948:
4124:
1826:
3762:
3046:
319:
4119:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}p&=p(U)e^{-{\frac {h-U}{H_{\text{TP}}}}}=p_{0}\left(1-{\frac {LU}{T_{0}}}\right)^{\frac {gM}{RL}}e^{-{\frac {h-U}{H_{\text{TP}}}}}\\\rho &=\rho (U)e^{-{\frac {h-U}{H_{\text{TP}}}}}=\rho _{0}\left(1-{\frac {LU}{T_{0}}}\right)^{{\frac {gM}{RL}}-1}e^{-{\frac {h-U}{H_{\text{TP}}}}}\end{aligned}}}
2762:
1143:
2476:
3483:
148:
3705:
997:
2265:
116:
Depending on the measuring instruments used, different sets of equations for the calculation of the density of air can be applied. Air is a mixture of gases and the calculations always simplify, to a greater or lesser extent, the properties of the mixture.
975:). So when water molecules (water vapor) are added to a given volume of air, the dry air molecules must decrease by the same number, to keep the pressure or temperature from increasing. Hence the mass per unit volume of the gas (its density) decreases.
3266:
3041:{\displaystyle \rho =\rho _{0}e^{\left({\frac {gM}{RL}}-1\right)\ln \left(1-{\frac {Lh}{T_{0}}}\right)}\approx \rho _{0}e^{-\left({\frac {gM}{RL}}-1\right){\frac {Lh}{T_{0}}}}=\rho _{0}e^{-\left({\frac {gMh}{RT_{0}}}-{\frac {Lh}{T_{0}}}\right)}}
5567:
Pollacco, J. A., and B. P. Mohanty (2012), Uncertainties of Water Fluxes in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere
Transfer Models: Inverting Surface Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration Retrieved from Remote Sensing, Vadose Zone Journal, 11(3),
1871:
To calculate the density of air as a function of altitude, one requires additional parameters. For the troposphere, the lowest part (~10 km) of the atmosphere, they are listed below, along with their values according to the
1641:
3567:
3223:
2254:
5540:
Andrade, R.G., Sediyama, G.C., Batistella, M., Victoria, D.C., da Paz, A.R., Lima, E.P., Nogueira, S.F. (2009) Mapeamento de parâmetros biofĂsicos e da evapotranspiração no
Pantanal usando tĂŠcnicas de sensoriamento
314:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho &={\frac {p}{R_{\text{specific}}T}}\\R_{\text{specific}}&={\frac {R}{M}}={\frac {k_{\rm {B}}}{m}}\\\rho &={\frac {pM}{RT}}={\frac {pm}{k_{\rm {B}}T}}\\\end{aligned}}}
3753:
for air (6.5 for nitrogen, 5.7 for oxygen and 4.2 for carbon dioxide). Both the pressure and density obey this law, so, denoting the height of the border between the troposphere and the tropopause as
3767:
153:
3109:
5663:
A., Picard, R.S., Davis, M., Gläser and K., Fujii (2008), Revised formula for the density of moist air (CIPM-2007), Metrologia 45 (2008) 149â155 doi:10.1088/0026-1394/45/2/004, pg 151 Table 1
1476:
5585:
Shin, Y., B. P. Mohanty, and A.V.M. Ines (2013), Estimating
Effective Soil Hydraulic Properties Using Spatially Distributed Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration, Vadose Zone Journal, 12(3),
2647:
125:
Other things being equal (most notably the pressure and humidity), hotter air is less dense than cooler air and will thus rise while cooler air tends to fall. This can be seen by using the
1785:
3532:
km, but for different gasses (measuring their partial pressure), it is again different and depends upon molar mass, giving 8.7 for nitrogen, 7.6 for oxygen and 5.6 for carbon dioxide.
2705:
2757:
1175:
5672:
S. Herrmann, H.-J. Kretzschmar, and D.P. Gatley (2009), ASHRAE RP-1485 Final Report
Thermodynamic Properties of Real Moist Air,Dry Air, Steam, Water, and Ice pg 16 Table 2.1 and 2.2
1138:{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{humid air}}={\frac {p_{\text{d}}}{R_{\text{d}}T}}+{\frac {p_{\text{v}}}{R_{\text{v}}T}}={\frac {p_{\text{d}}M_{\text{d}}+p_{\text{v}}M_{\text{v}}}{RT}}}
3260:. The theoretical value for water vapor is 19.6, but due to vapor condensation the water vapor density dependence is highly variable and is not well approximated by this formula.
610:
2471:{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {pM}{RT}}={\frac {pM}{RT_{0}\left(1-{\frac {Lh}{T_{0}}}\right)}}={\frac {p_{0}M}{RT_{0}}}\left(1-{\frac {Lh}{T_{0}}}\right)^{{\frac {gM}{RL}}-1}}
1671:
1559:
1735:
1508:
1387:
1354:
1321:
1292:
1233:
1204:
521:
2139:
1576:
113:; agricultural engineering (modeling and tracking of Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) models); and the engineering community that deals with compressed air.
3478:{\displaystyle p=p_{0}e^{{\frac {gM}{RL}}\ln \left(1-{\frac {Lh}{T_{0}}}\right)}\approx p_{0}e^{-{\frac {gM}{RL}}{\frac {Lh}{T_{0}}}}=p_{0}e^{-{\frac {gMh}{RT_{0}}}}}
1943:
1908:
1530:
344:
5762:
3144:
2576:
2551:
2526:
2501:
2166:
2161:
2089:
2057:
2027:
1997:
1971:
1805:
1693:
1413:
1259:
565:
471:
418:
392:
366:
5602:
Saito, H., J. Simunek, and B. P. Mohanty (2006), Numerical
Analysis of Coupled Water, Vapor, and Heat Transport in the Vadose Zone, Vadose Zone J. 5: 784-800.
994:. Using this method, error in the density calculation is less than 0.2% in the range of â10 °C to 50 °C. The density of humid air is found by:
5771:
632:
56:. Air density, like air pressure, decreases with increasing altitude. It also changes with variations in atmospheric pressure, temperature and
60:. At 101.325 kPa (abs) and 20 °C (68 °F), air has a density of approximately 1.204 kg/m (0.0752 lb/cu ft), according to the
3053:
1438:
3700:{\displaystyle 1-{\frac {p(h=11{\text{ km}})}{p_{0}}}=1-\left({\frac {T(11{\text{ km}})}{T_{0}}}\right)^{\frac {gM}{RL}}\approx 76\%}
959:
to air (making the air humid) reduces the density of the air, which may at first appear counter-intuitive. This occurs because the
971:
g/mol). For any ideal gas, at a given temperature and pressure, the number of molecules is constant for a particular volume (see
1744:
2658:
5728:
5690:
ICAO, Manual of the ICAO Standard
Atmosphere (extended to 80 kilometres (262 500 feet)), Doc 7488-CD, Third Edition, (1993),
5555:
5481:
ICAO, Manual of the ICAO Standard
Atmosphere (extended to 80 kilometres (262 500 feet)), Doc 7488-CD, Third Edition, 1993,
5796:
5759:
5806:
3560:. Therefore the mass fraction of the troposphere out of all the atmosphere is given using the approximated formula for
5695:
5486:
5399:
1873:
635:
91:
61:
2588:
5707:
U.S. Committee on
Extension to the Standard Atmosphere (COESA) (1976) U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 pg 03 Table 3
5531:
F.R. Martins, R.A. Guarnieri e E.B. Pereira, (2007) O aproveitamento da energia eĂłlica (The wind energy resource).
5299:
2102:
5452:
as dry air is a mixture of gases, its molar mass is the weighted average of the molar masses of its components
1153:
947:
2717:
5513:
A., Picard, R.S., Davis, M., Gläser and K., Fujii (CIPM-2007) Revised formula for the density of moist air
5781:
1820:
588:
17:
5550:
Marshall, John and Plumb, R. Alan (2008), Atmosphere, ocean, and climate dynamics: an introductory text
3545:
1428:
142:
1649:
1537:
5404:
1704:
1566:
1713:
1486:
1365:
1332:
1299:
1270:
1211:
1182:
703:
The following table illustrates the air densityâtemperature relationship at 1 atm or 101.325 kPa:
497:
97:
Air density is a property used in many branches of science, engineering, and industry, including
5643:
2652:
3513:. Note that the hydrostatic equation no longer holds for the exponential approximation (unless
685:
5776:
5611:
Perry, R.H. and
Chilton, C.H., eds., Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1973.
5504:] Altitude Measurement Using Pressure Information:Barometric Altitude and Density Altitude
1569:
at any given temperature is the vapor pressure when relative humidity is 100%. One formula is
5801:
613:
5650:, (updated 2014-03). Methane and Nitrous Oxide, The NOAA Annual greenhouse gas index(AGGI)
2554:
2000:
1921:
1886:
1515:
395:
329:
106:
102:
5754:
8:
5394:
5374:
53:
5681:
Thomas W. Schlatter (2009), Atmospheric
Composition and Vertical Structure pg 15 Table 2
2561:
2536:
2529:
2511:
2486:
2146:
2091:
meters above sea level is approximated by the following formula (only valid inside the
2074:
2042:
2012:
1982:
1956:
1790:
1678:
1398:
1244:
550:
524:
456:
403:
377:
351:
5755:
Air density calculations by Sengpielaudio (section under Speed of sound in humid air)
5724:
5691:
5551:
5482:
5287:
2579:
1808:
1432:
972:
68:
kPa (abs) and 15 °C (59 °F), air has a density of approximately 1.225
5631:
5343:
Volumetric composition value adjustment factor (sum of all trace gases, below the CO
3709:
For nitrogen, it is 75%, while for oxygen this is 79%, and for carbon dioxide, 88%.
3548:, is approximately constant with altitude in the atmosphere, the pressure at height
5586:
5569:
5522:
S. Herrmann, H.-J. Kretzschmar, and D.P. Gatley (2009), ASHRAE RP-1485 Final Report
5498:
Grigorie, T.L., Dinca, L., Corcau J-I. and Grigorie, O. (2010) Aircrafts' [
5384:
5379:
4837:
4832:
1738:
983:
5749:
5620:
5766:
5291:
4741:
4736:
1636:{\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}=0.61078\exp \left({\frac {17.27T}{T+237.3}}\right)}
1570:
5647:
5000:
4995:
4392:
4387:
3257:
3127:
2714:
As the temperature varies with height inside the troposphere by less than 25%,
991:
568:
5651:
5790:
5744:
5295:
4689:
4684:
2259:
1949:
1914:
1262:
650:
138:
126:
5277:
Total values may not add up to exactly 100% due to roundoff and uncertainty.
4242:
4237:
1877:
1416:
692:
616:
for dry air, which using the values presented above would be approximately
421:
3218:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{H_{n}}}={\frac {gM}{RT_{0}}}-{\frac {L}{T_{0}}}}
2249:{\displaystyle p=p_{0}\left(1-{\frac {Lh}{T_{0}}}\right)^{\frac {gM}{RL}}}
978:
The density of humid air may be calculated by treating it as a mixture of
5590:
5573:
5409:
5235:
5230:
2092:
2034:
987:
956:
489:
449:
110:
98:
4293:
4288:
3718:
3488:
3126:, the height scale of the exponential fall for density (as well as for
3114:
2504:
2060:
960:
696:
678:
474:
5750:
Air density and density altitude calculations and by Richard Shelquist
1825:
979:
94:(ISA). Pure liquid water is 1,000 kg/m (62 lb/cu ft).
3721:, the temperature is approximately constant with altitude (up to ~20
5472:
Olson, Wayne M. (2000) AFFTC-TIH-99-01, Aircraft Performance Flight
4638:
4633:
3552:
is proportional to the integral of the density in the column above
942:
657:
580:
485:
369:
57:
5389:
5247:~0.25% by mass over full atmosphere, locally 0.001â5% by volume.
5244:~0.25% by mass over full atmosphere, locally 0.001â5% by volume.
4951:
4946:
4590:
4585:
4539:
4534:
1696:
642:
73:
69:
5782:
Revised formula for the density of moist air (CIPM-2007) by NIST
5621:
Shelquist, R (2009) Equations - Air Density and Density Altitude
2258:
Density can then be calculated according to a molar form of the
4894:
4889:
4491:
4486:
543:
445:
49:
3141:
as one would expect for an isothermal atmosphere, but rather:
5057:
5052:
4789:
4784:
4344:
4339:
539:
441:
87:
4443:
4438:
3556:, and therefore to the mass in the atmosphere above height
45:
5719:
Wallace, John M. and Peter V. Hobbs. Atmospheric Science;
951:
Effect of temperature and relative humidity on air density
40:
5760:
Air density calculator by Engineering design encyclopedia
5500:
5176:
5169:
2099:
km above Earth's surface (and lower away from Equator)):
5443:
In the SI unit system. However, other units can be used.
967:
g/mol) is less than the molar mass of dry air (around 29
1427:
The vapor pressure of water may be calculated from the
5777:
Air iTools - Air density calculator for mobile by JSyA
3263:
The pressure can be approximated by another exponent:
3256:: It is 10.9 for nitrogen, 9.2 for oxygen and 6.3 for
2720:
2591:
5360:
5246:
4161:
4158:
4155:
3765:
3570:
3269:
3147:
3056:
2765:
2661:
2564:
2539:
2514:
2489:
2268:
2169:
2149:
2105:
2077:
2045:
2015:
1985:
1959:
1924:
1889:
1793:
1747:
1716:
1681:
1652:
1579:
1540:
1518:
1489:
1441:
1401:
1368:
1335:
1302:
1273:
1247:
1214:
1185:
1156:
1000:
591:
553:
500:
459:
406:
380:
354:
332:
151:
5632:
Shelquist, R (2009) Algorithms - Schlatter and Baker
1573:
from used to find the saturation vapor pressure is:
1973:, earth-surface gravitational acceleration, 9.80665
137:The density of dry air can be calculated using the
4118:
3699:
3477:
3217:
3104:{\displaystyle \rho \approx \rho _{0}e^{-h/H_{n}}}
3103:
3040:
2751:
2699:
2641:
2570:
2545:
2520:
2495:
2470:
2248:
2155:
2133:
2083:
2051:
2021:
1991:
1965:
1937:
1902:
1799:
1779:
1729:
1687:
1665:
1635:
1553:
1524:
1502:
1470:
1407:
1381:
1348:
1315:
1286:
1253:
1227:
1198:
1169:
1137:
604:
559:
515:
465:
412:
386:
360:
338:
313:
1910:, sea level standard atmospheric pressure, 101325
5788:
5642:Partial sources for figures: Base constituents,
1471:{\displaystyle p_{\text{v}}=\phi p_{\text{sat}}}
1323:, specific gas constant for water vapor, 461.495
653:), dry air has a density of approximately 1.2754
5772:Atmospheric pressure calculator by wolfdynamics
5745:Conversions of density units Ď by Sengpielaudio
5715:
5713:
3743:, so that the exponential drop is faster, with
2642:{\textstyle \rho _{0}={\frac {p_{0}M}{RT_{0}}}}
671:kPa, dry air has a density of 1.2041 kg/m.
27:Mass per unit volume of the Earth's atmosphere
5625:
5614:
3243:Note that for different gasses, the value of
2585:Note that the density close to the ground is
5710:
2709:
1235:, specific gas constant for dry air, 287.058
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5310:
5308:
1821:Barometric formula § Density equations
1780:{\displaystyle p_{\text{d}}=p-p_{\text{v}}}
707:Effect of temperature on properties of air
1814:
5596:
5579:
5268:Concentration pertains to the troposphere
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5115:
5112:
5102:
5096:
5089:
5086:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5025:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4940:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4134:Composition of dry atmosphere, by volume
2700:{\displaystyle {\frac {dp}{dh}}=-g\rho .}
2029:, ideal (universal) gas constant, 8.31446
5605:
5561:
5544:
5534:
5525:
5516:
5507:
5492:
5475:
5466:
5422:
5337:
5305:
5280:
5271:
5262:
2752:{\textstyle {\frac {Lh}{T_{0}}}<0.25}
1945:, sea level standard temperature, 288.15
1824:
1170:{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{humid air}}}
946:
14:
5789:
1880:instead of the air specific constant:
5648:NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
5646:, (updated 2014-03). Carbon dioxide,
4138:
3491:solution, with the same height scale
3252:differs, according to the molar mass
1389:, molar mass of water vapor, 0.018016
5222:Not included in above dry atmosphere
3717:Higher than the troposphere, at the
2651:It can be easily verified that the
688:, dry air has a density of 0.074887
605:{\displaystyle R_{\text{specific}}}
24:
5723:. Elsevier. Second Edition, 2006.
3694:
1356:, molar mass of dry air, 0.0289652
1206:, partial pressure of dry air (Pa)
507:
295:
230:
25:
5818:
5738:
5400:International Standard Atmosphere
3729:K. This means that at this layer
1874:International Standard Atmosphere
1673:, saturation vapor pressure (kPa)
1177:, density of the humid air (kg/m)
636:standard temperature and pressure
105:; the air-conditioning industry;
92:International Standard Atmosphere
62:International Standard Atmosphere
3535:
1710:The partial pressure of dry air
5701:
5684:
5675:
5666:
5657:
5636:
5446:
4128:
3958:
3952:
3789:
3783:
3647:
3636:
3600:
3583:
1866:
1666:{\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}}
1554:{\displaystyle p_{\text{sat}}}
1294:, pressure of water vapor (Pa)
120:
13:
1:
5459:
5326:10%) in summer and up to 0.02
3712:
1532:, relative humidity (0.0â1.0)
141:, expressed as a function of
1876:, using for calculation the
1807:simply denotes the observed
1730:{\displaystyle p_{\text{d}}}
1503:{\displaystyle p_{\text{v}}}
1382:{\displaystyle M_{\text{v}}}
1349:{\displaystyle M_{\text{d}}}
1316:{\displaystyle R_{\text{v}}}
1287:{\displaystyle p_{\text{v}}}
1228:{\displaystyle R_{\text{d}}}
1199:{\displaystyle p_{\text{d}}}
936:
7:
5368:
1561:, saturation vapor pressure
516:{\displaystyle k_{\rm {B}}}
10:
5823:
5797:Atmospheric thermodynamics
5253:
5225:
5220:
4164:
3546:gravitational acceleration
3487:Which is identical to the
3113:Which is identical to the
2134:{\displaystyle T=T_{0}-Lh}
1818:
940:
571:of dry air, approximately
477:of dry air, approximately
132:
5807:Meteorological quantities
5251:
5243:
4152:
4149:
4146:
2759:and one may approximate:
2710:Exponential approximation
2143:The pressure at altitude
1510:, vapor pressure of water
1429:saturation vapor pressure
738:
729:
720:
711:
5415:
5405:U.S. Standard Atmosphere
5318:concentration up to 0.07
5298:for ideal gas only, see
3540:Further note that since
2071:Temperature at altitude
739:Characteristic specific
5652:Greenhouse gas-Figure 2
5300:volume (thermodynamics)
1815:Variation with altitude
1705:vapor pressure of water
1567:vapor pressure of water
5721:An Introductory Survey
4120:
3701:
3479:
3219:
3117:solution, except that
3105:
3042:
2753:
2701:
2643:
2572:
2547:
2522:
2497:
2472:
2250:
2157:
2135:
2085:
2053:
2023:
2001:temperature lapse rate
1993:
1967:
1939:
1904:
1878:universal gas constant
1863:
1801:
1781:
1731:
1689:
1667:
1637:
1555:
1526:
1504:
1472:
1417:universal gas constant
1409:
1383:
1350:
1317:
1288:
1255:
1229:
1200:
1171:
1139:
952:
606:
561:
517:
467:
414:
388:
362:
340:
315:
4121:
3702:
3480:
3220:
3106:
3043:
2754:
2702:
2644:
2573:
2548:
2523:
2498:
2473:
2251:
2158:
2136:
2086:
2063:of dry air, 0.0289652
2054:
2024:
1994:
1968:
1940:
1938:{\displaystyle T_{0}}
1905:
1903:{\displaystyle p_{0}}
1829:Standard atmosphere:
1828:
1819:Further information:
1802:
1782:
1737:is found considering
1732:
1707:for other equations.
1690:
1668:
1638:
1556:
1527:
1525:{\displaystyle \phi }
1505:
1473:
1410:
1384:
1351:
1318:
1289:
1256:
1230:
1201:
1172:
1140:
950:
941:Further information:
614:specific gas constant
607:
562:
518:
468:
415:
389:
363:
341:
339:{\displaystyle \rho }
316:
129:as an approximation.
5654:, (updated 2014-03).
5644:Nasa earth factsheet
5591:10.2136/vzj2012.0094
5574:10.2136/vzj2011.0167
5347:, and adjusts for 30
3763:
3568:
3267:
3145:
3130:n), is not equal to
3054:
2763:
2718:
2659:
2653:hydrostatic equation
2589:
2562:
2555:absolute temperature
2537:
2512:
2487:
2266:
2167:
2147:
2103:
2075:
2043:
2013:
1983:
1957:
1922:
1887:
1791:
1745:
1714:
1679:
1650:
1577:
1538:
1516:
1487:
1439:
1399:
1366:
1333:
1300:
1271:
1245:
1212:
1183:
1154:
998:
982:. In this case, the
589:
551:
498:
457:
404:
396:absolute temperature
378:
352:
346:, air density (kg/m)
330:
149:
107:atmospheric research
103:gravimetric analysis
5395:Atmosphere of Earth
4135:
741:acoustic impedance
708:
90:, according to the
36:atmospheric density
5765:2021-12-18 at the
4133:
4116:
4114:
3697:
3475:
3215:
3101:
3038:
2749:
2697:
2639:
2568:
2543:
2530:ideal gas constant
2518:
2493:
2468:
2246:
2153:
2131:
2095:, no more than ~18
2081:
2049:
2019:
1989:
1963:
1935:
1900:
1864:
1797:
1777:
1727:
1685:
1663:
1633:
1551:
1522:
1500:
1468:
1435:. It is found by:
1405:
1379:
1346:
1313:
1284:
1251:
1225:
1196:
1167:
1135:
963:of water vapor (18
953:
714:temperature
706:
602:
557:
525:Boltzmann constant
513:
463:
410:
384:
358:
336:
311:
309:
76:), which is about
54:Earth's atmosphere
5729:978-0-12-732951-2
5556:978-0-12-558691-7
5366:
5365:
5288:parts per million
4144:
4108:
4105:
4067:
4041:
3992:
3989:
3931:
3928:
3897:
3872:
3823:
3820:
3685:
3661:
3645:
3614:
3598:
3471:
3418:
3396:
3348:
3309:
3213:
3193:
3163:
3029:
3004:
2946:
2913:
2860:
2810:
2741:
2680:
2637:
2580:absolute pressure
2571:{\displaystyle p}
2546:{\displaystyle T}
2521:{\displaystyle R}
2496:{\displaystyle M}
2458:
2432:
2398:
2361:
2353:
2293:
2243:
2218:
2156:{\displaystyle h}
2084:{\displaystyle h}
2052:{\displaystyle M}
2022:{\displaystyle R}
1992:{\displaystyle L}
1966:{\displaystyle g}
1809:absolute pressure
1800:{\displaystyle p}
1774:
1755:
1724:
1688:{\displaystyle T}
1660:
1627:
1587:
1548:
1497:
1465:
1449:
1433:relative humidity
1408:{\displaystyle R}
1376:
1343:
1310:
1281:
1254:{\displaystyle T}
1222:
1193:
1164:
1133:
1121:
1111:
1098:
1088:
1073:
1066:
1055:
1041:
1034:
1023:
1008:
934:
933:
599:
560:{\displaystyle m}
466:{\displaystyle M}
413:{\displaystyle R}
387:{\displaystyle T}
361:{\displaystyle p}
305:
273:
239:
217:
199:
186:
179:
64:(ISA). At 101.325
16:(Redirected from
5814:
5732:
5717:
5708:
5705:
5699:
5698:. pg E-x Table B
5688:
5682:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5655:
5640:
5634:
5629:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5594:
5583:
5577:
5565:
5559:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5505:
5496:
5490:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5453:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5385:Lighter than air
5380:Atmospheric drag
5352:
5350:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5312:
5303:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5124:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5071:
5040:
5034:
4934:
4928:
4877:
4871:
4833:Nitrogen dioxide
4142:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4086:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4030:
4022:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3970:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3920:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3861:
3853:
3839:
3838:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3801:
3752:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3724:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3631:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3578:
3531:
3512:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3455:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3329:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3239:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3088:
3072:
3071:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3018:
3010:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2988:
2977:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2881:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2841:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2781:
2780:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2722:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2413:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2199:
2185:
2184:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2121:
2120:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1862:
1852:
1840:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1741:, resulting in:
1739:partial pressure
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1695:, temperature (°
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1607:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1571:Tetens' equation
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
990:is known as the
984:partial pressure
970:
966:
955:The addition of
709:
705:
691:
684:
677:
670:
666:
656:
648:
641:
622:
621:
611:
609:
608:
603:
601:
600:
597:
578:
576:
566:
564:
563:
558:
537:
535:
532:
522:
520:
519:
514:
512:
511:
510:
483:
482:
472:
470:
469:
464:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
419:
417:
416:
411:
393:
391:
390:
385:
367:
365:
364:
359:
345:
343:
342:
337:
320:
318:
317:
312:
310:
306:
304:
300:
299:
298:
287:
279:
274:
272:
264:
256:
240:
235:
234:
233:
223:
218:
210:
201:
200:
197:
187:
185:
181:
180:
177:
167:
85:
84:
80:
67:
21:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5787:
5786:
5767:Wayback Machine
5741:
5736:
5735:
5718:
5711:
5706:
5702:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5584:
5580:
5566:
5562:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5497:
5493:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5423:
5418:
5371:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:10%) in winter.
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5292:Volume fraction
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5256:
5239:
5122:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5069:
5061:
5038:
5032:
5004:
4955:
4932:
4926:
4898:
4875:
4869:
4841:
4737:Carbon monoxide
4693:
4642:
4543:
4396:
4297:
4246:
4131:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4098:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4059:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4021:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3986:
3982:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3921:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3889:
3881:
3879:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3830:
3817:
3813:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3773:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3677:
3669:
3667:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3579:
3577:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3538:
3529:
3527:
3517:is neglected).
3507:
3500:
3492:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3398:
3388:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3328:
3321:
3317:
3301:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3251:
3237:
3235:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3168:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3125:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3009:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2926:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2298:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2004:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1771:
1767:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1565:The saturation
1545:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1462:
1458:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1420:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1261:, temperature (
1246:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
968:
964:
945:
939:
748:
742:
740:
733:
731:
724:
722:
715:
713:
689:
682:
675:
668:
664:
654:
646:
639:
619:
617:
596:
592:
590:
587:
586:
574:
572:
552:
549:
548:
533:
530:
528:
506:
505:
501:
499:
496:
495:
480:
478:
458:
455:
454:
436:
433:
430:
427:
425:
405:
402:
401:
379:
376:
375:
353:
350:
349:
331:
328:
327:
308:
307:
294:
293:
289:
288:
280:
278:
265:
257:
255:
248:
242:
241:
229:
228:
224:
222:
209:
202:
196:
192:
189:
188:
176:
172:
171:
166:
159:
152:
150:
147:
146:
135:
123:
82:
78:
77:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5820:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5740:
5739:External links
5737:
5734:
5733:
5709:
5700:
5683:
5674:
5665:
5656:
5635:
5624:
5613:
5604:
5595:
5578:
5560:
5543:
5533:
5524:
5515:
5506:
5491:
5474:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5445:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5344:
5336:
5315:
5304:
5279:
5270:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5174:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5101:
5100:0.02 to 0.07
5095:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4996:Sulfur dioxide
4992:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4388:Carbon dioxide
4384:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4130:
4127:
4101:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3985:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3924:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3748:
3725:km) and is 220
3714:
3711:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3537:
3534:
3523:
3505:
3496:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3258:carbon dioxide
3247:
3231:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3134:
3128:number density
3121:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2748:
2745:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2711:
2708:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2583:
2582:
2567:
2557:
2542:
2532:
2517:
2507:
2492:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2152:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2080:
2069:
2068:
2048:
2038:
2018:
2008:
1988:
1978:
1962:
1952:
1932:
1928:
1917:
1897:
1893:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1848:
1836:
1816:
1813:
1796:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1751:
1720:
1701:
1700:
1684:
1674:
1656:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1533:
1521:
1511:
1493:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1445:
1425:
1424:
1404:
1394:
1372:
1361:
1339:
1328:
1306:
1295:
1277:
1266:
1250:
1240:
1218:
1207:
1189:
1178:
1160:
1131:
1128:
1117:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1004:
992:vapor pressure
973:Avogadro's Law
938:
935:
932:
931:
928:
925:
922:
918:
917:
914:
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
880:
876:
875:
872:
869:
866:
862:
861:
858:
855:
852:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
834:
833:
830:
827:
824:
820:
819:
816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
799:
796:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
778:
777:
774:
771:
768:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
750:
749:
746:
737:
728:
719:
701:
700:
672:
667:°C and 101.325
661:
625:
624:
595:
584:
569:molecular mass
556:
546:
509:
504:
493:
462:
452:
409:
399:
383:
373:
357:
347:
335:
303:
297:
292:
286:
283:
277:
271:
268:
263:
260:
254:
251:
249:
247:
244:
243:
238:
232:
227:
221:
216:
213:
208:
205:
203:
195:
191:
190:
184:
175:
170:
165:
162:
160:
158:
155:
154:
145:and pressure:
134:
131:
122:
119:
32:density of air
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5819:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5704:
5697:
5696:92-9194-004-6
5693:
5687:
5678:
5669:
5660:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5617:
5608:
5599:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5537:
5528:
5519:
5510:
5503:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5487:92-9194-004-6
5484:
5478:
5469:
5465:
5449:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5340:
5311:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5296:mole fraction
5293:
5289:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5241:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5171:Dry air total
5168:
5167:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5120:
5119:
5087:0.01 to 0.10
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4688:
4686:
4685:Nitrous oxide
4683:
4682:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4141:
4137:
4126:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3922:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3758:
3756:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3720:
3710:
3707:
3691:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3652:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3609:
3605:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:Total content
3533:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3048:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2746:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2707:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2654:
2649:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2581:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2261:
2260:ideal gas law
2256:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2163:is given by:
2150:
2141:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2094:
2078:
2062:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1986:
1979:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1916:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1839:= 101.325 kPa
1835:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1794:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1682:
1675:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1542:
1534:
1519:
1512:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1402:
1395:
1370:
1362:
1337:
1329:
1304:
1296:
1275:
1267:
1264:
1248:
1241:
1216:
1208:
1187:
1179:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1129:
1126:
1115:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1028:
1017:
1011:
1002:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
962:
958:
949:
944:
929:
926:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:
761:
758:
755:
752:
751:
745:
736:
727:
718:
710:
704:
698:
694:
687:
680:
673:
662:
659:
652:
644:
637:
634:
630:
629:
628:
615:
593:
585:
582:
570:
554:
547:
545:
541:
526:
502:
494:
491:
487:
476:
460:
453:
451:
447:
443:
423:
407:
400:
397:
381:
374:
371:
355:
348:
333:
326:
325:
324:
321:
301:
290:
284:
281:
275:
269:
266:
261:
258:
252:
250:
245:
236:
225:
219:
214:
211:
206:
204:
193:
182:
173:
168:
163:
161:
156:
144:
140:
139:ideal gas law
130:
128:
127:ideal gas law
118:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
75:
74:lb/cu ft
72:(0.0765
71:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5802:Mass density
5720:
5703:
5686:
5677:
5668:
5659:
5638:
5627:
5616:
5607:
5598:
5581:
5563:
5546:
5536:
5527:
5518:
5509:
5499:
5494:
5477:
5468:
5448:
5339:
5294:is equal to
5282:
5273:
5264:
5221:
5177:
5170:
5065:0.02 to 0.07
4191:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4162:US StdAtm76
4143:(and others)
4139:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3716:
3708:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3539:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3262:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3228:
3227:Which gives
3226:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3049:
2713:
2650:
2584:
2479:
2257:
2142:
2070:
1870:
1861:= 1.225 kg/m
1855:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1831:
1709:
1702:
1564:
1479:
1426:
1146:
977:
954:
743:
734:
725:
716:
702:
626:
422:gas constant
322:
136:
124:
115:
96:
39:
35:
31:
29:
5731:. Chapter 1
5410:NRLMSISE-00
5290:by volume.
5231:Water vapor
5121:Trace to 30
4827:0.0000087%
4821:0.0000087%
4719:0.0000320%
4568:0.0001774%
4232:percentage
4226:percentage
4220:percentage
4214:percentage
4208:percentage
4202:percentage
4129:Composition
2093:troposphere
1867:Troposphere
988:water vapor
980:ideal gases
957:water vapor
627:Therefore:
368:, absolute
143:temperature
121:Temperature
111:meteorology
99:aeronautics
18:Air density
5791:Categories
5460:References
5213:1,000,080
5207:1,000,000
5201:1,000,000
4935:0.000001%
4878:0.000002%
4815:0.000009%
4701:0.0000325%
4667:0.000056%
4628:0.000114%
4622:0.000114%
4616:0.000114%
4529:0.000524%
4523:0.000524%
4517:0.000524%
4481:0.001818%
4475:0.001818%
4469:0.001818%
4156:Schlatter
4150:CIPM-2007
3719:tropopause
3713:Tropopause
3544:, Earth's
3489:isothermal
3115:isothermal
2505:molar mass
2061:molar mass
1851:= 288.15 K
961:molar mass
681:and 14.696
623:in Jâ
kgâ
K.
475:molar mass
38:, denoted
5195:1,000,000
5189:1,000,000
5183:1,000,000
5146:0.00029%
4905:0.000001%
4848:0.000002%
4809:0.00001%
4797:0.000009%
4761:0.00002%
4725:0.00005%
4713:0.00003%
4679:0.00005%
4673:0.00005%
4661:0.00005%
4649:0.000055%
4610:0.00011%
4598:0.000114%
4562:0.00015%
4550:0.000181%
4511:0.00052%
4499:0.000524%
4463:0.00182%
4451:0.001818%
4334:20.9476%
4328:20.9476%
4316:20.9435%
4265:78.0818%
4092:−
4083:−
4070:−
4019:−
4001:ρ
3976:−
3967:−
3950:ρ
3940:ρ
3915:−
3906:−
3850:−
3807:−
3798:−
3695:%
3689:≈
3623:−
3575:−
3441:−
3376:−
3358:≈
3326:−
3315:
3196:−
3079:−
3065:ρ
3061:≈
3058:ρ
3007:−
2969:−
2955:ρ
2916:−
2888:−
2874:ρ
2870:≈
2838:−
2827:
2813:−
2774:ρ
2767:ρ
2692:ρ
2686:−
2594:ρ
2461:−
2410:−
2331:−
2270:ρ
2196:−
2123:−
1765:−
1600:
1520:ϕ
1456:ϕ
1423:J/(K¡mol)
1419:, 8.31446
1163:humid air
1159:ρ
1007:humid air
1003:ρ
937:Humid air
721:Speed of
334:ρ
246:ρ
157:ρ
48:per unit
44:, is the
5763:Archived
5369:See also
5216:100.00%
5210:100.00%
5204:100.00%
5198:100.00%
5041:0.0001%
4803:0.00001%
4755:0.00002%
4749:0.00001%
4707:0.00003%
4655:0.00005%
4634:Hydrogen
4604:0.00011%
4580:0.0002%
4574:0.0002%
4556:0.00015%
4505:0.00052%
4457:0.00182%
4433:0.0314%
4427:0.0314%
4421:0.0384%
4415:0.0385%
4403:0.03978%
4382:0.9340%
4376:0.9340%
4370:0.9340%
4364:0.9332%
4331:209,476
4325:209,476
4322:20.946%
4319:209,460
4310:20.9390%
4283:78.084%
4280:780,840
4277:78.084%
4274:780,840
4271:78.084%
4268:780,840
4259:78.0848%
4238:Nitrogen
4184:collapse
4147:Various
3751:= 6.3 km
3644: km
3597: km
2003:, 0.0065
1327:J/(kg¡K)
1239:J/(kg¡K)
943:Humidity
730:Density
712:Celsius
598:specific
370:pressure
198:specific
178:specific
86:that of
58:humidity
5390:Density
5330:ppmv (2
5322:ppmv (7
5255:â˝ notes
5192:100.00%
5186:100.00%
5090:1 to 10
4947:Ammonia
4586:Krypton
4535:Methane
4409:0.0400%
4358:0.9332%
4352:0.9340%
4313:209,435
4307:209,390
4304:20.950%
4301:209,500
4262:780,818
4256:780,848
4253:78.080%
4250:780,800
4153:ASHRAE
3741:= 220 K
2655:holds:
2480:where:
1643:where:
1594:0.61078
1480:where:
1147:where:
732:of air
645:and 100
618:287.050
567:is the
523:is the
473:is the
420:is the
323:where:
133:Dry air
81:⁄
5727:
5694:
5554:
5541:remoto
5485:
5349:
5328:
5320:
5286:ppmv:
5123:
5110:10%
5106:2 to 7
5068:2 to 7
4890:Iodine
4824:0.087
4818:0.087
4716:0.320
4565:1.774
4487:Helium
4478:18.18
4472:18.18
4466:18.18
4379:9,340
4373:9,340
4367:9,340
4289:Oxygen
4178:expand
3727:
3723:
3530:
3528:is 8.4
3238:
3236:= 10.4
3050:Thus:
2097:
2067:kg/mol
2065:
2031:
2005:
1975:
1947:
1912:
1787:where
1421:
1393:kg/mol
1391:
1360:kg/mol
1358:
1325:
1237:
969:
965:
930:449.1
927:1.4224
924:315.77
916:444.6
913:1.3943
910:318.94
902:440.3
899:1.3673
896:322.07
888:436.1
885:1.3413
882:325.18
874:432.1
871:1.3163
868:328.25
860:428.0
857:1.2922
854:331.30
846:424.3
843:1.2690
840:334.32
832:420.5
829:1.2466
826:337.31
818:416.9
815:1.2250
812:340.27
804:413.3
801:1.2041
798:343.21
790:409.4
787:1.1839
784:346.13
776:406.5
773:1.1644
770:349.02
762:403.2
759:1.1455
756:351.88
723:sound
690:
683:
676:
669:
665:
655:
647:
640:
612:, the
66:
50:volume
5416:Notes
5351:ppmv)
5125:ppm
5104:Up to
5098:Up to
5053:Ozone
5039:Up to
5035:1.00
5033:Up to
5011:trace
5008:trace
4962:trace
4959:trace
4933:Up to
4929:0.01
4927:Up to
4876:Up to
4872:0.02
4870:Up to
4812:0.09
4785:Xenon
4698:0.325
4664:0.56
4625:1.14
4619:1.14
4613:1.14
4526:5.24
4520:5.24
4514:5.24
4448:18.18
4400:397.8
4361:9,332
4355:9,332
4349:9,340
4340:Argon
4229:ppmv
4223:ppmv
4217:ppmv
4199:ppmv
4187:table
4159:ICAO
1624:237.3
1610:17.27
674:At 70
663:At 20
633:IUPAC
529:1.380
479:0.028
426:8.314
88:water
5725:ISBN
5692:ISBN
5552:ISBN
5483:ISBN
5094:10%
4902:0.01
4845:0.02
4794:0.09
4722:0.5
4676:0.5
4670:0.5
4646:0.55
4595:1.14
4547:1.81
4496:5.24
4460:18.2
4454:18.2
4439:Neon
4430:314
4424:314
4418:384
4211:ppmv
4205:ppmv
3736:and
3240:km.
2747:0.25
2744:<
1703:See
1431:and
620:0676
573:4.81
481:9652
372:(Pa)
109:and
70:kg/m
46:mass
30:The
5587:doi
5570:doi
5501:sic
5375:Air
5178:air
5143:2.9
5072:10%
4806:0.1
4800:0.1
4758:0.2
4752:0.2
4746:0.1
4710:0.3
4704:0.3
4658:0.5
4652:0.5
4607:1.1
4601:1.1
4559:1.5
4553:1.5
4508:5.2
4502:5.2
4412:385
4406:400
4172:Tap
4140:Gas
3734:= 0
2037:¡K)
2035:mol
2033:J/(
2007:K/m
1977:m/s
1659:sat
1597:exp
1586:sat
1547:sat
1464:sat
986:of
921:â25
907:â20
893:â15
879:â10
686:psi
660:/m.
631:At
579:in
538:in
531:649
490:mol
484:in
450:mol
440:in
434:153
431:618
428:462
398:(K)
83:800
52:of
34:or
5793::
5712:^
5424:^
5307:^
5164:-
5161:-
5158:-
5155:-
5152:-
5149:-
5128:â
5116:-
5113:-
5084:-
5047:-
5044:-
5029:-
5026:-
5023:-
5001:SO
4990:-
4987:-
4980:-
4977:-
4974:-
4952:NH
4941:-
4938:-
4923:-
4920:-
4917:-
4884:-
4881:-
4866:-
4863:-
4860:-
4838:NO
4790:Xe
4779:-
4776:-
4773:-
4770:-
4767:-
4764:-
4742:CO
4731:-
4728:-
4591:Kr
4577:2
4571:2
4540:CH
4492:He
4444:Ne
4393:CO
4345:Ar
4181:or
4175:to
4104:TP
3988:TP
3927:TP
3819:TP
3757::
3749:TP
3692:76
3640:11
3593:11
3564::
3510:gM
3503:RT
3501:=
3312:ln
3139:gM
3132:RT
2824:ln
2578:,
2553:,
2528:,
2503:,
2262::
2059:,
1999:,
1915:Pa
1853:,
1841:,
1811:.
1415:,
865:â5
823:10
809:15
795:20
781:25
767:30
753:35
697:ft
693:lb
679:°F
658:kg
651:Pa
643:°C
638:(0
581:kg
577:10
536:10
527:,
486:kg
437:24
424:,
394:,
101:;
5593:.
5589::
5576:.
5572::
5558:.
5489:.
5345:2
5332:Ă
5324:Ă
5316:3
5314:O
5302:.
5240:O
5238:2
5236:H
5140:-
5137:-
5134:-
5131:-
5108:Ă
5092:Ă
5081:-
5078:-
5075:-
5070:Ă
5060:3
5058:O
5020:-
5017:-
5014:-
5003:2
4971:-
4968:-
4965:-
4954:3
4914:-
4911:-
4908:-
4897:2
4895:I
4857:-
4854:-
4851:-
4840:2
4694:O
4692:2
4690:N
4641:2
4639:H
4542:4
4395:2
4296:2
4294:O
4245:2
4243:N
4192:â˛
4167:âź
4100:H
4095:U
4089:h
4079:e
4073:1
4064:L
4061:R
4056:M
4053:g
4045:)
4037:0
4033:T
4028:U
4025:L
4016:1
4012:(
4005:0
3997:=
3984:H
3979:U
3973:h
3963:e
3959:)
3956:U
3953:(
3947:=
3923:H
3918:U
3912:h
3902:e
3894:L
3891:R
3886:M
3883:g
3876:)
3868:0
3864:T
3859:U
3856:L
3847:1
3843:(
3836:0
3832:p
3828:=
3815:H
3810:U
3804:h
3794:e
3790:)
3787:U
3784:(
3781:p
3778:=
3771:p
3755:U
3746:H
3739:T
3732:L
3682:L
3679:R
3674:M
3671:g
3664:)
3657:0
3653:T
3648:)
3637:(
3634:T
3628:(
3620:1
3617:=
3610:0
3606:p
3601:)
3590:=
3587:h
3584:(
3581:p
3572:1
3562:p
3558:h
3554:h
3550:h
3542:g
3525:p
3521:H
3515:L
3508:/
3506:0
3498:p
3494:H
3466:0
3462:T
3458:R
3453:h
3450:M
3447:g
3437:e
3431:0
3427:p
3423:=
3414:0
3410:T
3405:h
3402:L
3393:L
3390:R
3385:M
3382:g
3372:e
3366:0
3362:p
3352:)
3344:0
3340:T
3335:h
3332:L
3323:1
3319:(
3306:L
3303:R
3298:M
3295:g
3288:e
3282:0
3278:p
3274:=
3271:p
3254:M
3249:n
3245:H
3233:n
3229:H
3209:0
3205:T
3201:L
3188:0
3184:T
3180:R
3175:M
3172:g
3166:=
3159:n
3155:H
3151:1
3137:/
3135:0
3123:n
3119:H
3095:n
3091:H
3086:/
3082:h
3075:e
3069:0
3033:)
3025:0
3021:T
3016:h
3013:L
2999:0
2995:T
2991:R
2986:h
2983:M
2980:g
2973:(
2965:e
2959:0
2951:=
2942:0
2938:T
2933:h
2930:L
2923:)
2919:1
2910:L
2907:R
2902:M
2899:g
2892:(
2884:e
2878:0
2864:)
2856:0
2852:T
2847:h
2844:L
2835:1
2831:(
2820:)
2816:1
2807:L
2804:R
2799:M
2796:g
2789:(
2784:e
2778:0
2770:=
2737:0
2733:T
2728:h
2725:L
2695:.
2689:g
2683:=
2677:h
2674:d
2669:p
2666:d
2632:0
2628:T
2624:R
2619:M
2614:0
2610:p
2603:=
2598:0
2566:p
2541:T
2516:R
2491:M
2464:1
2455:L
2452:R
2447:M
2444:g
2436:)
2428:0
2424:T
2419:h
2416:L
2407:1
2403:(
2393:0
2389:T
2385:R
2380:M
2375:0
2371:p
2364:=
2357:)
2349:0
2345:T
2340:h
2337:L
2328:1
2324:(
2318:0
2314:T
2310:R
2305:M
2302:p
2296:=
2290:T
2287:R
2282:M
2279:p
2273:=
2240:L
2237:R
2232:M
2229:g
2222:)
2214:0
2210:T
2205:h
2202:L
2193:1
2189:(
2182:0
2178:p
2174:=
2171:p
2151:h
2129:h
2126:L
2118:0
2114:T
2110:=
2107:T
2079:h
2047:M
2017:R
1987:L
1961:g
1950:K
1931:0
1927:T
1896:0
1892:p
1859:0
1856:Ď
1849:0
1845:T
1837:0
1833:p
1795:p
1773:v
1769:p
1762:p
1759:=
1754:d
1750:p
1723:d
1719:p
1699:)
1697:C
1683:T
1655:p
1630:)
1621:+
1618:T
1613:T
1604:(
1591:=
1582:p
1543:p
1496:v
1492:p
1460:p
1453:=
1448:v
1444:p
1403:R
1375:v
1371:M
1342:d
1338:M
1309:v
1305:R
1280:v
1276:p
1265:)
1263:K
1249:T
1221:d
1217:R
1192:d
1188:p
1130:T
1127:R
1120:v
1116:M
1110:v
1106:p
1102:+
1097:d
1093:M
1087:d
1083:p
1076:=
1070:T
1065:v
1061:R
1054:v
1050:p
1044:+
1038:T
1033:d
1029:R
1022:d
1018:p
1012:=
851:0
837:5
747:0
744:z
735:Ď
726:c
717:θ
699:.
695:/
649:k
594:R
583:.
575:Ă
555:m
544:K
542:â
540:J
534:Ă
508:B
503:k
492:.
488:â
461:M
448:â
446:K
444:â
442:J
408:R
382:T
356:p
302:T
296:B
291:k
285:m
282:p
276:=
270:T
267:R
262:M
259:p
253:=
237:m
231:B
226:k
220:=
215:M
212:R
207:=
194:R
183:T
174:R
169:p
164:=
79:1
41:Ď
20:)
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