:Correlation
1070:Consilience
970:Observation
671:Observatory
571:experiences
435:abstraction
418:measurement
414:observation
359:Relativity:
271:microscopes
235:measurement
231:qualitative
213:the results
195:the process
175:field study
93:qualitative
65:information
53:Observation
1902:Perception
1866:Categories
1693:David Hume
1666:Precursors
1548:Psychology
1528:Economics‎
1422:Empiricism
1413:Pragmatism
1400:Positivism
1390:Naturalism
1260:scientific
1144:Hypothesis
1107:Experiment
889:1429996765
858:August 13,
751:2022-05-13
713:References
549:evolutions
539:Philosophy
533:Philosophy
291:voltmeters
267:telescopes
244:resolution
227:subjective
185:conclusion
179:simulation
167:experiment
150:hypothesis
141:phenomenon
129:hypotheses
101:phenomenon
81:perception
1897:Knowledge
1882:Cognition
1533:Geography
1501:Chemistry
1460:Scientism
1255:ladenness
1075:Construct
1053:Causality
575:ourselves
545:Cosmology
480:discovery
431:camcorder
352:paradoxes
346:Paradoxes
109:measuring
1877:Aptitude
1828:Category
1480:Vitalism
1303:Theories
1277:Variable
1198:Paradigm
1085:function
1043:A priori
1032:Analysis
1025:Concepts
681:Noumenon
599:See also
588:—
410:collapse
211:evaluate
198:Write a
137:question
105:counting
61:noticing
1538:History
1506:Physics
1496:Biology
1294:more...
1282:control
1178:Inquiry
686:Present
561:of our
340:entropy
279:cameras
204:results
183:Draw a
156:Predict
115:Science
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187:from
177:, or
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