French protectorate in Morocco

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maintain troops in Morocco during a transitional period of unspecified duration. The outspoken support of the Moroccans and Muhammad V for Algerian independence brought about the rapid collapse of these agreements and the worsening of Franco-Moroccan relations, especially after the Meknès riots of 23–28 November 1956 in the course of which several hundred Moroccans and more than 50 Europeans were killed. From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, and 25,343 in 1990. French-ownership of agricultural land was gradually eliminated following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973. Following unrelenting diplomatic pressure by Morocco, the last French troops were finally withdrawn 1 November 1961.

860: 141: 584: 127: 272: 2518: 2091: 2149: 719: 1253: 878: 7278: 4268: 1907: 613: 1967: 1921: 1142: 38: 2013:, which brought with it a new attitude toward colonial rule. Rejecting the typical French assimilationist approach to culture and education as a liberal fantasy, Morocco's conservative French rulers attempted to use urban planning and colonial education to prevent cultural mixing and to uphold the traditional society upon which the French depended for collaboration. Second, Morocco had a 2312:—despite the fact that the region is prone to drought. After a period of minimal profits and a massive locust swarm in 1930, agricultural production shifted toward irrigated, higher-value crops such as citrus fruits and vegetables. The industrialization of agriculture required capital that many Moroccan farmers didn't have, leading to a 2136:. Historians have called these Moroccan soldiers "heroes without glory" as they are not and have not been given the consideration they merited through valor and sacrifice in the war. Brahim El Kadiri Boutchich identified the participation of Moroccan soldiers in the service of France in WWI as "one of the most important moments in the 2187:, and remind ourselves that in all human society there is a ruling class, born to rule, without which nothing can be done... enlist the ruling class in our service...and the country will be pacified, and at far less cost and with greater certainty than by all the military expeditions we could send there... 2290:, where imprudent land appropriation, as Professor Susan Gilson Miller puts it, "reduced much of the native peasantry to a rootless proletariat," Lyautey solicited a select group of 692 "gentlemen-farmers"—instead of what he called the "riff-raff" of southern Europe—capable of serving as "examples" to 2878:

in which the sultan would exercise an active political role. He acted cautiously, having no intention of permitting more radical elements in the nationalist movement to overthrow the established order. He was also intent on preventing the Istiqlal Party from consolidating its control and establishing

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fired randomly into residential buildings in working-class neighborhoods, killing 180 Moroccan civilians. The conflict was instigated in an attempt to sabotage the Sultan's journey to Tangier, though after having returned to Casablanca to comfort the families of the victims, the Sultan then proceeded

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to limit the Zaians' freedom of movement. They conducted negotiations with Hammou's sons, persuading three of them, along with many of their followers, to submit to the French rule. A split in the Zaian Confederation between those who supported submission and those still opposed led to infighting and

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distinguished itself in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to French or British domination. However, in the second part of the nineteenth century, Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to

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While the agreements with France had provided for interdependent foreign relations, Franco-Moroccan relations quickly worsened following Mohammed V's outspoken support for Algerian independence including at the United Nations. The number of French settlers declined constantly, especially after their

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The innovative fact about Moroccan nationalists is that they globalized the Moroccan question through transnational activism. This way they created a vibrant and wide global coalition of supporters who advocated their cause. This way they also managed to make their concerns global ones. Among their

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Industry during the early period of the protectorate focused on food processing for local consumption: there were canneries, a sugar refinery (Compagnie Sucriere Marocaine, COSUMA), a brewing company (Société des Brasseries du Maroc, SBM), and flour mills. Manufacturing and heavy industry, however,

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of the March agreement as well the Cooperation Agreement of 28 May 1956, which stipulated among other things that each country should refrain from adopting policies that were incompatible with the interests of the other, constituted an impediment to full independence, as was the right of France to

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on 29 October 1956. The abolition of the Spanish protectorate and the recognition of Moroccan independence by Spain were negotiated separately and made final in the Joint Declaration of 7 April 1956. Through these agreements with Spain in 1956 and 1958, Moroccan control over certain Spanish-ruled

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by a direct rail line. In 1921, 39,000 tons of phosphate were extracted, while almost 2 million tons were extracted in 1930. The Moroccan laborers working in the mines did not benefit from any social protections, were forbidden from unionizing, and earned a tiny fraction of what Europeans earned.

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Facing a united Moroccan demand for the sultan’s return, a rising violence in Morocco, as well as the deteriorating situation in Algeria, Muhammad V returned from exile on 16 November 1955, and declared independence on 18 November 1955. In February 1956 he successfully negotiated with France to

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The general sympathy of the sultan for the nationalists had become evident by the end of the war, although he still hoped to see complete independence achieved gradually. By contrast, the residency, supported by French economic interests and vigorously backed by most of the colonists, adamantly

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of 16 May 1930, crowds gathered in protest and a national network was established to resist the legislation. Dr. Susan Gilson Miller cites this as the "seedbed out of which the embryonic nationalist movement emerged." In December 1934, a small group of nationalists, members of the newly formed

2826:, whose reign was perceived as illegitimate, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader. By 1955, Ben Aarafa was pressured to abdicate. Consequently, Ben Aarafa fled to Tangier where he formally abdicated. 259: 212: 2195:

monarchy that would work with France and look to France for culture and aid. Unlike in Algeria, where the entire nobility and government had been displaced, the Moroccan nobility was included in Lyautey's plans. He worked with them, offering support and building elite

254: 256: 2920:, to issuing banknotes backed by gold, with a 40-year term. The new state bank was to act as Morocco's Central Bank, but with a strict cap on the spending of the Sherifian Empire, with administrators appointed by the national banks that guaranteed the loans: the 258: 222: 257: 223: 4745: 253: 3019:

The first stamps of the protectorate appeared 1 August 1914, and were just the existing stamps with the additional overprint reading "PROTECTORAT FRANCAIS". The first new designs were in an issue of 1917, consisting of 17 stamps in six designs, denominated in

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in the Rif. Though this rebellion began in the Spanish-controlled area in the north, it reached the French-controlled area. A coalition of France and Spain finally defeated the rebels in 1925. To ensure their own safety, the French moved the court from Fez to

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In late 1955, Muhammad V successfully negotiated the gradual restoration of Moroccan independence within a framework of French-Moroccan interdependence. Further negotiations for full independence culminated in the French-Moroccan Agreement signed in

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independence. From a legal point of view, the treaty gave the legislative power to France, alongside the control of military defense, foreign policy and jurisdiction. The Moorish government exercised authority solely in Moroccan or Islamic affairs.

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but it did not end the French presence in Morocco. France preserved its influence in the country, including a right to station French troops and to have a say in Morocco's foreign policy. French settlers also maintained their rights and property.

195: 189: 2356:) was founded in 30 November 1919 with the goal of accessing "all of Morocco." Its services ran along a new colonial road system planned with the aim of linking all major towns and cities. It continues to offer intercity bus services nationwide. 809:

on 31 March 1905. Kaiser Wilhelm tried to get Morocco's support if they went to war with France or Britain, and gave a speech expressing support for Moroccan independence, which amounted to a provocative challenge to French influence in Morocco.

179: 2945:) which oversaw colonial rule in the protectorate. Under the protectorate, Moroccans were prevented from attending large political gatherings. This was because colonial forces deemed they might "hear things beyond their capacity to understand." 217: 206: 204: 224: 2663:

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, with political and nonviolent efforts proving futile, the Moroccan struggle for independence became increasingly violent, with massacres, bombings, and riots, particularly in the urban and industrial center,

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French activity in Morocco began at the end of the nineteenth century. In 1904, the French government was trying to establish a protectorate over Morocco and had managed to sign two bilateral secret agreements with Britain (8 April 1904, see

2584:, admission of Moroccans to government positions, and establishment of representative councils. The moderate tactics used by the CAM to obtain consideration of reform included petitions, newspaper editorials, and personal appeals to French. 2815:

refused to consider even reforms short of independence. Official intransigence contributed to increased animosity between the nationalists and the colonists and gradually widened the split between the sultan and the resident general.

3068:) gauge networks in Africa with total length of more than 1,700 kilometres. After the treaty of Algeciras, the representatives of Great Powers agreed not to build any standard gauge railway in Morocco until the standard gauge 2082:. Tens of thousands of colonists entered Morocco and bought up large amounts of the rich agricultural land. Interest groups that formed among these elements continually pressured France to increase its control over Morocco. 2686: 249: 2829:

The French executed 6 Moroccan nationalists in Casablanca on 4 January 1955. The aggressions between the colonists and the nationalists increased from 19 August – 5 November 1955, and approximately 1,000 people died

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The French protectorate lasted until the dissolution of the Treaty of Fez on 2 March 1956, with the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration. Morocco's independence movement, described in Moroccan historiography as the

6020: 2984:, by opening several post offices throughout the country. This initiative aimed to limit the foreign or local private postal services. After the establishment of the protectorate in 1912, the offices issued 1998:

The Moroccans were unable to take control of the city and were defeated by a French relief force. In late May 1912, Moroccan forces again unsuccessfully attacked the enhanced French garrison at Fez.

178: 2532:'s reign, which lasted from 1912 to 1927, was turbulent and marked with frequent uprisings against Spain and France. The most serious of these was a Berber uprising in the Rif Mountains, led by 247: 2767:—sparked protests in cities around the world and riots in Casablanca from 7–8 December 1952. Approximately 100 people were killed. In the aftermath of the riots, French authorities arrested 2948:

French authorities also forbade Arabic-language newspapers from covering politics, which sparked claims of censorship. Under the French protectorate, entire articles were censored from the

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During World War II, the badly divided nationalist movement became more cohesive, and informed Moroccans dared to consider the real possibility of political change in the post-war era. The

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The French minted coinage for use in the Protectorate from 1921 until 1956, which continued to circulate until a new currency was introduced. The French minted coins with denomination of

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leanings, who made it his mission to develop Morocco in every sector under French influence. Unlike his compatriots, Lyautey didn't believe that France should directly annex Morocco like

6013: 2009:; they took the latter as the model for their Moroccan policy. There were, however, important differences. First, the protectorate was established only two years before the outbreak of 1215: 4886: 3142: 6919: 3794: 801:

on one side and France, with British support, on the other. Germany took immediate diplomatic action to block the new accord from going into effect, including the dramatic visit of

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The Compagnie franco-espagnole du chemin de fer de Tanger à Fez built a standard gauge railroad connecting Fes and Tangier, while Compagnie des chemins de fer du Maroc (CFM) built

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as early as 1854. However, the formal beginning of the system was in 1892, when the Sultan of Morocco Hassan established the first organized state owned postal service called

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in November 1918, significant forces of tribesmen remained opposed to French rule. The French resumed their offensive in the Khénifra area in 1920, establishing a series of

2364: 751:. The first years of the twentieth century witnessed a rush of diplomatic maneuvering through which the European powers, France in particular, furthered their interests in 5527: 817:

was held to settle the dispute. Germany accepted an agreement in which France agreed to yield control of the Moroccan police, but otherwise retained effective control of

2328: 4121: 177: 6458: 4969:"Final Declaration of the International Conference in Tangier and annexed Protocol. Signed at Tangier, on 29 October 1956 [1957] UNTSer 130; 263 UNTS 165" 2495:

the death of Hammou in Spring 1921. The French responded with a strong, three-pronged attack into the Middle Atlas that pacified the area. Some tribesmen, led by

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railways connecting Casablanca, Kenitra, and Sidi Kacem, and Casablanca and Marrakech, completed in 1928. Compagnie des Chemins de Fer du Maroc Oriental created

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statement, and thus remained a sovereign state, without discontinuity between pre-colonial and modern entities. In fact, the French enjoyed much larger powers.

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announced that there are approximately 755,400 Moroccan nationals residing in France as of October 2019, representing 20% of France's immigrant population.

763:) and Spain (7 October 1904), which guaranteed the support of the powers in question in this endeavor. That same year, France sponsored the creation of the 6255: 5778: 1161:

and the French prepared to send troops to help suppress the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property. The French dispatched a

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and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy. As pacification proceeded, the French government promoted

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However, the nationalists were disappointed in their belief that the Allied victory in Morocco would pave the way for independence. In January 1944, the

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had a lasting impact on society, economy, language, culture, and education in Morocco. There are also lingering connections that have been described as

3470:, In Therrien C. (coord), 'La migration des Français au Maroc : entre proximité et ambivalence', La Croisée des Chemins, Casablanca, 2016, p. 5–6) 2040:). Thus the northern tenth of the country, with both Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, were excluded from the French-controlled area and treated as a 1839: 5921: 4857: 4693: 2624:, expressing support for Moroccan independence after the war. Nationalist political parties based their arguments for Moroccan independence on such 2032:, in the rights that various nations derived from the Conference of Algeciras, and in the privileges that their diplomatic missions had acquired in 771:. France and Spain secretly partitioned the territory of the sultanate, with Spain receiving concessions in the far north and south of the country. 5975: 5520: 5181: 1063: 685:

agricultural holdings were nationalized. Relations with France were to improve once the last French troops finally left Morocco in November 1961.

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besieged the French-occupied city. Approximately one month later, French forces brought the siege to an end. On 5 June 1911 the Spanish occupied

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and imparting French influence in the rural colonization of Morocco from 1917 to 1925. The objective was to secure a steady supply of grain for

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From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, reaching a low of 25,343 in 1990. Cloé Pellegrini,

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Ikeda, Ryo (December 2007). "The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco".

5242: 2981: 1953: 1883: 5287:"French neo-colonial influence on Moroccan language education policy: a study of current status of standard Arabic in science disciplines" 4029:

Bengt Brons, "States: The classification of States", in: International Law: Achievements and Prospects, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1991 (

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Emergence of Nationalist Politics in Morocco: The Rise of the Independence Party and the Struggle Against Colonialism After World War II

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active international supporters was Robert E. Rodes who fought actively in the US Congress for gaining support for the Moroccan cause.

6709: 4762:في التاسع عشر من ماي 1953 أصدر الباشا الكلاوي بيانا معلنا فيه صداقته وإخلاصه للحماية الفرنسية مطالبا إياها بإبعاد السلطان محمد الخامس 2533: 2512: 5326: 2483:' intelligence and financial support to the Zaian Confederation and continual raids and skirmishes reducing scarce French manpower. 1097: 918: 7063: 5383: 271: 7729: 7323: 3973:

A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal

3204: 2640: 1307: 126: 3884:"TRAITÉ conclu entre la France et le Maroc le 30 mars 1912, pour l'Organisation du Protectorat Français dans l'Empire Chérifien" 1768: 1764: 7754: 7408: 3141:

There are approximately 1,514,000 Moroccans in France, representing the largest community of Moroccans outside of Morocco. The

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inscribed "MAROC" (which were never officially issued without the surcharge). In 1911, the Mouflon designs were overprinted in

692:, which was established and dissolved in the same years; its borders consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of 6943: 6384: 5466: 5151: 4667: 3367: 2784: 2228:, a British journalist who wrote extensively on Morocco, commented upon French preservation of traditional Moroccan society: 2211:

and was allowed to remain the religious leader of Morocco; he was further allowed an all-Arab court. Lyautey once said this:

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With the outbreak of the First World War, France withdrew troops for service in Europe, and they lost more than 600 in the

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In establishing their protectorate over much of Morocco, the French had put behind them the experience of the conquest of

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Hoisington, William A. Jr. (1 March 2000). "Designing Morocco's future: France and the Native Policy Council, 1921–25".

2730:, carried out a massacre of working class Moroccans. The massacre lasted for about 24 hours from 7–8 April 1947, as the 2094:

An advertisement for an art exhibition for the benefit of Moroccan troops wounded serving France in WWI. It features an

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was put in place by the French as "Mohammed VI" after his predecessor was ousted by them but was not recognized in the

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on 19 March 1907. In the French press, his death was characterized as an "unprovoked and indefensible attack from the

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Lyautey allowed the Sultan to retain his powers, both nominal and practical: He issued decrees in his own name and

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In 1911, a rebellion broke out against Abd al-Hafid. By early April 1911, the Sultan was besieged in his palace in

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In the months that followed independence, Muhammad V proceeded to build a modern governmental structure under a

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after signing the treaty. On 17 April 1912, Moroccan infantrymen mutinied in the French garrison in Fez, in the

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and to transform Morocco once again into the "granary of Rome" by planting cereals primarily in the regions of

2056: 1868: 1671: 1374: 17: 5356: 4608:"Evènements du 7 avril 1947 à Casablanca, un tournant décisif dans la lutte pour la liberté et l'indépendance" 1006:). After defeating Abdelaziz in battle in 1908, Abd al-Hafid became the recognized leader of Morocco in 1909. 7486: 6702: 2599: 1578: 1359: 5825: 4982: 4900: 4882: 7446: 7354: 7099: 7056: 6801: 6562: 6315: 3189: 2748: 2137: 924: 764: 713: 5768: 1649: 1252: 7381: 7318: 6882: 6557: 6544: 2772: 2067: 1939: 1878: 1873: 1232: 1170: 2305: 944:

in Casablanca, killing nine European laborers working on the rail line between the port and a quarry in

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of French Morocco. He represented French colonial interests while also upholding the authority of the

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Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1990).

2571: 2179:, but rather remodel and re-educate Moroccan society. He promised that, in this process, he would: 1262: 4968: 7724: 7577: 7532: 7386: 7277: 7049: 5835: 5578: 5505: 4668:"7–8 décembre 1952: Quand les Casablancais se sont soulevés contre l'assassinat de Ferhat Hached" 3796:

Fikrat al-dustūr fī al-Maghrib: wathāʼiq wa-nuṣūṣ (1901–2011) (Buch, 2017) [WorldCat.org]

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temporarily solved the First Moroccan Crisis it only worsened international tensions between the

649: 146: 3493: 1440: 7391: 7253: 6621: 6474: 6374: 6364: 6295: 6271: 6029: 5984: 5840: 5687: 5682: 4341: 3638: 3110: 2727: 2720: 2499:, fled to the High Atlas and continued a guerrilla war against the French well into the 1930s. 2487: 2472:. Despite the loss of their base at Khénifra, the Zaians inflicted heavy losses on the French. 2461: 2428: 2337: 2125: 2075: 1538: 986:

and the people of Fes. After the southern aristocrats pledged support to the sultan's brother,

945: 830: 5614: 5006: 4801: 4432: 4372: 4226: 3971: 3584: 2639:, which subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement, released a 1091: 7517: 7466: 7461: 7398: 7233: 6781: 6511: 6305: 5937: 5624: 5259: 5216: 4830:

North Africa (RLE Economy of the Middle East): Contemporary Politics and Economic Development

4828: 4490: 4038: 3857: 3557: 2917: 2799: 2701: 2644: 2617: 2609: 1987: 1607: 991: 790: 780: 677: 440: 414: 296: 5199: 5034:"Les Annales coloniales: organe de la "France coloniale moderne" / directeur: Marcel Ruedel" 3611: 7585: 7286: 7238: 7109: 5901: 2913: 2449: 2225: 1339: 971: 941: 826: 814: 784: 4149:"A History of Modern Morocco" p.90-91 Susan Gilson Miller, Cambridge University Press 2013 2242:] there is little or no visible change from what he and his ancestors saw in the past. 735:

of 1859–1860, Spain obtained the recognition by Morocco of its perpetual sovereignty over

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The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956

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to appeal for his country's independence from colonialism and for its territorial unity.

2537: 2479:. Over the following four years, the French retained most of their territory despite the 2434: 2407: 2297: 2251: 1773: 1612: 1590: 1573: 1344: 1085: 983: 818: 794: 427: 6796: 5830: 5820: 1543: 51:

Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

7650: 7505: 7481: 7471: 7429: 7349: 7313: 7084: 6642: 6552: 6501: 6407: 6394: 6325: 6123: 6074: 6066: 5644: 5639: 5122: 4581:"زيارة محمد الخامس لطنجة.. أغضبت‭ ‬فرنسا وأشعلت‭ ‬المقاومة" 3952: 3666: 3520: 3433: 3184: 2476: 2393: 2108: 2014: 1807: 1533: 1241: 1070: 822: 744: 5773: 5499: 3117:. As a francophone former colony of France in Africa, Morocco falls into the cadre of 2217: 2070:, particularly the exploitation of Morocco’s mineral wealth, the creation of a modern 7624: 7522: 7456: 7166: 7161: 6924: 6872: 6811: 6616: 6599: 6222: 6217: 5906: 5891: 5677: 5654: 5481: 5462: 5408:

Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée – Immigrés – Insee Références – Édition 2012

5308: 5265: 5222: 5175: 5157: 5147: 5126: 5114: 5079: 5069: 5012: 4834: 4807: 4648: 4638: 4536: 4526: 4496: 4438: 4413: 4403: 4378: 4274: 4164: 4030: 4012: 4002: 3977: 3944: 3863: 3800: 3708: 3698: 3670: 3658: 3617: 3590: 3563: 3437: 3373: 3363: 3280: 2803: 2651:, who answered that no basic change in the protectorate status was being considered. 2301: 2276: 2079: 1597: 1497: 1492: 1445: 1379: 990:, the people of Fes also pledged their support, though qualified by an unprecedented 975: 953: 937: 727: 370: 360: 6929: 3559:

Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Jewish Communities of Morocco, 1862–1962, The

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did virtually nothing in response to French aggressions and occupation of Oujda and

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to which they could send their children; one notable attendee of these schools was

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Morocco was also unique among North African countries in possessing a coast on the

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Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien, vol. 4, no 162, 29 November 1915, p. 838

2517: 2124:, September 1914, and participated in every major battle in the war, including in 2090: 7619: 7612: 7595: 7537: 7441: 7359: 7217: 7186: 7171: 7156: 7130: 6982: 6953: 6718: 6611: 6594: 6128: 6106: 5866: 5794: 5722: 5415: 5140:

Bitton, Simone, (1955– ...)., Réalisateur / Metteur en scène / Directeur (2010),

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protect threatened investments and to demand economic concessions. Following the

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Under the protectorate, French civil servants allied themselves with the French

7671: 6969: 6909: 6357: 6348: 6310: 6186: 6111: 6079: 6046: 5758: 5753: 5629: 4580: 3525:"The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble" 3479:

Following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973, Pellegrini, p. 8.

3199: 3153: 3114: 3099: 2993: 2949: 2936: 2925: 2892: 2867:

areas was restored, though attempts to claim other Spanish possessions through

2768: 2705: 2677: 2636: 2480: 2457: 2287: 2197: 2192: 2176: 2164: 2029: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1925: 1911: 1785: 1287: 908: 834: 543: 470: 6903: 6506: 5303: 5286: 5110: 4540: 4122:"Guerre de 1914–18: les soldats marocains "dans toutes les grandes batailles"" 3898: 3654: 3429: 7718: 7700: 7687: 7364: 7202: 7181: 7125: 6958: 6864: 6831: 6751: 6606: 6199: 6116: 6089: 5942: 5916: 5737: 5707: 5312: 5161: 5118: 5083: 4652: 4417: 4319: 4016: 3948: 3804: 3712: 3662: 3377: 2985: 2921: 2759: 2754: 2648: 2613: 2581: 2438: 2112:, as it did in its other colonies in Africa and around the world. Throughout 1978: 1664: 1617: 1514: 1398: 1386: 1220: 1185:. There was an immediate reaction from the French, supported by the British. 1178: 1162: 1015: 877: 718: 653: 537: 509: 4357: 3859:

Currency and Coercion: The Political Economy of International Monetary Power

3754: 2647:

approved the manifesto before its submission to the French resident general

1019: 994:. France supported Abdelaziz and promoted him in their propaganda newspaper 6637: 6491: 6483: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6084: 5702: 5692: 5008:

Theodore Roosevelt and World Order: Police Power in International Relations

4242: 3490:

Le désengagement militaire français au Maroc au lendemain de l'indépendance

3126: 3073: 2806:

broke out ten days after his "electoral" campaign passed through the city.

2625: 2621: 2554: 2522: 2496: 2453: 2317: 2313: 2048: 1327: 752: 642: 549: 375: 292: 3808: 6821: 6369: 6156: 6028: 5953: 5717: 3741:

Adam, André (1969). "Sur l'action du Galilée à Casablanca en août 1907".

2834:

enforce the independence of Morocco, and in 1957 took the title of King.

2715:

In the days leading up to the sultan's speech, French colonial forces in

2692: 2113: 2095: 2010: 1790: 869: 352: 5727: 2469: 7135: 7104: 7020: 6761: 6756: 6343: 6282: 3831:"جريدة "السعادة" التي كانت لسانا ناطقا باسم الاحتلال الفرنسي في المغرب" 3639:"The 1907 Mauchamp affair and the French civilising mission in Morocco" 3135: 2819: 2716: 2665: 2491: 2464:. The war began well for the French, who quickly took the key towns of 2208: 2022: 1452: 1405: 1334: 1275: 952:

from 5–7 August, and went on to occupy and "pacify" Casablanca and the

802: 697: 6771: 5218:

The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City

4523:

Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State

3956: 3924: 2916:

gave concessions to the European bankers, ranging from a newly formed

2368:

An economic map of Morocco produced by the French protectorate in 1928

7026: 5593: 5141: 3005: 2989: 2736: 2671: 2445:

fought a war of opposition against the French between 1914 and 1921.

2424: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2233: 2063: 1688: 1270: 1181:). On 1 July 1911, the German gunboat Panther arrived at the port of 1146: 1109: 900: 6204: 4061: 3468:

Profil démographique et historique de la présence française au Maroc

2232:

At the Moorish court, scarcely a European is to be seen, and to the

7041: 6516: 6333: 4612:

Atlasinfo.fr: l'essentiel de l'actualité de la France et du Maghreb

3940: 2868: 2172: 2116:, a total of 37,300–45,000 Moroccans fought for France, forming a " 2055:- its personality as a state in international law, according to an 1982: 1752: 1747: 1624: 1462: 1129: 996: 965: 168: 6353: 5535: 4887:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)

7072: 7014: 6766: 6402: 6338: 6194: 6138: 5732: 5598: 5478:

French Military Rule in Morocco: Colonialism and Its Consequences

5327:"France summons Italian envoy after Di Maio's comments on Africa" 3830: 3131: 3069: 3021: 2997: 2977: 2954: 2902: 2859: 2508: 2442: 2247: 2171:

of the Protectorate, was an idealistic yet pragmatic leader with

2033: 1693: 1457: 1280: 1174: 1166: 1114: 806: 798: 768: 740: 638: 604: 356: 3586:

The Great Powers, Imperialism, and the German Problem, 1865–1925

2735:

to Tangier to deliver the historic speech, in the garden of the

2643:, national reunification, and a democratic constitution. Sultan 2580:) that called for a return to indirect rule as envisaged by the 2021:, though it had been strongly influenced by the civilization of 1223:, which officially established the Protectorate on 30 March 1912 37: 7590: 6379: 6290: 6099: 5459:

Il était une fois le Maroc: témoignages du passé judéo-marocain

5429:"Moroccans Make Up Nearly 20% of France's Immigrant Population" 2272: 1974: 1966: 1182: 774: 6473: 3509:. Washington DC: Foreign Ara Studies: The American University. 3076:

Railway was completed. The French had begun to build military

1141: 956:, marking the beginning of the French invasion from the west. 6521: 6412: 3025: 2898: 2844: 2542: 1150: 979: 912: 736: 701: 661: 306: 5384:"International Francophonie Day: 35% Moroccans Speak French" 1977:

officially established a protectorate over Morocco with the

1970:

Bond of the French protectorate Morocco, issued 1 March 1918

4186:

Compagnie franco-espagnole du chemin de fer de Tanger à Fez

2973: 2905:. This was replaced in 1960 with the reintroduction of the 2690:

The Massacre of April 7, 1947 in Casablanca as reported in

2465: 2143: 748: 693: 6270: 5032:

texte, France coloniale moderne Auteur du (2 March 1922).

2958:

newspaper, which was printed with blocks of missing text.

2254:

against the Franco-Spanish administration and the Sultan.

2191:

Lyautey's vision was ideological: A powerful, pro-French,

700:, including sparse tribal lands. The official capital was 4096:"الجنود المغاربة في الحرب العالمية الأولى: أبطال بلا مجد" 2246:

Lyautey served his post until 1925, in the middle of the

2238: 1158: 884:—distributed to French soldiers that participated in the 3768:

texte, Parti social français Auteur du (6 August 1907).

2883:. In August 1957, Muhammad V assumed the title of king. 2778: 2452:

sought to extend French influence eastwards through the

5285:

Zakhir, Marouane; O’Brien, Jason L. (1 February 2017).

3457:, Relations internationales 2011/2 (n° 146), p. 77–93). 2120:." Moroccan colonial troops first served France in the 3969: 5068:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 124. 5063: 4746:"التهامي الكلاوي.. صفحة سوداء في تاريخ المغرب الحديث" 4402:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 129. 4397: 4163:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 113. 3692: 3495:

Revue Historique des Armées, Paris, 2004 (135) p. 22.

3357: 940:

led a revolt against the application of terms of the

3697:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. 4993:(878). Department of State: 667–668. 23 April 1956. 4911:(873). Department of State: 466–467. 19 March 1956. 4827:Lawless, Richard I.; Findlay, Allan (15 May 2015). 3130:. In 2019, 35% of Moroccans speak French—more than 2106:France recruited infantry from Morocco to join its 3925:"The Development of Nationalism in French Morocco" 2822:in January 1954. His replacement by the unpopular 2672:Tangier Speech and Casablanca Tirailleurs Massacre 1193: 722:The Maghreb in the second half of the 19th century 4374:The French Foreign Legion: An Illustrated History 3452:Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962) 2802:with the support of the French protectorate. The 2753:The assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist 7716: 5357:"50 years later, Françafrique is alive and well" 4460:"Manifeste de l'indépendance du 11 Janvier 1944" 3743:Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 3418:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 2017:of independence and had never been subjected to 4525:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 2798:attempted to orchestrate a coup against Sultan 2413: 645:was officially established 30 March 1912, when 5537:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934) 5247:. Essex Publishing Company. 1914. p. 336. 4826: 3963: 3156:and completed in 1924, is now the seat of the 3046:Morocco had from 1912–1935 one of the largest 3042:Narrow gauge railways in former French Morocco 2818:Muhammad V and his family were transferred to 2545:, which has served as the capital ever since. 2406:were not embraced for fears of competing with 2215:In Morocco, there is only one government, the 1169:gave approval for the occupation of the city. 978:As a result, there was growing pressure for a 688:The French protectorate existed alongside the 7760:States and territories disestablished in 1956 7057: 6703: 6459: 6256: 6014: 5969: 5521: 5284: 4371:Lepage, Jean-Denis G. G. (27 November 2007). 4145: 4143: 3613:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism 1947: 1049: 1035: 5180:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4231:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine 4001:. Lincoln, Neb.: Nebraska University Press. 3301:"National Holidays & Religious Holidays" 2940: 2775:, and join the armed resistance in the Rif. 2654: 2603: 2575: 2565: 2559: 2373: 2291: 1001: 775:First Moroccan Crisis: March 1905 – May 1906 637:, was the period of French colonial rule in 235: 93: 79: 6853: 5496:History of French Colonial Policy 1870–1925 5382:Koundouno, Tamba François (20 March 2019). 4434:Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880–1935 4273:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. 3728:Histoire de Casablanca: des origines à 1914 3175:List of French residents-general in Morocco 3000:, at a 1–1 ratio with the denominations in 2809: 2279:, published 15 August 1917 in the magazine 797:of the great powers, in this case, between 726:Despite the weakness of its authority, the 7765:States and territories established in 1912 7064: 7050: 6710: 6696: 6466: 6452: 6263: 6249: 6021: 6007: 5983: 5976: 5962: 5528: 5514: 5475: 5456: 5184:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5096: 4803:Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 4516: 4514: 4512: 4140: 3862:. Princeton University Press. p. 83. 2789: 2742: 1954: 1940: 1042: 1028: 660:of Morocco had begun with the invasion of 27:1912–1956 protectorate in northwest Africa 6730: 5381: 5302: 5214: 4632: 4605: 4488: 3616:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. 2862:was reintegrated with the signing of the 2771:, who would eventually escape, found the 2460:. This was opposed by the Zaians, led by 982:in defense of Morocco, particularly from 5257: 5221:. Indiana University Press. p. 85. 4665: 4201:"La Terre marocaine: revue illustrée..." 3922: 3855: 3362:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2685: 2516: 2363: 2327: 2266: 2257: 2147: 2144:Lyautey and the Protectorate (1912–1925) 2089: 1981:, ending what remained of the country's 1965: 1214: 1203: 1140: 917: 911:seized his death as a pretext to invade 876: 858: 717: 5426: 4635:Revisiting the Colonial Past in Morocco 4520: 4509: 4489:Zisenwine, Daniel (30 September 2010). 3996: 3891:Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien 3556:Laskier, Michael M. (1 February 2012). 3555: 3530:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 3519: 3205:List of French possessions and colonies 2939:established the Native Policy Council ( 14: 7717: 5264:. New Holland Publishers. p. 12. 5139: 5004: 4430: 4370: 4339: 4266: 4224: 4158: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3504: 3273:Miller, Susan Gilson (15 April 2013). 3272: 2608:) was emboldened by overtures made by 2548: 2513:Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi 7045: 6852: 6729: 6691: 6447: 6244: 6002: 5957: 5509: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5031: 4852: 4850: 4799: 4458:الاستقلال, Istiqlal Maroc Parti-حزب. 4457: 4267:Miller, Susan Gilson (8 April 2013). 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4056: 4054: 4052: 3767: 3609: 3415: 2785:Revolution of the King and the People 2779:Revolution of the King and the People 2641:manifesto demanding full independence 1718:Revolution of the King and the People 1023: 936:In the summer of 1907, tribes of the 674:Revolution of the King and the People 7071: 5584:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12) 5204:. Collectors Club. 1948. p. 23. 5099:The Journal of North African Studies 4800:Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). 4464:Portail du Parti de l'Istiqlal Maroc 3740: 3725: 3643:The Journal of North African Studies 3636: 3582: 3353: 3351: 3215: 3152:, designed for Lyautey by architect 3038:History of rail transport in Morocco 2837: 2359: 2236:who arrives at the Capital [ 2221:government, protected by the French. 2138:shared history of Morocco and France 1209:French Protectorate Residence, Rabat 948:. The French responded with a naval 31: 6717: 6426:French colonization of the Americas 5011:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 199. 4767: 4743: 3761: 3677: 3342: 2604: 2576: 2560: 2349:La Compagnie de Transports au Maroc 1990:abdicated in favour of his brother 1002: 893:French military conquest of Morocco 641:that lasted from 1912 to 1956. The 236: 109:Al-himaya al-faransia fi al-maghrib 94: 24: 5450: 5427:Hekking, Morgan (9 October 2019). 5319: 5052: 4847: 4637:. London: Routledge. p. 151. 4249: 4093: 4080: 4049: 3392:"Indépendance du Maroc, 1956, MJP" 2886: 2763:—the clandestine militant wing of 2183:...offend no tradition, change no 2074:, and the development of a modern 1098:South-Oranese Campaign (1897–1903) 932:August 1907, printed on a postcard 840: 25: 7776: 7735:1956 disestablishments in Morocco 5333:. 21 January 2019. Archived from 3589:. Psychology Press. p. 166. 3348: 3233:Spanish-protected part of Morocco 2961: 2323: 1312:(8th century BC – 7th century AD) 1079:Second French colonial empire era 49:about Moroccan National Movement. 7568:Jewellery of the Berber cultures 7276: 5635:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912) 5620:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 5569:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844) 5005:Holmes, James R. (29 May 2017). 3307:. 4 October 2013. Archived from 2972:A French postal agency had sent 1919: 1905: 1630:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 1251: 1064:First French colonial empire era 1009: 882:1909 Morocco commemorative medal 847:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 611: 582: 276:The French conquest of Morocco, 270: 264:(traditional, instrumental only) 245: 174: 139: 125: 36: 6920:French domains of the Holy Land 5553:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 5420: 5401: 5375: 5349: 5278: 5251: 5235: 5208: 5201:The Collectors Club Philatelist 5192: 5133: 5090: 5025: 4998: 4975: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4916: 4893: 4875: 4858:"6. French Morocco (1912–1956)" 4820: 4793: 4737: 4711: 4694:"6. French Morocco (1912–1956)" 4686: 4659: 4626: 4599: 4573: 4547: 4482: 4451: 4424: 4391: 4364: 4333: 4312: 4287: 4218: 4193: 4177: 4152: 4114: 4023: 3990: 3970:H. Z(J. W.) Hirschberg (1981). 3916: 3897:(1). Rabat: 1–2. Archived from 3876: 3849: 3823: 3787: 3734: 3719: 3637:Katz, Jonathan (January 2001). 3630: 3603: 3576: 3549: 3513: 3498: 3482: 3473: 3460: 3180:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 2587: 2376:Office Chérifien des Phosphates 2005:and of their protectorate over 1194:French protectorate (1912–1956) 1052:Franco–Moroccan conflicts 747:as well as of the territory of 7730:1912 establishments in Morocco 6915:French domains of Saint Helena 6032:in Africa and the Indian Ocean 5574:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) 5548:French protectorate in Morocco 5143:Ben Barka l'équation marocaine 5064:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 4983:"Spanish-Moroccan Declaration" 4633:Maghraoui, Driss, ed. (2013). 4398:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 4342:"Les industries de Casablanca" 3693:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 3444: 3409: 3384: 3358:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 3323: 3293: 3279:. Cambridge University Press. 3266: 3248: 3222: 3195:French protectorate of Tunisia 2901:, which were divided into 100 2858:The internationalized city of 2553:Amid the backlash against the 2384:) was created in 1920 to mine 2262: 2085: 2057:International Court of Justice 1713:Opposition to European control 631:French protectorate in Morocco 76:French protectorate in Morocco 13: 1: 7755:French colonisation in Africa 4901:"French-Moroccan Declaration" 4781:(in French). 30 November 1954 4725:(in French). 12 November 2012 4159:Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). 3335:Protectorat français au Maroc 3210: 3158:Moroccan Ministry of Interior 2942:Conseil de politique indigène 2931: 2600:Moroccan Nationalist Movement 2536:, who managed to establish a 2392:, which was connected to the 2286:Learning from experiences in 1579:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 1165:at the end of April 1911 and 1104:Conquest of Morocco (1907–34) 277: 81:Protectorat français au Maroc 6650:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) 5922:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912) 5625:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909) 4987:Department of State Bulletin 4905:Department of State Bulletin 4128:(in French). 1 November 2018 4062:"Exhibition of Moroccan Art" 3997:Segalla, Spencer D. (2009). 3610:Olson, James Stuart (1991). 3241: 2909:Morocco's current currency. 2749:Casablanca Uprisings of 1952 2418: 2414:Opposition to French control 2316:as many headed to find work 765:Moroccan Debt Administration 7: 7740:Colonial history of Morocco 6890: and Antarctic Lands 5912:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911) 5902:Algeciras Conference (1906) 5579:First Melilla War (1893–94) 5244:The New England Philatelist 5066:A history of modern Morocco 4466:(in French). Archived from 4400:A history of modern Morocco 4270:A History of Modern Morocco 4161:A history of modern Morocco 3923:Mitchell, Harriett (1955). 3856:Kirshner, Jonathan (1997). 3695:A history of modern Morocco 3521:Furlong, Charles Wellington 3360:A history of modern Morocco 3276:A History of Modern Morocco 3163: 3031: 2850:However, provisions in the 2558:Moroccan Action Committee ( 2400: 1765:Coup d'état attempt in 1971 1563:(beginning 19th century AD) 1482:(beginning 11th century AD) 1308:Classical to Late Antiquity 959: 10: 7781: 7750:Former countries in Africa 5826:Manuel Fernández Silvestre 5615:Bombardment of Salé (1851) 5476:Gershovich, Moshe (2000). 5457:Bensoussan, David (2012). 5258:Rogerson, Barnaby (2000). 4806:. Routledge. p. 558. 4719:"L'assassinat de Messaâdi" 4606:Atlasinfo (6 April 2016). 4495:. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. 4377:. McFarland. p. 125. 3730:. Aix-en-Provence: Ophrys. 3562:. SUNY Press. p. 41. 3343:الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب 3170:French conquest of Morocco 3035: 2965: 2890: 2782: 2746: 2710:Tangier International Zone 2675: 2591: 2506: 2502: 2422: 2332:Roadmap of Morocco in 1919 1706:Tangier International Zone 1635:French conquest of Morocco 1200:French conquest of Morocco 1197: 1188: 1092:Bombardment of Salé (1851) 1086:Franco-Moroccan War (1844) 1013: 963: 895:began in the aftermath of 886:French invasion of Morocco 855:French conquest of Morocco 844: 778: 711: 707: 95:الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب 7745:Former colonies in Africa 7644: 7576: 7513: 7504: 7437: 7428: 7345: 7336: 7309:Prefectures and provinces 7294: 7285: 7274: 7226: 7195: 7149: 7118: 7092: 7083: 7003: 6942: 6898: 6881: 6863: 6859: 6848: 6820: 6807:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6780: 6740: 6736: 6725: 6684: 6668:French East India Company 6658: 6630: 6578: 6530: 6482: 6443: 6431:French West India Company 6421: 6393: 6324: 6281: 6240: 6213: 6185: 6147: 6065: 6037: 5998: 5991: 5930: 5879: 5859: 5803: 5787: 5769:Joseph-François Poeymirau 5746: 5670: 5663: 5645:Battle of El Herri (1914) 5640:Battle of El Ksiba (1913) 5630:Bloody Days of Fes (1912) 5607: 5589:Second Melilla War (1909) 5561: 5543: 5304:10.1007/s10993-015-9398-3 5215:Gottreich, Emily (2007). 5111:10.1080/13629380008718388 4833:. Routledge. p. 67. 4587:(in Arabic). 31 July 2013 3655:10.1080/13629380108718426 3430:10.1080/03086530701667526 3289:– via Google Books. 3105: 3028:, and inscribed "MAROC". 2968:Postal history of Morocco 2682:Massacre of April 7, 1947 2655:Struggle for independence 2577:برنامج الإصلاحات المغربية 2567:Comité d’Action Marocaine 2122:First Battle of the Marne 1426:Territorial fragmentation 1071:Larache expedition (1765) 1059: 950:bombardment of Casablanca 930:Bombardment of Casablanca 666:bombardment of Casablanca 561: 533: 529: 519: 506: 502: 492: 488: 476: 466:• 1912–1925 (first) 464: 460: 450: 446: 434: 420: 408: 396: 392: 382: 366: 348: 322: 312: 302: 288: 269: 155: 121: 116: 74: 6946: the Indian Ocean 5938:Tangier Crisis (1905–06) 5907:Pact of Cartagena (1907) 5892:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860) 5887:Treaty of Tangier (1844) 5655:Alhucemas Landing (1925) 4995:(unofficial translation) 4913:(unofficial translation) 3837:(in Arabic). 15 May 2015 3507:Morocco, a Country Study 3190:France–Morocco relations 3008:issues, and after 1902, 2810:Exile of Sultan Muhammad 2773:Moroccan Liberation Army 1527:other political entities 942:1906 Treaty of Algeciras 793:took place owing to the 714:France–Morocco relations 478:• 1955–1956 (last) 6854:Uninhabited territories 6365:Saint Kitts & Nevis 5816:Arsenio Martínez-Campos 5650:Battle of Annual (1921) 5414:13 January 2016 at the 4521:Stenner, David (2019). 4437:. Currey. p. 268. 4358:10.3406/caoum.1951.1718 4346:Les Cahiers d'Outre-Mer 4094:الأشرف, الرباط ــ حسن. 4043:1 November 2022 at the 3755:10.3406/remmm.1969.1002 3505:Nelson, Harold (1985). 3098:) gauge lines in their 2876:constitutional monarchy 2790:Glaoui's attempted coup 2743:Murder of Farhat Hached 2605:الحركة الوطنية المغربية 2594:Morocco in World War II 2344:railroads east of Fes. 2271:A farmer in a field of 2152:Marshal Lyautey, first 2015:thousand-year tradition 1796:Western Sahara conflict 1123:Post-colonial conflicts 376:colonial administration 313:Official languages 7136:Barghawata Confederacy 6784: collectivities 6622:Sanjak of Alexandretta 6475:Former French colonies 6272:Former French colonies 6030:Former French colonies 5985:French overseas empire 5841:Miguel Primo de Rivera 5811:Juan García y Margallo 5688:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani 5683:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni 5146:, L'Harmattan vidéo , 4931:Essemlali p. 13, 19-21 4340:Vassal, Serge (1951). 4243:10.3406/rhmc.1987.1417 4225:Allain, J.-C. (1987). 3976:. BRILL. p. 318. 3334: 2941: 2871:were less successful. 2728:French colonial empire 2697: 2566: 2526: 2488:Armistice with Germany 2462:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani 2429:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani 2374: 2369: 2333: 2292: 2283: 2244: 2223: 2216: 2189: 2161: 2103: 1971: 1539:Principality of Debdou 1430:(10th–11th century AD) 1224: 1212: 1154: 933: 888: 874: 825:affairs. Although the 723: 676:, restored the exiled 80: 47:is missing information 7416:Western Sahara status 7196:European protectorate 7105:Kingdom of Mauretania 6731:Inhabited territories 6663:France–Asia relations 6218:Somaliland (Djibouti) 5261:Marrakesh, Fez, Rabat 4883:"Déclaration commune" 2918:State Bank of Morocco 2708:in what was then the 2689: 2610:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2520: 2367: 2331: 2270: 2258:Economic exploitation 2230: 2213: 2181: 2151: 2093: 2072:transportation system 2047:Although being under 1969: 1406:Barghwata confederacy 1364:(8th–10th century AD) 1218: 1207: 1144: 921: 880: 863:The assassination of 862: 791:First Moroccan Crisis 781:First Moroccan Crisis 721: 712:Further information: 323:Common languages 7324:World Heritage Sites 7213:Spanish Protectorate 7110:Mauretania Tingitana 7009:overseas departments 6944:Scattered Islands in 6825: collectivity 6283:French North America 5943:Agadir Crisis (1911) 5917:Treaty of Fes (1912) 5897:Treaty of Fes (1894) 5494:Roberts, Stephen A. 3726:Adam, André (1968). 3311:on 27 September 2017 3260:1 March 2014 at the 2928:, France and Spain. 2914:Algeciras Conference 2739:palace, on 9 April. 2628:declarations as the 2618:1943 Anfa Conference 2450:Louis-Hubert Lyautey 2226:Walter Burton Harris 2100:Joseph de La Nézière 2068:economic development 2051:, Morocco retained - 2042:Spanish protectorate 1677:Spanish protectorate 1584:Hispano-Moroccan War 1441:Caliphate of Córdoba 1399:Emirate of Sijilmasa 1340:Mauretania Tingitana 899:'s assassination in 867:in Marrakesh, taken 827:Algeciras Conference 815:Algeciras Conference 785:Algeciras Conference 733:Hispano-Moroccan War 690:Spanish protectorate 656:, though the French 591:Sultanate of Morocco 521:• Independence 7697: / 7208:French Protectorate 6978:Juan de Nova Island 6865:North Pacific Ocean 6477:in Asia and Oceania 5764:Paul Prosper Henrys 5594:Zaian War (1914–21) 4940:Pellegrini p. 5, 6. 3583:Lowe, John (1994). 3229:Mohammed Ben Aarafa 2824:Mohammed Ben Aarafa 2765:French intelligence 2704:planned to deliver 2570:– CAM), proposed a 2549:Nationalist parties 2435:Zaian confederation 2408:Metropolitan France 2298:Metropolitan France 2252:Republic of the Rif 1774:Moulay Bouazza plot 1672:French protectorate 1613:Treaty of Algeciras 1574:Franco-Moroccan War 1345:Exarchate of Africa 1110:Zaian War (1914–21) 984:Muhammad al-Kattani 922:The French cruiser 658:military occupation 7487:Telecommunications 6883:Overseas territory 6408:France Antarctique 6395:Equinoctial France 6358:Dominican Republic 5836:José Millán-Astray 5779:Henry de Bournazel 5708:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba 5502:, pp. 545–90. 5433:Morocco World News 5388:Morocco World News 5363:. 16 February 2010 5337:on 24 January 2019 3770:"Le Petit journal" 3523:(September 1911). 3450:Mounya Essemlali, 3185:History of Morocco 3111:French colonialism 2698: 2527: 2477:Battle of El Herri 2456:mountains towards 2394:Port of Casablanca 2370: 2334: 2284: 2162: 2109:troupes coloniales 2104: 2076:agriculture sector 1972: 1926:History portal 1912:Morocco portal 1808:Hirak Rif Movement 1803:2011–2012 protests 1225: 1213: 1177:and Alcazaquibir ( 1155: 1130:Ifni War (1957–58) 992:Conditional Bay'ah 934: 889: 875: 819:Moroccan political 795:imperial rivalries 745:Chafarinas Islands 724: 606:Kingdom of Morocco 483:André Louis Dubois 7680: 7679: 7640: 7639: 7500: 7499: 7424: 7423: 7355:Foreign relations 7332: 7331: 7272: 7271: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7034: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6934:Amsterdam Islands 6925:Kerguelen Islands 6873:Clipperton Island 6844: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6812:Wallis and Futuna 6680: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6580:Mandate for Syria 6570:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 6532:Indochinese Union 6439: 6438: 6236: 6235: 6149:Equatorial Africa 5951: 5950: 5875: 5874: 5678:Mohammed Ameziane 5599:Rif War (1921–26) 5468:978-1-4759-2608-8 5153:978-2-296-10925-4 4750:www.aljazeera.net 4470:on 1 October 2020 4206:. 1 December 1928 3799:. 11 April 2020. 3369:978-1-139-62469-5 3216:Explanatory notes 3150:Residence-general 3004:, using both the 2847:on 2 March 1956. 2838:1956 independence 2804:1953 Oujda revolt 2561:كتلة العمل الوطني 2360:Natural resources 1988:Sultan Abdelhafid 1964: 1963: 1598:Treaty of Wad Ras 1529: 1446:Fatimid Caliphate 1380:Umayyad Caliphate 1138: 1137: 1115:Rif War (1921–26) 905:barbarous natives 627: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 597: 596: 436:• 1955–1956 422:• 1953–1955 410:• 1927–1953 398:• 1912–1927 371:Absolute monarchy 361:Roman Catholicism 260: 225: 111: 70: 69: 16:(Redirected from 7772: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7660: 7653: 7601:Hassaniya Arabic 7511: 7510: 7435: 7434: 7377:Sûreté Nationale 7343: 7342: 7292: 7291: 7280: 7264:2011–12 protests 7141:Kingdom of Nekor 7090: 7089: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7043: 7042: 6964:Glorioso Islands 6945: 6896: 6895: 6889: 6885: 6861: 6860: 6850: 6849: 6824: 6797:Saint Barthélemy 6792:French Polynesia 6783: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6727: 6726: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6689: 6688: 6497:Coromandel Coast 6468: 6461: 6454: 6445: 6444: 6326:French Caribbean 6306:Terre Neuve 6265: 6258: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5955: 5954: 5851:Francisco Franco 5831:Dámaso Berenguer 5821:José Marina Vega 5698:Mhand n'Ifrutant 5668: 5667: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5498:(2 vols., 1929) 5491: 5472: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 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1432: 1431: 1394:Emirate of Nekor 1366: 1365: 1314: 1313: 1255: 1245: 1227: 1226: 1054: 1053: 1044: 1037: 1030: 1021: 1020: 1005: 1004: 761:Entente cordiale 633:, also known as 615: 614: 607: 601: 600: 592: 586: 585: 579: 578: 563: 562: 452:Resident-General 430: 340:Berber languages 335:Hassaniya Arabic 282: 279: 274: 262: 261: 243: 239: 238: 231:Cherifian Anthem 227: 226: 143: 129: 107: 105: 97: 96: 91: 83: 72: 71: 65: 62: 56: 40: 32: 21: 7780: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7715: 7714: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7676: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7636: 7620:Moroccan people 7596:Moroccan Arabic 7572: 7496: 7442:Bank Al-Maghrib 7420: 7328: 7281: 7268: 7222: 7218:Operation Torch 7191: 7145: 7131:Idrisid dynasty 7114: 7079: 7070: 7040: 7031: 7013:Claimed by the 6987: 6983:Tromelin Island 6954:Bassas da India 6938: 6888:French Southern 6877: 6855: 6836: 6816: 6776: 6744: regions 6732: 6721: 6719:Overseas France 6716: 6672: 6654: 6626: 6612:Greater Lebanon 6582:and the Lebanon 6581: 6574: 6526: 6478: 6472: 6435: 6417: 6389: 6320: 6277: 6275:in the Americas 6269: 6232: 6209: 6181: 6143: 6061: 6033: 6027: 5987: 5982: 5952: 5947: 5926: 5871: 5867:Mohamed Meziane 5855: 5799: 5795:Thami El Glaoui 5783: 5774:Philippe Pétain 5742: 5723:Assou Oubasslam 5659: 5603: 5557: 5539: 5534: 5488: 5469: 5453: 5451:Further reading 5448: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5425: 5421: 5416:Wayback Machine 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5291:Language Policy 5283: 5279: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5095: 5091: 5076: 5062: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4889:. 2 March 1956. 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4856: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4755: 4753: 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1758:Moroccanization 1742: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1684:French Conquest 1659: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1534:Zawiya Dila'iya 1528: 1522: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1411:Idrisid dynasty 1375:Muslim conquest 1369: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1265: 1243: 1236: 1211:, 1929 postcard 1202: 1196: 1191: 1171:Moroccan forces 1139: 1134: 1119: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1075: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1018: 1012: 968: 962: 915:from the east. 857: 845:Main articles: 843: 841:French invasion 831:Triple Alliance 787: 779:Main articles: 777: 716: 710: 612: 605: 590: 583: 552: 548: 546: 542: 540: 522: 512: 497:Interwar period 479: 467: 437: 426: 423: 411: 399: 373: 359: 355: 344: 330:Moroccan Arabic 284: 280: 265: 263: 246: 244: 241: 234: 228: 175: 173: 163:La Marseillaise 151: 150: 149: 144: 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6025: 6018: 6011: 6003: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5958: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5860:Spanish allies 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5759:Hubert Lyautey 5756: 5754:Charles Mangin 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5738:Beni Ouryaghel 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5492: 5486: 5473: 5467: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5419: 5400: 5374: 5348: 5318: 5277: 5270: 5250: 5234: 5228:978-0253218636 5227: 5207: 5191: 5152: 5132: 5089: 5074: 5051: 5024: 5017: 4997: 4974: 4960: 4958:Aouchar p. 22. 4951: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4922:Essemlali p. 2 4915: 4892: 4874: 4846: 4839: 4819: 4812: 4792: 4766: 4736: 4710: 4685: 4666:Yabiladi.com. 4658: 4643: 4625: 4598: 4572: 4561:. 9 April 1947 4546: 4532:978-1503608993 4531: 4508: 4501: 4481: 4450: 4443: 4423: 4408: 4390: 4383: 4363: 4332: 4311: 4286: 4279: 4248: 4237:(3): 427–452. 4217: 4192: 4176: 4169: 4151: 4139: 4113: 4079: 4048: 4022: 4007: 3989: 3982: 3962: 3941:10.2307/272660 3935:(4): 427–434. 3915: 3875: 3868: 3848: 3822: 3786: 3760: 3733: 3718: 3703: 3676: 3649:(1): 143–166. 3629: 3622: 3602: 3595: 3575: 3568: 3548: 3512: 3497: 3481: 3472: 3459: 3443: 3424:(4): 569–592. 3408: 3383: 3368: 3347: 3322: 3292: 3285: 3265: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3200:French Algeria 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3154:Albert Laprade 3107: 3104: 3033: 3030: 2986:postage stamps 2966:Main article: 2963: 2962:Postal history 2960: 2937:Hubert Lyautey 2933: 2930: 2926:United Kingdom 2893:Moroccan franc 2891:Main article: 2888: 2885: 2839: 2836: 2811: 2808: 2791: 2788: 2783:Main article: 2780: 2777: 2769:Abbas Messaadi 2747:Main article: 2744: 2741: 2678:Tangier Speech 2673: 2670: 2656: 2653: 2637:Istiqlal Party 2592:Main article: 2589: 2586: 2550: 2547: 2504: 2501: 2481:Central Powers 2458:French Algeria 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2402: 2399: 2361: 2358: 2338:standard gauge 2325: 2324:Infrastructure 2322: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2177:French Algeria 2165:Hubert Lyautey 2145: 2142: 2087: 2084: 2078:geared to the 1996:1912 Fes riots 1962: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1944: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1915: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1833:Morocco in the 1829: 1828: 1826:Related topics 1825: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1786:Madrid Accords 1782: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1737:(1956–present) 1731: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1608:Tangier Crisis 1605: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591:Protégé system 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1288:Iberomaurusian 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1248: 1247: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1024: 1014:Main article: 1011: 1008: 964:Main article: 961: 958: 909:Hubert Lyautey 897:Émile Mauchamp 865:Emile Mauchamp 851:Émile Mauchamp 842: 839: 835:Triple Entente 776: 773: 728:'Alawi dynasty 709: 706: 635:French Morocco 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 609: 598: 595: 594: 587: 575: 574: 569: 559: 558: 544:Moroccan franc 535: 531: 530: 527: 526: 523: 520: 517: 516: 513: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 494: 493:Historical era 490: 489: 486: 485: 480: 477: 474: 473: 471:Hubert Lyautey 468: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 448: 447: 444: 443: 438: 435: 432: 431: 424: 421: 418: 417: 412: 409: 406: 405: 400: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 386: 380: 379: 368: 364: 363: 350: 346: 345: 343: 342: 337: 332: 326: 324: 320: 319: 314: 310: 309: 304: 300: 299: 290: 286: 285: 275: 267: 266: 160: 153: 152: 145: 138: 137: 131: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 114: 113: 78: 75: 68: 67: 44: 42: 35: 26: 18:French Morocco 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7777: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7713: 7710: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365:Alawi dynasty 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7203:Treaty of Fez 7201: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7126:Berber Revolt 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119:Early Islamic 7117: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7055: 7053: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7028: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7002: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959:Europa Island 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6851: 6847: 6833: 6832:New Caledonia 6830: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752:French Guiana 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6713: 6708: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607:Alawite State 6605: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6469: 6464: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375:Saint Vincent 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6200:Grande Comore 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6117:Four Communes 6115: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6100:Arguin Island 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6075:Côte d'Ivoire 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5846:José Sanjurjo 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788:French allies 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:Ma al-'Aynayn 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5487:0-7146-4949-X 5483: 5480:. Routledge. 5479: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5461:. iUniverse. 5460: 5455: 5454: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5410:, Insee 2012 5409: 5404: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5271:9781860119736 5267: 5263: 5262: 5254: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5105:(1): 63–108. 5104: 5100: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5075:9781139624695 5071: 5067: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5018:9781574888836 5014: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4970: 4964: 4955: 4946: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4888: 4885:(in French). 4884: 4878: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4842: 4840:9781317592983 4836: 4832: 4831: 4823: 4815: 4813:9781134264902 4809: 4805: 4804: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4763: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4644:9780415638470 4640: 4636: 4629: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4560: 4556: 4555:"France-soir" 4550: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4502:9780857718532 4498: 4494: 4493: 4485: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4444:9780852550977 4440: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4409:9781139624695 4405: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4384:9780786462537 4380: 4376: 4375: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4352:(13): 61–79. 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4282: 4280:9781139619110 4276: 4272: 4271: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4170:9780521008990 4166: 4162: 4155: 4146: 4144: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4037:), p.51 §.31 4036: 4035:9789231027161 4032: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4008:9780803217782 4004: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3983:90-04-06295-5 3979: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3900: 3896: 3893:(in French). 3892: 3885: 3879: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3704:9781139624695 3700: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3623:9780313262579 3619: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3598: 3596:9780415104449 3592: 3588: 3587: 3579: 3571: 3569:9781438410166 3565: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3537:: 14988–14999 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3352: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3288: 3286:9780521810708 3282: 3278: 3277: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3103: 3101: 3075: 3071: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3010:Mouflon issue 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982:Sharifan post 2979: 2975: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2922:German Empire 2919: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2760:La Main Rouge 2756: 2755:Farhat Hached 2750: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2652: 2650: 2649:Gabriel Puaux 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614:United States 2611: 2601: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2582:Treaty of Fes 2573: 2568: 2556: 2555:Berber Decree 2546: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2411: 2409: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2366: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2293:les indigènes 2289: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248:failed revolt 2243: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2083: 2081: 2080:French market 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2036:(including a 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2023:Muslim Iberia 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1979:Treaty of Fes 1976: 1968: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779:Years of lead 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1665:Treaty of Fez 1663: 1662: 1657: 1645: 1644: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1618:Agadir Crisis 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1473: 1472: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1421: 1420: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1387:Berber Revolt 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1360:Early Islamic 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