Western Front (World War I)

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surface of the earth out of reach of the heaviest artillery.... Grand battles with the old maneuvers were out of the question. Only by bombardment, sapping, and assault could the enemy be shaken, and such operations had to be conducted on an immense scale to produce appreciable results. Indeed, it is questionable whether the German lines in France could ever have been broken if the Germans had not wasted their resources in unsuccessful assaults, and the blockade by sea had not gradually cut off their supplies. In such warfare no single general could strike a blow that would make him immortal; the "glory of fighting" sank down into the dirt and mire of trenches and dugouts.

3340: 381: 1075: 801: 789: 615: 965: 853: 723: 481: 3077: 336: 426: 237: 2862: 1065: 777: 765: 753: 741: 598: 2735:, part of the Third Battle of Artois, which was meant to supplement the larger Champagne attack. The attack was preceded by a four-day artillery bombardment of 250,000 shells and a release of 5,100 cylinders of chlorine gas. The attack involved two corps in the main assault and two corps performing diversionary attacks at Ypres. The British suffered heavy losses, especially due to machine gun fire during the attack and made only limited gains before they ran out of shells. A renewal of the attack on 13 October fared little better. In December, French was replaced by General 995: 893: 546: 411: 2126: 351: 2662: 3104:, had to negotiate rough, upward-sloping terrain in extremely bad weather. Planning had been dislocated by the voluntary German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. Secrecy had been compromised and German aircraft gained air superiority, making reconnaissance difficult and in places, the creeping barrage moved too fast for the French troops. Within a week the French suffered 120,000 casualties. Despite the casualties and his promise to halt the offensive if it did not produce a breakthrough, Nivelle ordered the attack to continue into May. 2091: 56: 3207:

British advance was inexorable and during the unusually wet August and in the Autumn rains that began in early October, the Germans achieved only costly defensive successes, which led the German commanders in early October to begin preparations for a general retreat. Both sides lost a combined total of over a half million men during this offensive. The battle has become a byword among some British revisionist historians for bloody and futile slaughter, whilst the Germans called Passchendaele "the greatest martyrdom of the war."

458: 5510: 711: 3003:, Germany had stopped unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic because of concerns of drawing the United States into the conflict. With the growing discontent of the German public due to the food shortages, the government resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917. They calculated that a successful submarine and warship siege of Britain would force that country out of the war within six months, while American forces would take a year to become a serious factor on the Western Front. The 2921: 2520: 955: 843: 699: 687: 321: 303: 3230:

4,000 British casualties. The advance produced an awkward salient and a surprise German counter-offensive began on 30 November, which drove back the British in the south and failed in the north. Despite the reversal, the attack was seen as a success by the Allies, proving that tanks could overcome trench defences. The Germans realised that the use of tanks by the Allies posed a new threat to any defensive strategy they might mount. The battle had also seen the first mass use of German

3249: 396: 3202:. The battle had the original aim of capturing the ridges east of Ypres then advancing to Roulers and Thourout to close the main rail line supplying the German garrisons on the Western front north of Ypres. If successful the northern armies were then to capture the German submarine bases on the Belgian coast. It was later restricted to advancing the British Army onto the ridges around Ypres, as the unusually wet weather slowed British progress. The Canadian Corps relieved the 2108: 2886:, supported by five French divisions on their right flank. The attack had been preceded by seven days of heavy artillery bombardment. The experienced French forces were successful in advancing but the British artillery cover had neither blasted away barbed wire, nor destroyed German trenches as effectively as was planned. They suffered the greatest number of casualties (killed, wounded and missing) in a single day in the history of the British Army, about 57,000. 366: 2433: 440: 1015: 985: 903: 873: 567: 505: 2971: 2800: 975: 863: 249: 2902:

unreliability. The final phase of the battle took place in October and early November, again producing limited gains with heavy loss of life. All told, the Somme battle had made penetrations of only 8 kilometres (5 mi) and failed to reach the original objectives. The British had suffered about 420,000 casualties and the French around 200,000. It is estimated that the Germans lost 465,000, although this figure is controversial.

3149: 2566:, creating an undefended 3.7-mile (6 km) gap in the Allied line. The Germans were unprepared for the level of their success and lacked sufficient reserves to exploit the opening. Canadian troops on the right drew back their left flank and halted the German advance. The gas attack was repeated two days later and caused a 3.1 mi (5 km) withdrawal of the Franco-British line but the opportunity had been lost. 1005: 883: 526: 2396:

also seemed possible with France and that with Russia and France out of the war by negotiated settlements, Germany could concentrate on Britain and fight a long war with the resources of Europe at its disposal. Hindenburg and Ludendorff continued to believe that Russia could be defeated by a series of battles which cumulatively would have a decisive effect, after which Germany could finish off France and Britain.

3034:, completing the capture of the ridge and the Third Army to the south achieved the deepest advance since trench warfare began. Later attacks were confronted by German reinforcements defending the area using the lessons learned on the Somme in 1916. British attacks were contained and, according to Gary Sheffield, a greater rate of daily loss was inflicted on the British than in "any other major battle". 2198:. On 7 August, the VII Corps attacked Alsace to capture Mulhouse and Colmar. The main offensive was launched on 14 August with the First and Second Armies attacking toward Sarrebourg-Morhange in Lorraine. In keeping with the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans withdrew slowly while inflicting severe losses upon the French. The French Third and Fourth Armies advanced toward the 3272:

divisions in the line. Ludendorff decided on an offensive strategy beginning with a big attack against the British on the Somme, to separate them from the French and drive them back to the channel ports. The attack would combine the new storm troop tactics with over 700 aircraft, tanks and a carefully planned artillery barrage that would include gas attacks.

2847:, the French recaptured Fort Vaux in November and by December 1916 they had pushed the Germans back 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) from Fort Douaumont, in the process rotating 42 divisions through the battle. The Battle of Verdun—also known as the 'Mincing Machine of Verdun' or 'Meuse Mill'—became a symbol of French determination and self-sacrifice. 2890:

of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely and instead, switched tactics to a series of

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going to be defeated, Ludendorff had ordered the destruction of the mines in France and Belgium. His goal was to cripple the industries of Germany's main European rival. To prevent similar German attacks in the future, France later built a massive series of fortifications along the German border known as the

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sufficient equipment and weapons, the army made the platoon the basic tactical unit, similar to the French and German armies. At the time of the Somme, British senior commanders insisted that the company (120 men) was the smallest unit of manoeuvre; less than a year later, the section of ten men would be so.

3317:. By summer, between 250,000 and 300,000 American soldiers were arriving every month. A total of 2.1 million American troops would be deployed on this front before the war came to an end. The rapidly increasing American presence served as a counter for the large numbers of redeployed German forces. 3206:

and took the village of Passchendaele on 6 November, despite rain, mud and many casualties. The offensive was costly in manpower for both sides for relatively little gain of ground against determined German resistance but the ground captured was of great tactical importance. In the drier periods, the

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had been digging tunnels under the ridge, and about 500 t (490 long tons) of explosives had been planted in 21 mines under the German defences. Following several weeks of bombardment, the explosives in 19 of these mines were detonated, killing up to 7,000 German troops. The infantry advance that

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occurred in 54 French divisions and 20,000 men deserted. Other Allied forces attacked but suffered massive casualties. Appeals to patriotism and duty followed, as did mass arrests and trials. The French soldiers returned to defend their trenches but refused to participate in further offensive action.

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The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations

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and advance into the Douai plain. The French Tenth Army attacked on 9 May after a six-day bombardment and advanced 5 kilometres (3 mi) to capture Vimy Ridge. German reinforcements counter-attacked and pushed the French back towards their starting points because French reserves had been held back

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to capture Aubers Ridge. The assault was made by four divisions on a 2 mi (3.2 km) front. Preceded by a hurricane bombardment lasting only 35 minutes, the village was captured within four hours. The advance then slowed because of supply and communication difficulties. The Germans brought up

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France suffered more casualties relative to its population than any other great power and the industrial north-east of the country was devastated by the war. The provinces overrun by Germany had produced 40 percent of French coal and 58 percent of its steel output. Once it was clear that Germany was

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was signed and Russia withdrew from the war. This would now have a dramatic effect on the conflict as 33 divisions were released from the Eastern Front for deployment to the west. The Germans occupied almost as much Russian territory under the provisions of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as they did in

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on their fronts to bridge trenches and the 13-foot-wide (4 m) German tank traps. Special "grapnel tanks" towed hooks to pull away the German barbed wire. The attack was a great success for the British, who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four months, at a cost of only

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The Somme led directly to major new developments in infantry organisation and tactics; despite the terrible losses of 1 July, some divisions had managed to achieve their objectives with minimal casualties. In examining the reasons behind losses and achievements, once the British war economy produced

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Falkenhayn limited the size of the front to 5–6 kilometres (3–4 mi) to concentrate artillery firepower and to prevent a breakthrough from a counter-offensive. He also kept tight control of the main reserve, feeding in just enough troops to keep the battle going. In preparation for their attack,

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were used to direct gunnery and photograph enemy fortifications but now the Allies were nearly blinded by German fighters. However, the impact of German air superiority was diminished by their primarily defensive doctrine in which they tended to remain over their own lines, rather than fighting over

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Trenches were longer, deeper, and better defended by steel, concrete, and barbed wire than ever before. They were far stronger and more effective than chains of forts, for they formed a continuous network, sometimes with four or five parallel lines linked by interfacings. They were dug far below the

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Falkenhayn hoped that the Russians would be made amenable to peace overtures. In his discussions with Bethmann Hollweg, Falkenhayn viewed Germany and Russia as having no insoluble conflict and that the real enemies of Germany were France and Britain. A peace with only a few annexations of territory

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The Allies lacked unity of command and suffered from morale and manpower problems, the British and French armies were severely depleted and not in a position to attack in the first half of the year, while the majority of the newly arrived American troops were still training, with just six complete

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The German Army swept through Belgium, executing civilians and razing villages. The application of "collective responsibility" against a civilian population further galvanised the allies. Newspapers condemned the German invasion, violence against civilians and destruction of property, which became

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and better aircraft with twin guns were introduced. The result was higher losses of Allied aircraft, particularly for the British, Portuguese, Belgians and Australians who were struggling with outmoded aircraft, poor training and tactics. The Allied air successes over the Somme were not repeated.

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In August 1916 the German leadership along the Western Front had changed as Falkenhayn resigned and was replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff. The new leaders soon recognised that the battles of Verdun and the Somme had depleted the offensive capabilities of the German Army. They decided that the

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became the first to shoot down an enemy aircraft by using a machine-gun that shot forward through the propeller blades. This was achieved by crudely reinforcing the blades to deflect bullets. Several weeks later Garros force-landed behind German lines. His aeroplane was captured and sent to Dutch

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Following the successful Allied attack and penetration of the German defences at Cambrai, Ludendorff and Hindenburg determined that the only opportunity for German victory lay in a decisive attack along the Western front during the spring, before American manpower became overwhelming. On 3 March

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describing a new system of defence. Rather than relying on a heavily fortified front line, the defence was to be arranged in a series of echelons. The front line would be a thinly manned series of outposts, reinforced by a series of strongpoints and a sheltered reserve. If a slope was available,

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The Western Front was the place where the most powerful military forces in Europe, the German and French armies, met and where the First World War was decided. At the outbreak of the war, the German Army, with seven field armies in the west and one in the east, executed a modified version of the

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on the battlefield. The Allies prepared an attack that would involve 13 British and Imperial divisions and four French corps. The attack made early progress, advancing 3,200–4,100 metres (3,500–4,500 yd) in places but the tanks had little effect due to their lack of numbers and mechanical

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On 15 May Nivelle was removed from command, replaced by Pétain who immediately stopped the offensive. The French would go on the defensive for the following months to avoid high casualties and to restore confidence in the French High Command, while the British assumed greater responsibility.

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until October. The incoming troops required training and equipment before they could join in the effort, and for several months American units were relegated to support efforts. Despite this, however, their presence provided a much-needed boost to Allied morale, with the promise of further

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was appointed commander of all Allied forces in France. The unified Allies were better able to respond to each of the German drives and the offensive turned into a battle of attrition. In May, the American divisions also began to play an increasing role, winning their first victory in the

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on the west bank of the Meuse which blocked the route to French artillery emplacements, from which the French fired across the river. After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign, the hill was taken by the Germans in late May. After a change in French command at Verdun from the

3183:(Yellow Cross) gas. The artillery deployment allowed heavy concentrations of the gas to be used on selected targets. Mustard gas was persistent and could contaminate an area for days, denying it to the British, an additional demoralising factor. The Allies increased production of 2811:

began on 21 February 1916 after a nine-day delay due to snow and blizzards. After a massive eight-hour artillery bombardment, the Germans did not expect much resistance as they slowly advanced on Verdun and its forts. Sporadic French resistance was encountered. The Germans took

3841:) was propagated by Hindenburg, Ludendorff and other defeated generals, that the defeat was not the fault of the 'good core' of the army but due to certain left-wing groups within Germany who signed a disastrous armistice; this would later be exploited by nationalists and the 2773:

the Germans had amassed a concentration of aircraft near the fortress. In the opening phase, they swept the air space of French aircraft, which allowed German artillery-observation aircraft and bombers to operate without interference. In May, the French countered by deploying

2167:, a siege that lasted from 5–16 August. Liège was well fortified and surprised the German Army under Bülow with its level of resistance. German heavy artillery was able to demolish the main forts within a few days. Following the fall of Liège, most of the Belgian field army 3107:

On 3 May the weary French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Lacking the means to punish an entire division, its officers did not immediately implement harsh measures against the mutineers.

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Germany in 1919 was bankrupt, the people living in a state of semi-starvation and having no commerce with the remainder of the world. The Allies occupied the Rhine cities of Cologne, Koblenz and Mainz, with restoration dependent on payment of reparations. In Germany a

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followed relied on three creeping barrages which the British infantry followed to capture the plateau and the east side of the ridge in one day. German counter-attacks were defeated and the southern flank of the Gheluvelt plateau was protected from German observation.

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The war in the trenches of the Western Front left tens of thousands of maimed soldiers and war widows. The unprecedented loss of life had a lasting effect on popular attitudes toward war, resulting later in an Allied reluctance to pursue an aggressive policy toward

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troops were deployed along the rear side for protection. The defence became fully integrated with command of artillery at the divisional level. Members of the German high command viewed this new scheme with some favour and it later became the basis of an elastic

2320:(those countries opposing the German alliance), the final lines were occupied with the armies of each nation defending a part of the front. From the coast in the north, the primary forces were from Belgium, the British Empire and then France. Following the 2755:

Falkenhayn believed that a breakthrough might no longer be possible and instead focused on forcing a French defeat by inflicting massive casualties. His new goal was to "bleed France white." As such, he adopted two new strategies. The first was the use of

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to cut off Allied supplies arriving from overseas. The second would be attacks against the French army intended to inflict maximum casualties; Falkenhayn planned to attack a position from which the French could not retreat, for reasons of strategy and

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the Second World War but this considerably restricted their troop redeployment. The Germans achieved an advantage of 192 divisions in the west to the 178 Allied divisions, which allowed Germany to pull veteran units from the line and retrain them as

3364:, also participated in the operations around Reims. German manpower had been severely depleted after four years of war and its economy and society were under great internal strain. The Allies fielded 216 divisions against 197 German divisions. The 3156:

In June, the British launched an offensive in Flanders, in part to take the pressure off the French armies on the Aisne, after the French part of the Nivelle Offensive failed to achieve the strategic victory that had been planned and French troops

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and attempted to capture Saarburg, attacking Briey and Neufchateau but were repulsed. The French VII Corps captured Mulhouse after a brief engagement first on 7 August, and then again on 23 August, but German reserve forces engaged them in the

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and the British at Loos. The French had spent the summer preparing for this action, with the British assuming control of more of the front to release French troops for the attack. The bombardment, which had been carefully targeted by means of

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opened to international traffic. The treaty also drastically reshaped Eastern Europe. It severely limited the German armed forces by restricting the size of the army to 100,000 and prohibiting a navy or air force. The navy was sailed to

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The war along the Western Front led the German government and its allies to sue for peace in spite of German success elsewhere. As a result, the terms of the peace were dictated by France, Britain and the United States, during the 1919

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in September 1915. Fickle winds and inexperience led to more British casualties from the gas than German. French, British and German forces all escalated the use of gas attacks through the rest of the war, developing the more deadly

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were modified to let the British make the main effort. This would serve to relieve pressure on the French, as well as the Russians who had also suffered great losses. On 1 July, after a week of heavy rain, British divisions in

2724:, began on 22 September. The main French assault was launched on 25 September and, at first, made good progress in spite of surviving wire entanglements and machine gun posts. Rather than retreating, the Germans adopted a new 2284:(6–12 September), French and British troops were able to force a German retreat by exploiting a gap which appeared between the 1st and 2nd Armies, ending the German advance into France. The German Army retreated north of the 2288:

and dug in there, establishing the beginnings of a static western front that was to last for the next three years. Following this German retirement, the opposing forces made reciprocal outflanking manoeuvres, known as the

6010:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents By Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 3925:

German casualties from "Reichsarchiv 1918". Appendix F additionally breaks down the German killed figures (per the Reichsarchiv) as: 829,400 killed in action; 300,000 died of wounds; 364,000 missing reclassified as

6788:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 2456:

formed the northern attack force and was to attack eastwards into the Douai plain on a 16 km (9.9 mi) front between Loos and Arras. On 10 March, as part of the larger offensive in the Artois region, the

3308:, very nearly succeeded in driving the Allied armies apart, advancing to within shelling distance of Paris for the first time since 1914. As a result of the battle, the Allies agreed on unity of command. General 2621:, in which the machine gun is synchronised with the propeller so it fires in the intervals when the blades of the propeller are out of the line of fire. This advance was quickly ushered into service, in the 3355:

began two days later, with Franco-British forces spearheaded by Australian and Canadian troops, along with 600 tanks and 800 aircraft. Hindenburg named 8 August as the "Black Day of the German army." The

9930: 6714: 5991:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. Nashville, TN: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. 6807:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). 2990:

to be occupied by the Allies. This withdrawal negated the French strategy of attacking both flanks of the Noyon salient, as it no longer existed. The British continued offensive operations as the

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claimed, with some justification, that this withdrawal resulted from the casualties the Germans received during the Battles of the Somme and Verdun, despite the Allies suffering greater losses.

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and the success of the attack had come as a surprise. By 15 May the advance had been stopped, although the fighting continued until 18 June. In May the German Army captured a French document at

6146:. Economic and Social History of the World War. Supplementary Volumes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press for Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of Economics and History. 3221:

On 20 November the British launched the first massed tank attack and the first attack using predicted artillery-fire (aiming artillery without firing the guns to obtain target data) at the

3100:), would be 1.2 million men strong, preceded by a week-long artillery bombardment and accompanied by tanks. The offensive proceeded poorly as the French troops, with the help of two 3878:"General Brusilov, situated on the Austro-German border, of the General Staff, still managed to make available four special brigades to France or 745 officers and 43,547 foot soldiers." 2452:

on both flanks to cut it off. The Fourth Army had attacked in Champagne from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 but the French were not able to attack in Artois at the same time. The

3225:. The Allies attacked with 324 tanks (with one-third held in reserve) and twelve divisions, advancing behind a hurricane bombardment, against two German divisions. The machines carried 1129: 1985:, and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties during attacks and counter-attacks and no significant advances were made. Among the most costly of these offensives were the 9258: 9273: 2873:

In the spring, Allied commanders had been concerned about the ability of the French Army to withstand the enormous losses at Verdun. The original plans for an attack around the

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and shortened the front by about 50 kilometres (30 mi). British long-range reconnaissance aircraft first spotted the construction of the Hindenburg Line in November 1916.

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beginning in August proved the final straw and following this string of military defeats, German troops began to surrender in large numbers. As the Allied forces advanced,

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was chosen for this because it was an important stronghold, surrounded by a ring of forts, that lay near the German lines and because it guarded the direct route to Paris.

1898: 2143:, bypassing French defenses along the common border by moving quickly through neutral Belgium, and then turning southwards to attack France and attempt to encircle the 2940:

behind the Noyon Salient that would be called the Hindenburg Line, using the defensive principles elaborated since the defensive battles of 1915, including the use of

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judged that it was no longer possible for Germany to win the war by purely military means and on 18 November 1914 he called for a diplomatic solution. The Chancellor,

9355: 3092:, General Robert Nivelle, ordered a new offensive against the German trenches, promising that it would end the war within 48 hours. The 16 April attack, dubbed the 8992: 8816: 8156: 7699: 1908: 9890: 9434: 7446: 9462: 7969: 2055:

of 1918 caused a sudden collapse of the German armies and persuaded the German commanders that defeat was inevitable. The German government surrendered in the

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Bailey, George (2005). "Modern Project Management and the Lessons from the Study of the Transformation of the British Expeditionary Force in the Great War".

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put a new government in power. The Armistice of Compiègne was quickly signed, stopping hostilities on the Western Front on 11 November 1918, later known as

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was built between 2 mi (3.2 km) and 30 mi (48 km) behind the German front line. On 25 February the German armies west of the line began

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actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.

9757: 9665: 9420: 7044: 2250:. In the former battle the French Fifth Army was almost destroyed by the German 2nd and 3rd Armies and the latter delayed the German advance by a day. A 2017: 7640: 2547: 9660: 9350: 9301: 9216: 5812:

Bostyn, Franky (2002). "Zero Hour: Historical Note on the British Underground War in Flanders, 1915–17". In Doyle, Peter; Bennett, Matthew R. (eds.).

2500:, which prohibited the use of chemical weapons in warfare. In 1914, there had been small-scale attempts by both the French and Germans to use various 2044:, the German armies moved nearly 100 kilometres (60 miles) to the west, the deepest advance by either side since 1914, but the result was indecisive. 9504: 1632: 3018:

By 1917, the size of the British Army on the Western Front had grown to two-thirds of the size of the French force. In April 1917 the BEF began the

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on 1 August. Both sides developed improved weapons, engines, airframes and materials, until the end of the war. It also inaugurated the cult of the

1359: 1115: 9345: 8703: 1421: 2410: 9940: 5723: 8134: 3179:(Operation Beachparty) at Nieuport on the coast, the Germans introduced a new weapon into the war when they fired a powerful blistering agent 8196: 2608:

Specialised aeroplanes for aerial combat were introduced in 1915. Aircraft were already in use for scouting and on 1 April, the French pilot

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and surface ships had a long period of success before Britain resorted to the convoy system, bringing a large reduction in shipping losses.

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Trench warfare in 1914, while not new, quickly improved and provided a very high degree of defense. According to two prominent historians:

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was a westward bulge in the trench line, named the Noyon salient after the French town at the maximum point of the German advance near

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Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917)

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in 1917, which could linger for days and could kill slowly and painfully. Countermeasures also improved and the stalemate continued.

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German Army in the west would go over to the strategic defensive for most of 1917, while the Central powers would attack elsewhere.

7979: 7491: 6744: 2012:. The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west led to the return of mobility in 1918. The 1837: 9655: 9885: 9587: 9425: 9412: 9369: 9278: 9004: 8806: 8713: 8615: 8373: 8020: 6629: 1888: 9920: 9895: 9779: 9769: 9637: 6764: 3027: 2183:, falling to the Germans on 20 August. Although the German army bypassed Antwerp, it remained a threat to their flank. Another 2151:; this caused Britain to join the war at the expiration of its ultimatum at midnight on 4 August. Armies under German generals 2348:. Meanwhile, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) occupied a position on the flank, having occupied a more central position. 9925: 9905: 9551: 9485: 9322: 9201: 8874: 7893: 7749: 7563: 7530: 7410: 7391: 7372: 7353: 7330: 7311: 7266: 7208: 7187: 7168: 7149: 7130: 7111: 7092: 7073: 7054: 7033: 7014: 6977: 6958: 6939: 6918: 6897: 6878: 6859: 6835: 6816: 6793: 6724: 6700: 6681: 6657: 6601: 6582: 6563: 6544: 6525: 6506: 6458: 6414: 6392: 6373: 6352: 6333: 6301: 6282: 6263: 6244: 6225: 6206: 6187: 6168: 6132: 6113: 6106:

The Conduct of War, 1789–1961: A Study of the Impact of the French, Industrial and Russian Revolutions on War and its Conduct

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918 May–July: The German Diversion Offensives and the First Allied Counter-Offensive

5996: 5974: 5952: 5933: 5914: 5878: 5859: 5840: 5821: 5802: 5766: 5695: 5676: 3126: 3101: 2944:. This was intended to shorten the German front, freeing 10 divisions for other duties. This line of fortifications ran from 1735: 1718: 1625: 530: 7222: 9880: 9726: 9146: 7931: 7471: 6311:

Hersch, L. (1927). "La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron-" [Causes of Death in the First World War].

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and drifted into the French trenches. The green-yellow cloud started killing some defenders and those in the rear fled in

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in October to negotiate an armistice. Ludendorff was forced out and fled to Sweden. The German retreat continued and the

3166: 2504:, which were not strictly prohibited by the early treaties but which were also ineffective. The first use of more lethal 1806: 17: 9711: 2698:" began to have an effect on the battlefront as Allied reconnaissance aircraft were nearly driven from the skies. These 9696: 8986: 8388: 8146: 3286: 2497: 1859: 1207: 9571: 9265: 9081: 8353: 7824: 7501: 7247: 3827: 1160: 3818:

marine deaths. Another 62,000 Belgian, 107,000 British and 300,000 French civilians died due to war-related causes.

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withstood several German gas attacks. The British retaliated, developing their own chlorine gas and using it at the

1966:

to the Swiss frontier with France, the position of which changed little except during early 1917 and again in 1918.

9915: 8751: 7789: 3887:"The losses for the two Russian brigades were 70 officers and 4,472 soldiers killed, wounded or missing in action." 1618: 1576: 7587:. History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London: 3770:, which formed the west bank of the Rhine, would be demilitarized and controlled by Britain and France, while the 2728:

scheme that consisted of a series of defensive zones and positions with a depth of up to 8.0 km (5 mi).

2531: 9822: 9627: 9607: 9394: 9330: 9153: 9022: 7926: 7846: 7784: 7718: 7427: 3184: 2747: 2491: 2391:, continued to believe that victory was achievable through decisive battles. During the Lodz offensive in Poland 2005: 1760: 1655: 1278: 43: 8487: 2840:

gas, came within 1 kilometre (1,100 yd) of the last ridge before Verdun before being contained on 23 June.

9900: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9602: 9296: 7941: 7916: 7814: 3802:. Belgium suffered 30,000 civilian dead and France 40,000 (including 3,000 merchant sailors). The British lost 3199: 2757: 2235: 1777: 1730: 745: 691: 6765:"The Volunteers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in the Moroccan Division during the Second Battle of Marne" 3037:

During the winter of 1916–1917, German air tactics had been improved, a fighter training school was opened at

2362:

From 19 October until 22 November, the German forces made their final breakthrough attempt of 1914 during the

793: 9910: 9597: 9592: 9556: 9490: 9382: 9228: 8811: 8663: 8201: 8129: 8060: 7829: 7799: 7794: 7656: 3334: 3195: 3122: 2832:, the French attempted to re-capture Fort Douaumont on 22 May but were easily repulsed. The Germans captured 2569:

The success of this attack would not be repeated, as the Allies countered by introducing gas masks and other

2371: 2056: 2001: 1300: 124: 6556:

To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and National Socialist Dictatorships

5989:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)

5907:

With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I

1224: 9546: 9173: 9113: 9010: 8915: 8678: 8464: 8168: 8007: 7906: 7486:

argues that the extremely high casualty rate in the first month of fighting permanently transformed France.

7367:. The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Vol. I. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 6667: 6343:

Herwig, Holger (1996). "Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany After the Great War". In Wilson, Keith (ed.).

3759: 3165:, south of Ypres, to retake the ground lost in the First and Second battles in 1914. Since 1915 specialist 2866: 2263: 1871: 1864: 1750: 1399: 1229: 571: 9784: 9221: 9206: 9064: 9016: 8781: 8332: 8206: 8119: 8114: 7883: 7871: 6890:

The Western Front 1914–1916: The History of World War I: From the Schlieffen Plan to Verdun and the Somme

3339: 2965: 2736: 2543: 2033: 1935: 1684: 1667: 1599: 1571: 1551: 1384: 106: 8393: 6084:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

1241: 9764: 9721: 8998: 8756: 8741: 8643: 8512: 8080: 7992: 7949: 6737:

The II Italian Corps deployment on the Western Front during the First World War (April 1918 – May 1919)

3369: 3348: 3326: 3097: 2716: 1849: 1784: 1546: 1536: 1514: 1448: 1364: 1354: 1327: 1155: 2513: 9706: 9474: 9058: 9046: 8801: 8786: 8507: 8398: 8092: 8070: 7819: 7809: 7742: 7555: 6294:

The Battles of the British Expeditionary Forces, 1914–1915: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography

3792: 3162: 3158: 3139: 3071: 2281: 2275: 1951: 1594: 1566: 1521: 1504: 1460: 1374: 1295: 1251: 1246: 510: 8653: 9681: 9168: 9158: 9087: 9040: 9028: 8968: 8776: 8771: 8693: 8102: 8075: 7779: 7259:

The Nivelle Offensive and the Battle of the Aisne 1917: A Battlefield Guide to the Chemin des Dames

3767: 3405: 3222: 3216: 2535: 2474:, forestalling the attempt to capture the ridge. Since the British had used about a third of their 2462: 1947: 1561: 1499: 1475: 1379: 1305: 444: 416: 277: 7679: 6786:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme

2997:

On 6 April the United States declared war on Germany. In early 1915, following the sinking of the

2219:, the Germans advanced into northern France in late August, where they met the French Army, under 9752: 9744: 9686: 9446: 9141: 8904: 8731: 8726: 8658: 8517: 8502: 8497: 8477: 8358: 8235: 7710: 3352: 3305: 3281: 3258: 3240:

to penetrate British defences, bypassing resistance and quickly advancing into the British rear.

2883: 2699: 2674: 2609: 2603: 2239: 2172: 2148: 2085: 2013: 1526: 1487: 1465: 1315: 1256: 1182: 371: 8698: 9519: 9243: 9178: 9034: 8761: 8688: 8638: 8623: 8605: 8578: 8492: 8459: 8124: 8085: 8065: 7876: 7769: 7323:

Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918

3365: 3330: 3063: 3019: 2712: 2646: 2574: 2559: 2539: 2524: 2052: 1672: 1541: 1509: 1470: 1438: 1369: 1337: 1310: 1283: 1192: 72: 3268:(40 infantry and 3 cavalry divisions were retained for German occupation duties in the east). 2147:

and trap it on the German border. Belgian neutrality had been guaranteed by Britain under the

1320: 9509: 9163: 9052: 8828: 8791: 8721: 8668: 8590: 8558: 8532: 8482: 8413: 8315: 8268: 8052: 7921: 7804: 7007:

Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918

6987: 5688:

The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933–1940

3834: 3385: 3357: 3191: 3143: 2986:

a withdrawal to the line and completed the retirement on 5 April, leaving a supply desert of

2578: 2363: 2357: 2317: 2184: 2168: 2048: 2037: 1994: 1745: 1556: 1531: 1389: 1271: 1175: 386: 212: 190: 147: 120: 6614:

The Dynamics of Doctrine, The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War

6424:

International Labour Office. "Les tués et les disparus" [The Dead and the Missing].

5761:. AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book (2nd ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 3076: 2861: 9935: 9859: 9774: 8454: 8428: 8378: 7735: 5984: 3965:"Austro-Hungarian Army: Ludwig Goiginger - Austro-Hungarian Divisional and Corps Commander" 3964: 3763: 3237: 3109: 3031: 2949: 2678: 2650: 2618: 2558:

in high concentrations or prolonged exposure. Being heavier than air, the gas crept across

2479: 2367: 2060: 2041: 1443: 757: 8403: 7714: 6910:

Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I

8: 9841: 8980: 8844: 8796: 8673: 8633: 8628: 8573: 8256: 8250: 8151: 7703: 2856: 2844: 2378: 2341: 2255: 2243: 2224: 2195: 2152: 1990: 1823: 1453: 1409: 1404: 1219: 1197: 769: 715: 80: 64: 9794: 6995: 6735: 3046:

and the Canadians lost 114 compared to 44 lost by the Germans. This became known to the

9801: 9716: 9075: 8939: 8921: 8886: 8850: 8683: 8648: 8600: 8585: 8472: 8423: 8262: 8221: 7901: 6997:

The Development Of Modern Europe. Volume II: The Merging Of European Into World History

6845: 6620:. Leavenworth Papers. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College. 6612: 5717: 5666: 3314: 3089: 3047: 2983: 2721: 2546:

and disrupt Franco-British planning. After a two-day bombardment, the Germans released

2538:

planned an offensive at Ypres, site of the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914. The

2475: 2453: 2449: 2321: 2204: 2125: 2029: 1740: 1426: 1266: 1187: 265: 7279:

Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920

6743:(Master's Thesis). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. 3392:, the successor to Ludendorff, backed the moderate Social Democratic Government under 3152:

Two United States soldiers run toward a bunker past the bodies of two German soldiers.

2825: 2661: 2164: 2163:

had been occupied without opposition on 2 August. The first battle in Belgium was the

1165: 667: 9834: 9828: 9789: 9691: 9524: 9107: 8962: 8945: 8746: 8568: 8548: 8383: 8368: 8298: 8286: 7987: 7964: 7911: 7648: 7592: 7582: 7569: 7559: 7536: 7526: 7507: 7497: 7477: 7467: 7406: 7387: 7368: 7349: 7326: 7307: 7283: 7277: 7262: 7243: 7214: 7204: 7183: 7164: 7145: 7126: 7107: 7088: 7069: 7050: 7029: 7010: 6973: 6954: 6935: 6914: 6908: 6893: 6874: 6855: 6849: 6831: 6812: 6789: 6720: 6696: 6677: 6671: 6653: 6621: 6597: 6578: 6559: 6540: 6521: 6502: 6454: 6433: 6410: 6388: 6369: 6363: 6348: 6329: 6297: 6278: 6259: 6240: 6221: 6202: 6183: 6164: 6147: 6128: 6109: 6087: 6068: 6049: 6030: 6011: 5992: 5970: 5962: 5948: 5929: 5910: 5893: 5874: 5855: 5836: 5817: 5798: 5781: 5762: 5738: 5691: 5672: 3377: 3361: 3301: 3093: 3067: 2941: 2683: 2467: 2259: 2090: 1927: 1844: 1796: 1725: 1677: 1492: 1433: 1236: 76: 6768: 3351:, a counter-offensive against the Marne salient which was eliminated by August. The 2781:

fighters and the air over Verdun turned into a battlefield as both sides fought for

2573:. An example of the success of these measures came a year later, on 27 April in the 2156: 8892: 8862: 8856: 8766: 8595: 8563: 8553: 8292: 8216: 8211: 8139: 7959: 7859: 7627: 6991: 6710: 6407:

Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany

2808: 2794: 2725: 2688: 2630: 2388: 2025: 2000:

To break the deadlock of the trench warfare on the Western Front, both sides tried

1986: 1970: 1828: 1816: 1801: 1789: 1770: 1699: 1694: 1394: 1170: 805: 781: 727: 551: 289: 84: 7683: 9701: 9541: 8880: 8433: 8408: 8107: 8015: 7854: 7549: 7520: 7198: 6432:] (in French). Vol. 4. Part II. Paris et al.: Berger-Levrault, 1923–25. 6101: 3846: 3429: 3393: 3389: 2979: 2961: 2915: 2843:

Over the summer, the French slowly advanced. With the development of the rolling

2782: 2711:

In September 1915 the Entente allies launched another offensive, with the French

2505: 2290: 2212: 2140: 2095: 2077: 1955: 1931: 1878: 1704: 1689: 1589: 1261: 620: 152: 2530:

Despite the German plans to maintain the stalemate with the French and British,

55: 9534: 9514: 9185: 8898: 8736: 8527: 8418: 8274: 8178: 8161: 6402: 5732: 3309: 3203: 3180: 3174: 3043: 3023: 2987: 2829: 2813: 2732: 2695: 2614: 2582: 2570: 2512:. The Germans had already deployed gas against the Russians in the east at the 2405: 2247: 2114: 2021: 1959: 1332: 1202: 679: 655: 586: 308: 253: 241: 229: 139: 135: 68: 7631: 7481: 7464:

August 1914: France, the Great War, and a Month That Changed the World Forever

5737:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC: United States War Department, General Staff. 9874: 9645: 8933: 8927: 8363: 8280: 8191: 7695:

Articles on the Western Front in Lorraine & Alsace at Battlefields Europe

7652: 7573: 7540: 7287: 6625: 6199:

Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–18

6151: 5871:

Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918

5742: 3381: 2998: 2937: 2936:

During the Somme battle and through the winter months, the Germans created a

2920: 2891: 2820: 2634: 2519: 2471: 2325: 2285: 2251: 2232: 2220: 1711: 1214: 643: 603: 486: 161: 7596: 7511: 7218: 3248: 2324:

in October, the Belgian army controlled a 35 km (22 mi) length of

9095: 8522: 6716:

Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea

6447: 6437: 5897: 3912:

A modern author uses the term only in the narrower sense of describing the

3854: 3799: 3264: 3232: 3051: 3038: 2458: 2199: 703: 95: 6929: 6828:

Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An illustrated History of their Impact

6027:

1918: Year of Victory: The End of the Great War and the Shaping of History

5785: 4544: 3187:

but took until late 1918 to copy the Germans and begin using mustard gas.

2445: 1610: 9306: 9211: 8909: 8337: 7758: 7342: 5710:

Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915–1919 (no oclc)

3294: 2874: 2591: 2310: 2306: 2294: 2144: 1982: 1755: 1643: 401: 47: 2432: 2280:

The German Army came within 70 km (43 mi) of Paris but at the

2107: 5420: 4217: 3776: 3771: 3130:

reinforcements that could tip the manpower balance towards the Allies.

2991: 2925: 2837: 2762: 2642: 2622: 2329: 2160: 1939: 157: 99: 92: 3849:

in 1930 and the imposition of the Nazi dictatorship after March 1933.

3121:

On 25 June the first US troops began to arrive in France, forming the

2542:, April 1915, was intended to divert attention from offensives in the 9101: 8868: 7641:"Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918" 7102:

Smith, Leonard V.; Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane; Becker, Annette (2003).

3913: 3004: 2970: 2833: 2508:

on the Western Front was against the French near the Belgian town of

2298: 2191: 2081: 1974: 1963: 356: 5945:

Strategy and Intelligence: British Policy During the First World War

3396:, to forestall a revolution like those in Russia the previous year. 2897:

The final phase of the battle of the Somme saw the first use of the

2799: 9361: 7684:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

7046:

Command and Morale: The British Army on the Western Front 1914–1918

5261: 4496: 4304: 2778: 2587: 2555: 2554:

onto the battlefield. Though primarily a powerful irritant, it can

2551: 2501: 2383: 2345: 2337: 2302: 2216: 2180: 1978: 1946:, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in 9931:

Military campaigns and theatres of World War I involving Australia

7647:(10). Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute (CSI) Press. 7551:

Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937

7106:. New Approaches to European History. Cambridge University Press. 6805:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai

3148: 2816:

and then reinforcements halted the German advance by 28 February.

2633:

to combine a reasonable maximum speed with an effective armament.

5618: 5522: 4169: 3226: 2879: 2666: 1943: 457: 431: 143: 5967:

Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

4352: 2366:, which ended in a mutually-costly stalemate. After the battle, 1107: 7049:(eBook ed.). Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Praetorian Press. 5706:

Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919

4532: 3842: 2766: 2441: 1969:

Between 1915 and 1917 there were several offensives along this

341: 88: 7727: 7689: 5384: 5225: 5006: 4868: 2301:. The territory occupied by Germany held 64 percent of French 9529: 5546: 5449: 5447: 5408: 5165: 5107: 5105: 4294: 4292: 4181: 4145: 4073: 3081: 2945: 2563: 2509: 2176: 1993:, also in 1916, with more than a million casualties, and the 7325:. Cambridge military histories. Cambridge University Press. 7306:. Wordsworth Military History. London: Wordsworth Editions. 5500: 5498: 5345: 4996: 4994: 4979: 4931: 4909: 4907: 4484: 4229: 4097: 3125:. However, the American units did not enter the trenches in 2190:

The French deployed five armies on the frontier. The French

7588: 7200:

The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

7197:

Tucker, Spencer; Wood, Laura M.; Murphy, Justin D. (1999).

7026:

Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities

6808: 6326:

The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918

6144:

The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary

5432: 5357: 5333: 5321: 5273: 5213: 5042: 4943: 4724: 4592: 4328: 4265: 4046: 2898: 2333: 2009: 102: 5444: 5374: 5372: 5102: 4808: 4772: 4616: 4424: 4289: 4277: 4253: 4205: 4133: 4121: 3161:. The offensive began on 7 June, with a British attack on 105:

moving in the Argonne Forest to the front line during the

7706:. The British Army Seen by an American Journalist in 1916 7101: 6471:

The Austro-Hungarian Divisions on the Western Front, 1918

5642: 5606: 5495: 5459: 5249: 5201: 4991: 4904: 4844: 4640: 4580: 4550: 4460: 4223: 3290: 2577:

40 km (25 mi) to the south of Ypres, where the

1958:, both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified 7028:(Reprinted ed.). London: Headline Book Publishing. 5630: 5594: 5117: 4856: 4712: 4508: 4448: 4340: 4010: 3014:

British Army advancing on the Western Front (March 1917)

6594:

Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres

6575:

Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres

6216:

Griffiths, William R. (1986). Griess, Thomas E. (ed.).

5795:

Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War, 1914–1918

5793:

Barton, Peter; Doyle, Peter; Vandewalle, Johan (2005).

5369: 5297: 5285: 5189: 5129: 5078: 5054: 4760: 4700: 4520: 4436: 4400: 4241: 4193: 4109: 3896:

424,000 German civilians died from war-related causes,

6558:. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6254:

Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H., eds. (2003).

5534: 5471: 5177: 5153: 5141: 5018: 4892: 4820: 4736: 4652: 4568: 4472: 4376: 4063: 4061: 3236:

on the Western front in the attack, who used infantry

2215:." After marching through Belgium, Luxembourg and the 2071: 7722: 6970:

Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I

6275:

Bloody April: Slaughter in the Skies over Arras, 1917

5792: 5582: 5483: 5309: 5090: 5030: 4967: 4955: 4832: 4796: 4664: 4628: 4604: 4556: 4364: 4316: 4310: 4157: 79:

comrade from the battlefield on the first day of the

7403:

The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I

7238:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005).

5558: 5396: 5237: 5066: 4919: 4880: 4784: 4748: 4676: 4412: 4388: 4085: 2478:, General Sir John French blamed the failure on the 2187:

followed at Namur, lasting from about 20–23 August.

1934:. Following the outbreak of war in August 1914, the 7384:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

6296:. Bibliographies of Battles and leader. Greenwood. 5570: 4688: 4058: 4034: 4022: 4000: 3998: 3042:During their attack at Arras, the British lost 316 2617:, who soon produced a significant improvement, the 2293:and quickly extended their trench systems from the 1989:, in 1916, with a combined 700,000 casualties, the 1981:advances. Entrenchments, machine gun emplacements, 7341: 6871:Warfare and Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present 6446: 2673:The final Entente offensive of the spring was the 6122: 5928:(repr. ed.). Milton Keynes: Military Press. 5868: 5624: 4538: 2131:German infantry on the battlefield, 7 August 1914 611: 9872: 7196: 7163:. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6163:. Vol. II. Oxford/New York: Facts on File. 5854:. Sydney, New South Wales: MacMillan Australia. 4052: 3995: 3983: 3845:party propaganda to excuse the overthrow of the 2523:An artist's rendition of Canadian troops at the 317: 8704:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 6851:Foch: Supreme Allied Commander in the Great War 3116: 2865:British infantry advance near Ginchy. Photo by 2629:, or monoplane, Mark 1), the first single seat 477: 9891:Military history of Belgium during World War I 6676:. American Heritage: Oxford University Press. 6253: 6141: 5942: 4937: 4187: 4151: 4103: 2387:(Eastern Front high command); and his deputy, 407: 377: 7743: 7580: 7237: 7144:(pbk. Penguin ed.). London: Allen Lane. 7142:1914–1918: The History of the First World War 6986: 6518:World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment 6499:World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment 5814:Fields of Battle: Terrain in Military History 5390: 4358: 3935:Including soldiers killed, wounded or missing 2313:– dealing a serious blow to French industry. 2059:, and the terms of peace were settled by the 1626: 1123: 362: 6733: 6673:The American Heritage History of World War I 6365:German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial 5943:Dockrill, Michael L.; French, David (1996). 4079: 3916:committed by the Germans during this period. 3320: 2269: 9194: 7581:Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922). 6927: 6361: 6291: 6180:Fortifications of the Western Front 1914–18 6123:Granatstein, Jack; Morton, Desmond (2003). 5734:The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary 5664: 5552: 4874: 4646: 4235: 3779:under the terms of surrender but was later 3275: 2751:German soldier on the Western Front in 1916 2448:. Joffre's plan for 1915 was to attack the 2254:followed, resulting in more clashes at the 2194:was intended to bring about the capture of 1640: 347: 67:, concentrated in the trench, right before 7750: 7736: 7275: 6426:Enquête sur la production. Rapport général 5722:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4016: 1633: 1619: 1130: 1116: 501: 7715:films made on the Western Front 1917–1918 7400: 7256: 7139: 7085:The German Army on the Western Front 1915 7042: 7023: 6515: 6234: 6215: 6161:Chronicle of the First World War: 1917–21 5904: 5887: 5869:Chickering, Roger; Förster, Stig (2000). 5685: 5648: 5504: 5465: 5414: 5207: 5123: 5060: 5048: 5012: 4985: 4814: 4778: 4283: 4247: 4211: 4199: 4175: 4139: 2803:French soldiers observing enemy movements 2414:German trench on the Western Front, 1915. 2266:(also called the First Battle of Guise). 1950:. The German advance was halted with the 594: 422: 8993:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 7177: 7158: 6666: 6385:World War I: People, Politics, and Power 6196: 6177: 5923: 5830: 5636: 5351: 5084: 5024: 4949: 4898: 4826: 4742: 4730: 4598: 4586: 4334: 4271: 4259: 4163: 3338: 3285: 3252:Map of the final German offensives, 1918 3247: 3147: 3075: 3009: 2969: 2919: 2860: 2798: 2746: 2660: 2518: 2431: 2409: 2351: 2207:and forced the French to retreat twice. 2089: 332: 203: 9370:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 7518: 7489: 7461: 7405:. New York: New York University Press. 7365:Canadian Airmen and the First World War 7082: 7063: 7004: 6967: 6906: 6887: 6868: 6844: 6534: 6444: 6368:. Newhaven, CT: Yale University Press. 6005: 5983: 5961: 5849: 5775: 5528: 5438: 5426: 5378: 5363: 5339: 5327: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5219: 5195: 5171: 5159: 5135: 5111: 5096: 5000: 4973: 4961: 4838: 4802: 4634: 4622: 4551:Smith, Audoin-Rouzeau & Becker 2003 4502: 4490: 4466: 4454: 4430: 4418: 4382: 4322: 4298: 4224:Smith, Audoin-Rouzeau & Becker 2003 4127: 2882:began the Battle of the Somme with the 2731:On 25 September, the British began the 2649:(the Red Baron). Contrary to the myth, 2238:. A series of engagements known as the 542: 392: 14: 9873: 7638: 7617: 7547: 7525:(in Portuguese). IBRASA. p. 593. 7320: 7301: 6948: 6825: 6762: 6709: 6690: 6610: 6591: 6572: 6409:. London: Cambridge University Press. 6342: 6323: 6313:The International Review of Statistics 6310: 6100: 5873:. London: Cambridge University Press. 5811: 5756: 5612: 5600: 5540: 5477: 5453: 5315: 5267: 5183: 5147: 4913: 4886: 4850: 4766: 4658: 4610: 4574: 4562: 4442: 4406: 4370: 4115: 4067: 3810:were killed in air and naval attacks, 2850: 2765:and thus trap the French. The town of 2637:scored the first confirmed kill in an 87:; American infantry storming a German 9941:Campaigns and theatres of World War I 9323:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 8659:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 7731: 7639:Heller, Charles E. (September 1984). 7381: 7339: 7225:from the original on 17 February 2024 7203:. Taylor & Francis. p. 783. 7123:The Illustrated Directory of Fighters 7120: 6928:Prior, Robin; Wilson, Trevor (2005). 6802: 6783: 6647: 6537:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 6496: 6467: 6382: 6362:Horne, John N.; Kramer, Alan (2001). 6277:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6081: 6062: 6043: 6024: 5730: 5588: 5516: 5489: 5402: 5255: 5243: 5231: 5072: 4925: 4862: 4790: 4754: 4718: 4682: 4670: 4514: 4478: 4394: 4346: 4091: 4040: 4028: 3989: 3133: 1938:opened the Western Front by invading 1614: 1111: 9727:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 7362: 7087:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. 6750:from the original on 21 January 2020 6553: 6516:Jones, Simon; Hook, Richard (2007). 6430:Survey of production. General Report 6401: 6387:. New York: Britannica Educational. 6272: 6201:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 6158: 5564: 5036: 4706: 4694: 4526: 3210: 3057: 2739:as commander of the British forces. 2179:isolated, with the Belgian capital, 1997:, in 1917, with 487,000 casualties. 83:; A young German soldier during the 27:Theatre of WWI in France and Belgium 9656:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 8450:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 7522:Dicionário das batalhas Brasileiras 7104:France and the Great War, 1914–1918 6453:. London: Oxford University Press. 6423: 5797:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 5704: 5576: 4311:Barton, Doyle & Vandewalle 2005 4004: 3167:Royal Engineer tunnelling companies 2788: 2706: 2656: 2159:attacked Belgium on 4 August 1914. 2072:War plans – Battle of the Frontiers 24: 8389:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 7496:. Burt: University of California. 7421: 7344:Haig: The Evolution of a Commander 6873:. New York and London: Routledge. 6484:from the original on 19 March 2020 5668:The Making of the Second World War 3971:from the original on 11 April 2023 3814:were killed at sea and there were 2909: 2819:The Germans turned their focus to 2691:doctrine against Entente attacks. 2653:claimed more kills than fighters. 2498:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 25: 9952: 7672: 6635:from the original on 4 March 2017 6477:(Thesis). Ohio State University. 6449:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 6292:Hartesveldt, Fred R. van (2005). 6142:Grebler, L.; Winkler, W. (1940). 3821: 2669:after it was recaptured by France 2550:of 168 long tons (171 t) of 2436:Map of the Western Front, 1915–16 2399: 2094:Map of the Western Front and the 2016:of 1918 was made possible by the 1137: 8752:Second Battle of the Piave River 8374:Russian invasion of East Prussia 7066:The German Army at Passchendaele 6913:. University of Nebraska Press. 6693:Verdun 1916: They Shall Not Pass 6611:Lupfer, Timothy T. (July 1981). 5969:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 5833:Aces and Aircraft of World War I 5665:Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1989). 3938: 3929: 3919: 3190:From 31 July to 10 November the 2694:During the autumn of 1915, the " 2124: 2106: 1073: 1063: 1013: 1003: 993: 983: 973: 963: 953: 943: 901: 891: 881: 871: 861: 851: 841: 831: 799: 787: 775: 763: 751: 739: 721: 709: 697: 685: 673: 661: 649: 637: 613: 596: 565: 544: 524: 503: 479: 456: 438: 424: 409: 394: 379: 364: 349: 334: 319: 301: 283: 271: 259: 247: 235: 223: 205: 54: 9823:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 9023:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 7757: 7719:National Film and Sound Archive 7700:'That Contemptible Little Army' 7182:. London: Wordsworth Editions. 7068:. London: Pen and Sword Books. 6830:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 6652:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. 5778:World War I: An Outline History 5757:Bailey, Jonathan B. A. (2004). 5657: 5429:, pp. 2, 31, 242, 245–246. 3906: 3890: 3881: 2679:offensive to capture Vimy Ridge 2590:gas in 1915, then the infamous 2492:Chemical weapons in World War I 2047:The unstoppable advance of the 1973:. The attacks employed massive 9886:Austria-Hungary in World War I 9646:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 9505:Deportations from East Prussia 9302:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 6734:Massimiliano, Fassero (2015). 6719:. New York: Ballantine Books. 6328:. London: St. Martin's Press. 6258:. Cambridge University Press. 6235:Griffiths, William R. (2003). 5831:Campbell, Christopher (1981). 5731:Ayres, L. P. (1 August 1919). 5690:. Cambridge University Press. 4053:Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999 3957: 3872: 3200:Second Battle of Passchendaele 3030:of the First Army, fought the 2974:Map of the Western Front, 1917 2836:on 7 June and with the aid of 2758:unrestricted submarine warfare 2597: 2485: 2328:along the coast, known as the 13: 1: 9921:United Kingdom in World War I 9896:British Empire in World War I 9557:Ukrainian Canadian internment 7386:. New York: Greenwood Press. 6953:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 6577:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 6345:Forging the Collective Memory 6125:Canada and the Two World Wars 5759:Field Artillery and Firepower 5686:Alexander, Martin S. (2003). 5625:Chickering & Förster 2000 4539:Granatstein & Morton 2003 3897: 3860: 3828:French war planning 1920–1940 3786: 3783:as a reaction to the treaty. 3740: 3718: 3708: 3653: 3461: 3442: 3335:Armistice of 11 November 1918 3196:First Battle of Passchendaele 2532:Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg 2482:, despite the early success. 2372:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 2057:Armistice of 11 November 1918 9926:United States in World War I 9906:German Empire in World War I 9712:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 9011:Estonian War of Independence 8679:Southern Palestine offensive 7447:Resources in other libraries 7180:Mons: The Retreat to Victory 7161:The First World War: To Arms 6650:World War I: A Short History 6383:Hosch, William, ed. (2010). 5905:Cockfield, Jamie H. (1999). 5270:, pp. 393–397, 400–401. 4505:, pp. 182–183, 210–211. 3951: 3399: 3123:American Expeditionary Force 3117:American Expeditionary Force 75:; British soldier carries a 7: 9881:Western Front (World War I) 9666:USA against Austria-Hungary 9065:Turkish War of Independence 9017:Latvian War of Independence 8742:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 8333:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 7611: 7433:Western Front (World War I) 7261:. Barsnley: Pen and Sword. 7242:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. 7240:Encyclopedia of World War I 6108:. New York: Da Capo Press. 5924:Corkerry, S., ed. (2001) . 5835:. Dorset: Blandford Press. 3748: 3738: 3733: 3716: 3706: 3701: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3661: 3651: 3646: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3468: 3460: 3457: 3449: 3441: 3438: 3088:The same month, the French 2966:Western Front tactics, 1917 2242:ensued, which included the 2229:British Expeditionary Force 1600:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 9957: 9749:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 9297:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 8757:Second Battle of the Marne 8644:Second battle of the Aisne 8513:Second Battle of Champagne 8354:German invasion of Belgium 7584:Principal Events 1914–1918 7321:Watson, Alexander (2008). 7257:Uffindell, Andrew (2015). 6648:Lyons, Michael J. (2000). 6324:Herwig, Holger H. (1997). 6256:The Origins of World War I 5888:Churchill, W. S. (1938) . 4938:Dockrill & French 1996 4188:Hamilton & Herwig 2003 4152:Hamilton & Herwig 2003 4104:Grebler & Winkler 1940 3944:plus another 3,500 missing 3825: 3790: 3403: 3370:Prince Maximilian of Baden 3349:Second Battle of the Marne 3327:Second Battle of the Marne 3324: 3279: 3214: 3137: 3098:Second Battle of the Aisne 3061: 2959: 2913: 2854: 2792: 2717:Second Battle of Champagne 2601: 2489: 2440:Between the coast and the 2403: 2355: 2273: 2175:, leaving the garrison of 2075: 2020:that ended the war of the 9855: 9814: 9735: 9674: 9636: 9580: 9569: 9530:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 9473: 9445: 9393: 9315: 9289: 9241: 9134: 9127: 9059:Irish War of Independence 8955: 8837: 8802:Armistice of Villa Giusti 8787:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 8712: 8614: 8541: 8442: 8399:First Battle of the Marne 8346: 8308: 8243: 8234: 8177: 8051: 8040: 8006: 7978: 7940: 7892: 7845: 7838: 7765: 7632:10.1108/00251740510572489 7556:Stanford University Press 7548:McCann, Frank D. (2004). 7493:Our Part in the Great War 7466:. Yale University Press. 7442:Resources in your library 7401:Zuckerman, Larry (2004). 7340:Wiest, Andrew A. (2005). 7024:Sheffield, Gary (2002) . 6934:. Yale University Press. 6888:Neiberg, Michael (2008). 6869:Neiberg, Michael (2004). 6854:. Dulles: Potomac Books. 5531:, pp. 743 & 760. 5391:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4359:Robinson & Beard 1930 3793:Casualties of World War I 3343:Italian regiments in 1918 3321:Allied counter-offensives 3140:Battle of Messines (1917) 3072:1917 French Army mutinies 2496:All sides had signed the 2282:First Battle of the Marne 2276:First Battle of the Marne 2270:First Battle of the Marne 1651: 1147: 917: 814: 627: 180: 112: 53: 41: 36: 9682:Constantinople Agreement 8975:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 8838:Co-belligerent conflicts 8807:Second Romanian campaign 8777:Third Transjordan attack 8488:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 8394:Battle of Grand Couronné 7690:The Western Front Museum 7519:Hernâni, Donato (1996). 7490:Gleason, Arthur (1917). 7455: 7276:War Office, The (1922). 7043:Sheffield, Gary (2014). 7005:Samuels, Martin (1995). 6907:Palazzo, Albert (2000). 6691:Martin, William (2001). 6554:Knox, MacGregor (2007). 6197:Griffith, Paddy (1994). 6178:Griffith, Paddy (2004). 6065:The World War I Databook 6046:The World War I Databook 6006:Edmonds, J. E. (1994) . 5892:. London: Odhams Press. 5776:Baldwin, Hanson (1962). 5234:, pp. 13–15, 32–35. 4178:, pp. 22–24, 25–26. 3865: 3406:Aftermath of World War I 3347:In July, Foch began the 3306:German spring offensives 3276:German spring offensives 3185:gas for chemical warfare 3173:On 11 July 1917, during 2828:to the offensive-minded 2645:, the most famous being 2463:Battle of Neuve Chapelle 2038:"hurricane" bombardments 1977:bombardments and massed 1909:Indian and Pacific Ocean 61:Clockwise from top left: 9916:Portugal in World War I 9745:Modus vivendi of Acroma 9697:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 9005:Greater Poland Uprising 8905:National Protection War 8782:Meuse–Argonne offensive 8732:German spring offensive 8727:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 8503:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 8478:Second Battle of Artois 8359:Battle of the Frontiers 7723:australianscreen online 7711:Australian War Memorial 7462:Cabanes, Bruno (2016). 7302:Warner, Philip (2000). 7178:Terraine, John (2002). 7140:Stevenson, D. (2005) . 6949:Rawson, Andrew (2014). 6892:. London: Amber Books. 6826:Murphy, Justin (2005). 6468:Jones, Ian (May 2019). 6127:. Toronto: Key Porter. 6067:. London: Aurum Press. 6048:. London: Aurum Press. 5712:]. Bruxelles. 1922. 4875:Prior & Wilson 2005 4236:Horne & Kramer 2001 3414:Western Front 1914–1918 3360:, commanded by General 3282:German spring offensive 3259:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3243: 2955: 2924:The Hindenburg Line at 2742: 2703:Allied held territory. 2700:reconnaissance aircraft 2675:Second Battle of Artois 2604:Aviation in World War I 2514:Battle of Humin-Bolimów 2427: 2240:Battle of the Frontiers 2086:Battle of the Frontiers 2066: 2036:. Using short, intense 2018:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2014:German spring offensive 2002:new military technology 1995:Battle of Passchendaele 1488:German spring offensive 107:Meuse–Argonne offensive 98:; American troops with 9770:Paris Peace Conference 9758:Ukraine–Central Powers 9552:Massacres of Albanians 9520:Late Ottoman genocides 9327:Bulgarian occupations 9035:Third Anglo-Afghan War 8999:Hungarian–Romanian War 8817:Naval Victory Bulletin 8812:Armistice with Germany 8762:Hundred Days Offensive 8689:Battle of La Malmaison 8639:Second battle of Arras 8606:Battle of Transylvania 8460:Second Battle of Ypres 8328:Sarajevo assassination 8217:South African Republic 7382:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 6988:Robinson, James Harvey 6972:. London: Leo Cooper. 6763:Maurel, Henri (2001). 6668:Marshall, Samuel L. A. 6596:. London: Leo Cooper. 6592:Liddle, Peter (2013). 6573:Liddle, P. H. (1997). 6535:Kennedy, Paul (1989). 6082:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 6025:Ekins, Ashley (2010). 5780:. London: Hutchinson. 3760:Paris Peace Conference 3366:Hundred Days Offensive 3344: 3331:Hundred Days Offensive 3298: 3253: 3198:and culminated in the 3176:Unternehmen Strandfest 3153: 3085: 3064:Battle of Arras (1917) 3015: 2975: 2929: 2870: 2804: 2752: 2713:Third Battle of Artois 2670: 2647:Manfred von Richthofen 2575:Gas attacks at Hulluch 2540:Second Battle of Ypres 2527: 2525:Second Battle of Ypres 2437: 2415: 2309:and 40 percent of the 2252:general Allied retreat 2149:Treaty of London, 1839 2099: 2053:Hundred Days Offensive 1962:, stretching from the 628:Commanders and leaders 73:First day on the Somme 9901:France in World War I 9780:Treaty of St. Germain 9753:Russia–Central Powers 9707:Sykes–Picot Agreement 9535:Pontic Greek genocide 9510:Destruction of Kalisz 9486:Eastern Mediterranean 9047:Polish–Lithuanian War 8829:Armistice of Belgrade 8792:Armistice of Salonica 8722:Operation Faustschlag 8669:Third Battle of Oituz 8591:Baranovichi offensive 8559:Lake Naroch offensive 8533:Battle of Robat Karim 8508:Vistula–Bug offensive 8483:Battles of the Isonzo 8414:First Battle of Ypres 7709:Watch clips from the 7348:. London: Brassey's. 7159:Strachan, H. (2001). 6497:Jones, Simon (2002). 6159:Gray, Randal (1991). 5850:Carlyon, Les (2006). 5671:. London: Routledge. 5174:, pp. 35–36, 39. 4779:Jones & Hook 2007 4493:, pp. 69–73, 88. 3835:Stab-in-the-back myth 3762:. The result was the 3374:Chancellor of Germany 3342: 3289: 3251: 3192:Third Battle of Ypres 3151: 3144:Third Battle of Ypres 3079: 3013: 2973: 2923: 2864: 2802: 2775:escadrilles de chasse 2750: 2664: 2579:16th (Irish) Division 2522: 2435: 2413: 2364:First Battle of Ypres 2358:First Battle of Ypres 2352:First Battle of Ypres 2264:Battle of St. Quentin 2093: 1751:Sinai & Palestine 918:Casualties and losses 794:Conrad von Hötzendorf 9911:Italy in World War I 9775:Treaty of Versailles 9491:Mount Lebanon famine 9406:in the United States 9374:Russian occupations 9088:Turkish–Armenian War 9029:Polish–Ukrainian War 8969:Ukrainian–Soviet War 8916:Central Asian Revolt 8699:Armistice of Focșani 8429:Battle of Sarikamish 8379:Battle of Tannenberg 7775:Military engagements 7363:Wise, S. F. (1981). 7121:Spick, Mike (2002). 7083:Sheldon, J. (2012). 7064:Sheldon, J. (2007). 7009:. Psychology Press. 6968:Richter, D. (1994). 6445:Jackson, J. (2001). 6273:Hart, Peter (2005). 6220:. Wayne, NJ: Avery. 6063:Ellis, John (2001). 6044:Ellis, John (1993). 3764:Treaty of Versailles 3238:infiltration tactics 3032:Battle of Vimy Ridge 2480:Shell Crisis of 1915 2476:artillery ammunition 2376:Generalfeldmarschall 2368:Erich von Falkenhayn 2305:, 24 percent of its 2061:Treaty of Versailles 2042:infiltration tactics 1926:was one of the main 1595:French Army mutinies 1590:1914 Christmas truce 1360:Hohenzollern Redoubt 1047:Military casualties: 927:Military casualties: 758:Erich von Falkenhayn 148:north-eastern France 9842:They shall not pass 9765:Treaty of Bucharest 9722:Treaty of Bucharest 9661:USA against Germany 9638:Declarations of war 9342:German occupations 9255:British casualties 9114:Soviet–Georgian War 9041:Egyptian Revolution 8981:Armeno-Georgian War 8845:Somaliland campaign 8797:Armistice of Mudros 8674:Battle of Caporetto 8664:Battle of Mărășești 8634:Zimmermann telegram 8629:February Revolution 8574:Battle of the Somme 8498:Bug-Narew Offensive 8473:Battle of Gallipoli 8465:Sinking of the RMS 8257:Scramble for Africa 8251:Franco-Prussian War 7907:Sinai and Palestine 7704:E. Alexander Powell 7620:Management Decision 7000:. Ginn and Company. 6846:Neiberg, Michael S. 6784:Miles, W. (1992) . 5456:, pp. 426–428. 5441:, pp. 266–302. 5417:, pp. 155–156. 5366:, pp. 141–143. 5354:, pp. 353–357. 5342:, pp. 544–545. 5330:, pp. 140–141. 5282:, pp. 139–140. 5258:, pp. 176–248. 5222:, pp. vi, 316. 5114:, pp. 101–102. 4988:, pp. 144–145. 4952:, pp. 288–289. 4916:, pp. 246–252. 4877:, pp. 280–281. 4865:, pp. 245–249. 4853:, pp. 140–158. 4733:, pp. 236–237. 4721:, pp. 207–208. 4709:, pp. 295–296. 4625:, pp. 168–171. 4601:, pp. 155–156. 4529:, pp. 349–350. 4517:, pp. 326–327. 4433:, pp. 148–151. 4361:, pp. 324–325. 4349:, pp. 105–110. 4337:, pp. 273–278. 4301:, pp. 265–266. 4274:, pp. 242–262. 4130:, pp. 361–363. 3416: 3411:Military Casualties 3304:, the first of the 3127:divisional strength 3096:(also known as the 2857:Battle of the Somme 2851:Battle of the Somme 2534:, commander of the 2379:Paul von Hindenburg 2307:steel manufacturing 2303:pig-iron production 2256:Battle of Le Cateau 2244:Battle of Charleroi 2153:Alexander von Kluck 1991:Battle of the Somme 1952:Battle of the Marne 1860:North-West Frontier 1584:Associated articles 1301:Hartmannswillerkopf 1161:Invasion of Belgium 770:Paul von Hindenburg 18:Western Front (WWI) 9802:Treaty of Lausanne 9717:Paris Economy Pact 9651:UK against Germany 9581:Entry into the war 9547:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 9266:Ottoman casualties 9076:Franco-Turkish War 8956:Post-War conflicts 8940:Russian Revolution 8922:Invasion of Darfur 8887:Kelantan rebellion 8875:Kurdish rebellions 8851:Mexican Revolution 8684:October Revolution 8649:Kerensky offensive 8624:Capture of Baghdad 8601:Monastir offensive 8586:Brusilov offensive 8424:Battle of Kolubara 8263:Russo-Japanese War 7678:Krause, Jonathan: 7645:Leavenworth Papers 7304:The Battle of Loos 7125:. Zenith Imprint. 6951:The Somme Campaign 6803:Miles, W. (1991). 6771:on 19 January 2008 6695:. Oxford: Osprey. 6520:. Oxford: Osprey. 6501:. Oxford: Osprey. 6347:. Berghahn Books. 6182:. Oxford: Osprey. 6102:Fuller, John F. C. 6086:. Cambridge: CUP. 5615:, pp. 87–127. 5051:, pp. 91–114. 5003:, pp. 99–100. 4469:, pp. 95–121. 4262:, pp. 78–175. 3410: 3345: 3315:Battle of Cantigny 3299: 3254: 3154: 3134:Flanders offensive 3090:Commander-in-chief 3086: 3048:Royal Flying Corps 3016: 2984:Operation Alberich 2976: 2942:Eingreif divisions 2930: 2871: 2805: 2753: 2722:aerial photography 2671: 2651:anti-aircraft fire 2528: 2438: 2416: 2322:Battle of the Yser 2205:Battle of Mulhouse 2100: 2051:armies during the 1756:Hejaz & Levant 746:Helmuth von Moltke 69:going over the top 65:Royal Irish Rifles 9868: 9867: 9851: 9850: 9835:The Golden Virgin 9829:Mutilated victory 9810: 9809: 9790:Treaty of Trianon 9785:Treaty of Neuilly 9692:Damascus Protocol 9565: 9564: 9525:Armenian genocide 9482:Allied blockades 9454:Belgian refugees 9237: 9236: 9147:Strategic bombing 9123: 9122: 9108:Franco-Syrian War 9082:Greco-Turkish War 9070:Anglo-Turkish War 9053:Polish–Soviet War 8987:German Revolution 8963:Russian Civil War 8946:Finnish Civil War 8772:Battle of Megiddo 8747:Battle of Goychay 8694:Battle of Cambrai 8654:Battle of Mărăști 8569:Battle of Jutland 8549:Erzurum offensive 8404:Siege of Przemyśl 8384:Siege of Tsingtao 8369:Battle of Galicia 8299:Second Balkan War 8287:Italo-Turkish War 8244:Pre-War conflicts 8230: 8229: 8120:Portuguese Empire 8036: 8035: 7998:German New Guinea 7980:Asian and Pacific 7713:'s collection of 7565:978-0-804-73222-2 7532:978-8-534-80034-1 7428:Library resources 7412:978-0-8147-9704-4 7393:978-0-8371-5029-1 7374:978-0-8020-2379-7 7355:978-1-57488-684-9 7332:978-0-521-88101-2 7313:978-1-84022-229-6 7268:978-1-78303-034-7 7210:978-0-8153-3351-7 7189:978-1-84022-243-2 7170:978-0-19-926191-8 7151:978-0-14-026817-1 7132:978-0-7603-1343-5 7113:978-0-521-66631-2 7094:978-1-84884-466-7 7075:978-1-84415-564-4 7056:978-1-4738-3466-8 7035:978-0-7472-7157-4 7016:978-0-7146-4570-4 6992:Beard, Charles A. 6979:978-0-85052-388-1 6960:978-1-78303-051-4 6941:978-0-300-10694-7 6920:978-0-8032-8774-7 6899:978-1-906626-12-9 6880:978-0-41532-718-3 6861:978-1-57488-551-4 6837:978-1-85109-488-2 6818:978-0-89839-162-6 6795:978-0-901627-76-6 6726:978-0-345-40878-5 6711:Massie, Robert K. 6702:978-1-85532-993-5 6683:978-0-517-38555-5 6659:978-0-13-020551-3 6603:978-1-4738-1708-1 6584:978-0-85052-588-5 6565:978-0-521-87860-9 6546:978-0-679-72019-5 6539:. Vintage Books. 6527:978-1-84603-151-9 6508:978-1-84603-151-9 6460:978-0-19-820706-1 6416:978-0-521-84193-1 6394:978-1-61530-048-8 6375:978-0-300-08975-2 6354:978-1-57181-862-1 6335:978-0-340-67753-7 6303:978-0-313-30625-9 6284:978-0-297-84621-5 6265:978-0-521-81735-6 6246:978-0-7570-0158-1 6227:978-0-89529-312-1 6208:978-0-300-06663-0 6189:978-1-84176-760-4 6170:978-0-8160-2139-0 6134:978-1-55263-509-4 6115:978-0-306-80467-0 6093:978-0-521-04436-3 6074:978-1-85410-766-4 6055:978-1-85410-766-4 6036:978-1-921497-42-1 6017:978-0-89839-211-1 5998:978-0-89839-166-4 5976:978-0-674-01880-8 5954:978-1-85285-099-9 5935:978-0-85420-250-8 5916:978-0-312-22082-2 5880:978-0-521-77352-2 5861:978-1-4050-3799-0 5842:978-0-7137-0954-4 5823:978-1-4020-0433-9 5804:978-0-7735-2949-6 5768:978-1-59114-029-0 5697:978-0-521-52429-2 5678:978-0-415-90716-3 5603:, pp. 47–61. 5555:, pp. 25–26. 5039:, pp. 11–13. 4817:, pp. 71–72. 4781:, pp. 23–24. 4769:, pp. 28–83. 4589:, pp. 26–27. 4553:, pp. 79–80. 4481:, pp. 22–23. 4457:, pp. 81–95. 4445:, pp. 172–3. 4409:, pp. 166–7. 4286:, pp. 31–37. 4238:, pp. 1–608. 4214:, pp. 29–30. 4142:, pp. 44–45. 4118:, pp. 45–58. 4080:Massimiliano 2015 3755: 3754: 3744: 15,158,783 3657: 10,029,670 3415: 3386:Imperial Monarchy 3378:German Revolution 3372:was appointed as 3362:Alberico Albricci 3358:Italian 2nd Corps 3302:Operation Michael 3223:Battle of Cambrai 3217:Battle of Cambrai 3211:Battle of Cambrai 3094:Nivelle Offensive 3068:Nivelle Offensive 3058:Nivelle Offensive 2928:seen from the air 2824:defensive-minded 2684:La Ville-aux-Bois 2393:(11–25 November), 2260:Siege of Maubeuge 2117:(1913 photograph) 1917: 1916: 1785:South West Africa 1608: 1607: 1434:Nivelle offensive 1208:Trouée de Charmes 1106: 1105: 278:Equatorial Africa 176: 175: 16:(Redirected from 9948: 9795:Treaty of Sèvres 9687:Treaty of London 9578: 9577: 9356:Northeast France 9287: 9286: 9259:Parliamentarians 9192: 9191: 9154:Chemical weapons 9132: 9131: 8893:Senussi campaign 8863:Muscat rebellion 8857:Maritz rebellion 8825: 8767:Vardar offensive 8596:Battle of Romani 8564:Battle of Asiago 8554:Battle of Verdun 8518:Kosovo offensive 8293:First Balkan War 8241: 8240: 8140:Russian Republic 8049: 8048: 7843: 7842: 7785:Economic history 7752: 7745: 7738: 7729: 7728: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7655:. Archived from 7635: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7577: 7544: 7515: 7485: 7473:978-0-30022494-8 7416: 7397: 7378: 7359: 7347: 7336: 7317: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7282:. London: HMSO. 7272: 7253: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7193: 7174: 7155: 7136: 7117: 7098: 7079: 7060: 7039: 7020: 7001: 6983: 6964: 6945: 6924: 6903: 6884: 6865: 6841: 6822: 6799: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6767:. Archived from 6759: 6757: 6755: 6749: 6742: 6730: 6706: 6687: 6663: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6634: 6619: 6607: 6588: 6569: 6550: 6531: 6512: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6441: 6420: 6398: 6379: 6358: 6339: 6320: 6307: 6288: 6269: 6250: 6231: 6212: 6193: 6174: 6155: 6138: 6119: 6097: 6078: 6059: 6040: 6021: 6002: 5980: 5958: 5939: 5920: 5901: 5890:The World Crisis 5884: 5865: 5846: 5827: 5808: 5789: 5772: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5727: 5721: 5713: 5701: 5682: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5553:Adamthwaite 1989 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4661:, pp. 4–31. 4656: 4650: 4647:Hartesveldt 2005 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4577:, pp. 1–36. 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4082:, p. 23-24. 4077: 4071: 4065: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3961: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3839:Dolchstoßlegende 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3745: 3742: 3723: 3720: 3713: 3712: 5,129,113 3710: 3658: 3655: 3466: 3465: 3,000,500 3463: 3447: 3446: 6,000,000 3444: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3353:Battle of Amiens 3102:Russian brigades 2884:Battle of Albert 2809:Battle of Verdun 2795:Battle of Verdun 2789:Battle of Verdun 2726:defence-in-depth 2707:Autumn offensive 2689:defence in depth 2657:Spring offensive 2631:fighter aircraft 2619:interrupter gear 2506:chemical weapons 2394: 2389:Erich Ludendorff 2128: 2110: 2008:, aircraft, and 1987:Battle of Verdun 1954:. Following the 1646: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1547:St Quentin Canal 1142: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1109: 1108: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1057: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1008: 1007: 1006: 998: 997: 996: 988: 987: 986: 978: 977: 976: 968: 967: 966: 958: 957: 956: 948: 947: 946: 937: 906: 905: 904: 896: 895: 894: 886: 885: 884: 876: 875: 874: 866: 865: 864: 856: 855: 854: 846: 845: 844: 836: 835: 834: 825: 806:Ludwig Goiginger 804: 803: 802: 792: 791: 790: 782:Erich Ludendorff 780: 779: 778: 768: 767: 766: 756: 755: 754: 744: 743: 742: 728:John J. Pershing 726: 725: 724: 714: 713: 712: 702: 701: 700: 690: 689: 688: 678: 677: 676: 666: 665: 664: 654: 653: 652: 642: 641: 640: 623: 619: 617: 616: 606: 602: 600: 599: 576: 570: 569: 568: 557: 554: 550: 548: 547: 535: 529: 528: 527: 516: 513: 509: 507: 506: 494: 493: 489: 485: 483: 482: 463: 461: 460: 443: 442: 441: 434: 430: 428: 427: 419: 415: 413: 412: 404: 400: 398: 397: 389: 385: 383: 382: 374: 370: 368: 367: 359: 355: 353: 352: 344: 340: 338: 337: 329: 325: 323: 322: 312: 307: 305: 304: 288: 287: 286: 276: 275: 274: 264: 263: 262: 252: 251: 250: 240: 239: 238: 228: 227: 226: 217: 215: 211: 209: 208: 155: 125:11 November 1918 114: 113: 85:Battle of Ginchy 58: 44:European theatre 34: 33: 21: 9956: 9955: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9864: 9847: 9806: 9738: 9731: 9702:Treaty of Darin 9670: 9632: 9588:Austria-Hungary 9574: 9561: 9542:Rape of Belgium 9469: 9441: 9389: 9383:Western Armenia 9378:Eastern Galicia 9311: 9285: 9249: 9248:Civilian impact 9247: 9233: 9190: 9119: 8951: 8881:Ovambo Uprising 8833: 8819: 8708: 8610: 8537: 8455:Battle of Łomża 8438: 8434:Christmas truce 8409:Race to the Sea 8342: 8304: 8226: 8197:Austria-Hungary 8173: 8108:Empire of Japan 8045: 8043: 8032: 8016:U-boat campaign 8002: 7974: 7936: 7888: 7834: 7815:Popular culture 7761: 7756: 7675: 7662: 7660: 7659:on 5 March 2017 7614: 7601: 7599: 7566: 7558:. p. 593. 7533: 7504: 7474: 7458: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7422:Further reading 7419: 7413: 7394: 7375: 7356: 7333: 7314: 7292: 7290: 7269: 7250: 7228: 7226: 7211: 7190: 7171: 7152: 7133: 7114: 7095: 7076: 7057: 7036: 7017: 6980: 6961: 6942: 6921: 6900: 6881: 6862: 6838: 6819: 6796: 6774: 6772: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6727: 6703: 6684: 6660: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6617: 6604: 6585: 6566: 6547: 6528: 6509: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6461: 6417: 6403:Hull, Isabel V. 6395: 6376: 6355: 6336: 6304: 6285: 6266: 6247: 6228: 6209: 6190: 6171: 6135: 6116: 6094: 6075: 6056: 6037: 6018: 5999: 5977: 5955: 5936: 5917: 5881: 5862: 5843: 5824: 5805: 5769: 5747: 5745: 5715: 5714: 5698: 5679: 5660: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5393:, p. 1254. 5389: 5385: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4673:, p. xvii. 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4017:War Office 1922 4015: 4011: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3847:Weimar Republic 3830: 3824: 3816:14,661 merchant 3815: 3811: 3808:1,260 civilians 3807: 3806:civilian dead; 3803: 3795: 3789: 3743: 3721: 3711: 3656: 3464: 3445: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3394:Friedrich Ebert 3390:General Groener 3388:collapsed when 3337: 3325:Main articles: 3323: 3297:, 21 March 1918 3284: 3278: 3246: 3219: 3213: 3159:began to mutiny 3146: 3138:Main articles: 3136: 3119: 3074: 3062:Main articles: 3060: 3020:Battle of Arras 2980:Hindenburg Line 2968: 2962:Hindenburg Line 2960:Main articles: 2958: 2918: 2916:Hindenburg Line 2912: 2910:Hindenburg line 2859: 2853: 2826:Philippe Pétain 2797: 2791: 2783:air superiority 2745: 2709: 2659: 2606: 2600: 2571:countermeasures 2494: 2488: 2472:counterattacked 2430: 2408: 2402: 2392: 2360: 2354: 2291:Race to the Sea 2278: 2272: 2236:Sir John French 2213:Rape of Belgium 2196:Alsace–Lorraine 2165:Battle of Liège 2141:Schlieffen Plan 2136: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2096:Race to the Sea 2088: 2078:Schlieffen Plan 2074: 2069: 1956:Race to the Sea 1932:First World War 1928:theatres of war 1920: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1609: 1604: 1581: 1385:Vimy Ridge 1916 1262:Race to the Sea 1230:1st St. Quentin 1152: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1102: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1072: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1040: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1014: 1012: 1004: 1002: 994: 992: 984: 982: 974: 972: 964: 962: 954: 952: 944: 942: 939: 938: 935: 931: 910: 902: 900: 892: 890: 882: 880: 872: 870: 862: 860: 852: 850: 842: 840: 832: 830: 827: 826: 823: 810: 800: 798: 788: 786: 776: 774: 764: 762: 752: 750: 740: 738: 732: 722: 720: 710: 708: 698: 696: 686: 684: 674: 672: 668:Philippe Pétain 662: 660: 650: 648: 638: 636: 621:Austria-Hungary 614: 612: 610: 597: 595: 579: 574: 566: 564: 560: 555: 545: 543: 538: 533: 525: 523: 519: 514: 504: 502: 497: 491: 480: 478: 475: 471: 455: 453: 449: 439: 437: 425: 423: 410: 408: 395: 393: 380: 378: 365: 363: 350: 348: 335: 333: 320: 318: 314: 313: 302: 300: 298: 294: 284: 282: 272: 270: 260: 258: 248: 246: 236: 234: 224: 222: 219: 218: 206: 204: 201: 197: 164: 153:Alsace-Lorraine 151: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9954: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9826: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9767: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9755: 9747: 9741: 9739: 9737:Peace treaties 9736: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9678: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9642: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9630: 9625: 9623:United Kingdom 9620: 9615: 9613:Ottoman Empire 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9584: 9582: 9575: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9517: 9515:Sack of Dinant 9512: 9507: 9502: 9501: 9500: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9479: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9463:United Kingdom 9460: 9451: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9423: 9417:POW locations 9415: 9410: 9409: 9408: 9399: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9372: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9333: 9325: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9293: 9291: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9268: 9263: 9262: 9261: 9252: 9250: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9217:United Kingdom 9214: 9212:Ottoman Empire 9209: 9204: 9198: 9196: 9189: 9188: 9186:Trench warfare 9183: 9182: 9181: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9138: 9136: 9129: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8902: 8899:Volta-Bani War 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8737:Zeebrugge Raid 8734: 8729: 8724: 8718: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8545: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8530: 8528:Battle of Loos 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8419:Black Sea raid 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8321:Historiography 8312: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8275:Bosnian Crisis 8272: 8269:Tangier Crisis 8266: 8260: 8254: 8247: 8245: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8202:Ottoman Empire 8199: 8194: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8179:Central Powers 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8162:British Empire 8157:United Kingdom 8154: 8149: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8135:Russian Empire 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8055: 8053:Entente Powers 8046: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8021:North Atlantic 8012: 8010: 8004: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7946: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7932:Central Arabia 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7894:Middle Eastern 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7869: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7851: 7849: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7795:Historiography 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7755: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7707: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7674: 7673:External links 7671: 7670: 7669: 7636: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7578: 7564: 7545: 7531: 7516: 7502: 7487: 7472: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7411: 7398: 7392: 7379: 7373: 7360: 7354: 7337: 7331: 7318: 7312: 7299: 7273: 7267: 7254: 7248: 7235: 7209: 7194: 7188: 7175: 7169: 7156: 7150: 7137: 7131: 7118: 7112: 7099: 7093: 7080: 7074: 7061: 7055: 7040: 7034: 7021: 7015: 7002: 6984: 6978: 6965: 6959: 6946: 6940: 6925: 6919: 6904: 6898: 6885: 6879: 6866: 6860: 6842: 6836: 6823: 6817: 6800: 6794: 6781: 6760: 6731: 6725: 6707: 6701: 6688: 6682: 6664: 6658: 6645: 6608: 6602: 6589: 6583: 6570: 6564: 6551: 6545: 6532: 6526: 6513: 6507: 6494: 6465: 6459: 6442: 6421: 6415: 6399: 6393: 6380: 6374: 6359: 6353: 6340: 6334: 6321: 6308: 6302: 6289: 6283: 6270: 6264: 6251: 6245: 6239:. Square One. 6232: 6226: 6213: 6207: 6194: 6188: 6175: 6169: 6156: 6139: 6133: 6120: 6114: 6098: 6092: 6079: 6073: 6060: 6054: 6041: 6035: 6022: 6016: 6003: 5997: 5985:Edmonds, J. E. 5981: 5975: 5963:Doughty, R. A. 5959: 5953: 5940: 5934: 5921: 5915: 5902: 5885: 5879: 5866: 5860: 5847: 5841: 5828: 5822: 5809: 5803: 5790: 5773: 5767: 5754: 5728: 5702: 5696: 5683: 5677: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5651:, p. 180. 5649:Alexander 2003 5641: 5639:, p. 460. 5629: 5627:, p. 297. 5617: 5605: 5593: 5591:, p. 269. 5581: 5579:, p. 100. 5569: 5567:, p. 292. 5557: 5545: 5543:, p. 787. 5533: 5521: 5509: 5507:, p. 558. 5505:Churchill 1938 5494: 5492:, p. 270. 5482: 5480:, p. 446. 5470: 5468:, p. 163. 5466:Griffiths 1986 5458: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5415:Griffiths 1986 5407: 5395: 5383: 5381:, p. 146. 5368: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5306:, p. 543. 5296: 5294:, p. 140. 5284: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5212: 5210:, p. 216. 5208:Sheffield 2002 5200: 5198:, p. 103. 5188: 5186:, p. 112. 5176: 5164: 5152: 5150:, p. 227. 5140: 5138:, p. 144. 5128: 5126:, p. 124. 5124:Griffiths 1986 5116: 5101: 5089: 5087:, p. 292. 5077: 5075:, p. 243. 5065: 5061:Uffindell 2015 5053: 5049:Cockfield 1999 5041: 5029: 5017: 5013:Sheffield 2014 5005: 4990: 4986:Griffiths 1986 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4928:, p. 290. 4918: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4815:Griffiths 1986 4807: 4795: 4793:, p. 224. 4783: 4771: 4759: 4757:, p. 143. 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4697:, p. 153. 4687: 4685:, p. 141. 4675: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4613:, p. 245. 4603: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4565:, p. 165. 4555: 4543: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4397:, p. 112. 4387: 4385:, p. 110. 4375: 4373:, p. 165. 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4288: 4284:Griffiths 1986 4276: 4264: 4252: 4248:Zuckerman 2004 4240: 4228: 4216: 4212:Griffiths 1986 4204: 4200:Griffiths 2003 4192: 4190:, p. 254. 4180: 4176:Griffiths 1986 4168: 4156: 4154:, p. 159. 4144: 4140:Stevenson 2005 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4094:, p. 137. 4084: 4072: 4057: 4045: 4043:, p. 219. 4033: 4031:, p. 105. 4021: 4019:, p. 742. 4009: 3994: 3982: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3918: 3905: 3903:in air raids. 3889: 3880: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3823: 3822:Economic costs 3820: 3791:Main article: 3788: 3785: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3722: 779,403 3715: 3705: 3700: 3698:Central Powers 3694: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3683:Austro-Hungary 3680: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3459: 3456: 3455:United Kingdom 3452: 3451: 3448: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3404:Main article: 3401: 3398: 3322: 3319: 3310:Ferdinand Foch 3280:Main article: 3277: 3274: 3245: 3242: 3215:Main article: 3212: 3209: 3204:II ANZAC Corps 3181:Sulfur mustard 3163:Messines Ridge 3135: 3132: 3118: 3115: 3059: 3056: 3024:Canadian Corps 2988:scorched earth 2957: 2954: 2914:Main article: 2911: 2908: 2855:Main article: 2852: 2849: 2830:Robert Nivelle 2814:Fort Douaumont 2793:Main article: 2790: 2787: 2777:with superior 2763:national pride 2744: 2741: 2733:Battle of Loos 2708: 2705: 2696:Fokker Scourge 2658: 2655: 2615:Anthony Fokker 2602:Main article: 2599: 2596: 2583:Battle of Loos 2548:a lethal cloud 2490:Main article: 2487: 2484: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2406:Trench warfare 2404:Main article: 2401: 2400:Trench warfare 2398: 2356:Main article: 2353: 2350: 2295:Swiss frontier 2274:Main article: 2271: 2268: 2248:Battle of Mons 2211:known as the " 2157:Karl von Bülow 2130: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2115:bayonet charge 2112: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2022:Central Powers 1915: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872:Naval theatres 1868: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1766:Central Arabia 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1638: 1637: 1630: 1623: 1615: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1580: 1579: 1577:Lys and Escaut 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1431: 1424: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1313: 1308: 1306:Neuve Chapelle 1303: 1298: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1279:Winter actions 1276: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1242:Grand Couronné 1239: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1158: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1135: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1112: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1095:Civilian dead: 1091: 1086:Military dead: 1081: 1080: 1070: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1033:Civilian dead: 1029: 1025:Military dead: 1021: 1020: 1010: 1000: 990: 980: 970: 960: 950: 934: 933: 932: 930: 929: 923: 920: 919: 915: 914: 911: 909: 908: 898: 888: 878: 868: 858: 848: 838: 822: 821: 820: 817: 816: 812: 811: 809: 808: 796: 784: 772: 760: 748: 735: 733: 731: 730: 718: 706: 694: 682: 680:Ferdinand Foch 670: 658: 656:Robert Nivelle 646: 633: 630: 629: 625: 624: 609: 608: 591: 587:Central Powers 582: 580: 578: 577: 561: 559: 558: 539: 537: 536: 520: 518: 517: 498: 496: 495: 472: 470: 469: 450: 448: 447: 435: 420: 405: 390: 375: 360: 345: 330: 327:United Kingdom 309:British Empire 297: 296: 295: 293: 292: 280: 268: 256: 244: 232: 200: 199: 198: 196: 195: 186: 183: 182: 178: 177: 174: 173: 172:Allied victory 170: 166: 165: 140:Central Europe 134: 132: 128: 127: 118: 110: 109: 51: 50: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9953: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9844: 9843: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9803: 9800: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9635: 9629: 9628:United States 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9573: 9568: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9499: 9496: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9245: 9240: 9230: 9229:United States 9227: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9179:Convoy system 9177: 9176: 9175: 9174:Naval warfare 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9130: 9126: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9089: 9086: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8934:Kaocen revolt 8932: 8929: 8928:Easter Rising 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8493:Great Retreat 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8364:Battle of Cer 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8281:Agadir Crisis 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8169:United States 8167: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8086:French Empire 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8039: 8029: 8028:Mediterranean 8026: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8008:Naval warfare 8005: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7884:Italian Front 7882: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7872:Eastern Front 7870: 7868: 7867:Western Front 7865: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7825:Puppet states 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7760: 7753: 7748: 7746: 7741: 7739: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7680:Western Front 7677: 7676: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7616: 7615: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7503:9781508654254 7499: 7495: 7494: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7414: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7385: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7249:1-85109-420-2 7245: 7241: 7236: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6746: 6739: 6738: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6651: 6646: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6480: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6238: 6237:The Great War 6233: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6218:The Great War 6214: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947:. Continuum. 5946: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909:. Macmillan. 5908: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5852:The Great War 5848: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5637:Marshall 1964 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5405:, p. 24. 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5352:Marshall 1964 5348: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5318:, p. 69. 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5246:, p. 88. 5245: 5240: 5233: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5162:, p. 87. 5161: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5099:, p. 53. 5098: 5093: 5086: 5085:Marshall 1964 5081: 5074: 5069: 5063:, p. 26. 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5027:, p. 71. 5026: 5025:Campbell 1981 5021: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4987: 4982: 4976:, p. 46. 4975: 4970: 4964:, p. 99. 4963: 4958: 4951: 4950:Marshall 1964 4946: 4940:, p. 68. 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4901:, p. 88. 4900: 4899:Corkerry 2001 4895: 4889:, p. 11. 4888: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4847: 4841:, p. 79. 4840: 4835: 4829:, p. 42. 4828: 4827:Campbell 1981 4823: 4816: 4811: 4805:, p. 28. 4804: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4745:, p. 40. 4744: 4743:Campbell 1981 4739: 4732: 4731:Marshall 1964 4727: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4649:, p. 17. 4648: 4643: 4637:, p. 66. 4636: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4599:Griffith 1994 4595: 4588: 4587:Campbell 1981 4583: 4576: 4571: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4541:, p. 40. 4540: 4535: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4335:Strachan 2001 4331: 4325:, p. 27. 4324: 4319: 4313:, p. 17. 4312: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4272:Strachan 2001 4268: 4261: 4260:Terraine 2002 4256: 4250:, p. 23. 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4226:, p. 33. 4225: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4202:, p. 30. 4201: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4164:Griffith 2004 4160: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4112: 4106:, p. 78. 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4007:, p. 29. 4006: 4001: 3999: 3991: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3941: 3932: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3871: 3858: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3819: 3812:908 civilians 3801: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3746: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3714: 3704: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3682: 3681: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3659: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3627: 3626: 3613: 3612: 3599: 3598: 3585: 3584: 3571: 3570: 3557: 3556: 3543: 3542: 3529: 3528: 3515: 3514: 3501: 3500: 3488:United States 3487: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3454: 3453: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3384:. The German 3383: 3382:Armistice Day 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194:included the 3193: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3084:in April 1917 3083: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938:fortification 2934: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2868: 2867:Ernest Brooks 2863: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2821:Le Mort Homme 2817: 2815: 2810: 2801: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2663: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635:Max Immelmann 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2610:Roland Garros 2605: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2560:no man's land 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:Eastern Front 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2397: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2381:, commanding 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2326:West Flanders 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2311:coal industry 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2233:Field Marshal 2230: 2226: 2222: 2221:Joseph Joffre 2218: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2127: 2116: 2109: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034:Eastern Front 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:Western Front 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1894:Mediterranean 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1668:Eastern Front 1666: 1664: 1663:Western Front 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1552:Meuse-Argonne 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1466:Passchendaele 1464: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1328:2nd Champagne 1326: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296:1st Champagne 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1215:Great Retreat 1213: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1140:Western Front 1133: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1071: 1069:5,490,300 1061: 1060: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1011: 1001: 991: 981: 971: 961: 959:2,264,200 951: 949:4,808,000 941: 940: 928: 925: 924: 922: 921: 916: 912: 899: 889: 879: 869: 859: 857:2,200,000 849: 847:5,399,563 839: 837:7,935,000 829: 828: 819: 818: 813: 807: 797: 795: 785: 783: 773: 771: 761: 759: 749: 747: 737: 736: 734: 729: 719: 717: 707: 705: 695: 693: 683: 681: 671: 669: 659: 657: 647: 645: 644:Joseph Joffre 635: 634: 632: 631: 626: 622: 607: 605: 592: 590: 588: 584: 583: 581: 573: 563: 562: 553: 541: 540: 532: 522: 521: 512: 500: 499: 490: 488: 487:United States 474: 473: 468: 467: 462: 459: 452: 451: 446: 436: 433: 421: 418: 406: 403: 391: 388: 376: 373: 361: 358: 346: 343: 331: 328: 316: 315: 311: 310: 291: 281: 279: 269: 267: 257: 255: 245: 243: 233: 231: 221: 220: 216: 214: 194: 192: 191:Allied Powers 188: 187: 185: 184: 179: 171: 168: 167: 163: 159: 154: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121:2 August 1914 119: 116: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 52: 49: 45: 40: 37:Western Front 35: 30: 19: 9840: 9833: 9821: 9428: / 9360: 9195:Conscription 9159:Cryptography 9096:Iraqi Revolt 8523:Siege of Kut 8466: 8044:participants 7993:German Samoa 7927:South Arabia 7866: 7661:. Retrieved 7657:the original 7644: 7626:(1): 56–71. 7623: 7619: 7600:. Retrieved 7583: 7550: 7521: 7492: 7463: 7432: 7402: 7383: 7364: 7343: 7322: 7303: 7291:. Retrieved 7278: 7258: 7239: 7227:. Retrieved 7199: 7179: 7160: 7141: 7122: 7103: 7084: 7065: 7045: 7025: 7006: 6996: 6969: 6950: 6930: 6909: 6889: 6870: 6850: 6827: 6804: 6785: 6773:. Retrieved 6769:the original 6752:. Retrieved 6736: 6715: 6692: 6672: 6649: 6637:. Retrieved 6613: 6593: 6574: 6555: 6536: 6517: 6498: 6486:. Retrieved 6470: 6448: 6429: 6425: 6406: 6384: 6364: 6344: 6325: 6316: 6312: 6293: 6274: 6255: 6236: 6217: 6198: 6179: 6160: 6143: 6124: 6105: 6083: 6064: 6045: 6026: 6007: 5988: 5966: 5944: 5925: 5906: 5889: 5870: 5851: 5832: 5816:. Springer. 5813: 5794: 5777: 5758: 5746:. Retrieved 5733: 5709: 5705: 5687: 5667: 5658:Bibliography 5644: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5529:Carlyon 2006 5524: 5512: 5485: 5473: 5461: 5439:Kennedy 1989 5434: 5427:Edmonds 1994 5422: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5379:Baldwin 1962 5364:Baldwin 1962 5359: 5347: 5340:Carlyon 2006 5335: 5328:Baldwin 1962 5323: 5311: 5304:Carlyon 2006 5299: 5292:Baldwin 1962 5287: 5280:Baldwin 1962 5275: 5263: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5220:Sheldon 2007 5215: 5203: 5196:Baldwin 1962 5191: 5179: 5172:Sheldon 2007 5167: 5160:Edmonds 1991 5155: 5143: 5136:Baldwin 1962 5131: 5119: 5112:Baldwin 1962 5097:Neiberg 2003 5092: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5020: 5015:, Chapter 7. 5008: 5001:Baldwin 1962 4981: 4974:Neiberg 2004 4969: 4962:Baldwin 1962 4957: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4894: 4882: 4870: 4858: 4846: 4839:Baldwin 1962 4834: 4822: 4810: 4803:Jackson 2001 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4635:Palazzo 2000 4630: 4623:Samuels 1995 4618: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4503:Richter 1994 4498: 4491:Richter 1994 4486: 4474: 4467:Sheldon 2012 4462: 4455:Sheldon 2012 4450: 4438: 4431:Doughty 2005 4426: 4421:, p. 7. 4419:Richter 1994 4414: 4402: 4390: 4383:Neiberg 2008 4378: 4366: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4323:Baldwin 1962 4318: 4306: 4299:Kennedy 1989 4279: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4166:, p. 9. 4159: 4147: 4135: 4128:Edmonds 1991 4123: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 3985: 3973:. Retrieved 3959: 3940: 3931: 3921: 3908: 3901: 1,000 3892: 3883: 3874: 3855:Maginot Line 3851: 3838: 3831: 3800:Adolf Hitler 3796: 3756: 3750:c. 1,536,710 3749: 3739: 3735:c. 4.034,720 3734: 3729: 3717: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3662: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3600:South Africa 3346: 3300: 3270: 3265:Stosstruppen 3263: 3255: 3233:Stosstruppen 3231: 3220: 3189: 3175: 3172: 3155: 3120: 3106: 3087: 3052:Bloody April 3039:Valenciennes 3036: 3028:5th Division 3017: 2999: 2996: 2977: 2935: 2931: 2904: 2896: 2888: 2872: 2842: 2818: 2806: 2774: 2771: 2754: 2737:Douglas Haig 2730: 2710: 2693: 2672: 2638: 2626: 2607: 2568: 2529: 2495: 2459:British Army 2439: 2417: 2382: 2375: 2361: 2332:, along the 2318:Entente side 2315: 2279: 2209: 2189: 2137: 2046: 2004:, including 1999: 1968: 1923: 1921: 1865:Central Asia 1838:Asia-Pacific 1812:North Africa 1790:South Africa 1761:South Arabia 1662: 1642:Theatres of 1583: 1582: 1542:Saint-Mihiel 1510:Belleau Wood 1493: 1481: 1480: 1471:La Malmaison 1427: 1415: 1414: 1380:Kink Salient 1348: 1347: 1343:Gas: Wieltje 1289: 1288: 1149: 1139: 1094: 1085: 1084: 1046: 1032: 1024: 926: 704:Douglas Haig 593: 585: 476: 465: 454: 417:Newfoundland 387:South Africa 299: 202: 189: 181:Belligerents 96:heavy bomber 60: 42:Part of the 29: 9936:World War I 9458:Netherlands 9435:Switzerland 9316:Occupations 9307:Spanish flu 9084:(1919–1922) 9078:(1918–1921) 9072:(1918–1923) 9061:(1919–1921) 9055:(1919–1921) 9049:(1919–1920) 9025:(1918–1920) 9019:(1918–1920) 9013:(1918–1920) 8995:(1918–1920) 8977:(1918–1920) 8971:(1917–1921) 8965:(1917–1921) 8912:(1916-1918) 8910:Arab Revolt 8901:(1915–1917) 8895:(1915–1917) 8883:(1914-1917) 8877:(1914–1917) 8871:(1914–1921) 8865:(1913–1920) 8853:(1910–1920) 8847:(1900–1920) 8820: [ 8338:July Crisis 8259:(1880–1914) 7922:Mesopotamia 7800:Home fronts 7759:World War I 5613:Herwig 1996 5601:Hersch 1927 5541:Massie 2004 5519:, p. . 5478:Herwig 1997 5454:Herwig 1997 5316:Murphy 2005 5268:Herwig 1997 5184:Liddle 2013 5148:Bostyn 2002 4914:Herwig 1997 4887:Watson 2008 4851:Rawson 2014 4767:Martin 2001 4659:Warner 2000 4611:Bailey 2004 4575:Lupfer 1981 4563:Herwig 1997 4443:Fuller 1992 4407:Fuller 1992 4371:Fuller 1992 4116:Liddle 1997 4068:Maurel 2001 3730:Grand Total 3530:New Zealand 3420:Nationality 3291:German tank 2875:River Somme 2598:Air warfare 2592:mustard gas 2486:Gas warfare 2461:fought the 2145:French Army 1983:barbed wire 1936:German Army 1930:during the 1807:East Africa 1746:Mesopotamia 1719:Middle East 1644:World War I 1562:2nd Cambrai 1400:Boar's Head 1390:Mont Sorrel 969:286,330 867:380,000 692:John French 575:(from 1918) 556:(from 1918) 534:(from 1916) 515:(from 1916) 492:(from 1917) 372:New Zealand 266:West Africa 91:; A German 63:Men of the 48:World War I 9875:Categories 9675:Agreements 9475:War crimes 9351:Luxembourg 9244:Casualties 8115:Montenegro 7950:South West 7830:Technology 7820:Propaganda 7810:Opposition 7482:1129923334 6639:16 January 6029:. Exisle. 5589:Ellis 1993 5517:Jones 2019 5490:Ellis 2001 5403:Ekins 2010 5256:Miles 1991 5244:Miles 1991 5232:Miles 1991 5073:Lyons 2000 4926:Wynne 1976 4863:Miles 1992 4791:Foley 2007 4755:Lyons 2000 4719:Foley 2007 4683:Lyons 2000 4671:Wiest 2005 4515:Spick 2002 4479:Jones 2002 4395:Lyons 2000 4347:Foley 2007 4092:Jones 2019 4041:Hosch 2010 4029:Ayres 1919 3990:Jones 2019 3914:war crimes 3861:References 3826:See also: 3787:Casualties 3777:Scapa Flow 3772:Kiel Canal 3663:c. 757,310 3257:1918, the 2992:War Office 2950:St Quentin 2926:Bullecourt 2892:small unit 2838:diphosgene 2623:Fokker E.I 2556:asphyxiate 2502:tear gases 2454:Tenth Army 2342:Nieuwpoort 2330:Yser Front 2223:, and the 2161:Luxembourg 2076:See also: 2006:poison gas 1940:Luxembourg 1904:Baltic Sea 1855:New Guinea 1824:Somaliland 1375:Wulverghem 1338:3rd Artois 1316:2nd Artois 1284:1st Artois 999:15,000 989:22,120 979:93,100 913:13,250,000 897:40,000 887:44,292 877:55,000 824:15,900,000 160:, western 158:Luxembourg 100:Renault FT 93:Gotha G.IV 9572:Diplomacy 9279:Olympians 9202:Australia 9169:Logistics 9102:Vlora War 9031:(1918–19) 9007:(1918–19) 9001:(1918–19) 8989:(1918–19) 8936:(1916–17) 8918:(1916–17) 8869:Zaian War 8859:(1914–15) 8579:first day 8467:Lusitania 8295:(1912–13) 8289:(1911–12) 8277:(1908–09) 8271:(1905–06) 8253:(1870–71) 8042:Principal 7902:Gallipoli 7805:Memorials 7790:Geography 7780:Aftermath 7653:463454950 7574:469729065 7541:491067508 7288:924169428 6931:The Somme 6626:784236109 6152:254453292 5987:(1991) . 5743:869902118 5718:cite book 5565:Gray 1991 5037:Hart 2005 4707:Hull 2005 4695:Knox 2007 4527:Wise 1981 3952:Footnotes 3703:1,593,779 3675:5,116,000 3672:1,593,000 3648:2,440,941 3502:Australia 3439:1,395,000 3400:Aftermath 3080:Ruins of 3044:air crews 3005:submarine 3000:Lusitania 2948:south to 2834:Fort Vaux 2665:Ruins of 2639:Eindecker 2627:Eindecker 2613:engineer 2446:Compiègne 2299:North Sea 2225:divisions 2192:Plan XVII 2169:retreated 2082:Plan XVII 2063:in 1919. 1975:artillery 1964:North Sea 1899:Black Sea 1884:North Sea 1741:Gallipoli 1736:Kurdistan 1700:Macedonia 1557:5th Ypres 1537:2nd Somme 1515:2nd Marne 1505:3rd Aisne 1454:The Hills 1449:2nd Aisne 1410:Fromelles 1405:1st Somme 1355:The Bluff 1321:Hébuterne 1311:2nd Ypres 1272:1st Ypres 1252:1st Aisne 1247:1st Marne 1220:Le Cateau 1198:Charleroi 1183:Frontiers 1088:1,495,000 1056:5,500,000 1027:2,041,000 1009:4,542 936:7,500,000 357:Australia 290:Indochina 9860:Category 9447:Refugees 9413:Italians 9402:Germans 9362:Ober Ost 9142:Aviation 8236:Timeline 8207:Bulgaria 7988:Tsingtao 7965:Togoland 7912:Caucasus 7847:European 7839:Theatres 7612:Journals 7597:17673086 7512:12893987 7223:Archived 7219:40417794 6994:(1930). 6848:(2003). 6745:Archived 6713:(2004). 6670:(1964). 6630:Archived 6479:Archived 6405:(2005). 6104:(1992). 5965:(2005). 5577:ASB 1922 4005:ILO 1925 3975:12 April 3969:Archived 3781:scuttled 3678:774,000 3614:Portugal 3558:Pakistan 3469:223,600 3450:508,000 3227:fascines 3110:Mutinies 3026:and the 2779:Nieuport 2588:phosgene 2552:chlorine 2536:4th Army 2468:reserves 2384:Ober Ost 2346:Boezinge 2338:Ieperlee 2336:and the 2262:and the 2246:and the 2217:Ardennes 2181:Brussels 2024:against 1979:infantry 1960:trenches 1889:Atlantic 1845:Tsingtao 1829:Ethiopia 1802:Cameroon 1797:Togoland 1726:Caucasus 1567:Courtrai 1522:Soissons 1461:Messines 1428:Alberich 1237:Maubeuge 1193:Ardennes 1188:Lorraine 1156:Moresnet 815:Strength 716:Albert I 511:Portugal 445:Rhodesia 131:Location 9598:Germany 9498:Germany 9426:Germany 9346:Belgium 9331:Albania 9290:Disease 9270:Sports 9222:Ireland 9135:Warfare 9128:Aspects 8316:Origins 8309:Prelude 8212:Senussi 8192:Germany 8187:Leaders 8125:Romania 8066:Belgium 8061:Leaders 7960:Kamerun 7942:African 7877:Romania 7855:Balkans 7770:Outline 7717:on the 7663:4 March 7602:3 March 7293:4 March 6754:6 March 6488:6 March 6438:6445561 5898:4945014 5748:4 March 3669:Germany 3525:10,200 3522:144,700 3516:Belgium 3508:175,900 3494:330,100 3491:117,000 3480:259,700 3458:700,600 3426:Wounded 2880:Picardy 2845:barrage 2667:Carency 2450:salient 2316:On the 2297:to the 2227:of the 2173:Antwerp 2113:French 2032:on the 2030:Romania 1944:Belgium 1712:Ireland 1690:Balkans 1678:Finland 1673:Romania 1532:Ailette 1500:The Lys 1494:Michael 1476:Cambrai 1370:Hulluch 1365:St Eloi 1257:Antwerp 1099:424,000 1037:534,500 604:Germany 466:Belgium 432:Bermuda 254:Morocco 242:Tunisia 230:Algeria 162:Germany 144:Belgium 136:Western 77:wounded 71:on the 9618:Russia 9593:France 9421:Canada 9336:Serbia 9207:Canada 9164:Horses 9116:(1921) 9110:(1920) 9104:(1920) 9098:(1920) 9090:(1920) 9043:(1919) 9037:(1919) 8983:(1918) 8948:(1918) 8942:(1917) 8930:(1916) 8924:(1916) 8889:(1915) 8301:(1913) 8283:(1911) 8265:(1905) 8222:Darfur 8147:Serbia 8130:Russia 8093:Greece 8081:France 8071:Brazil 7917:Persia 7860:Serbia 7682:, in: 7651: 7595: 7572: 7562: 7539: 7529: 7510: 7500: 7480: 7470: 7430:about 7409: 7390: 7371: 7352: 7329: 7310: 7286: 7265: 7246: 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The 2767:Verdun 2442:Vosges 2258:, the 2231:under 2098:, 1914 2084:, and 2049:Allied 2026:Russia 1948:France 1879:U-boat 1778:Africa 1731:Persia 1705:Greece 1695:Serbia 1656:Europe 1572:Sambre 1527:Amiens 1395:Verdun 1225:Étreux 1171:Dinant 1079:19,295 618: 601: 549: 531:Russia 508: 484: 429: 414: 399: 384: 369: 354: 342:Canada 339: 324: 306: 213:France 210: 169:Result 89:bunker 9815:Other 9608:Japan 9603:Italy 9430:camps 9274:Rugby 8824:] 8103:Japan 8098:Italy 8076:China 7970:North 7456:Books 6748:(PDF) 6741:(PDF) 6633:(PDF) 6618:(PDF) 6482:(PDF) 6475:(PDF) 6428:[ 5708:[ 4070:, §1. 3926:dead. 3866:Notes 3617:1,290 3606:8,720 3603:3,250 3589:4,500 3586:Italy 3575:7,542 3561:6,670 3547:6,670 3544:India 3082:Arras 2946:Arras 2677:, an 2564:panic 2510:Ypres 2340:from 2286:Aisne 2185:siege 2177:Namur 2010:tanks 1971:front 1850:Samoa 1817:Libya 1685:Italy 1439:Arras 1422:Ancre 1176:Namur 1166:Liège 907:1,284 552:Italy 402:India 103:tanks 81:Somme 9395:POWs 8714:1918 8616:1917 8542:1916 8443:1915 8347:1914 8152:Siam 7955:East 7665:2017 7649:OCLC 7604:2017 7593:OCLC 7589:HMSO 7570:OCLC 7560:ISBN 7537:OCLC 7527:ISBN 7508:OCLC 7498:ISBN 7478:OCLC 7468:ISBN 7407:ISBN 7388:ISBN 7369:ISBN 7350:ISBN 7327:ISBN 7308:ISBN 7295:2017 7284:OCLC 7263:ISBN 7244:ISBN 7231:2018 7215:OCLC 7205:ISBN 7184:ISBN 7165:ISBN 7146:ISBN 7127:ISBN 7108:ISBN 7089:ISBN 7070:ISBN 7051:ISBN 7030:ISBN 7011:ISBN 6974:ISBN 6955:ISBN 6936:ISBN 6915:ISBN 6894:ISBN 6875:ISBN 6856:ISBN 6832:ISBN 6813:ISBN 6809:HMSO 6790:ISBN 6777:2018 6756:2019 6721:ISBN 6697:ISBN 6678:ISBN 6654:ISBN 6641:2017 6622:OCLC 6598:ISBN 6579:ISBN 6560:ISBN 6541:ISBN 6522:ISBN 6503:ISBN 6490:2019 6455:ISBN 6434:OCLC 6411:ISBN 6389:ISBN 6370:ISBN 6349:ISBN 6330:ISBN 6298:ISBN 6279:ISBN 6260:ISBN 6241:ISBN 6222:ISBN 6203:ISBN 6184:ISBN 6165:ISBN 6148:OCLC 6129:ISBN 6110:ISBN 6088:ISBN 6069:ISBN 6050:ISBN 6031:ISBN 6012:ISBN 5993:ISBN 5971:ISBN 5949:ISBN 5930:ISBN 5911:ISBN 5894:OCLC 5875:ISBN 5856:ISBN 5837:ISBN 5818:ISBN 5799:ISBN 5782:OCLC 5763:ISBN 5750:2017 5739:OCLC 5724:link 5692:ISBN 5673:ISBN 3977:2024 3843:Nazi 3768:Saar 3628:Siam 3295:Roye 3244:1918 3142:and 2978:The 2964:and 2956:1917 2899:tank 2807:The 2743:1916 2470:and 2428:1915 2334:Yser 2200:Saar 2155:and 2067:1914 2040:and 2028:and 1942:and 1922:The 1771:Oman 1482:1918 1444:Vimy 1416:1917 1349:1916 1333:Loos 1290:1915 1267:Yser 1203:Mons 1150:1914 572:Siam 138:and 117:Date 7721:'s 7702:by 7628:doi 6317:VII 3686:779 3430:POW 3293:in 3050:as 2643:ace 2344:to 2171:to 46:of 9877:: 8822:It 7643:. 7624:43 7622:. 7591:. 7568:. 7554:. 7535:. 7506:. 7476:. 7221:. 7213:. 6990:; 6811:. 6628:. 6315:. 5720:}} 5716:{{ 5497:^ 5446:^ 5371:^ 5104:^ 4993:^ 4906:^ 4291:^ 4060:^ 3997:^ 3967:. 3898:c. 3857:. 3741:c. 3719:c. 3709:c. 3654:c. 3637:— 3631:19 3595:— 3581:— 3539:— 3511:— 3483:— 3462:c. 3443:c. 3329:, 3066:, 3054:. 2785:. 2715:, 2516:. 2374:; 2080:, 1019:19 156:, 150:, 146:, 142:: 123:– 9246:/ 7751:e 7744:t 7737:v 7686:. 7667:. 7634:. 7630:: 7606:. 7576:. 7543:. 7514:. 7484:, 7415:. 7396:. 7377:. 7358:. 7335:. 7316:. 7297:. 7271:. 7252:. 7233:. 7192:. 7173:. 7154:. 7135:. 7116:. 7097:. 7078:. 7059:. 7038:. 7019:. 6982:. 6963:. 6944:. 6923:. 6902:. 6883:. 6864:. 6840:. 6821:. 6798:. 6779:. 6758:. 6729:. 6705:. 6686:. 6662:. 6643:. 6606:. 6587:. 6568:. 6549:. 6530:. 6511:. 6492:. 6463:. 6440:. 6419:. 6397:. 6378:. 6357:. 6338:. 6319:. 6306:. 6287:. 6268:. 6249:. 6230:. 6211:. 6192:. 6173:. 6154:. 6137:. 6118:. 6096:. 6077:. 6058:. 6039:. 6020:. 6001:. 5979:. 5957:. 5938:. 5919:. 5900:. 5883:. 5864:. 5845:. 5826:. 5807:. 5788:. 5771:. 5752:. 5726:) 5700:. 5681:. 4055:. 3992:. 3979:. 3837:( 3634:— 2869:. 2625:( 1634:e 1627:t 1620:v 1131:e 1124:t 1117:v 589:: 193:: 20:)

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Western Front (World War I)

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