Witch-hunt - Knowledge

4668:"The Bull contains no dogmatic decision of any sort on witchcraft. It assumes the possibility of demoniacal influences on human beings which the Church has always maintained, but claims no dogmatic authority for its pronouncement on the particular cases with which it was dealing at the moment. The form of the document, which refers only to certain occurrences which had been brought to the knowledge of the Pope, shws that it was not intended to bind any one to believe in the things mentioned in it. The question whether the Pope himself believed in them has nothing to do with the subject. His judgment on this point has no greater importance than attaches to a Papal decree in any other undogmatic question, e.g., on a dispute about a benefice. The Bull introduced no new element into the current beliefs about witchcraft. It is absurd to accuse it of being the cause of the cruel treatment of witches, when we see in the 4581:), as well as of sorcerers, who were made responsible for a terrible livestock mortality in 810 AD. According to Agobard, the common people in their fury over crop failure had developed the extravagant idea that foreigners were secretly coming with airships to strip their fields of crops, and transmit it to Magonia. These anxieties resulted in severe aggression, and on one occasion around 816 AD, Agobard could hardly prevent a crowd from killing three foreign men and women, perceived as Magonian people. As their supposed homeland's name suggests, the crop failure was associated with magic. The bishop emphasized that thunderstorms were caused exclusively by natural or divine agencies. 3415: 2426: 2647: 3755:, until the Act was repealed in 2013. In 2009, the government reports that extrajudicial torture and murder of alleged witches – usually lone women – are spreading from the highland areas to cities as villagers migrate to urban areas. For example, in June 2013, four women were accused of witchcraft because the family "had a 'permanent house' made of wood, and the family had tertiary educations and high social standing". All of the women were tortured and Helen Rumbali was beheaded. Helen Hakena, chairwoman of the North Bougainville Human Rights Committee, said that the accusations started because of economic jealousy born of a mining boom. 3214: 3075: 3009: 3717:, a Lebanese television presenter who had been arrested whilst on a pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia, was sentenced to death for witchcraft arising out of his fortune-telling on an Arab satellite channel. His appeal was accepted by one court, but a second in Medina upheld his death sentence again in March 2010, stating that he deserved it as he had publicly practised sorcery in front of millions of viewers for several years. In November 2010, the Supreme Court refused to ratify the death sentence, stating that there was insufficient evidence that his actions had harmed others. 3259: 3759:

the province of Simbu in Papua New Guinea alone. Reports indicate this practice of witch-hunting has in some places evolved into "something more malignant, sadistic and voyeuristic." One woman who was attacked by young men from a nearby village "had her genitals burned and fused beyond functional repair by the repeated intrusions of red-hot irons." Few incidents are ever reported, according to the 2012 Law Reform Commission which concluded that they have increased since the 1980s.

2882: 13330: 4616:"There would be no witch persecutions of the sort he envisaged. The Gregorian Inquisition had been established to deal with the religious matter of heresy, not the secular issue of witchcraft. Pope Alexander IV spelled this out clearly in a 1258 canon which forbade inquisitions into sorcery unless there was also manifest heresy. And this view was even confirmed and acknowledged by the infamous inquisitor Bernard Gui (immortalised by Umberto Eco in 3251: 4598:, IX, 592. "In 1080 Harold of Denmark (r. 1076–80) was admonished not to hold old women and Christian priests responsible for storms and diseases, or to slaughter them in the cruelest manner. Like Agobard before him, Pope Gregory VII (r. 1073–85) declared in his letter to the Danish king that these catastrophes were caused by God alone, that they were God's punishment for human sins, and that the killing of the innocent would only increase His fury." 3602: 2665:, for instance, that may produce impotence or abortion. These were also condemned by several Church Fathers. But he altogether rejected the possibility of many of the alleged powers with which witches were popularly credited. Such, for example, were nocturnal riding through the air, the changing of a person's disposition from love to hate, the control of thunder, rain, and sunshine, the transformation of a man into an animal, the intercourse of 2598:. Suspecting these women, he expelled them from the midst of his race and compelled them to wander in solitary exile afar from his army. There the unclean spirits, who beheld them as they wandered through the wilderness, bestowed their embraces upon them and begat this savage race, which dwelt at first in the swamps, a stunted, foul and puny tribe, scarcely human, and having no language save one which bore but slight resemblance to human speech. 47: 4167: 3225:. "In England, most of the accusers and those making written complaints against witches were women." Informers did not have to be revealed to the accused, which was important for the success of the witch trials. In practice, appeals were made to other witnesses to the crimes, so that the first informer was followed by others. In the event of a conviction, the informer sometimes received a third of the accused's assets, but at least 2 3559:. The existence of witches was a belief central to the Santhals. Witches were feared and were supposed to be engaged in anti-social activities. They were also supposed to have the power to kill people by feeding on their entrails, and causing fevers in cattle among other evils. Therefore, according to the adivasi population the cure to their disease and sickness was the elimination of these witches who were seen as the cause. 184: 2779: 3914:, male domination, and economic dependency of women on men. The victims of this form of violence are often beaten, tortured, publicly humiliated, and murdered. Sometimes, the family members of the accused are also assaulted. In 2010, Sarwa Dev Prasad Ojha, Minister for Women and Social Welfare, said, "Superstitions are deeply rooted in our society, and the belief in witchcraft is one of the worst forms of this." 13340: 4673:

process which was totally different from that of the later trials. Possibly the Bull, in so far as it admonished the inquisitors to be on the alert in regard to witchcraft may have given an impetus to the prosecution of such cases; but it affords no justification for the accusation that it introduced a new crime, or was in any way responsible for the iniquitous horrors of the witch-harrying of later times."

3703:, was convicted of practising witchcraft, including casting an impotence spell, and sentenced to death by beheading, after allegedly being beaten and forced to fingerprint a false confession that had not been read to her. After an appeal court had cast doubt on the validity of the death sentence because the confession had been retracted, the lower court reaffirmed the same sentence on a different basis. 2856:(1380–1444). Bernardino's sermons reveal both a phenomenon of superstitious practices and an over-reaction against them by the common people. However, it is clear that Bernardino had in mind not merely the use of spells and enchantments and such like fooleries but much more serious crimes, chiefly murder and infanticide. This is clear from his much-quoted sermon of 1427, in which he says: 2965: 146: 4018:

God) helped them to prepare their medicine. In addition, all witches who did not attend the meal to be identified would be called to account later on by their master, who had risen from the dead, and who would force the witches by means of drums to go to the graveyard, where they would die. Richards noted that the bamucapi created the sense of danger in the villages by rounding up

2869:. Although the trial was politically motivated, and the verdict later overturned, the position of Joan as a woman and an accused witch became significant factors in her execution. Joan's punishment of being burned alive (victims were usually strangled before burning) was reserved solely for witches and heretics, the implication being that a burned body could not be resurrected on 2347:; into the holy river shall he plunge. If the holy river overcomes him and he is drowned, the man who put the spell upon him shall take possession of his house. If the holy river declares him innocent and he remains unharmed the man who laid the spell shall be put to death. He that plunged into the river shall take possession of the house of him who laid the spell upon him. 3887:

commit suicide. Most cases are not documented because it is difficult for poor and illiterate women to travel from isolated regions to file police reports. Less than 2 percent of those accused of witch-hunting are actually convicted, according to a study by the Free Legal Aid Committee, a group that works with victims in the state of Jharkhand.

4607:"Witches were executed at Novgorod in 1227, and after a severe famine in the years 1271–1274 Bishop Serapion of Vladimir asked in a sermon: 'you believe in witchcraft and burn innocent people and bring down murder upon earth and the city ... Out of what books or writings do you learn that famine in earth is brought about by witchcraft?'" 3098:. Hopkins' witch-hunting spree was brief but significant: 300 convictions and deaths are attributed to his work. Hopkins wrote a book on his methods, describing his fortuitous beginnings as a witch-hunter, the methods used to extract confessions, and the tests he employed to test the accused: stripping them naked to find the 3028:

about witchcraft and demonological ideas, strongly influenced the hunt for witches in the North. These witch-hunts were at least partly driven by economic factors since a significant relationship between economic pressure and witch hunting activity can be found for regions such as Bavaria and Scotland.

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Witch-hunts against children were reported by the BBC in 1999 in the Congo and in Tanzania, where the government responded to attacks on women accused of being witches for having red eyes. A lawsuit was launched in 2001 in Ghana, where witch-hunts are also common, by a woman accused of being a witch.

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Whatever the position of individual clerics, witch-hunting seems to have persisted as a cultural phenomenon. Throughout the early medieval period, notable rulers prohibited both witchcraft and pagan religions, often on pain of death. Under Charlemagne, for example, Christians who practiced witchcraft

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and early theologians, who made little distinction between witchcraft and the practices of pagan religions. Many believed witchcraft did not exist in a philosophical sense: Witchcraft was based on illusions and powers of evil, which Augustine likened to darkness, a non-entity representing the absence

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The villagers related that the witch-finders were always right because the witches they found were always the people whom the village had feared all along. The bamucapi utilised a mixture of Christian and native religious traditions to account for their powers and said that God (not specifying which

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society, although in rarer cases high-ranking individuals were accused as well. On the basis of this evidence, Scarre and Callow asserted that the "typical witch was the wife or widow of an agricultural labourer or small tenant farmer, and she was well known for a quarrelsome and aggressive nature."

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In addition to known witch trials, witch hunts were often conducted by vigilantes, who may or may not have executed their victims. In Scotland, for example, cattle murrains were blamed on witches, usually peasant women, who were duly punished. A popular method called "scoring above the breath" meant

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of witchcraft – and, though she was acquitted by the court, he had her murdered by drowning. The accusations of witchcraft are, in this case, considered to have been a pretext for Hermann to get rid of an "unsuitable match," Veronika being born into the lower nobility and thus "unworthy" of his son.

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are effective. On one hand, people may seek advice from witch doctors for health, financial or marital problems. On the other hand, people, especially women, are accused of witchcraft and attacked, occasionally killed. It has been reported that mostly widows or divorcees are targeted to rob them of

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Reports by U.N. agencies, Amnesty International, Oxfam and anthropologists show that "attacks on accused sorcerers and witches – sometimes men, but most commonly women – are frequent, ferocious and often fatal." It's estimated about 150 cases of violence and killings are occurring each year in just

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Modern scholarly estimates place the total number of executions for witchcraft in the 300-year period of European witch-hunts in the five digits, mostly at roughly between 35,000 and 60,000 (see table below for details), The majority of those accused were from the lower economic classes in European

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One of them told and confessed, without any pressure, that she had killed thirty children by bleeding them ... she confessed more, saying she had killed her own son ... Answer me: does it really seem to you that someone who has killed twenty or thirty little children in such a way has done so well

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forbidding witches to be put to death upon being suspected of having caused storms or failure of crops or pestilence. There were many such efforts to prevent unjust treatment of innocent people. On many occasions, ecclesiastics who spoke with authority did their best to disabuse the people of their

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Belief in witchcraft has been shown to have similarities in societies throughout the world. It presents a framework to explain the occurrence of otherwise random misfortunes such as sickness or death, and the witch sorcerer provides an image of evil. Reports on indigenous practices in the Americas,

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witch-finder) on social ethics : "Witchcraft ... takes hold in people's lives when people are less than fully open-hearted. All wickedness is ultimately because people hate each other or are jealous or suspicious or afraid. These emotions and motivations cause people to act antisocially". The

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to be just actions sanctioned by the High-God Lesa. The only agency which caused unjust harm was a witch, who had enormous powers and was hard to detect. After white rule of Africa, beliefs in sorcery and witchcraft grew, possibly because of the social strain caused by new ideas, customs and laws,

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The frequency of prosecutions for this in the country as whole is unknown. However, in November 2009, it was reported that 118 people had been arrested in the province of Makkah that year for practicing magic and "using the Book of Allah in a derogatory manner", 74% of them being female.

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Witch-hunts were seen across early modern Europe, but the most significant area of witch-hunting in modern Europe is often considered to be central and southern Germany. Germany was a late starter in terms of the numbers of trials, compared to other regions of Europe. Witch-hunts first appeared in

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The resurgence of witch-hunts at the end of the medieval period, taking place with at least partial support or at least tolerance on the part of the Church, was accompanied with a number of developments in Christian doctrine, for example, the recognition of the existence of witchcraft as a form of

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that burning alive was already the legal punishment for a witch. All that Innocent VIII. did was to confirm the jurisdiction of the inquisitors over these cases. The Bull simply empowered them to try all matters concerning witchcraft, without exception, before their own tribunals, by Canon-law; a

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According to Julian Goodare, in Europe, the overall proportion of women who were persecuted as witches was 80%, although there were countries and regions like Estonia, Normandy and Iceland, that targeted men more. In Iceland 92% of the accused were men, in Estonia 60%, and in Moscow two-thirds of

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Whereas witchcraft cases in the colonial era, especially in former British Central Africa, were based on the official dogma that witchcraft is an illusion (so that people invoking witchcraft would be punished as either impostors or slanderers), in contemporary legal practice in Africa witchcraft

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in the 1840s–1850s. Despite the ban, very few cases were reported as witch-hunting was not seen as a crime. The Santhals believed that the ban in fact allowed the activities of witches to flourish. Thus, the effect of the ban was contrary to what the EIC had intended. During 1857–58, there was a

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when husband and wife Hugh and Mary Parsons accused each other of witchcraft. In America's first witch trial, Hugh was found innocent, while Mary was acquitted of witchcraft but she was still sentenced to be hanged as punishment for the death of her child. She died in prison. About eighty people

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in Europe, when witches were caught, tried, convicted, and burned in the imperial lordship of Wiesensteig in southwestern Germany, is recorded in 1563 in a pamphlet called "True and Horrifying Deeds of 63 Witches". Witchcraft persecution spread to all areas of Europe. Learned European ideas

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In India, labeling a woman as a witch is a common ploy to grab land, settle scores or even to punish her for turning down sexual advances. In a majority of the cases, it is difficult for the accused woman to reach out for help and she is forced to either abandon her home and family or driven to

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Current scholarly estimates of the number of people who were executed for witchcraft vary from about 35,000 to 60,000. The total number of witch trials in Europe which are known to have ended in executions is around 12,000. Prominent contemporaneous critics of witch-hunts included Gianfrancesco

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Early Christian theologians attributed to the Devil responsibility for persecution, heresy, witchcraft, sin, natural disasters, human calamities, and whatever else went wrong. One tragic consequence of this was a tendency to demonize people accused of wrongs. At the instance of ecclesiastical

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Once a case was brought to trial, the prosecutors hunted for accomplices. The use of magic was considered wrong, not because it failed, but because it worked effectively for the wrong reasons. Witchcraft was a normal part of everyday life. Witches were often called for, along with religious

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At one point during the Würzburg trials of 1629, children made up 60% of those accused, although this had declined to 17% by the end of the year. Rapley (1998) claims that "75 to 80 percent" of a total of "40,000 to 50,000" victims were women. The claim that "millions of witches" (often:

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ministers, to help the ill or deliver a baby. They held positions of spiritual power in their communities. When something went wrong, no one questioned either the ministers or the power of the witchcraft. Instead, they questioned whether the witch intended to inflict harm or not.

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One study finds that witchcraft beliefs are associated with antisocial attitudes: lower levels of trust, charitable giving and group participation. Another study finds that income shocks (caused by extreme rainfall) lead to a large increase in the murder of "witches" in Tanzania.

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In March 2009, Amnesty International reported that up to 1,000 people in the Gambia had been abducted by government-sponsored "witch doctors" on charges of witchcraft, and taken to detention centers where they were forced to drink poisonous concoctions. On 21 May 2009,

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leaders, the state burned heretics and witches, burning symbolizing the fate deserved by the demonic. Popular fears, stirred to fever pitch in the 14th and 15th centuries, sustained frenzied efforts to wipe out heretics, witches, and unbelievers, especially Jews.

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In current language, "witch-hunt" metaphorically means an investigation that is usually conducted with much publicity, supposedly to uncover subversive activity, disloyalty, and so on, but with the real purpose of harming opponents. It can also involve elements of

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We are reasonably confident today that the 'classical' doctrine of witchcraft crystallized during the middle third of the 15th century, shortly after the Council of Basel, primarily within a western Alpine zone centred around the duchy of Savoy (Ostorero et al.

2981:. What had previously been a belief that some people possessed supernatural abilities (which were sometimes used to protect the people), now became a sign of a pact between the people with supernatural abilities and the devil. To justify the killings, some 2638:

of circa 900 AD (alleged to date from 314 AD), which, stated that witchcraft did not exist and that to teach that it was a reality was, itself, false and heterodox teaching. Other examples include an Irish synod in 800 AD, and a sermon by

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he witch-hunts were conducted in their most intense form in those regions where the Catholic church was weakest (Lea 1957; Rose 1962) (Germany, Switzerland, France). In areas with a strong church (Spain, Poland, and eastern Europe) the witch craze was

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in Poland in 1783. The result of the trial is questioned by Prof. Janusz Tazbir in his book. No reliable sources had been found confirming any executions after the trial. In 1793, two unnamed women were executed in proceedings of dubious legitimacy in

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The practice of witch-hunt among Santhals was more brutal than that in Europe. Unlike Europe, where witches were strangulated before being burnt, the santhals forced them "..to eat human excreta and drink blood before throwing them into the flames."

4701:(introduced 1967). Two other provisions of the penal code "state that witchcraft may be an aggravating factor for dishonest acts" (Afrik.com 26 August 2004). A person convicted of witchcraft may face a prison term of 2 to 10 years and a fine. 4620:), who wrote in his influential inquisitors' manual that, by itself, sorcery did not come within the Inquisition's jurisdiction. In sum, the Church did not want the Inquisition sucked into witch trials, which were for the secular courts." 12356: 3434:) of individuals practising or claiming to practice witchcraft and magic. The last executions for witchcraft in England had taken place in 1682, when Temperance Lloyd, Mary Trembles, and Susanna Edwards were executed at Exeter. In 1711, 1143: 3651:. The causes of witch-hunts include poverty, epidemics, social crises and lack of education. The leader of the witch-hunt, often a prominent figure in the community or a "witch doctor", may also gain economic benefit by charging for an 2976:

came in waves and then subsided. There were trials in the 15th and early 16th centuries, but then the witch scare went into decline, before becoming a major issue again and peaking in the 17th century; particularly during the

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meant both poisoning and causing harm by magic (such as magic potions), although ancient people would not have distinguished between the two. In 331 BC, a deadly epidemic hit Rome and at least 170 women were executed for causing it by

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A crown witness of 'Carolingian skepticism', Archbishop Agobard of Lyon (769–840 AD), reports witch panics during the reign of Charlemagne. In his sermon on hailstorms he reports frequent lynchings of supposed weather magicians

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in Prussia in 1811. Both women have been identified as the last women executed for witchcraft in Europe, but in both cases, the official verdict did not mention witchcraft, as this had ceased to be recognized as a criminal offense.

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nevertheless promulgated elaborate demonologies, including the belief that humans could enter pacts with demons, which became the basis of future witch hunts. Ironically, many clerics of the Middle Ages openly or covertly practiced

2561:, may have been, in effect, the first famous "witch" to be punished by Christian authorities. Cyril's alleged role in her murder, however, was already controversial among contemporary sources, and the surviving primary account by 2418:; a slave had previously been executed for the crime, but the son of the victim claimed that the death had been arranged by his stepmother. The most detailed account of a trial for witchcraft in Classical Greece is the story of 3005:, in this case referring to the divine majesty, not the worldly. Further scripture was also frequently cited, especially the Exodus decree that "thou shalt not suffer a witch to live" (Exodus 22:18), which many supported. 3450:

was executed for witchcraft in Scotland in 1727. The final Act of 1735 led to prosecution for fraud rather than witchcraft since it was no longer believed that the individuals had actual supernatural powers or traffic with

3551:, not only were those accused of being witches murdered, but also those related to the accused to ensure that they would not avenge the deaths (Roy Choudhary 1958: 88). The Chhotanagpur region was majorly populated by an 8514: 2837:. Through their confessions, both of them conveyed the traditional folk beliefs of white magic. The women were accused again in 1390, and condemned by the inquisitor. They were eventually executed by the secular arm. 2806:

of Southern France, whose teachings were charged with including witchcraft and magic. Although it has been proposed that the witch-hunt developed in Europe from the early 14th century, after the Cathars and the

6992: 2947:(lit., 'Hammer against the Evildoers') which, because of the newly invented printing presses, enjoyed a wide readership. It was reprinted in 14 editions by 1520 and became unduly influential in the secular courts. 4658:

By the end of the 15th century, scattered trials for witchcraft by both secular and ecclesiastical courts occurred in many places from the Pyrenees, where the Spanish Inquisition had become involved, to the North

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are common, and are targeted especially against low-caste women. The main causes of witchcraft-related violence include widespread belief in superstition, lack of education, lack of public awareness, illiteracy,

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Also in 2007, Abdul Hamid Bin Hussain Bin Moustafa al-Fakki, a Sudanese national, was sentenced to death after being convicted of producing a spell that would lead to the reconciliation of a divorced couple.

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following a dispute with her of having given her a bitter drink that had made her ill. She was held captive for over a year and threatened with torture, but was finally acquitted thanks to her son's efforts.

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A 2010 estimate places the number of women killed as witches in India at between 150 and 200 per year, or a total of 2,500 in the period of 1995 to 2009. The lynchings are particularly common in the poor

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In 2007, Mustafa Ibrahim, an Egyptian national, was executed, having been convicted of using sorcery in an attempt to separate a married couple, as well as of adultery and of desecrating the Quran.

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furthered the Christian conversion of Norway by luring pagan magicians to his hall under false pretenses, barring the doors and burning them alive. Some who escaped were later captured and drowned.

3063:. According to a widely circulated pamphlet, "Newes from Scotland," James VI personally presided over the torture and execution of Doctor Fian. Indeed, James published a witch-hunting manual, 7058: 3110:. The swimming test, which included throwing a witch, who was strapped to a chair, into a bucket of water to see if she floated, was discontinued in 1645 due to a legal challenge. The 1647 book, 2798:

remained highly skeptical of witch accusations, although there was sometimes an overlap between accusations of heresy and of witchcraft, particularly when, in the 13th century, the newly formed

3647:-infected. These victims are often considered burdens to the community, and as a result are often driven out, starved to death, or killed violently, sometimes by their own families in acts of 5727: 2661:(about 1020), and especially its 19th book, often known separately as the "Corrector", is another work of great importance. Burchard was writing against the superstitious belief in magical 8407:

Audrey I Richards (Africa: Journal of the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, Ed. Diedrich Westermann.) Vol VIII, 1935, published by Oxford University Press, London.

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with human beings, and other such superstitions. Not only the attempt to practice such things, but the very belief in their possibility, is treated by Burchard as false and superstitious.

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slashing across a woman's forehead in order to remove the power of her magic. This was seen as a kind of emergency procedure which could be performed in absence of judicial authorities.

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and from Papua New Guinea. In addition, there are some countries that have legislation against the practice of sorcery. The only country where witchcraft remains legally punishable by

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after being convicted of practicing witchcraft and sorcery. Another very similar situation occurred to Muree bin Ali bin Issa al-Asiri and he was beheaded on 19 June 2012 in the

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The wide distribution of the practice of witch-hunts in geographically and culturally separated societies (Europe, Africa, New Guinea) since the 1960s has triggered interest in the

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laid down penalties for uttering harmful incantations and for stealing the fruitfulness of someone else's crops by magic. The only recorded trial involving this law was that of

5486:) suggests that they were thought to be human beings with demonic affiliation: witches.", Behringer, "Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History", p. 32 (2004). Wiley-Blackwell. 8518: 7340:"UNHCR Research Paper No. 235 Seeking meaning: an anthropological and community-based approach to witchcraft accusations and their prevention in refugee situations, May 2012" 3994:

of Zambia. They dressed in European clothing, and would summon the headman to prepare a ritual meal for the village. When the villagers arrived they would view them all in a

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authorizing the "correcting, imprisoning, punishing and chastising" of devil-worshippers who have "slain infants", among other crimes. He did so at the request of inquisitor

8212: 2614:(692 AD) imposed certain ecclesiastical penances for devil-worship. This mild approach represented the view of the Church for many centuries. The general desire of the 2214:, resulting in an estimated 35,000 to 60,000 executions. The last executions of people convicted as witches in Europe took place in the 18th century. In other regions, like 3094:. Although operating without an official Parliament commission, Hopkins (calling himself Witchfinder General) and his accomplices charged hefty fees to towns during the 2822:

had later authorized the Inquisition to prosecute sorcerers in 1320, inquisitorial courts rarely dealt with witchcraft save incidentally when investigating heterodoxy.

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carried the death penalty. This law banned the trading and possession of harmful drugs and poisons, possession of magical books and other occult paraphernalia. Emperor

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were enslaved by the Church, while those who worshiped the Devil (Germanic gods) were killed outright. Witch-hunting also appears in period literature. According to

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strengthened laws to curb these practices, for instance in 31 BC, by burning over 2,000 magical books in Rome, except for certain portions of the hallowed

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large numbers in southern France and Switzerland during the 14th and 15th centuries. The peak years of witch-hunts in southwest Germany were from 1561 to 1670. The

12819: 2626:, which, in 785 AD, explicitly outlawed condemning people as witches and condemned to death anyone who burnt a witch. The Lombard code of 643 AD states: 1610: 3639:

as a massive violation of human rights. Most of the accused are women and children but can also be elderly people or marginalised groups of the community such as

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insist that the bull neither allowed anything new, nor was necessarily binding on Catholic consciences. Three years later in 1487, Kramer published the notorious

6608: 4556: 2367:, or one that casts spells, or who consults ghosts or spirits, or who seeks oracles from the dead. For whoever does these things is abhorrent to the Lord"; and 11880: 8741: 7939: 4146:, referring to various investigations and the impeachment proceedings against him as witch-hunts. During his presidency he used the phrase over 330 times. The 651: 7642: 3043:

and burnt. In the district of Finnmark, northern Norway, severe witchcraft trials took place during the period 1600–1692. A memorial of international format,

4865: 7705: 7358: 2267: 8809: 7740: 7620: 2359: 18:10–12 states: "No one shall be found among you who makes a son or daughter pass through fire, who practices divination, or is a soothsayer, or an 7435: 6965: 12083: 862: 7066: 8634: 8124: 6726:

Scarre, Geoffrey; Callow, John (2001). Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Europe (second ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 29–33.

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concurs: "The current consensus is that 40,000 people were executed as witches in the period of the witch persecutions, between about 1450 and 1750."

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In Europe, the witch-hunt craze was negligible in Spain, Poland, and Eastern Europe; conversely, it was intense in Germany, Switzerland, and France.

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in 2009, prosecutions for witchcraft and sorcery are proliferating and "Saudi courts are sanctioning a literal witch hunt by the religious police."

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Let nobody presume to kill a foreign serving maid or female servant as a witch, for it is not possible, nor ought to be believed by Christian minds.

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shall be guilty; that he be 120 days in prison: and after that let kindred take him out, and give to the king 120 shillings, and pay the

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in the western Alps, leading to an early series of witch trials by both secular and ecclesiastical courts in the second half of the 15th century.

2657:, in Decree 57 of his First Legislative Book (published in 1100), banned witch-hunting because he said, "witches do not exist". The "Decretum" of 2406:– an ambiguous term that might mean "poison", "medicine", or "magical drug" – do survive, especially those where the drug caused injury or death. 2379:"hath cut off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land", suggest that in practice sorcery could at least lead to exile. 8582: 6055: 3290:") were killed in Europe is spurious, even though it is occasionally found in popular literature, and it is ultimately due to a 1791 pamphlet by 2904:

of the uneducated rural population at best, was incorporated into an increasingly comprehensive theology of Satan as the ultimate source of all

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have been taken to suggest that not just the belief in witchcraft but also the periodic outbreak of witch-hunts are a human cultural universal.

11955: 8835: 5864: 5687: 5641: 726: 3799:), so that they can be killed without repercussions. The existing laws have been considered ineffective in curbing the murders. In June 2013, 10998: 10911: 10078: 9991: 8459: 8322: 7918: 3636: 3442:

journal (No. 117) criticizing the irrationality and social injustice in treating elderly and feeble women (dubbed "Moll White") as witches.

12602: 8455: 8049: 1389: 7494: 13384: 12572: 12176: 11718: 8885:

Pale Hecate's Team, an Examination of the Beliefs on Witchcraft and Magic among Shakespeare's Contemporaries and His Immediate Successors

8087: 7270: 1359: 955: 481: 6301: 5164: 4049:

were responsible for detecting witches. In parts of Southern Africa, several hundred people have been killed in witch-hunts since 1990.

3129:

Witch-hunts began to occur in North America while Hopkins was hunting witches in England. In 1645, forty-six years before the notorious

11865: 5426:

Likewise, an Irish synod at around 800 AD condemned the belief in witches, and in particular those who slandered people for being

4022:

the horns in the village, whether they were used for anti-witchcraft charms, potions, snuff or were indeed receptacles of black magic.

636: 7161: 4784: 3998:, and claimed they could identify witches with this method. These witches would then have to "yield up his horns"; i.e. give over the 2422:, who was executed along with her children some time before 338 BC, supposedly for casting incantations and using harmful drugs. 8229: 4972: 2284:, and attempts to use magic to influence personal well-being (to increase life, win love, etc.) are universal across human cultures. 3466:

The last execution of a witch in the Dutch Republic was probably in 1613. In Denmark, this took place in 1693 with the execution of

2811:

were suppressed, this hypothesis has been rejected independently by virtually all academic historians (Cohn 1975; Kieckhefer 1976).

2394:. Later the women's relatives took revenge by bringing false witnesses against Simeon's son and causing him to be executed in turn. 11800: 11688: 11431: 9378: 9368: 8478: 8203: 6811: 4639:

Trevor-Roper has said that it was necessary for belief in the Kingdom of Satan to die before the witch theory could be discredited.

4508: 3827:. In October 2003, three women were branded as witch and humiliated, afterwards they all committed suicide in Kamalpura village in 3278:

those accused were male. In Finland, a total of more than 100 death row inmates were roughly equal in both men and women, but all

563: 451: 7995: 7293:"UNHCR Research Paper No. 169 Witchcraft allegations, refugee protection and human rights: a review of the evidence, January 2009" 3807:(NCRB) statistics, 768 women had been murdered for allegedly practising witchcraft since 2008 and announced plans for newer laws. 2758:, believing that as Christ granted his disciples power to command demons, to summon and control demons was not, therefore, a sin. 2515:. While Tiberius Claudius was emperor, 85 women and 45 men accused of sorcery were executed. By the 3rd century AD, the 2390:

in the 1st century BC is reported to have sentenced to death eighty women who had been charged with witchcraft on a single day in

11116: 11086: 10157: 9874: 9265: 4474: 2959: 2195: 13315: 12039: 11810: 11638: 11623: 11618: 11464: 11317: 9256: 8716: 4198: 4092:

is that "they valued his work and would learn the lessons he came to teach them, about social responsibility and cooperation."

2713:: if any one should be thereby killed, and he could not deny it, that he be liable in his life. But if he will deny it, and at 2122: 818: 573: 401: 386: 381: 211: 8179: 4307: 13343: 11870: 11603: 11286: 11223: 9526: 9299: 9179: 9116: 8967: 8871: 6875: 6819: 6747: 6685: 6643: 6592: 6336: 6246: 6189: 6164: 5346: 5244: 5219: 4823: 4147: 3478:

in 1704. In other parts of Europe, the practice died down later. In France the last person to be executed for witchcraft was

3446:

was among the last subjects of a typical witch trial in England in 1712, but was pardoned after her conviction and set free.

3012: 2833:

was not sure what to do with two women who, in 1384, confessed to have participated in the society around Signora Oriente or

2499: 2203: 641: 366: 9714: 8456:"Cameroon: Witchcraft in Cameroon; tribes or geographical areas in which witchcraft is practised; the government's attitude" 7384: 2891:(the 'Hammer of Witches'), published in 1487, accused women of destroying men by planting bitter herbs throughout the field. 2519:

had begun to be used more broadly against other kinds of magic deemed harmful. The magicians were to be burnt at the stake.

12378: 11693: 11515: 10214: 6917: 4459: 2411: 2146: 1165: 456: 270: 8657: 8255: 7686: 4174: 13369: 13024: 12694: 12607: 12498: 12166: 11986: 11628: 11613: 9897: 4424: 4208: 3932:, the fear of witches drives periodic witch-hunts during which specialist witch-finders identify suspects, with death by 3146:

were accused of practicing witchcraft; thirteen women and two men were executed in a witch-hunt that occurred throughout

1823: 1481: 1394: 1285: 945: 763: 391: 376: 111: 7457: 3879:. The witch hunts in Jalpaiguri are less known, but are motivated by the stress in the tea industry on the lives of the 3676:

province. Earlier on, the ISIL militants beheaded several "magicians" and street illusionists in Syria, Iraq and Libya.

3067:, which contains the famous dictum: "Experience daily proves how loath they are to confess without torture." Later, the 2900:

gained traction among the educated classes, the belief in witchcraft, which in the medieval period had been part of the

12592: 12066: 11383: 11193: 10958: 10332: 10038: 9815: 9636: 9279: 9140: 8683: 6891: 5317: 5269: 3460: 3237:, for being in a pact with the devil and using witchcraft. In 1615, she was called a witch by a female neighbor in the 2685: 1379: 845: 83: 8418: 7321:"UNHCR Research Paper No. 197 Breaking the spell: responding to witchcraft accusations against children, January 2011" 7134: 3751:) is legal in Papua New Guinea, the 1976 Sorcery Act imposed a penalty of up to 2 years in prison for the practice of 2343:

If a man has put a spell upon another man and it is not yet justified, he upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the

12240: 12071: 11567: 11545: 10327: 9333: 9201: 9193: 9130: 9095: 9081: 9067: 9024: 8937: 7774: 7410:"Precarious Justice – Arbitrary Detention and Unfair Trials in the Deficient Criminal Justice System of Saudi Arabia" 7118: 7091: 6788: 6556: 6531: 6405: 6383: 6124: 6090: 5840: 5762: 5663: 5617: 5496: 5404: 4848: 4794: 4767: 4694: 1019: 850: 322: 300: 130: 7616: 7292: 6223: 4885: 3539:

before 1792. The earliest evidence of witch-hunts in India can be found in the Santhal Witch Trials in 1792. In the

12977: 12814: 12714: 12171: 12061: 9304: 8440:

Fisiy, Cyprian F. (2001). "Containing occult practices: Witchcraft trials in Cameroon". In Levack, Brian P. (ed.).

5332: 4563:

argues that Levack's estimate had already been adjusted for these, and revises the figure to approximately 40,000.

4143: 3945: 3119: 1776: 1605: 1501: 950: 840: 2527: 90: 12567: 12078: 11840: 11643: 11101: 10725: 9869: 7709: 3742: 3497: 2139: 1354: 857: 611: 406: 7748: 11703: 11081: 10942: 10307: 10022: 8275:"Conflict between State Legal Norms and Norms Underlying Popular Beliefs: Witchcraft in Africa as a Case Study" 7967: 7309:

Miguel, Edward. "Poverty and Witch Killing." The Review of Economic Studies 72, no. 4 (1 October 2005): 1153–72

6969: 2925: 2818:

declared that Inquisition would not deal with cases of witchcraft unless they were related to heresy. Although

466: 68: 11845: 8191:

Bailey, Frederick George 1994: The Witch-Hunt, or the Triumph of Morality. New York: Cornell University Press.

8150: 6429: 2937:, who had been refused permission by the local bishops in Germany to investigate. However, historians such as 616: 13246: 12962: 11683: 11167: 10344: 10275: 9440: 9344: 8617: 7568: 5983: 4253: 3804: 3800: 3587:, which has led some scholars to see the resurgence of the activity as a form of resistance to Company rule. 3143: 2053: 1761: 446: 17: 6707: 3414: 97: 12525: 12473: 11454: 11424: 10982: 10062: 9509: 9362: 9284: 8533: 7359:"Isis in Syria: Islamic State beheads 2 women for sorcery reports Syrian Observatory for Human Rights" 3847:, a woman was murdered and her daughter was raped on the allegation that they were practising black magic. 2646: 2482:. In 184–180 BC, another epidemic hit Italy, and about 5,000 people were brought to trial and executed for 2425: 1312: 1260: 201: 35: 9691: 8658:"Trump calls New York criminal probe a 'witch hunt' and claims a poll shows he is the frontrunner in 2024" 6791:; and Levack, Brian P. The witch hunt in early modern Europe, 3rd ed., London and New York: Longman, 2006. 13389: 13157: 13009: 12428: 12029: 11975: 10568: 10339: 9479: 6836: 6783:, ed. Bengst Ankarloo & Stuart Clark, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 2002, pp 12 ff. 6547:

Monter, William (2002). "Witch Trials in Continental Europe". In Ankarloo, Bengst; Clark, Stuart (eds.).

5992: 5478:"A decree of King Coloman of Hungary (c. 1074–1116, r. 1095–1116) against the belief in the existence of 4213: 3795:

their property. Reportedly, revered village witch-doctors are paid to brand specific persons as witches (

3443: 3059:, who shared the Danish king's interest in witch trials, sailed to Denmark in 1590 to meet his betrothed 2861:

that when finally they are accused before the Signoria you should go to their aid and beg mercy for them?

2402:

No laws concerning magic survive from Classical Athens. However, cases concerning the harmful effects of

1964: 1808: 1215: 808: 746: 64: 31: 4258: 13266: 12051: 11738: 11469: 11006: 10086: 9933: 9614: 9474: 9327: 9249: 8995: 5691: 4514: 4248: 4243: 3134: 3052: 2841: 2738: 2305: 2073: 830: 501: 216: 79: 8463: 6059: 5083:

Collins, Derek (2001). "Theoris of Lemnos and the Criminalization of Magic in Fourth-Century Athens".

4471: – Three men convicted of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas, United States 2692:(written in 1274~1275), where the popular superstition of witches causing crop failures is denounced. 13374: 12619: 12433: 12335: 12220: 11887: 11855: 11525: 11459: 11342: 11038: 10118: 9803: 9783: 9434: 8000: 5461: 4726:

Golden, Richard M. (1997). "Satan in Europe: The Geography of Witch Hunts". In Wolfe, Michael (ed.).

4373: 4151: 3291: 3213: 3074: 2658: 1406: 1220: 1114: 999: 658: 626: 280: 206: 9578: 4921: 3489:

in 1758. She was acquitted by Maria Theresa in 1758, putting an end to the witch trials in Croatia.

3179: 12879: 12767: 12614: 12383: 12320: 12148: 12103: 11965: 11850: 11832: 11768: 11698: 11582: 11368: 11146: 11136: 11046: 10918: 10207: 10126: 9998: 9968: 9956: 9950: 9788: 9602: 9596: 8906: 5795: 4866:"Witchcraft Beliefs and the Erosion of Social Capital: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond" 4564: 4447: 4378: 3584: 2654: 2259: 1670: 1558: 1401: 1170: 1099: 927: 882: 736: 621: 601: 531: 461: 337: 9743: 9719: 9584: 6584: 4293: 2737:(866 AD), prohibited the use of torture altogether, and a similar decree may be found in the 13333: 13162: 13142: 13004: 12994: 12952: 12582: 12423: 12285: 12255: 12250: 12193: 12128: 12113: 12046: 12019: 12004: 11417: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11162: 10974: 10926: 10713: 10595: 10387: 10054: 10006: 9903: 9850: 9731: 9667: 9646: 9641: 9631: 9548: 9542: 9424: 9407: 9289: 5732: 4312: 4238: 4228: 3456: 3036: 3024: 2908:. These doctrinal shifts were completed in the mid-15th century, specifically in the wake of the 2539: 1969: 1949: 1803: 1793: 1751: 1369: 1210: 1064: 1034: 1029: 972: 907: 892: 825: 798: 783: 167: 57: 12230: 9832: 9685: 9452: 6352: 5801: 4551:, which he revised down to 45,000 in the third edition. William Monter estimates 35,000 deaths; 4322: 3504: 3238: 3199: 1009: 13364: 13261: 13234: 13224: 12704: 12684: 12547: 12418: 12315: 12265: 12235: 12215: 12143: 12123: 12098: 12093: 12088: 11999: 11970: 11943: 11919: 11914: 11510: 11500: 11244: 11228: 11218: 11177: 11172: 11030: 11022: 10110: 10102: 9809: 9793: 9656: 9651: 9608: 9536: 9469: 9429: 6328: 6082: 5816:

The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Siena and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy

5777: 4916: 4233: 3536: 3047:, has been built to commemorate the victims of the Finnmark witchcraft trials. In England, the 3032: 2985:

of the time and their proxy secular institutions deemed witchcraft as being associated to wild

2441: 2433: 2068: 2041: 2031: 1491: 1471: 1334: 1205: 1094: 1044: 1014: 994: 922: 902: 877: 872: 867: 778: 741: 714: 690: 685: 265: 255: 9755: 9661: 8775: 6675: 5211: 4757: 4684: 13229: 13189: 13122: 13019: 12967: 12894: 12649: 12413: 12325: 12300: 12295: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12210: 12158: 12118: 12024: 11994: 11897: 11520: 11259: 11254: 11131: 10653: 10409: 10382: 10322: 10169: 9962: 9927: 9844: 9798: 9778: 9749: 9696: 9572: 9531: 9503: 9497: 9242: 8496: 7798: 7108: 6737: 6269: 6237:

Sharpe, James (2002). "The Lancaster witches in historical context". In Poole, Robert (ed.).

5880: 5336: 5149: 4503: 4202: 3976:

Witch-hunts in Africa are often led by relatives seeking the property of the accused victim.

3911: 3579: 3548: 3544: 3493: 3090:

In England, witch-hunting would reach its apex in 1644 to 1647 due to the efforts of Puritan

3008: 2680: 2562: 2461: 2383: 2364: 2036: 1996: 1929: 1818: 1766: 1685: 1436: 1200: 1104: 1079: 1074: 1059: 1054: 1049: 989: 937: 897: 803: 773: 668: 275: 9725: 9154:

The Bottom of the Garden, Dark History of Fairies, Hobgoblins, and Other Troublesome Things.

9030:

Monter, William (1972). "The Historiography of European Witchcraft: Progress and Prospect".

8894:, ed. Jonathan Barry, Marianne Hester, and Gareth Roberts, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 7516: 6805: 6576: 6520: 6320: 4800: 4543:

sets a limit of "no more than 40,000 to 60,000." The high end of that range originates with

4303: 4072:

reported that the alleged witch-hunting campaign had been sparked by the Gambian President,

13394: 13100: 12634: 12508: 12225: 12183: 12133: 12108: 11929: 11892: 11633: 11495: 11378: 11373: 11096: 11091: 10888: 10248: 10223: 9909: 9708: 9590: 9491: 9389: 9294: 9211: 7594: 4491: 4421: – Medieval judicial practice to determine guilt through a life-threatening experience 4364: 4335: 4273: 4223: 4120:

of a person or group, often based on their political persuasions. Specific terms include '

3896: 3828: 3773: 3287: 3266: 3203: 3147: 3055:

in Scotland, over 70 people were accused of witchcraft on account of bad weather when

2978: 2866: 2845: 2689: 2623: 2211: 1907: 1421: 1295: 1004: 962: 912: 887: 700: 663: 396: 250: 8890:

Briggs, Robin. 'Many reasons why': witchcraft and the problem of multiple explanation, in

8810:"You think this is a witch hunt, Mr President? That's an insult to the women who suffered" 5583: 4976: 8: 13276: 13137: 12772: 12674: 12654: 12443: 12351: 12310: 12290: 12260: 12153: 11948: 11763: 11264: 11249: 10990: 10950: 10605: 10590: 10392: 10287: 10282: 10258: 10200: 10179: 10164: 10070: 10030: 9891: 9885: 9838: 9761: 9702: 9673: 9560: 9446: 6577: 5536: 4559:

adjusted Levack's first estimate to account for lost records, estimating 100,000 deaths.

4358: 4268: 4218: 4130: 3872: 3824: 3605:

Monument for the victims of the witch-hunts of 16th- and 17th-century Bernau, Germany by

3126:, the first of 17 people executed for witchcraft in the Colonies from 1647 to 1663. 3068: 3048: 2973: 2943: 2887: 2853: 2558: 2207: 2199: 2083: 1944: 1563: 1461: 1441: 1230: 1138: 1089: 1069: 1039: 932: 719: 526: 9017:

Witch Hunting in Southeastern Germany 1562–1684: The Social and Intellectual Foundation.

8482: 8136:

A Jharkhand case publicized in international media in 2009 concerned five Muslim women.

7668: 5286: 104: 13049: 13044: 13034: 12982: 12972: 12947: 12889: 12847: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12659: 11960: 11141: 11073: 10317: 9974: 9820: 9566: 9554: 9485: 9401: 9356: 9350: 9321: 9047: 8956: 8082: 8005: 7826: 7780: 7252: 7225: 6613: 6498: 6075: 5974: 5858: 5681: 5635: 5549: 5049: 4497: 4486: 4480: 4468: 4395: 4389: 4317: 4298: 4278: 4068: 3979: 3929: 3836: 3693: 3621: 3613: 3596: 3571: 3567: 3471: 3258: 3195: 3191: 3151: 3130: 3056: 2920: 2745: 2387: 2316: 2289: 2223: 1848: 1843: 1833: 1781: 1771: 1746: 1680: 1638: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1446: 731: 153: 9206:

Winkler, Albert (2023) "Judicial Murder: The Witch-Craze in Germany and Switzerland,"

9100:

Purkiss, Diane. "A Holocaust of One's Own: The Myth of the Burning Times." Chapter in

8274: 7912:"Witchcraft allegations, refugee protection and human rights:a review of the evidence" 5979:"The European Witch Craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A Sociologist's Perspective'" 5513:

Behringer, "Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History", p. 55 (2004). Wiley-Blackwell.

3819:. Between 2005 and 2010, about 35 witchcraft related murders reportedly took place in 13379: 13308: 13219: 13147: 13132: 12931: 12874: 12679: 12587: 12478: 12398: 12245: 11550: 11363: 10770: 10600: 10404: 10253: 9921: 9197: 9189: 9175: 9136: 9126: 9112: 9091: 9077: 9063: 9020: 8963: 8933: 8867: 8783: 8749: 8691: 8626: 8442:

New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic, and Demonology: Witchcraft in the modern world

8286: 8166:

Witches, Tea Plantations, and Lives of Migrant Laborers in India: Tempest in a Teapot

7770: 7114: 7087: 7020: 7012: 6871: 6815: 6784: 6743: 6681: 6639: 6632: 6588: 6552: 6527: 6411: 6401: 6379: 6332: 6321: 6242: 6185: 6160: 6120: 6086: 5996: 5941: 5846: 5836: 5758: 5705: 5669: 5659: 5623: 5613: 5554: 5400: 5369: 5342: 5313: 5265: 5240: 5215: 5204: 4934: 4844: 4819: 4790: 4763: 4690: 4383: 3714: 3455:. The 1735 Act continued to be used until the 1940s to prosecute individuals such as 3115: 3095: 3002: 2938: 2897: 2834: 2815: 2611: 2419: 2407: 2332: 2115: 2026: 1954: 1939: 1722: 1665: 1466: 1374: 1265: 1185: 1024: 305: 157: 9135:

David W. Thompson, "Sister Witch: The Life of Moll Dyer" (2017 Solstice Publishing)

8027: 7882: 7854: 6263: 4415: – Practice of singling out any party for unmerited negative treatment or blame 4178: 4055:

has re-established witchcraft-accusations in courts after its independence in 1967.

3039:, in particular, encouraged this practice, and hundreds of people were convicted of 2371: 22:18 prescribes: "thou shalt not suffer a witch to live". Tales like that of 13271: 13256: 13184: 13105: 13075: 12906: 12742: 12448: 12014: 12009: 11860: 11758: 11337: 10853: 10573: 10454: 10444: 10377: 10270: 9737: 9315: 9039: 7216:

Sinha, Shashank (2007). "Witch hunts, Adivasis, and the Uprising in Chhotanagpur".

7004: 6863: 5092: 4926: 4877: 4453: 4288: 3840: 3721: 3648: 3575: 3475: 3230: 3187: 3175: 3099: 3083: 2998: 2909: 2763: 2676: 2336: 2277: 2227: 2174:, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of 2078: 2063: 1991: 1912: 1882: 1697: 1533: 1235: 793: 788: 631: 521: 149: 8515:"The Gambia: Hundreds accused of "witchcraft" and poisoned in government campaign" 8078:"Girl raped, mom killed for her alleged indulgence in black magic in Chhattisgarh" 6265:

The Memorial History of Boston: Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 1630–1880

4881: 4014:

which would cause a witch to die and swell up if he ever tried such things again.

2852:

A Catholic figure who preached against witchcraft was popular Franciscan preacher

13286: 13194: 13090: 13039: 12899: 12884: 12864: 12829: 12542: 12453: 12388: 12188: 12138: 11924: 11783: 11307: 10663: 10563: 10459: 10174: 9915: 9395: 9309: 8925: 8586: 8114: 7081: 6714: 6572: 6515: 6493: 6205: 5752: 5723: 5307: 4552: 4544: 4441: – Supernatural female beings comparable to the fairies of English folklore. 4418: 4283: 4103: 3725: 3672:

beheaded two couples on accusations of sorcery and using "magic for medicine" in

3427: 3234: 3091: 3060: 2934: 2826: 2808: 2767: 2734: 2730: 2714: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2512: 2468: 2449: 2273: 2263: 2187: 2093: 2001: 1897: 1838: 1690: 1675: 1655: 1620: 1329: 1240: 1175: 967: 917: 695: 546: 10848: 9679: 9147:

The Witch Hunts: A History of the Witch Persecutions in Europe and North America

8376: 7569:"Lebanese TV host Ali Hussain Sibat faces execution in Saudi Arabia for sorcery" 5895:

Larner (2002). "Crime of witchcraft in early modern Europe". In Oldridge (ed.).

2414:" tells of the case of a woman accused of plotting to murder her husband with a 13281: 13239: 13209: 13199: 13117: 13110: 13095: 13085: 12921: 12857: 12799: 12794: 12779: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12438: 12373: 11902: 11875: 11728: 11440: 10893: 10349: 9338: 8602: 8347: 7803: 7409: 4438: 4263: 4135: 4059: 3999: 3435: 3183: 3171: 3016: 2913: 2819: 2750: 2635: 2491: 2453: 2368: 2088: 2046: 2016: 2006: 1924: 1917: 1902: 1892: 1712: 1648: 1590: 1585: 1570: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1225: 1160: 673: 646: 491: 175: 8912:

Europe's Inner Demons: The Demonization of Christians in Medieval Christendom,

8230:"Nepal – A study on violence due to witchcraft allegation and sexual violence" 7784: 7542: 7385:"ISIS behead street magician for entertaining crowds in Syria with his tricks" 7008: 6468: 13358: 13293: 12916: 12852: 12837: 12699: 12664: 12644: 12515: 12458: 12393: 11805: 11708: 11393: 10883: 10843: 10808: 10688: 10263: 9373: 9223: 8787: 8753: 8742:"Trump calls impeachment case a 'witch hunt' and hints at a political return" 8695: 8630: 8598: 8305: 8290: 7016: 6415: 6358: 6000: 5850: 5797:

Europe's Inner Demons: The Demonization of Christians in Medieval Christendom

5673: 5627: 5383: 5141: 4956: 4938: 4560: 4406: 4107: 4046: 4042: 3936:

often the result. Countries particularly affected by this phenomenon include

3864: 3796: 3777: 3748: 3629: 3606: 3523: 3486: 3485:

In Croatia the last person condemned for witchcraft to the death penalty was

3479: 3431: 3419: 3217:

Witness testimony from the witch trial against Katharina Kepler, 14 July 1621

3167: 3163: 3123: 3103: 3071:

of 1612 joined the ranks of the most famous witch trials in English history.

2901: 2870: 2526:

until the late 4th century AD and abated only after the introduction of

2487: 2457: 2324: 2247: 2100: 1707: 1643: 1628: 1486: 1451: 1431: 1302: 1245: 1180: 568: 471: 8307:

Witchcraft accusations in South Africa: A feminist psychological exploration

6895: 4930: 4430: 3515: 2594:

found among his people certain witches, whom he called in his native tongue

13127: 13014: 12842: 12809: 12789: 12719: 12709: 12689: 12669: 12305: 12203: 12198: 11934: 11909: 11773: 11713: 11678: 11648: 11358: 11014: 10966: 10750: 10703: 10698: 10658: 10419: 10302: 10094: 10046: 9383: 8426: 7762: 7495:"Letter to HRH King Abdullah bin Abd al-'Aziz Al Saud on "Witchcraft" Case" 7024: 4412: 4139: 4084: 4073: 3991: 3961: 3937: 3868: 3844: 3815:

Between 2001 and 2006, an estimated 300 people were killed in the state of

3685: 3625: 3222: 3064: 2523: 2445: 2352: 2231: 1934: 1813: 1633: 1600: 1580: 1506: 1496: 1476: 1456: 1084: 982: 977: 705: 680: 536: 476: 441: 411: 7158:"Barbara Zdunk – The Last Executed Slavic Witch By Authorities In Prussia" 6867: 5096: 13029: 12989: 12957: 12824: 12784: 12624: 12537: 12488: 12463: 12363: 12056: 11795: 11778: 11733: 11653: 10934: 10878: 10818: 10718: 10683: 10668: 10610: 10523: 10449: 10372: 10014: 9102:

The Witch and History: Early Modern and Twentieth Century Representatives

8836:"Judge dismisses NRA's claims that it's the victim of NY AG 'witch hunt'" 8137: 7736: 7337: 7318: 7290: 5533:

Against the foolish belief of the common sort concerning hail and thunder

5396:

The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy

5312:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, p. 200, 5237:

Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A Sourcebook

4450: – Woman from New France who murdered her second husband (1733–1763) 4435: – Public penance imposed on condemned persons during an Inquisition 4400: 4125: 3876: 3852: 3791: 3752: 3700: 3673: 3467: 3447: 3190:(1634–1698). Among the largest and most notable of these trials were the 2990: 2881: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2722: 2356: 2268:

Witch trials in the early modern period § Causes and interpretations

2243: 2183: 2179: 1828: 1788: 1756: 1615: 1575: 1411: 1324: 1275: 1250: 1150: 835: 558: 541: 496: 416: 10863: 9010:

Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A regional and Comparative Study

8164: 6993:"An End to Witch Trials in Austria: Reconsidering the Enlightened State" 6140:

Baten, Joerg; Woitek, Ulrich. "Economic determinants of witch-hunting".

5878:

Hinson (Fall 1992). "Historical and Theological Perspectives on Satan".

5341:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, p. 59, 3835:. In August 2013, a couple were hacked to death by a group of people in 3254:

An image of suspected witches being hanged in England, published in 1655

2695:

Early secular laws against witchcraft include those promulgated by King

13303: 13298: 13179: 13174: 13070: 13054: 12911: 12804: 12762: 12532: 12520: 12493: 12483: 12403: 11822: 11817: 11788: 11723: 11572: 11106: 10765: 10708: 10693: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10518: 10498: 10297: 10227: 10192: 9826: 8119: 7256: 7229: 6804:

Gibson, M (2006). "Witchcraft in the Courts". In Gibson, Marion (ed.).

5002: 4347: 4010:

to the witch-finders. The bamucapi then made all drink a potion called

3787: 3720:

On 12 December 2011, Amina bint Abdulhalim Nassar was beheaded in

3250: 3138: 3040: 2982: 2930: 2619: 2494:

hunted witches on a scale unknown anywhere else in the ancient world".

2344: 2281: 2175: 2110: 2105: 1986: 1981: 1877: 1853: 1702: 1595: 1553: 1319: 1307: 1280: 1270: 1190: 585: 580: 551: 486: 327: 9051: 7543:"Sudanese man facing execution in Saudi Arabia over 'sorcery' charges" 7339: 7320: 5978: 3601: 2744:

Condemnations of witchcraft are nevertheless found in the writings of

13204: 13152: 12869: 12468: 11598: 10798: 10580: 10558: 10508: 10503: 10481: 8682:

Shear, Michael D.; Savage, Charlie; Haberman, Maggie (16 June 2017).

8109: 7944: 7911: 7643:"Saudi Arabia: Woman Is Beheaded After Being Convicted of Witchcraft" 7595:"Lebanese PM should step in to halt Saudi Arabia 'Sorcery' execution" 6940: 5210:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 4121: 4117: 3856: 3540: 3086:, where suspected witches were held and interrogated. 1627 engraving. 2696: 2328: 2011: 1959: 1660: 1255: 361: 10354: 10135:

Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants

9060:

Handbook of European History, 1400–1600: Visions, Programs, Outcomes

7039: 4950: 4948: 3871:. Witch hunts are also taking place among the tea garden workers in 3509: 3430:

enshrined into law the punishment (often with death, sometimes with

2206:, took place from about 1450 to 1750, spanning the upheavals of the 46: 13169: 12999: 12926: 12577: 12503: 12408: 12368: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11668: 11663: 11608: 11389:

Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period

11312: 11055:

Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants

10873: 10755: 10673: 10513: 10476: 10292: 9879: 9043: 7887: 7859: 7831: 5361: 4704:

appears as a reality and as an actionable offence in its own right.

4341: 4113: 4079:

In Sierra Leone, the witch-hunt is an occasion for a sermon by the

4052: 4038:

and also because the courts no longer allowed witches to be tried.

4030: 3986:, relates in 1935 an instance when a new wave of witchfinders, the 3965: 3941: 3933: 3652: 3617: 3556: 3107: 2986: 2783: 2718: 2575: 2508: 2372: 2320: 2235: 1976: 1798: 1717: 1364: 1290: 1195: 1155: 516: 511: 506: 431: 426: 371: 10312: 8930:

Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation

8907:

Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt

8371: 8369: 8050:"In Assam, a rising trend of murders on allegations of witchcraft" 6551:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 12 ff. 4816:

Speak of the Devil: Tales of satanic abuse in contemporary England

3409: 3279: 3114:, soon became an influential legal text. The book was used in the 2182:

was proscribed and punishable in early human civilizations in the

30:"Witch hunt" and "Witch trial" redirect here. For other uses, see 11673: 11577: 11557: 11530: 11505: 11409: 10858: 10788: 10678: 10439: 10414: 8684:"Trump Attacks Rosenstein in Latest Rebuke of Justice Department" 8200: 7972: 7697: 5524: 5026:"ventriloquist, soothsayer" in the Septuagint; "wizards": Hebrew 4945: 3880: 3552: 3226: 2803: 2670: 2640: 2587: 2554: 2391: 436: 332: 312: 285: 260: 183: 8892:

Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Studies in Culture and Belief

8534:"Witch Hunts and Foul Potions Heighten Fear of Leader in Gambia" 8393:

It is believed that any aged, old woman with red eyes is a witch

7479:"King Abdullah urged to spare Saudi 'witchcraft' woman's life". 6378:, Southern Illinois University Press, 2nd ed., 1989, pp. 66–70, 4338: – Court having jurisdiction in Christian religious matters 2778: 2230:, and official legislation against witchcraft is still found in 12629: 11658: 11562: 11540: 11535: 11485: 10868: 10823: 10793: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10648: 10631: 10626: 10553: 9234: 8953: 8366: 6206:"Daemonlologie by King James the First and Newes from Scotland" 5146:

The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present

4034: 4007: 3995: 3969: 3949: 3820: 3640: 3519: 3330:(Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Lorraine, Austria, Czechia) 2994: 2755: 2729:

In some prosecutions for witchcraft, torture (permitted by the

2666: 2662: 2570: 2557:, murdered by a mob in 415 AD for threatening the influence of 2215: 2191: 1416: 421: 317: 295: 290: 240: 8115:

Nearly 200 women killed every year after being branded witches

4973:"The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy" 4907:

Miguel, Edward (1 October 2005). "Poverty and witch killing".

3668:

On 29 and 30 June 2015, militants of the terrorist group

2684:

superstitious belief in witchcraft. A comparable situation in

12639: 11490: 11398: 10838: 10833: 10813: 10803: 10730: 10641: 10636: 10585: 10493: 10471: 10466: 10397: 8310:(Doctorate of Psychology thesis). University of South Africa. 5033: 5021: 4996: 4462: – 22nd episode of the first season of The Twilight Zone 4003: 3957: 3953: 3906: 3900: 3860: 3832: 3816: 3783: 3635:

Witch-hunts in modern times are continuously reported by the

3452: 3221:

Another important element of the persecution of witches were

2876: 2830: 2579: 2360: 1426: 245: 8425:. Vol. 23, no. 3. pp. 339–354. Archived from 7428:"Distance witch finally caught; 118 detained this year" 4058:

It was reported on 21 May 2008 that in Kenya a mob had

3583:

surge in witch-hunting; coinciding during the period of the

2964: 2544: 145: 13251: 13080: 10828: 10760: 10528: 10486: 9160:

New York: New York University Press, 2000, pp. 85–115.

9012:. New York and Evanston: Harper & Row Publishers, 1970. 8054: 5946:

The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages

4026: 3669: 3612:

Witch-hunts still occur today in societies where belief in

3426:

In England and Scotland between 1542 and 1735, a series of

3031:

In Denmark, the burning of witches increased following the

2953: 2583: 2376: 2219: 2058: 1887: 8862:

Andreassen, Reidun Laura and Liv Helene Willumsen (eds.),

7765:(2012). "Engendered Violence and Witch-killing in Simbu". 6894:(in Dutch). Archeonnet.nl. 11 October 2003. Archived from 5800:(Revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 4350: – Systematic killing of members of a specific gender 3229:. A well-known and good documented example is the case of 2865:

Perhaps the most notorious witch trial in history was the

9109:

The Last Witch of Langenburg: Murder in a German Village.

5288:

Geschichte der Hexenprozesse: aus dem Qvellen Dargestellt

4354:

Feminist interpretations of the Early Modern witch trials

3688:, although the precise nature of the crime is undefined. 3644: 3620:

and burnings, reported with some regularity from much of

3298:

Prosecution of witchcraft in regions of Europe 1450–1750

2896:

Satanic influence and its classification as a heresy. As

2650:

Burning witches, with others held in stocks, 14th century

2578:

records a persecution and expulsion of witches among the

9212:

https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/2

8201:

Deepesh Shrestha; in Pyutar for AFP (15 February 2010).

7458:"Saudi Arabia: Witchcraft and Sorcery Cases on the Rise" 6807:

Witchcraft And Society in England And America, 1550–1750

5818:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999, Chapter 2. 5529:

Contra insulsam vulgi opinionem de grandine et tonitruis

9230:

A Brief History of Witchcraft Persecutions before Salem

8919:

Witchcraft, Gender, and Society in Early Modern Germany

6081:. Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press. p. 5908: 5906: 5728:"How Protestantism fuelled Europe's deadly witch craze" 5522:

This, for instance, is the general purport of the book

5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 4369:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4154:'s lawsuit against the organization for alleged fraud. 8717:"Trump calls impeachment effort 'greatest witch hunt'" 7968:"Killing of women, child "witches" on rise, U.N. told" 6286:

Fraden, Judith Bloom; Fraden, Dennis Brindell (2008).

5656:

The Oxford illustrated history of witchcraft and magic

4500: – Women's roles and history surrounding religion 2448:, there were laws against harmful magic. According to 2190:, witch-hunts often arose in connection to charges of 9058:

Oberman, H. A., J. D. Tracy, Thomas A. Brady (eds.),

8978:

Witch hunts and State Building in Early Modern Europe

7635: 7517:"Saudi executes Egyptian for practising 'witchcraft'" 7497:(Press release). Human Rights Watch. 12 February 2008 5399:(pbk. ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. p. 257. 5309:

City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria

4483: – Legal proceedings in Massachusetts, 1692–1693 4344: – Murder of women or girls because of their sex 8776:"What Trump Really Means When He Cries 'Witch Hunt'" 7706:"Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea linked to jealousy" 7597:(Press release). Amnesty International. 1 April 2010 7356: 5903: 5125: 4464:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

4443:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

4150:

used the term in an unsuccessful bid to dismiss the

3684:

Witchcraft or sorcery remains a criminal offense in

3616:

is prevalent. In most cases, these are instances of

2989:

ritual parties in which there was naked dancing and

2549:

The German author Wilhelm Gottlieb Soldan argued in

8950:(4 vol. 2006) 1270pp; 758 short essays by scholars. 8681: 8279:

Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law

8151:"Witch hunts targeted by grassroots women's groups" 7617:"Saudi court rejects death sentence for TV psychic" 7211: 7209: 7200:

The Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India

6261: 6179: 5958: 5607: 2618:'s clergy to check fanaticism about witchcraft and 2222:, contemporary witch-hunts have been reported from 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9172:The Witchcraft Trials in Finnmark, Northern Norway 8998:, Vol. 20, No, 1. (Autumn, 1980), pp. 90–108. 8955: 8899:Witch hunts in Europe and America: an encyclopedia 8616: 8202: 6739:A Case of Witchcraft: The Trial of Urbain Grandier 6631: 6612: 6519: 6497: 6395: 6302:"Springfield's 375th: From Puritans to presidents" 6157:The Witchcraft Trials in Finnmark, northern Norway 6074: 5973: 5484:De strigis vero que non sunt, ne ulla questio fiat 5203: 4138:to "modern-day witch trials". Former US president 2703:And we have ordained respecting witch-crafts, and 2288:Asia and Africa collected during the early modern 13215:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 9158:Brith and Death: Fairies in Scottish Witch-trials 8958:Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance 8948:Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: The Western Tradition 7996:"Witch Killings in Orissa District Cause Concern" 7669:"Saudi man executed for 'witchcraft and sorcery'" 7382: 7243:Varma, Daya (2007). "Witch-Hunt among Santhals". 6398:The lore of Scotland: A guide to Scottish legends 5830: 5331: 4759:Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance 4686:401–422 Section 251 of the Cameroonian penal code 4386: – Attributing events to less-probable plots 3924:Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa 3001:("You shall have no other gods before me") or as 2022:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 13356: 9224:1913 Catholic Encyclopedia entry on "Witchcraft" 8924: 8618:"Is cancel culture the modern-day witch trials?" 8125:200 'witches' killed in India each year – report 7619:. CTV News. Associated Press. 13 November 2010. 7206: 7106: 6467:Russell, Jeffrey Burton; Lewis, Ioan M. (2000). 6180:Andreassen; Willumsen (2014). "'Introduction'". 5497:"Abortion, Contraception and the Church Fathers" 5338:Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius 5239:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 283. 4555:and Richard Golden both estimate 40,000–50,000. 4456: – French judge and witchhunter (1553–1631) 12875:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 8914:Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993. 8614: 8419:"Christian responses to witchcraft and sorcery" 7940:"NCW demands stringent law against witch-hunts" 7338:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 7319:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 7291:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 6077:Witch Hunting in Southwestern Germany 1562–1684 5961:Witchcraft and magic in Europe: the Middle Ages 5354: 5206:The Roman Empire: Economy, Society, and Culture 4755: 4062:at least 11 people accused of witchcraft. 3492:In Germany the last death sentence was that of 3410:End of European witch-hunts in the 18th century 3051:regulated the penalties for witchcraft. In the 2725:for him, that he evermore desist from the like. 1666:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 12357:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 10912:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament 9992:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament 9005:, 3rd ed., London and New York: Longman, 2006. 8985:Servants of Satan: The Age of the Witch Hunts. 8773: 8476: 8323:"Witch-hunts: The darkness that won't go away" 8020: 7847: 6241:. Manchester University Press. pp. 1–18. 4818:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–37. 4535: 4533: 4531: 4025:The Bemba people believed misfortunes such as 3747:Though the practice of "white" magic (such as 3470:and in Norway the last witch execution was of 2968:The torture used against accused witches, 1577 1144:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 11425: 10999:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts 10208: 10079:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts 9250: 9088:The Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories 9019:California: Stanford University Press, 1972. 8864:Steilneset Memorial. Art Architecture History 8460:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 8416: 8224: 8222: 7988: 7056: 6526:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. p. 23. 6239:The Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories 6226:. 21 October 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 6182:Steilneset Memorial. Art Architecture History 5754:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 5658:. Davies, Owen (1st ed.). Oxford. 2017. 5201: 4477: – Prosecutions for witchcraft in Europe 4409: – Widespread moral panic alleging abuse 4403: – Fear that some evil threatens society 4097: 3637:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 3438:published an article in the highly respected 2147: 7909: 7875: 7819: 7735: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7703: 6756: 6466: 6430:"Witchcraft: Eight Myths and Misconceptions" 6285: 5119:Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World 5027: 5015: 4990: 3503:The last known official witch-trial was the 2397: 2276:background of this behaviour. The belief in 27:Search for witchcraft or subversive activity 12573:List of people killed for being transgender 8987:Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985 8585:, 'The True Story of the Death of Stalin', 8256:"Witch-hunt victim recounts torture ordeal" 8042: 7791: 6742:. Manchester University Press. p. 99. 5264:. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. 48–50. 5202:Garnsey, Peter; Saller, Richard P. (1987). 5014:"those that have familiar spirits": Hebrew 4813: 4528: 3786:, mostly in villages, have the belief that 3570:(EIC) banned the persecution of witches in 3137:experienced America's first accusations of 2749:of light. Augustine and his adherents like 2582:in a mythical account of the origin of the 2565:makes no mention of religious motivations. 2472: 1360:List of people killed for being transgender 11432: 11418: 10215: 10201: 9257: 9243: 9186:Witches of the North:Scotland and Finnmark 8992:The Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–1662 8954:Goode, Erich; Ben-Yahuda, Nachman (1994). 8878:Witches and Witch Hunts: A Global History. 8655: 8219: 7932: 7741:"It's 2013, and they're burning 'witches'" 6862:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 153–160. 5863:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5706:"Heimskringla: King Olaf Trygvason's Saga" 5686:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5640:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5523: 5063: 5061: 5059: 4756:Goode, Erich; Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (2010). 4728:Changing Identities in Early Modern France 4392: – Supernatural punishment by a deity 3655:or by selling body parts of the murdered. 3013:Examination of a Witch in the 17th century 2877:Transition to the early modern witch-hunts 2331:, where it played a conspicuous part. The 2154: 2140: 9104:New York: Routledge, 1996, pp. 7–29. 8880:Malden Massachusetts: Polity Press, 2004. 8833: 8774:Markham-Cantor, Alice (28 October 2019). 8573:. Steyler Verlag, Nettetal, 1987. p. 201. 8557:. Steyler Verlag, Nettetal, 1987. p. 197. 8204:"Witch-hunts of low-caste women in Nepal" 7960: 7903: 7724: 6799: 6797: 6327:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 6281: 6279: 6154: 6114: 6072: 5915:Witches and Witch-hunts: A global history 5912: 5757:. Oxford University Press. p. 1769. 5570:Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History 5567: 5448:Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History 5445: 5422:Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History 5419: 5386:(1993) . "The Clash of Faiths (AD c. 300– 5262:Witches and Witch-Hunts: A Global History 5259: 5253: 5180: 5166:History of Rome, Book VIII, Chapter xviii 5156: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 4920: 4841:Witches and Witch-Hunts: A global history 4838: 4511: – 2020 interactive drama video game 3282:sentenced to witchcraft were only women. 2545:Christianisation in the Early Middle Ages 2530:as the Roman state religion in the 390s. 2430:Caius Furius Cressinus Accused of Sorcery 2253: 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 11689:Social determinants of health in poverty 10222: 9208:Swiss American Historical Society Review 8531: 8497:"Mob burns to death 11 Kenyan "witches"" 8070: 7767:Engendering Violence in Papua New Guinea 7649:. Agence France-Presse. 12 December 2011 7187:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. 7110:Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 5 6812:Continuum International Publishing Group 6447: 5884:. Vol. 89, no. 4. p. 475. 5335:; Long, Jacqueline; Sherry, Lee (1993), 4863: 4509:The Dark Pictures Anthology: Little Hope 4494: – Practice of witch-hunts in Nepal 3600: 3463:. The act was finally repealed in 1951. 3413: 3257: 3249: 3212: 3073: 3007: 2963: 2954:Early Modern Europe and Colonial America 2880: 2777: 2645: 2522:Persecution of witches continued in the 2424: 452:Social determinants of health in poverty 144: 9875:Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands 9111:New York: W.W. Norton & Co. (2009) 8887:. New York: The Humanities Press, 1962. 8320: 6857: 6834: 6673: 6607: 6571: 6318: 6139: 6024: 5722: 5195: 5082: 5067: 5056: 4743:New Dictionary of the American Language 4475:Witch trials in the early modern period 4427: – Reported symptom of bewitchment 4157: 4112:The term 'witch-hunt' can be used as a 3418:The drowning of an alleged witch, with 3245: 2960:Witch trials in the early modern period 2553:that the philosopher and mathematician 14: 13357: 11318:List of people executed for witchcraft 9165:Reginald Scot and Renaissance Writings 9029: 8807: 7197: 7182: 7079: 6892:"Laatste executie van heks in Borculo" 6803: 6794: 6769: 6766:, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 65 6735: 6658: 6629: 6546: 6514: 6492: 6276: 6255: 6236: 6230: 6039: 5959:Jolly; Raudvere; Peters, eds. (2002). 5940: 5894: 5877: 5833:Joan of Arc : a life transfigured 5584:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project" 5382: 5284: 5140: 5116: 5103: 4906: 4782: 4725: 4682: 4460:"The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street" 4361: – Belief in witchcraft in Europe 4199:List of people executed for witchcraft 3762: 2634:This conforms to the teachings of the 2486:. If the reports are accurate, writes 2323:which were preserved, in both ancient 11413: 11287:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire 10196: 9527:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire 9300:Witch trials in early modern Scotland 9238: 9003:The witch hunt in early modern Europe 8808:Almond, Philip C. (20 January 2020). 8569:, Vol. 41. Anthony J. Gittins : 8553:, Vol. 41. Anthony J. Gittins : 8439: 8272: 8215:from the original on 12 January 2022. 7761: 7623:from the original on 20 November 2011 7357:Mezzofiore, Gianluca (30 June 2015). 7242: 7215: 7037: 6938: 6837:"Their own imaginations they deceive" 6764:Witchcraft, a very short introduction 6579:Witchcraft, a very short introduction 6522:The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe 6500:The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe 6142:University of Tübingen Research Paper 6044:. Uitgevering Pelckmans. p. 115. 5929:The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe 5826: 5824: 5750: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5302: 5234: 5228: 5186: 4745:. Simon & Schuster. p. 1633. 4730:. Duke University Press. p. 234. 4549:The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe 4148:National Rifle Association of America 3917: 3500:in 1775 (although not carried out). 2500:Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis 13339: 12379:Capital punishment for homosexuality 11694:Social determinants of mental health 9379:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62 9369:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50 9032:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8637:from the original on 12 January 2022 8303: 7383:Armstrong, Jeremy (6 January 2015). 7185:The Santals: Readings in Tribal Life 7155: 6990: 6400:. Kingshill, Sophia. London: Arrow. 5793: 5360: 4721: 4719: 4161: 3839:in Assam. In September 2013, in the 3699:In 2006, an illiterate Saudi woman, 2773: 2412:Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 2310: 1166:Capital punishment for homosexuality 457:Social determinants of mental health 69:adding citations to reliable sources 40: 12499:Genital modification and mutilation 10180:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain) 9898:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials 8615:Telegraph Video (5 February 2021). 7827:"Village 'witches' beaten in India" 7059:"Anna Maria Schwägelin (Schwägele)" 6583:. Oxford University Press. p. 6184:. Stamsund: Orkana. pp. 1–10. 5424:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 30–31. 5028: 5016: 4991: 4989:"witch" here translates the Hebrew 4683:Levack, Brian P. (26 August 2004). 4517: – 1989 Japanese animated film 4425:Medical explanations of bewitchment 4308:Christianization of the Sámi people 4209:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials 3736: 3535:There is no documented evidence of 3370:(Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Russia) 2997:for going against the first of the 1286:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 13385:Christianity-related controversies 11439: 11384:Left-hand path and right-hand path 10959:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus 10039:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus 9637:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia 9280:Witchcraft in early modern Britain 9167:. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984. 8962:. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 8856: 8405:A Modern Movement of Witch Finders 8377:"Tanzania arrests 'witch killers'" 8348:"Congo witch-hunt's child victims" 8086:. 3 September 2013. Archived from 8004:. 21 December 2010. Archived from 7708:. Associated Press. Archived from 7107:Gijswijt-Hofstra, Marijke (1999). 7057:Wolfgang Petz (11 December 2007). 6777:Witch trials in Continental Europe 6661:Witchcraft in Early Modern England 6027:The Dark Side of Christian History 5917:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 18–19. 5821: 5782:A History of Medieval Christianity 5594: 5450:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 54–55. 4367: – Execution or murder method 3990:, appeared in the villages of the 3150:and lasted from 1645 to 1663. The 2802:was commissioned to deal with the 2794:The manuals of the Roman Catholic 2733:) apparently took place. However, 2540:European witchcraft § History 25: 13406: 9334:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597 9217: 8834:Gregorian, Dareh (10 June 2022). 8656:Al-Arshani, Sarah (25 May 2021). 8028:"Three 'witches' kill themselves" 7883:"Bengal tribesmen kill 'witches'" 7460:(Press release). 24 November 2009 7434:. 4 November 2009. Archived from 7038:Balog, Zdenko (1 February 2017). 6920:. executedtoday.com. 4 April 2010 6663:. Harlow, UK: Pearson. p. 6. 6290:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 15. 6224:"Follow the Pendle Witches trail" 5366:The Origin and Deeds of the Goths 5285:Soldan, Wilhelm Gottlieb (1843), 4716: 4596:Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 4594:case discussed by Weiland in the 3803:(NCW) reported that according to 13338: 13329: 13328: 12978:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 12815:Law for Protection of the Nation 12715:White genocide conspiracy theory 9305:Witchcraft in early modern Wales 9264: 9210:, Vol. 59: No. 1, Available at: 8827: 8801: 8767: 8734: 8709: 8675: 8649: 8608: 8601:, "Why I wrote 'The Crucible'", 8592: 8576: 8560: 8544: 8525: 8507: 8489: 8470: 8448: 8433: 8410: 8398: 8340: 8314: 8297: 8266: 8248: 8194: 8185: 8173: 8157: 8143: 8130: 8102: 7855:"'Witch' family killed in India" 7799:"Black Magic practices in India" 7755: 7679: 7661: 7609: 7587: 7561: 7535: 7509: 7487: 7472: 7450: 7420: 7402: 7376: 7350: 7331: 7312: 7303: 7284: 7263: 7236: 7191: 7176: 7149: 7127: 7100: 7073: 7050: 7031: 6991:Kern, Edmund M. (January 1999). 6984: 6958: 6939:Hagen, Rune Blix (28 May 2018). 6932: 6918:"Last witch executed in Denmark" 6910: 6884: 6851: 6828: 6680:. Routledge. pp. 267, 268. 6268:. Ticknor and Company. pp. 6119:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–13. 5948:. Vol. 5. pp. 349–350. 5162: 5070:Magic in the Ancient Greek World 4870:Journal of Development Economics 4814:La Fontaine, Jean Sybil (1998). 4676: 4165: 4088:response by the populace to the 3946:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2655:King Kálmán (Coloman) of Hungary 2551:History of the Witchcraft Trials 1777:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1606:Law for Protection of the Nation 1502:White genocide conspiracy theory 182: 45: 12820:MSM blood donation restrictions 12568:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 9870:Witch trials in the Netherlands 9561:Pappenheimer family witch trial 8517:. 18 March 2009. Archived from 8417:Stephen Hayes (November 1995). 8273:Diwan, Mohammed (1 July 2004). 7245:Economic & Political Weekly 6966:"Timeline The Last Witchfinder" 6729: 6720: 6701: 6667: 6652: 6623: 6601: 6565: 6540: 6508: 6486: 6460: 6422: 6389: 6368: 6345: 6312: 6294: 6216: 6198: 6173: 6148: 6133: 6108: 6099: 6066: 6048: 6033: 6018: 5967: 5952: 5934: 5921: 5888: 5871: 5808: 5787: 5771: 5744: 5716: 5698: 5648: 5576: 5561: 5543: 5516: 5507: 5489: 5472: 5454: 5439: 5413: 5376: 5325: 5296: 5278: 5076: 5041: 5008: 4983: 4965: 4662: 4652: 4642: 4633: 4623: 4610: 4601: 4584: 4570: 4045:tribes of Southern Africa, the 3810: 3743:Witch-hunts in Papua New Guinea 3679: 3590: 3233:, the mother of the astronomer 3122:was executed for witchcraft in 2721:to his kindred, and enter into 2622:is shown in the decrees of the 2196:intensive period of witch-hunts 1611:MSM blood donation restrictions 1355:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 56:needs additional citations for 12833:(as religious or racial quota) 11082:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy 10943:Summis desiderantes affectibus 10023:Summis desiderantes affectibus 9816:Navarre witch trials (1525–26) 9715:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653) 8532:Nossiter, Adam (20 May 2009). 8481:. Shikanda.net. Archived from 8321:de Waal, Mandy (30 May 2012). 7202:. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. 7137:. Swissinfo.ch. 27 August 2008 7135:"Last witch in Europe cleared" 7083:Opowieści prawdziwe i zmyślone 6781:Witchcraft and magic in Europe 6549:Witchcraft and Magic in Europe 6155:Willumsen, Liv Helene (2010). 6115:Willumsen, Liv Helene (2013). 5572:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 56. 5121:. Routledge. pp. 138–142. 4909:The Review of Economic Studies 4900: 4857: 4832: 4807: 4776: 4749: 4734: 3658: 2926:Summis desiderantes affectibus 2533: 1624:(as religious or racial quota) 13: 1: 13247:Second-generation gender bias 12963:Constitutional colorblindness 11684:Social determinants of health 9441:Northern Moravia witch trials 9345:Northamptonshire witch trials 8932:. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia. 8479:"Witchcraft in Modern Africa" 7704:McGuirk, Rod (10 June 2013). 7218:Economic and Political Weekly 7113:. A&C Black. p. 88. 6323:The Long European Reformation 6159:. Bergen: Skald. p. 13. 6073:Midelfort, H.C. Erik (1972). 5984:American Journal of Sociology 5387: 4882:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.11.005 4786:A Brief History of Witchcraft 4710: 4254:Northern Moravia witch trials 3805:National Crime Records Bureau 3801:National Commission for Women 2840:In a notorious case in 1425, 2319:is addressed in the earliest 2054:Second-generation gender bias 1762:Constitutional colorblindness 447:Social determinants of health 11087:accusations against children 10983:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 10158:accusations against children 10063:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 9510:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon 9363:Bury St Edmunds witch trials 9285:Channel Islands Witch Trials 8477:van Binsbergen, Wim (2002). 7363:International Business Times 6262:Jewett, Clarence F. (1881). 5608:Kieckhefer, Richard (2014). 5260:Behringer, Wolfgang (2004). 5038:"diviner" in the Septuagint. 4839:Behringer, Wolfgang (2004). 4789:. Running Press. p. 5. 4522: 4214:Asten witch trial (in Dutch) 3368:Central & Eastern Europe 2844:accused his daughter-in-law 2688:is suggested in a sermon by 2178:. Practicing evil spells or 36:Witch trial (disambiguation) 7: 13158:Medical model of disability 13010:Hate speech laws by country 9480:Aix-en-Provence possessions 7065:(in German). Archived from 6638:. Oxford University Press. 6453:Akademie Schloss Solitude: 6396:Westwood, Jennifer (2011). 6056:"The History Today Archive" 5993:University of Chicago Press 5751:Cross, Livingstone (2005). 5612:(2nd ed.). Cambridge. 4328: 3118:as early as May 1647, when 2335:(18th century BC 1965:Medical model of disability 1809:Hate speech laws by country 32:Witch hunt (disambiguation) 10: 13411: 13370:Informal legal terminology 13267:Social model of disability 11739:Discrimination against men 11007:Daemonolatreiae libri tres 10087:Daemonolatreiae libri tres 9934:Liechtenstein witch trials 9615:Witch trial of Fuersteneck 9475:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609 9328:North Berwick witch trials 8996:Journal of British Studies 8866:. Stamsund: Orkana, 2014. 8567:Studia Instituti Anthropos 8551:Studia Instituti Anthropos 6858:Summers, Montague (2003). 6457:, retrieved: 21 April 2024 6319:Wallace, Peter G. (2004). 5835:(1st ed.). New York. 5831:Harrison, Kathryn (2014). 5501:National Catholic Register 5034: 5022: 4997: 4249:North Berwick witch trials 4244:Liechtenstein witch trials 4196: 4101: 4098:Figurative use of the term 3921: 3894: 3771: 3767: 3740: 3731: 3594: 3522:, Switzerland in 1782 and 3135:Springfield, Massachusetts 3053:North Berwick witch trials 2957: 2842:Hermann II, Count of Celje 2782:The burning of a woman in 2739:Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals 2586:. The ancient fabled King 2537: 2315:Punishment for malevolent 2306:Magic in the ancient world 2303: 2299: 2257: 2074:Social model of disability 502:Discrimination against men 29: 13324: 13063: 12940: 12733: 12620:Opposition to immigration 12344: 11984: 11831: 11591: 11541:Race / Ethnicity 11478: 11447: 11351: 11330: 11295: 11279: 11237: 11186: 11155: 11124: 11115: 11072: 11065: 11039:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men 10902: 10779: 10619: 10432: 10365: 10241: 10234: 10145: 10119:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men 9984: 9943: 9860: 9804:Val Camonica witch trials 9784:Witch trials in Catalonia 9771: 9692:Vardø witch trials (1621) 9624: 9519: 9462: 9435:Kasina Wielka witch trial 9417: 9374:Alloa witch trials (1658) 9272: 8910:(1975), Revised Edition: 7009:10.1017/S006723780001599X 6997:Austrian History Yearbook 6708:Noituus – Kuolemantuomiot 6353:"Estimates of executions" 6029:. Morningstar & Lark. 5899:. Routledge. p. 211. 4374:Christianity and paganism 4152:New York attorney general 4142:frequently used the term 3663: 3292:Gottfried Christian Voigt 3057:James VI of Scotland 2991:cannibalistic infanticide 2679:, in 1080, wrote to King 2659:Burchard, Bishop of Worms 2398:Ancient Greco-Roman world 1407:Opposition to immigration 296:Race / Ethnicity 156:, Switzerland (1585), by 12615:Occupational segregation 12384:Compulsory sterilization 11369:Christian views on magic 11047:The Discovery of Witches 10919:Directorium Inquisitorum 10127:The Discovery of Witches 9999:Directorium Inquisitorum 9969:Witch trials in New York 9957:Connecticut Witch Trials 9951:Witch trials in Virginia 9789:Witch trials in Portugal 9603:Mergentheim witch trials 9597:Baden-Baden witch trials 9365:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694) 9149:. Pearson/Longman, 2007. 9072:Oldridge, Darren (ed.), 7040:"Magda Logomer Herucina" 6835:Addison, Joseph (1711). 6674:Goodare, Julian (2016). 6105:Behringer (2004), p. 83. 5610:Magic in the Middle Ages 5432:que interpretatur striga 5117:Dickie, Matthew (2003). 4864:Gershman, Boris (2016). 4448:Marie-Josephte Corriveau 4379:Christian views on magic 3890: 3585:Indian Rebellion of 1857 3530: 3384:(Spain, Portugal, Italy) 3144:Massachusetts Bay Colony 3112:The Discovery of Witches 2568:The 6th century AD 2260:Anthropology of religion 2202:and to a smaller extent 1402:Occupational segregation 1171:Compulsory sterilization 13143:Internalized oppression 13005:Fighting Discrimination 12995:Fat acceptance movement 12953:Anti-discrimination law 12593:Native American mascots 10975:De praestigiis daemonum 10927:De maleficis mulieribus 10055:De praestigiis daemonum 10007:De maleficis mulieribus 9904:Bredevoort witch trials 9851:Witch trial of Nogaredo 9732:Kastelholm witch trials 9668:Copenhagen witch trials 9647:Witch trials in Iceland 9642:Witch trials in Finland 9632:Witch trials in Denmark 9549:Rottenburg witch trials 9543:Wiesensteig witch trial 9425:Witch trials in Hungary 9408:Islandmagee witch trial 9290:Witch trials in England 9228:Douglas Linder (2005), 9188:. Leiden: Brill, 2013. 9184:Willumsen, Liv Helene. 9174:. Bergen: Skald, 2010. 9170:Willumsen, Liv Helene. 9123:The Demon-Haunted World 7080:Tazbir, Janusz (1994). 6860:Geography of Witchcraft 6736:Rapley, Robert (1998). 6677:The European Witch-Hunt 6630:Hutton, Ronald (1999). 6473:Encyclopedia Britannica 6363:Counting the Witch Hunt 6025:Ellerbe, Helen (1995). 5085:The Classical Quarterly 5068:Collins, Derek (2008). 4931:10.1111/0034-6527.00365 4541:Encyclopedia Britannica 4515:Kiki's Delivery Service 4313:Wiesensteig witch trial 4239:Islandmagee witch trial 4229:Bredevoort witch trials 3474:in 1695, and in Sweden 3162:Ponzinibio (fl. 1520), 3154:followed in 1692–1693. 3037:Christian IV of Denmark 3025:first major persecution 1950:Internalized oppression 1804:Fighting Discrimination 1794:Fat acceptance movement 1752:Anti-discrimination law 1380:Native American mascots 13262:Social identity threat 13235:Reverse discrimination 13225:Racial color blindness 12705:Violence against women 12685:Sex-selective abortion 11031:Compendium Maleficarum 11023:Magical Investigations 10914:(8th–2nd centuries BC) 10111:Compendium Maleficarum 10103:Magical Investigations 9994:(8th–2nd centuries BC) 9810:Mirandola witch trials 9794:Witch trials in Sicily 9657:Witch trials in Sweden 9652:Witch trials in Norway 9609:Esslingen witch trials 9579:Eichstätt witch trials 9537:Derenburg witch trials 9470:Witch trials in France 9430:Witch trials in Poland 9125:, Random House, 1996. 9015:Midlefort, Erick H.C. 8921:, Leiden: Brill, 2007. 8462:. 2004. Archived from 7769:. ANU Press: 107–136. 6659:Sharpe, James (2001). 6609:Barstow, Anne Lewellyn 6288:The Salem Witch Trials 5881:Review & Expositor 5794:Cohn, Norman (2000) . 5778:Jeffrey Burton Russell 5235:Ogden, Daniel (2002). 4762:. Wiley. p. 195. 4590:See, for example, the 4234:Derenburg witch trials 3609: 3555:population called the 3537:witch-hunting in India 3423: 3270: 3255: 3218: 3180:Alonso Salazar y Frías 3087: 3019: 2993:. It was also seen as 2969: 2892: 2863: 2791: 2727: 2651: 2632: 2600: 2473: 2437: 2434:Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours 2349: 2254:Anthropological causes 2194:from Christianity. An 2069:Social identity threat 2042:Reverse discrimination 2032:Racial color blindness 1492:Violence against women 1472:Sex-selective abortion 160: 13230:Religious intolerance 13190:Political correctness 13020:Intersex human rights 12968:Cultural assimilation 12650:Religious persecution 12414:Disability hate crime 12199:Jewish / Antisemitism 10654:Cloak of invisibility 10410:Solitary practitioner 10323:Witch-cult hypothesis 10170:Werewolf witch trials 9963:Maryland Witch Trials 9928:Salzburg witch trials 9845:Terrassa witch trials 9799:Witch trials in Spain 9779:Witch trials in Italy 9750:Katarina witch trials 9744:Torsåker witch trials 9720:Kirkjuból witch trial 9697:Akershus witch trials 9585:Würzburg witch trials 9573:Ellwangen witch trial 9532:Rottweil Witch Trials 9504:Affair of the Poisons 9498:Normandy witch trials 9453:Doruchowo witch trial 9074:The Witchcraft Reader 8946:Golden, William, ed. 8917:Durrant, Jonathan B. 8876:Behringer, Wolfgang. 8466:on 14 September 2012. 8304:Ally, Yaseen (2014). 6941:"Johanne Nielsdatter" 6868:10.4324/9781315822334 5897:The Witchcraft Reader 5814:See Franco Mormando, 5690:) CS1 maint: others ( 5150:Yale University Press 4979:on 16 September 2007. 4958:Catholic Encyclopedia 4843:. Wiley. p. 50. 4783:Martin, Lois (2010). 4557:Anne Lewellyn Barstow 4504:Women in Christianity 4294:Torsåker witch trials 4203:Category:Witch trials 3928:In many societies of 3922:Further information: 3604: 3580:Chota Nagpur Division 3545:Chota Nagpur Division 3417: 3261: 3253: 3216: 3142:throughout England's 3077: 3011: 2967: 2898:Renaissance occultism 2884: 2858: 2829:, the Inquisition of 2781: 2701: 2681:Harald III of Denmark 2649: 2628: 2592: 2563:Socrates Scholasticus 2538:Further information: 2503:of 81 BC, killing by 2462:Gaius Furius Cresimus 2428: 2341: 2304:Further information: 2258:Further information: 2037:Religious intolerance 1997:Political correctness 1819:Intersex human rights 1767:Cultural assimilation 1437:Religious persecution 1201:Disability hate crime 978:Jewish / Antisemitism 148: 12635:Political repression 11644:Anti-left handedness 11634:Anti-intellectualism 11374:Magical organization 10889:Witches of Benevento 9910:Roermond witch trial 9880:Stedelen witch trial 9833:Witches of Laspaúles 9709:Rosborg witch trials 9686:Finspång witch trial 9591:Bamberg witch trials 9492:Louviers possessions 9390:Bideford witch trial 9295:Witchcraft in Orkney 9273:In the British Isles 9107:Robisheaux, Thomas. 8521:on 23 December 2014. 7183:Archer, W G (1979). 6898:on 28 September 2007 6713:1 March 2021 at the 6455:Kepler’s Witch Trial 6117:Witches of the North 6062:on 12 November 2007. 6040:Meewis, Wim (1992). 5189:The Life of Augustus 5072:. Malden: Blackwell. 4618:The Name of the Rose 4547:'s first edition of 4492:Witch-hunts in Nepal 4365:Execution by burning 4336:Ecclesiastical court 4323:Würzburg witch trial 4274:Roermond witch trial 4224:Bideford witch trial 4179:adding missing items 4158:List of witch trials 3897:Witch-hunts in Nepal 3829:Muzaffarpur district 3774:Witch-hunts in India 3505:Doruchów witch trial 3309:Executions (approx) 3288:nine million witches 3267:William Powell Frith 3246:Execution statistics 3239:duchy of Württemberg 3204:Bamberg witch trials 3202:(1626–1631) and the 3200:Würzburg witch trial 2972:The witch trials in 2912:and centered on the 2867:trial of Joan of Arc 2846:Veronika of Desenice 2751:Saint Thomas Aquinas 2690:Serapion of Vladimir 2624:Council of Paderborn 2384:Second Temple period 1422:Political repression 407:Anti-left handedness 397:Anti-intellectualism 152:of three witches in 65:improve this article 13138:Historical eugenics 12675:Segregation academy 12655:Religious terrorism 12444:Enemy of the people 12352:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 11871:Jehovah's Witnesses 11764:Perpetual foreigner 10991:Newes from Scotland 10951:Malleus Maleficarum 10328:Anglo-Saxon England 10071:Newes from Scotland 10031:Malleus Maleficarum 9892:Geneva witch trials 9886:Valais witch trials 9839:Basque witch trials 9762:Thisted witch trial 9756:Rugård witch trials 9703:Ramsele witch trial 9674:Gyldenstierne-sagen 9662:Põlula witch trials 9447:Szeged witch trials 8976:Gouges, Linnea de, 8090:on 6 September 2013 7976:. 23 September 2009 7739:(24 October 2017). 7483:. 16 February 2008. 7278:anton-praetorius.de 7156:Klimczak, Natalia. 6972:on 20 November 2011 6634:Triumph of the Moon 6374:Charles Alva Hoyt, 5537:Archbishop of Lyons 5503:. 16 February 2012. 5291:, Cotta, p. 82 5097:10.1093/cq/51.2.477 4359:European witchcraft 4269:Ramsele witch trial 4259:Orkney witch trials 4219:Basque witch trials 3873:Jalpaiguri district 3825:Sundergarh district 3763:Indian Subcontinent 3549:Company-ruled India 3299: 3104:the "swimming" test 3069:Pendle witch trials 3049:Witchcraft Act 1541 3045:Steilneset Memorial 2974:Early Modern Europe 2944:Malleus Maleficarum 2888:Malleus Maleficarum 2854:Bernardino of Siena 2825:In the case of the 2610:(314 AD), and 2559:Cyril of Alexandria 2208:Counter Reformation 2200:Early Modern Europe 1945:Historical eugenics 1462:Segregation academy 1442:Religious terrorism 1231:Enemy of the people 1139:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 642:Jehovah's Witnesses 527:Perpetual foreigner 13390:Modern witch hunts 13050:Social integration 13045:Self-determination 13035:Racial integration 12983:Diversity training 12973:Cultural pluralism 12948:Affirmative action 12848:Racial segregation 12758:Crime of apartheid 12660:Religious violence 12163:Indigenous people 11568:Sexual orientation 11343:Witches in fiction 11331:In popular culture 10905:historic treatises 9975:Salem witch trials 9821:Lisbon witch trial 9772:In Southern Europe 9726:Vardø witch trials 9625:In Northern Europe 9567:Fulda witch trials 9555:Trier witch trials 9486:Loudun possessions 9402:Pittenweem witches 9357:Witches of Belvoir 9351:Samlesbury witches 9322:Witches of Warboys 9145:Thurston, Robert. 9008:Macfarlane, Alan. 8897:Burns, William E. 8688:The New York Times 8538:The New York Times 8354:. 22 December 1999 8262:. 7 February 2010. 8140:, 30 October 2009. 8083:The Times of India 8058:. 4 September 2013 8008:on 2 February 2014 7910:Jill Schnoebelen. 7751:on 2 October 2013. 7687:"Unreported World" 7647:The New York Times 7438:on 10 January 2012 7414:Human Rights Watch 7198:Crooke, W (1969). 7164:on 27 October 2017 5975:Nachman Ben-Yehuda 5942:von Pastor, Ludwig 5913:Behringer (2004). 5568:Behringer (2004). 5535:]. Lyons, FR: 5446:Behringer (2004). 5420:Behringer (2004). 4995:, and is rendered 4498:Women and religion 4487:Modern witch-hunts 4481:Salem witch trials 4469:West Memphis Three 4396:Magic and religion 4390:Divine retribution 4318:Witches of Warboys 4304:Vardø witch trials 4299:Trier witch trials 4279:Salem witch trials 4177:; you can help by 4069:The New York Times 3980:Audrey I. Richards 3930:Sub-Saharan Africa 3918:Sub-Saharan Africa 3883:(tribal) workers. 3837:Kokrajhar district 3694:Human Rights Watch 3622:Sub-Saharan Africa 3610: 3597:Modern witch-hunts 3568:East India Company 3541:Singhbhum District 3472:Johanne Nilsdatter 3424: 3297: 3271: 3256: 3219: 3196:Fulda witch trials 3192:Trier witch trials 3152:Salem witch trials 3131:Salem witch trials 3088: 3020: 2970: 2921:Pope Innocent VIII 2893: 2792: 2746:Augustine of Hippo 2652: 2438: 2388:Simeon ben Shetach 2375:28, reporting how 2355:condemns sorcery. 2339:) prescribes that 2290:Age of Exploration 2224:sub-Saharan Africa 1849:Social integration 1844:Self-determination 1834:Racial integration 1782:Diversity training 1772:Cultural pluralism 1747:Affirmative action 1639:Racial segregation 1549:Crime of apartheid 1447:Religious violence 942:Indigenous people 323:Sexual orientation 161: 13352: 13351: 13220:Racism by country 13148:Intersectionality 13133:Heteronormativity 12932:Voter suppression 12680:Sexual harassment 12479:Forced conversion 12399:Cultural genocide 12062:African Americans 11881:post–Cold War era 11866:Eastern Orthodoxy 11629:Anti-drug addicts 11624:Anti-homelessness 11551:Scientific racism 11407: 11406: 11364:Witch (archetype) 11326: 11325: 11275: 11274: 10601:Sympathetic magic 10428: 10427: 10190: 10189: 9944:Outside of Europe 9922:Lukh witch trials 9418:In Eastern Europe 9180:978-82-7959-152-8 9117:978-0-393-06551-0 9001:Levack, Brian P. 8990:Levack, Brian P. 8969:978-0-631-18905-3 8872:978-82-8104-245-2 8605:, 13 October 1996 8589:, 10 October 2017 8383:. 23 October 2003 8030:. 24 October 2003 7835:. 20 October 2009 7523:. 3 November 2007 7224:(19): 1672–1676. 6877:978-0-7661-4536-8 6821:978-0-8264-8300-3 6814:. pp. 1–18. 6762:Gaskill, Malcolm 6749:978-0-7190-5528-7 6687:978-1-317-19831-4 6645:978-0-19-820744-3 6594:978-0-19-923695-4 6338:978-0-333-64451-5 6248:978-0-7190-6204-9 6191:978-82-8104-245-2 6166:978-82-7959-152-8 5726:(16 March 2016). 5555:Patrologia Latina 5466:Bible Apologetics 5370:Charles C. Mierow 5348:978-0-520-06550-5 5246:978-0-19-513575-6 5221:978-0-520-06067-8 5152:. pp. 59–66. 4825:978-0-521-62934-8 4384:Conspiracy theory 4195: 4194: 4124:witch-hunt' and ' 3982:, in the journal 3632:is Saudi Arabia. 3407: 3406: 3328:Holy Roman Empire 3198:(1603–1606), the 3194:(1581–1593), the 3186:(1591–1635), and 3116:American colonies 3108:pricking the skin 3096:English Civil War 3003:violating majesty 2979:Thirty Years' War 2939:Ludwig von Pastor 2816:Pope Alexander IV 2774:Later Middle Ages 2492:Republican Romans 2420:Theoris of Lemnos 2333:Code of Hammurabi 2311:Ancient Near East 2212:Thirty Years' War 2164: 2163: 2027:Racism by country 1955:Intersectionality 1940:Heteronormativity 1723:Voter suppression 1467:Sexual harassment 1266:Forced conversion 1186:Cultural genocide 841:African Americans 652:post–Cold War era 637:Eastern Orthodoxy 392:Anti-drug addicts 387:Anti-homelessness 306:Scientific racism 158:Johann Jakob Wick 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 13402: 13375:Crowd psychology 13342: 13341: 13332: 13331: 13272:Social privilege 13257:Social exclusion 13185:Police brutality 13106:Multiculturalism 13076:Amatonormativity 12907:Social exclusion 12743:Age of candidacy 12543:Homeless dumping 12449:Ethnic cleansing 11434: 11427: 11420: 11411: 11410: 11338:Magic in fiction 11168:Northern Moravia 11122: 11121: 11102:Papua New Guinea 11070: 11069: 10854:Nine sorceresses 10606:Witches' Sabbath 10455:Ceremonial magic 10445:Apotropaic magic 10239: 10238: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10194: 10193: 9738:Mora witch trial 9316:St Osyth Witches 9259: 9252: 9245: 9236: 9235: 9163:West, Robert H. 9152:Purkiss, Diane. 9055: 8983:Klaits, Joseph. 8973: 8961: 8943: 8926:Federici, Silvia 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8814:The Conversation 8805: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8662:Business Insider 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8620: 8612: 8606: 8596: 8590: 8580: 8574: 8564: 8558: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8390: 8388: 8373: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8226: 8217: 8216: 8206: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8147: 8141: 8134: 8128: 8117:, 26 July 2010. 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7916: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7747:. Archived from 7733: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7316: 7310: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7275: 7271:"Entschuldigung" 7267: 7261: 7260: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7213: 7204: 7203: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7160:. Archived from 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7035: 7029: 7028: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6968:. Archived from 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6801: 6792: 6775:William Monter: 6773: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6718: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6637: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6582: 6573:Gaskill, Malcolm 6569: 6563: 6562: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6525: 6516:Levack, Brian P. 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6494:Levack, Brian P. 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6434:English Heritage 6426: 6420: 6419: 6393: 6387: 6372: 6366: 6356: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6326: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6274: 6273: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6080: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6058:. Archived from 6052: 6046: 6045: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6007: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5938: 5932: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5862: 5854: 5828: 5819: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5791: 5785: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5736:. Archived from 5724:Selwood, Dominic 5720: 5714: 5713: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5685: 5677: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5639: 5631: 5605: 5592: 5591: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5565: 5559: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5493: 5487: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5392: 5389: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5368:. Translated by 5358: 5352: 5351: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5304:Watts, Edward J. 5300: 5294: 5292: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5209: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5138: 5123: 5122: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5065: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4975:. Archived from 4969: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4924: 4915:(4): 1153–1172. 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4884:. Archived from 4861: 4855: 4854: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4803:on 21 June 2013. 4799:. Archived from 4780: 4774: 4773: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4705: 4700: 4680: 4674: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4588: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4537: 4465: 4454:Pierre de Lancre 4444: 4370: 4289:St Osyth Witches 4190: 4187: 4169: 4168: 4162: 3841:Jashpur district 3737:Papua New Guinea 3722:Al Jawf Province 3649:social cleansing 3518:was executed in 3476:Anna Eriksdotter 3300: 3296: 3231:Katharina Kepler 3188:Balthasar Bekker 3176:Anton Praetorius 3084:Bamberg, Germany 2999:Ten Commandments 2910:Council of Basel 2764:Snorri Sturluson 2715:threefold ordeal 2677:Pope Gregory VII 2641:Agobard of Lyons 2602:The Councils of 2590:is said to have 2476: 2337:short chronology 2228:Papua New Guinea 2204:Colonial America 2156: 2149: 2142: 2079:Social privilege 2064:Social exclusion 1992:Police brutality 1913:Multiculturalism 1883:Amatonormativity 1698:Social exclusion 1534:Age of candidacy 1330:Homeless dumping 1236:Ethnic cleansing 186: 163: 162: 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 13410: 13409: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13348: 13320: 13195:Polyculturalism 13091:Civil liberties 13059: 13040:Reappropriation 12941:Countermeasures 12936: 12865:Racial steering 12831:Numerus clausus 12735: 12729: 12454:Ethnic conflict 12389:Corrective rape 12340: 11980: 11827: 11719:HIV/AIDS stigma 11587: 11536:Mental disorder 11474: 11443: 11438: 11408: 11403: 11347: 11322: 11291: 11271: 11233: 11187:Northern Europe 11182: 11151: 11111: 11061: 10904: 10898: 10781: 10775: 10714:Magical weapons 10664:Flying ointment 10615: 10460:Magical formula 10424: 10361: 10308:Greece and Rome 10230: 10221: 10191: 10186: 10175:Witchcraft Acts 10141: 9980: 9939: 9916:Spa witch trial 9862: 9856: 9767: 9620: 9515: 9458: 9413: 9396:Paisley witches 9310:Windsor Witches 9268: 9263: 9220: 9086:Poole, Robert. 8970: 8940: 8859: 8857:Further reading 8854: 8844: 8842: 8832: 8828: 8818: 8816: 8806: 8802: 8792: 8790: 8772: 8768: 8758: 8756: 8746:Washington Post 8740: 8739: 8735: 8725: 8723: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8698: 8680: 8676: 8666: 8664: 8654: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8613: 8609: 8597: 8593: 8587:Smithsonian.com 8581: 8577: 8565: 8561: 8549: 8545: 8530: 8526: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8485:on 11 May 2003. 8475: 8471: 8454: 8453: 8449: 8438: 8434: 8429:on 3 July 2006. 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8386: 8384: 8375: 8374: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8319: 8315: 8302: 8298: 8271: 8267: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8228: 8227: 8220: 8209:Telegraph.co.uk 8199: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8135: 8131: 8127:, 26 July 2010. 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8059: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8033: 8031: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8011: 8009: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7966: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7923: 7921: 7914: 7908: 7904: 7894: 7892: 7891:. 27 March 2003 7881: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7777: 7760: 7756: 7745:The Global Mail 7734: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7702: 7698: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7675:. 19 June 2012. 7667: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7626: 7624: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7600: 7598: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7500: 7498: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7463: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7439: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7393: 7391: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7355: 7351: 7336: 7332: 7317: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7289: 7285: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7241: 7237: 7214: 7207: 7196: 7192: 7181: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7154: 7150: 7140: 7138: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7105: 7101: 7094: 7078: 7074: 7069:on 31 May 2008. 7055: 7051: 7036: 7032: 6989: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6856: 6852: 6847:(117): 208–212. 6833: 6829: 6822: 6802: 6795: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6721: 6715:Wayback Machine 6706: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6672: 6668: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6628: 6624: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6513: 6509: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6465: 6461: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6408: 6394: 6390: 6373: 6369: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6317: 6313: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6284: 6277: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6235: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6153: 6149: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6071: 6067: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6038: 6034: 6023: 6019: 6005: 6003: 5972: 5968: 5957: 5953: 5939: 5935: 5926: 5922: 5911: 5904: 5893: 5889: 5876: 5872: 5856: 5855: 5843: 5829: 5822: 5813: 5809: 5792: 5788: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5740:on 28 May 2014. 5721: 5717: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5679: 5678: 5666: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5633: 5632: 5620: 5606: 5595: 5588:www.fordham.edu 5582: 5581: 5577: 5566: 5562: 5548: 5544: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5477: 5473: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5444: 5440: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5390: 5381: 5377: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5301: 5297: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5200: 5196: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5139: 5126: 5115: 5104: 5081: 5077: 5066: 5057: 5046: 5042: 5013: 5009: 4988: 4984: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4922:10.1.1.370.6294 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4888:on 18 July 2021 4862: 4858: 4851: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4812: 4808: 4797: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4724: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4571: 4553:Malcolm Gaskill 4545:Brian P. Levack 4538: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4463: 4442: 4419:Trial by ordeal 4368: 4331: 4306:as part of the 4284:Spa witch trial 4205: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4166: 4160: 4144:on Twitter 4110: 4104:Siege mentality 4100: 4002:containers for 3926: 3920: 3905:Witch-hunts in 3903: 3895:Main articles: 3893: 3853:northern states 3813: 3782:Some people in 3780: 3772:Main articles: 3770: 3765: 3745: 3739: 3734: 3726:Najran Province 3682: 3666: 3661: 3599: 3593: 3533: 3494:Anna Schwegelin 3428:Witchcraft Acts 3412: 3382:Southern Europe 3306:Trials (approx) 3263:The Witch Trial 3248: 3235:Johannes Kepler 3092:Matthew Hopkins 3061:Anne of Denmark 2962: 2956: 2935:Heinrich Kramer 2879: 2827:Madonna Oriente 2809:Knights Templar 2776: 2768:Olaf Trygvasson 2735:Pope Nicholas I 2731:Roman civil law 2643:(810 AD). 2616:Catholic Church 2606:(306 AD), 2547: 2542: 2536: 2513:Sibylline Books 2469:Classical Latin 2400: 2382:In the Judaean 2313: 2308: 2302: 2274:anthropological 2270: 2264:Human sacrifice 2256: 2188:medieval Europe 2160: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2002:Polyculturalism 1898:Civil liberties 1870: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1839:Reappropriation 1739: 1738:Countermeasures 1731: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1656:Racial steering 1622:Numerus clausus 1526: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1241:Ethnic conflict 1176:Corrective rape 1131: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 766: 755: 754: 753: 752: 751: 604: 594: 593: 592: 591: 590: 482:HIV/AIDS stigma 354: 346: 345: 344: 343: 342: 291:Mental disorder 233: 225: 224: 223: 222: 221: 194: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13408: 13398: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13350: 13349: 13347: 13346: 13336: 13325: 13322: 13321: 13319: 13318: 13313: 13312: 13311: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13290: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13240:Reverse racism 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13210:Prisoner abuse 13207: 13202: 13200:Power distance 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13166: 13165: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13118:Ethnic penalty 13115: 13114: 13113: 13111:Neurodiversity 13108: 13098: 13096:Dehumanization 13093: 13088: 13086:Cisnormativity 13083: 13078: 13073: 13067: 13065: 13064:Related topics 13061: 13060: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12986: 12985: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12944: 12942: 12938: 12937: 12935: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12922:State religion 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12903: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12858:Nuremberg Laws 12855: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12800:Ghetto benches 12797: 12795:Gerrymandering 12792: 12787: 12782: 12780:Gender pay gap 12777: 12776: 12775: 12770: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12739: 12737: 12734:Discriminatory 12731: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12611: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12563:Lavender scare 12560: 12558:Kill Haole Day 12555: 12553:Indian rolling 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12529: 12528: 12518: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12439:Eliminationism 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12374:Cancel culture 12371: 12366: 12361: 12360: 12359: 12348: 12346: 12345:Manifestations 12342: 12341: 12339: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12241:Middle Eastern 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12207: 12206: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11991: 11989: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11978: 11976:Zoroastrianism 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11952: 11951: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11907: 11906: 11905: 11903:Untouchability 11900: 11890: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11837: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11793: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11729:Leprosy stigma 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11595: 11593: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11554: 11553: 11548: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11482: 11480: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11451: 11449: 11445: 11444: 11441:Discrimination 11437: 11436: 11429: 11422: 11414: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11340: 11334: 11332: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11299: 11297: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11289: 11283: 11281: 11277: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11267: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11241: 11239: 11238:Western Europe 11235: 11234: 11232: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11190: 11188: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11159: 11157: 11156:Eastern Europe 11153: 11152: 11150: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11119: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11078: 11076: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11051: 11043: 11035: 11027: 11019: 11011: 11003: 10995: 10987: 10979: 10971: 10963: 10955: 10947: 10939: 10931: 10923: 10915: 10908: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10894:Witch of Endor 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10785: 10783: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10771:Witch's ladder 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10634: 10629: 10623: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10469: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10369: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10245: 10243: 10236: 10232: 10231: 10220: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10197: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10139: 10131: 10123: 10115: 10107: 10099: 10091: 10083: 10075: 10067: 10059: 10051: 10043: 10035: 10027: 10019: 10011: 10003: 9995: 9988: 9986: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9978: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9872: 9866: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9818: 9813: 9807: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9773: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9612: 9606: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9529: 9523: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9472: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9438: 9432: 9427: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9339:Pendle witches 9336: 9331: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9276: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9262: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9226: 9219: 9218:External links 9216: 9215: 9214: 9204: 9182: 9168: 9161: 9150: 9143: 9141:978-1973105756 9133: 9119: 9105: 9098: 9084: 9070: 9056: 9044:10.2307/202315 9038:(4): 435–451. 9027: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8988: 8981: 8974: 8968: 8951: 8944: 8938: 8922: 8915: 8904:Cohn, Norman. 8902: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8826: 8800: 8766: 8733: 8708: 8674: 8648: 8607: 8603:The New Yorker 8591: 8575: 8571:Mende Religion 8559: 8555:Mende Religion 8543: 8524: 8506: 8503:. 21 May 2008. 8488: 8469: 8447: 8444:. Vol. 6. 8432: 8409: 8397: 8365: 8339: 8327:Daily Maverick 8313: 8296: 8285:(2): 351–388. 8265: 8247: 8236:. 31 July 2013 8218: 8193: 8184: 8180:Womensnews.org 8172: 8156: 8142: 8129: 8101: 8069: 8041: 8019: 7987: 7959: 7931: 7902: 7874: 7863:. 12 June 2008 7846: 7818: 7804:Deutsche Welle 7790: 7785:j.ctt24hcwt.10 7775: 7754: 7723: 7712:on 17 May 2021 7696: 7678: 7660: 7634: 7608: 7586: 7575:. 2 April 2010 7560: 7534: 7508: 7486: 7471: 7449: 7419: 7401: 7375: 7349: 7330: 7311: 7302: 7283: 7262: 7235: 7205: 7190: 7175: 7148: 7126: 7119: 7099: 7092: 7072: 7063:Historicum.net 7049: 7030: 6983: 6957: 6931: 6909: 6883: 6876: 6850: 6827: 6820: 6793: 6768: 6755: 6748: 6728: 6719: 6700: 6686: 6666: 6651: 6644: 6622: 6600: 6593: 6564: 6557: 6539: 6532: 6507: 6485: 6459: 6446: 6421: 6406: 6388: 6367: 6344: 6337: 6311: 6308:. 10 May 2011. 6293: 6275: 6254: 6247: 6229: 6215: 6197: 6190: 6172: 6165: 6147: 6132: 6125: 6107: 6098: 6091: 6065: 6047: 6032: 6017: 5966: 5963:. p. 241. 5951: 5933: 5920: 5902: 5887: 5870: 5841: 5820: 5807: 5786: 5770: 5763: 5743: 5715: 5697: 5664: 5647: 5618: 5593: 5575: 5560: 5542: 5515: 5506: 5488: 5471: 5453: 5438: 5412: 5405: 5384:Hutton, Ronald 5375: 5353: 5347: 5324: 5319:978-0520258167 5318: 5295: 5277: 5271:978-0745627175 5270: 5252: 5245: 5227: 5220: 5194: 5179: 5155: 5142:Hutton, Ronald 5124: 5102: 5075: 5055: 5040: 5007: 4982: 4964: 4955:"Witchcraft". 4944: 4899: 4856: 4849: 4831: 4824: 4806: 4795: 4775: 4768: 4748: 4741:"witch hunt". 4733: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4695: 4675: 4670:Sachsenspiegel 4661: 4651: 4641: 4632: 4622: 4609: 4600: 4583: 4569: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439:Donas de fuera 4436: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4362: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4264:Pendle witches 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4193: 4192: 4172: 4170: 4159: 4156: 4136:cancel culture 4099: 4096: 4060:burnt to death 4047:witch smellers 3919: 3916: 3892: 3889: 3812: 3809: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3741:Main article: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3681: 3678: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3595:Main article: 3592: 3589: 3532: 3529: 3436:Joseph Addison 3422:as the incitor 3411: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3336:25,000–30,000 3334: 3331: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3247: 3244: 3184:Friedrich Spee 3172:Cornelius Loos 3120:Margaret Jones 3017:T. H. Matteson 2958:Main article: 2955: 2952: 2914:Duchy of Savoy 2878: 2875: 2820:Pope John XXII 2775: 2772: 2636:Canon Episcopi 2546: 2543: 2535: 2532: 2454:5th century BC 2399: 2396: 2312: 2309: 2301: 2298: 2255: 2252: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2047:Reverse racism 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2017:Prisoner abuse 2014: 2009: 2007:Power distance 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1925:Ethnic penalty 1922: 1921: 1920: 1918:Neurodiversity 1915: 1905: 1903:Dehumanization 1900: 1895: 1893:Cisnormativity 1890: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1869:Related topics 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1713:State religion 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1649:Nuremberg Laws 1646: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1591:Ghetto benches 1588: 1586:Gerrymandering 1583: 1578: 1573: 1571:Gender pay gap 1568: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1350:Lavender scare 1347: 1345:Kill Haole Day 1342: 1340:Indian rolling 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1226:Eliminationism 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1161:Cancel culture 1158: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1130:Manifestations 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1020:Middle Eastern 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 986: 985: 975: 970: 965: 960: 959: 958: 953: 948: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 854: 853: 848: 843: 833: 828: 823: 822: 821: 816: 811: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 770: 769: 768: 767: 761: 760: 757: 756: 750: 749: 747:Zoroastrianism 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 723: 722: 712: 711: 710: 709: 708: 703: 698: 693: 678: 677: 676: 674:Untouchability 671: 661: 656: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 624: 619: 614: 608: 607: 606: 605: 600: 599: 596: 595: 589: 588: 583: 578: 577: 576: 571: 566: 556: 555: 554: 549: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 492:Leprosy stigma 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 358: 357: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 341: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 309: 308: 303: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 237: 236: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 220: 219: 214: 209: 204: 198: 197: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 179: 178: 176:Discrimination 172: 171: 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13407: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13365:Witch hunting 13363: 13362: 13360: 13345: 13337: 13335: 13327: 13326: 13323: 13317: 13314: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13294:Social stigma 13292: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13241: 13238: 13237: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13103: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13062: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12939: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12917:State atheism 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12853:Jim Crow laws 12851: 12850: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12838:One-drop rule 12836: 12834: 12832: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12753:Blood quantum 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12732: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12700:Victimisation 12698: 12696: 12695:Trans bashing 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12665:Religious war 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12645:Racialization 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12516:Glass ceiling 12514: 12510: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12459:Ethnic hatred 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12394:Counter-jihad 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12343: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12178: 12177:United States 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12041: 12040:United States 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11983: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11961:Protestantism 11959: 11957: 11954: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11942: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11911: 11908: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11876:LDS or Mormon 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11830: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11806:Transmisogyny 11804: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11797: 11794: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11709:Gerontophobia 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11639:Anti-intersex 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11614:Anti-albinism 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11590: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11477: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11455:Institutional 11453: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11435: 11430: 11428: 11423: 11421: 11416: 11415: 11412: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11394:Folk religion 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11329: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11154: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11114: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11075: 11071: 11068: 11064: 11057: 11056: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10968: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10940: 10937: 10936: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10884:Three Witches 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10844:Morgan le Fay 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10778: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10689:Kitchen witch 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10340:Latin America 10338: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10264:Witch smeller 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10218: 10213: 10211: 10206: 10204: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10144: 10137: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9983: 9976: 9973: 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9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9451: 9448: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9409: 9406: 9403: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9391: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9320: 9317: 9314: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9255: 9253: 9248: 9246: 9241: 9240: 9237: 9231: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9203: 9202:9789004252929 9199: 9195: 9194:9789004252912 9191: 9187: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9132: 9131:0-394-53512-X 9128: 9124: 9121:Sagan, Carl. 9120: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9097: 9096:0-7190-6204-7 9093: 9089: 9085: 9083: 9082:0-415-21492-0 9079: 9075: 9071: 9069: 9068:90-04-09761-9 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9028: 9026: 9025:0-8047-0805-3 9022: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8960: 8959: 8952: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8939:1-57027-059-7 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8883:Briggs, K.M. 8882: 8879: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8815: 8811: 8804: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8737: 8722: 8721:www.aa.com.tr 8718: 8712: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8678: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8623:The Telegraph 8619: 8611: 8604: 8600: 8599:Arthur Miller 8595: 8588: 8584: 8583:Jackie Mansky 8579: 8572: 8568: 8563: 8556: 8552: 8547: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8443: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8382: 8378: 8372: 8370: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8309: 8308: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8223: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8197: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8168: 8167: 8160: 8152: 8146: 8139: 8133: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8029: 8023: 8007: 8003: 8002: 7997: 7991: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7948:. 4 June 2013 7947: 7946: 7941: 7935: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7878: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7850: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7822: 7807:. 23 May 2012 7806: 7805: 7800: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7776:9781921862854 7772: 7768: 7764: 7763:Gibbs, Philip 7758: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7622: 7618: 7612: 7596: 7590: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7549:. 15 May 2010 7548: 7544: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7496: 7490: 7482: 7475: 7459: 7453: 7437: 7433: 7432:Saudi Gazette 7429: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7272: 7266: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7210: 7201: 7194: 7186: 7179: 7163: 7159: 7152: 7136: 7130: 7122: 7120:9780485890051 7116: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7093:9788385083368 7089: 7086:. Twój Styl. 7085: 7084: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6971: 6967: 6961: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6919: 6913: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6879: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6841:The Spectator 6838: 6831: 6823: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6800: 6798: 6790: 6789:0-8122-1787-X 6786: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6751: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6732: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6704: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6670: 6662: 6655: 6647: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6626: 6617: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6596: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6560: 6558:0-8122-1787-X 6554: 6550: 6543: 6535: 6533:9780582419018 6529: 6524: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6504:. p. 21. 6502: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6450: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6407:9780099547167 6403: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6384:0-8093-1544-0 6381: 6377: 6371: 6364: 6360: 6359:Ronald Hutton 6354: 6348: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6289: 6282: 6280: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6258: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6126:9789004252912 6122: 6118: 6111: 6102: 6094: 6092:9780804708050 6088: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6043: 6042:De Vierschaar 6036: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5977:(July 1980). 5976: 5970: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5930: 5924: 5916: 5909: 5907: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5882: 5874: 5866: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5842:9780385531207 5838: 5834: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5790: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5766: 5764:9780192802903 5760: 5756: 5755: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5733:The Telegraph 5729: 5725: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5665:9780199608447 5661: 5657: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5619:9781139923484 5615: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5462:"witch hunts" 5457: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5408: 5406:0-631-18946-7 5402: 5398: 5397: 5385: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5333:Cameron, Alan 5328: 5321: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5281: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5198: 5190: 5183: 5168: 5167: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5120: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5052: 5051: 5044: 5023:ἐγγαστρίμυθος 5011: 5004: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4959: 4951: 4949: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4852: 4850:9780745627175 4846: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4796:9780762439898 4792: 4788: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4769:9781444307931 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4698: 4696:9780815336709 4692: 4689:. Routledge. 4688: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4655: 4645: 4636: 4626: 4619: 4613: 4604: 4597: 4593: 4592:Weihenstephan 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4561:Ronald Hutton 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4527: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4407:Satanic panic 4405: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4189: 4180: 4176: 4173:This list is 4171: 4164: 4163: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4134:has compared 4133: 4132: 4131:The Telegraph 4128:witch-hunt'. 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4108:Victimisation 4105: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865:central state 3862: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3778:Dayan (witch) 3775: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3753:"black" magic 3750: 3749:faith healing 3744: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3692:According to 3689: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3607:Annelie Grund 3603: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3525: 3524:Barbara Zdunk 3521: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3487:Magda Logomer 3483: 3481: 3480:Louis Debaraz 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3457:spiritualists 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3440:The Spectator 3437: 3433: 3432:incarceration 3429: 3421: 3420:Thomas Colley 3416: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3315:British Isles 3313: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223:denunciations 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206:(1626–1631). 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3182:(1564–1636), 3181: 3178:(1560–1613), 3177: 3174:(1546–1595), 3173: 3170:(1538–1599), 3169: 3168:Reginald Scot 3166:(1515–1588), 3165: 3164:Johannes Wier 3159: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3124:Massachusetts 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:Witches' mark 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2966: 2961: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902:folk religion 2899: 2890: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2458:Twelve Tables 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2373:1 Samuel 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2307: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2248:mass hysteria 2246:, as well as 2245: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198:occurring in 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2134: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2101:Social stigma 2099: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1735: 1734: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1708:State atheism 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1644:Jim Crow laws 1642: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1629:One-drop rule 1627: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1544:Blood quantum 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1487:Victimisation 1485: 1483: 1482:Trans bashing 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1452:Religious war 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1432:Racialization 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1303:Glass ceiling 1301: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246:Ethnic hatred 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1181:Counter-jihad 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 984: 981: 980: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 957: 956:United States 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 838: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 820: 819:United States 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 771: 765: 759: 758: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 732:Protestantism 730: 728: 725: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 687: 684: 683: 682: 679: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 662: 660: 657: 653: 650: 648: 647:LDS or Mormon 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 603: 598: 597: 587: 584: 582: 579: 575: 572: 570: 569:Transmisogyny 567: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 472:Gerontophobia 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 402:Anti-intersex 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 377:Anti-albinism 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 350: 349: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 229: 228: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 202:Institutional 200: 199: 190: 189: 185: 181: 180: 177: 174: 173: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 135: 132: 124: 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: – 81: 77: 76:Find sources: 70: 66: 60: 59: 54:This article 52: 48: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 18:Witch-hunting 13128:Gender-blind 13015:Human rights 12843:Racial quota 12830: 12810:Jewish quota 12790:Gerontocracy 12785:Gender roles 12763:Disabilities 12748:Blood purity 12724: 12720:Wife selling 12710:White flight 12690:Slut-shaming 12670:Scapegoating 12588:Murder music 12261:Palestinians 12204:Anti-Zionism 12072:South Africa 12057:Black people 12035:South Africa 11856:Christianity 11846:Baháʼí Faith 11774:Sectarianism 11714:Heterosexism 11679:Ephebiphobia 11649:Anti-Masonry 11516:Hair texture 11359:Witch (word) 11308:Witch's mark 11302: 11117:Early Modern 11053: 11045: 11037: 11029: 11021: 11015:Daemonologie 11013: 11005: 10997: 10989: 10981: 10973: 10967:Laienspiegel 10965: 10957: 10949: 10941: 10933: 10925: 10917: 10849:Muma Pădurii 10780:Folklore and 10751:Sator Square 10704:Magic circle 10699:Magic carpet 10659:Crystal ball 10596:Spiritualism 10420:Witch doctor 10303:Cunning folk 10152: 10133: 10125: 10117: 10109: 10101: 10095:Daemonologie 10093: 10085: 10077: 10069: 10061: 10053: 10047:Laienspiegel 10045: 10037: 10029: 10021: 10013: 10005: 9997: 9806:(1505, 1518) 9680:Køge Huskors 9384:Bute witches 9266:Witch trials 9207: 9185: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9122: 9108: 9101: 9087: 9073: 9059: 9035: 9031: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8991: 8984: 8977: 8957: 8947: 8929: 8918: 8911: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8863: 8843:. 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Retrieved 4886:the original 4873: 4869: 4859: 4840: 4834: 4815: 4809: 4801:the original 4785: 4778: 4758: 4751: 4742: 4736: 4727: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4664: 4654: 4644: 4635: 4625: 4617: 4612: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4565:James Sharpe 4548: 4540: 4431: 4413:Scapegoating 4183: 4140:Donald Trump 4129: 4111: 4094: 4089: 4080: 4078: 4074:Yahya Jammeh 4067: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4041:Amongst the 4040: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4011: 3992:Bemba people 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3962:Sierra Leone 3938:South Africa 3927: 3912:caste system 3904: 3885: 3869:Chhattisgarh 3849: 3845:Chhattisgarh 3814: 3811:Recent cases 3781: 3757: 3746: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3686:Saudi Arabia 3683: 3680:Saudi Arabia 3667: 3634: 3626:Saudi Arabia 3611: 3591:Modern cases 3565: 3561: 3534: 3514: 3502: 3491: 3484: 3465: 3439: 3425: 3395: 3381: 3367: 3362:1,700–2,000 3354: 3341: 3327: 3322:1,500–2,000 3314: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3220: 3208: 3160: 3156: 3128: 3111: 3089: 3079: 3065:Daemonologie 3044: 3030: 3021: 2971: 2949: 2942: 2924: 2918: 2905: 2894: 2886: 2871:Judgment Day 2864: 2859: 2851: 2839: 2824: 2813: 2793: 2760: 2743: 2728: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2675: 2653: 2633: 2629: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2569: 2567: 2550: 2548: 2528:Christianity 2524:Roman Empire 2521: 2517:Lex Cornelia 2516: 2504: 2498: 2496: 2490:, "then the 2483: 2479: 2466: 2456:laws of the 2446:ancient Rome 2439: 2429: 2415: 2403: 2401: 2381: 2353:Hebrew Bible 2350: 2342: 2314: 2294: 2286: 2271: 2240: 2232:Saudi Arabia 2180:incantations 2171: 2167: 2165: 1935:Gender-blind 1814:Human rights 1634:Racial quota 1621: 1601:Jewish quota 1581:Gerontocracy 1576:Gender roles 1554:Disabilities 1539:Blood purity 1507:Wife selling 1497:White flight 1477:Slut-shaming 1457:Scapegoating 1375:Murder music 1040:Palestinians 983:Anti-Zionism 851:South Africa 836:Black people 814:South Africa 627:Christianity 617:Baháʼí Faith 537:Sectarianism 477:Heterosexism 442:Ephebiphobia 412:Anti-Masonry 271:Hair texture 142: 127: 118: 108: 101: 94: 87: 80:"Witch-hunt" 75: 63:Please help 58:verification 55: 13395:Moral panic 13030:Nonviolence 13025:LGBT rights 12990:Empowerment 12958:Anti-racism 12880:Segregation 12825:No kid zone 12625:Persecution 12538:Hate speech 12489:Gay bashing 12464:Ethnic joke 12419:Dog whistle 12364:Blood libel 12052:Azerbaijani 11956:Neopaganism 11949:Persecution 11915:Persecution 11898:Persecution 11861:Catholicism 11796:Transphobia 11779:Supremacism 11734:Lesbophobia 11654:Aporophobia 11619:Anti-autism 11470:Taste-based 11465:Statistical 11066:Persecution 10935:Formicarius 10879:Spearfinger 10819:Elbow witch 10719:Magic sword 10684:Julleuchter 10669:Goofer dust 10611:White magic 10524:Incantation 10450:Black magic 10405:Renaissance 10373:Chaos magic 10345:Middle East 10276:Philippines 10015:Formicarius 9977:(1692–1693) 9971:(1642–1790) 9965:(1654–1712) 9959:(1647–1663) 9953:(1626–1730) 9936:(1679–1682) 9930:(1675–1681) 9924:(1656–1660) 9900:(1591–1595) 9888:(1428–1447) 9882:(1397–1407) 9847:(1615–1619) 9829:(1575–1650) 9812:(1522–1525) 9764:(1696–1698) 9734:(1665–1668) 9711:(1639–1642) 9682:(1608–1615) 9611:(1662–1666) 9605:(1628–1631) 9599:(1627–1631) 9593:(1626–1631) 9587:(1626–1631) 9581:(1617–1630) 9575:(1611–1618) 9569:(1603–1606) 9557:(1581–1593) 9551:(1578–1613) 9545:(1562–1563) 9512:(1742–1745) 9506:(1679–1682) 9324:(1589–1593) 8423:Missionalia 7653:13 December 7003:: 159–185. 6693:21 December 6013:negligible. 5527:(c. 800s). 5391: 1000 5187:Suetonius. 5048:Yerushalmi 4876:: 182–208. 4579:tempestarii 4401:Moral panic 4126:McCarthyite 3877:West Bengal 3792:black magic 3701:Fawza Falih 3674:Deir ez-Zor 3659:Middle East 3468:Anna Palles 3448:Janet Horne 3444:Jane Wenham 3355:Scandinavia 3148:New England 3080:Malefizhaus 3033:reformation 3015:(1853), by 2800:Inquisition 2796:Inquisition 2788:Switzerland 2711:morthdaeds 2699:(924–939): 2596:Haliurunnae 2534:Middle Ages 2440:During the 2410:'s speech " 2357:Deuteronomy 2244:moral panic 2184:Middle East 2172:witch purge 1829:Nonviolence 1824:LGBT rights 1789:Empowerment 1757:Anti-racism 1671:Segregation 1616:No kid zone 1412:Persecution 1325:Hate speech 1276:Gay bashing 1251:Ethnic joke 1206:Dog whistle 1151:Blood libel 831:Azerbaijani 727:Neopaganism 720:Persecution 686:Persecution 669:Persecution 632:Catholicism 559:Transphobia 542:Supremacism 497:Lesbophobia 417:Aporophobia 382:Anti-autism 217:Taste-based 212:Statistical 13359:Categories 13304:Stereotype 13299:Speciesism 13180:Oppression 13175:Oikophobia 13071:Allophilia 13055:Toleration 12912:Sodomy law 12805:Internment 12725:Witch-hunt 12603:Blackhawks 12533:Hate group 12521:Hate crime 12494:Gendercide 12484:Freak show 12474:Excellence 12434:Employment 12404:Defamation 12336:Vietnamese 12331:Venezuelan 12221:Lithuanian 11888:Falun Gong 11823:Xenophobia 11818:Vegaphobia 11801:Non-binary 11759:Pedophobia 11724:Homophobia 11546:Skin color 11506:Disability 11479:Attributes 11460:Structural 11379:Maleficium 11303:Witch-hunt 11107:Witch camp 10766:Witch ball 10709:Magic ring 10694:Love charm 10549:Necromancy 10544:Moon magic 10539:Mediumship 10534:Love magic 10519:Gray magic 10499:Divination 10298:Benandanti 10228:witchcraft 10165:Drudenhaus 10153:Witch-hunt 9861:Elsewhere 9827:Benandanti 9520:In Germany 9156:Chapter 3 8780:The Nation 8641:18 October 8332:9 December 8120:Herald Sun 7627:6 February 7601:6 February 7579:6 February 7553:6 February 7547:Afrik News 7527:6 February 7501:6 February 7464:6 February 7442:6 February 7168:27 October 7044:Cris XVIII 6615:Witchcraze 6376:Witchcraft 5558:, CIV, 147 5172:15 January 5091:(1): 477. 5003:Septuagint 4711:References 4432:Auto-da-fé 4348:Gendercide 4197:See also: 4186:March 2017 4175:incomplete 4102:See also: 3788:witchcraft 3516:Anna Göldi 3512:, Poland. 3482:in 1745. 3139:witchcraft 3041:witchcraft 2983:Christians 2931:Papal bull 2906:maleficium 2620:necromancy 2505:veneficium 2497:Under the 2484:veneficium 2480:veneficium 2474:veneficium 2345:holy river 2282:divination 2176:witchcraft 2168:witch-hunt 2111:Stereotype 2106:Speciesism 1987:Oppression 1982:Oikophobia 1878:Allophilia 1854:Toleration 1703:Sodomy law 1596:Internment 1511:Witch-hunt 1390:Blackhawks 1320:Hate group 1308:Hate crime 1281:Gendercide 1271:Freak show 1261:Excellence 1221:Employment 1191:Defamation 1115:Vietnamese 1110:Venezuelan 1000:Lithuanian 659:Falun Gong 586:Xenophobia 581:Vegaphobia 564:Non-binary 522:Pedophobia 487:Homophobia 301:Skin color 261:Disability 232:Attributes 207:Structural 121:March 2024 91:newspapers 13277:Christian 13205:Prejudice 13153:Masculism 13101:Diversity 12895:religious 12870:Redlining 12469:Ethnocide 12429:Education 12321:Ukrainian 12256:Pakistani 12246:Mongolian 12167:Australia 12149:Hungarian 12104:Colombian 12084:Bulgarian 11966:Rastafari 11920:Ahmadiyya 11833:Religious 11811:Trans men 11769:Pregnancy 11704:Gayphobia 11699:Fatphobia 11604:Acephobia 11599:Arophobia 11583:Viewpoint 11280:Classical 10799:Baba Yaga 10782:mythology 10591:Spiritism 10581:Sex magic 10559:Shamanism 10554:Occultism 10509:Evocation 10504:Entheogen 10482:Damnation 10433:Practices 9863:in Europe 9853:(1646–47) 9823:(1559–60) 9758:(1685–86) 9728:(1662–63) 9500:(1669–70) 9488:(1633–34) 9463:In France 9449:(1728–29) 8788:0027-8378 8754:0190-8286 8696:0362-4331 8631:0307-1235 8291:1053-6736 8240:26 August 8110:The Hindu 7945:The Hindu 7691:Channel 4 7573:The Times 7481:The Times 7017:1558-5255 6950:8 January 6478:27 August 6416:712624576 6361:'s essay 6357:Based on 6001:0002-9602 5859:cite book 5851:876833154 5682:cite book 5674:972537073 5636:cite book 5628:889521066 5306:(2008) , 5050:Sanhedrin 4939:0034-6527 4917:CiteSeerX 4523:Footnotes 4122:Stalinist 4118:ostracism 4031:hauntings 4006:and evil 3857:Jharkhand 3715:Ali Sibat 3713:In 2009, 3576:Rajputana 3035:of 1536. 2919:In 1484, 2814:In 1258, 2697:Athelstan 2416:pharmakon 2329:Babylonia 2321:law codes 2084:Christian 2012:Prejudice 1960:Masculism 1908:Diversity 1686:religious 1661:Redlining 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