Battle of Ginchy - Knowledge

1502: 145: 1943:, called the attacks on Ginchy most unsatisfactory, despite having plenty of artillery and ammunition in support. The fighting in Delville Wood in the aftermath of the big German counter-attack of 31 August had depleted the division; some of the lost ground in the wood had not been recaptured, which left the Germans well placed to enfilade attacks towards Ginchy from the west and north. Atkinson claimed that fighting for the village covered the left flank of the troops further south attacking Guillemont and absorbed German reinforcements in the area. The 7th Division had been used in "driblets", when a co-ordinated attack on a broader front may have succeeded. There had been insufficient time to rest troops, who were poorly trained, led by inexperienced NCOs and the "musketry" of many of the men from recent drafts was inadequate. 1814: 1289: 1146:

fronts but despite conforming to French strategy, Haig had refused to follow these tactics until the British Armies were ready, being unwilling to risk another fiasco like the attacks of 22/23 July. The British made a large number of small, narrow-front attacks, consistent with the state of training and supply of the British divisions, intended to approximate wide-front attacks, while concentrating artillery firepower opposite Guillemont, on the right flank of the Fourth Army. From late July to early September, many attacks took place to establish the British right flank on Guillemont and Ginchy, ready for a big attack combined with the French Sixth Army and the Reserve Army in mid-September.

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consequences. The report was endorsed and forwarded by the battalion commander but the company was required to counter-attack at Ginchy on 6 September, before being relieved. In contrast to the criticism from Joffre and Foch at the time and by writers and historians since, that the British in this period conducted too many narrow-front attacks, which conceded a tactical advantage to the Germans, Dudley Ward in the 56th (1/1st London) Division history, noted that broad-front attacks were futile when delivered with insufficient weight, since troops edged away from return fire and moved through gaps in defences, bypassing German infantry who could cut them off from reinforcements and supplies.

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ground, German troops hiding in village cellars were overlooked and the artillery failed to suppress German machine-gunners firing from the flanks. The same form of attack was repeated until the 7th Division was relieved by the 16th (Irish) Division, which moved into line just as the weather deteriorated and rain turned the ground to mud. It was possible to attack Ginchy from the south once Guillemont had fallen and six battalions (albeit tired and depleted by losses) attacked instead of two in previous attacks. A stroke of ill-luck left the Germans in Ginchy unsupported, when the Irish attacked with twice as much field artillery than the previous attacks and took the village in two hours.

1486:, the corps commander referred this to Fourth Army headquarters, because the brigade was being conserved for the big attack planned for mid-September. Eventually the 20th Brigade was committed to hold the line and the 22nd Brigade ordered to attack again, despite its losses and disorganisation, until a patrol revealed that the Germans had infiltrated a large number of infantry in the village. The attack was cancelled and the 20th Brigade moved up by lorry to Mametz, to take over from Stout and Porter trenches to Delville Wood, ready to reinforce troops in Ginchy or to wait until morning to renew the attack, the attempt eventually taking place next day at 1750:. The 48th Brigade on the left attacked on schedule, which brought down a German counter-barrage. The battalions of the 47th Brigade were stopped by close-range machine-gun fire, most of the British bombardment having fallen on the German second line. Further attempts to advance with reinforcements also failed. North of the 47th Brigade, the battalion on the right side of the 48th Brigade was also stopped but wheeled, forced back the Germans in the vicinity and pressed on. The brigade advanced either side of the Guillemont–Ginchy road, against slight opposition and reached the first objective along Hans Crescent, on the western outskirts of Ginchy at 1461: 1930: 1779: 159: 1973: 1109:

attack in the centre was repulsed. On the northern flank, Ginchy was captured by the 16th (Irish) Division and several German counter-attacks were defeated. The loss of Ginchy deprived the Germans of observation posts from which they could observe the battlefield. The success eliminated the salient at Delville Wood, which had been costly to defend, due to observed German artillery-fire from three sides and the many counter-attacks by German infantry in July and August; the attack on 31 August, being the largest mounted by the Germans against the British during the battle.

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Gallwitz wrote that if the process continued, Germany would run out of men and equipment and that the British heavy guns were destroying the German artillery. The 4th Bavarian Division at Flers, reported that the loss of Ginchy exposed the area from Flers to Martinpuich to attack. British and French prisoners had said that in the recent attacks, German artillery-fire had begun too late and that attacks had caught Germans while they were still under cover in dugouts and also managed to overrun troops further back, held ready to counter-attack.

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line formed a salient at Longueval and Delville Wood, which ran west to Pozières and south to Maltz Horn Farm, the junction with the French Sixth Army. The salient was overlooked by German positions from Guillemont to the south-east and High Wood to the north-west. Control of Guillemont and Ginchy also gave the Germans observation of the ground to the south, over the French approaches to the German second line, from the Somme river north to Maurepas and the area between Malz Horn Farm and Falfemont Farm.

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by long grass for 60 yd (55 m) behind. A second attempt lost direction and veered to the right, as German artillery-fire and a thick mist at sunset cut off the attacking troops from communication to the rear. Troops had been brought forward to form a defensive flank on the left and after dark a battalion was sent to link the line left from the Quadrilateral, erroneously believed to have been captured, to Ginchy where troops of the 16th (Irish) Division were thought to be. The advance began at

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Survivors from the 22nd Brigade reported that the village was held mainly by machine-gunners and recommended a night attack, for which a preliminary attack on the eastern fringe of Delville Wood, was made in the late afternoon. The attack reached the edge of the wood to a point north of Hop Alley, despite continuous German artillery-fire. In the early morning of 6 September, another attack on Ginchy began but lost direction in the dark.

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through a gap between German units and get round the flank of the 5th Bavarian Division, forcing it to withdraw. Counter-attacks were said to have failed, because the English (sic) had defended Ginchy with few men but many machine-guns, dug-in around the fringes of the village, which stopped the German counter-attacks short of the village. A final attempt failed on 11 September, leaving Bavarian Infantry Regiment 19 with losses of

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Squadron observers reported that new digging was seen around Ginchy, part of a line of entrenchments from Combles to Geuedecourt. On 18 August, British artillery-fire was directed on Ginchy, again by 9 Squadron. On 3 September a reconnaissance flight by 3 Squadron over Ginchy reported no great mass of German infantry, the aeroplane was not fired on and huddled bodies were taken to be German dead.

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Division on the Combles–Guillemont road, the attack of 9 September was to be made behind a creeping barrage from half of the divisional artillery, moving at 100 yd (91 m) per minute. As the creeping barrage met a standing barrage fired by the other half of the divisional artillery on each barrage line successively, the standing barrage would jump ahead to the next objective.

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the high ground either side of the Combles valley and the French Sixth Army to reach Maurepas, Le Forest, Rancourt and Frégicourt. Fighting to the west of Ginchy at Longueval and Delville Wood had begun on 14 July and continued until 3 September, when all but the eastern corner was captured. The area between the wood and Ginchy, known to the German defenders as the

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touch at the Combles ravine and patrols captured Ferme de l'Hôpital, 880 yd (800 m) east of Le Forêt. The rest of Cléry was taken by VII Corps and XXXIII Corps, which had taken Omniécourt on the south bank of the Somme, was met on the right flank. An attack by I Corps, on the boundary with the British Fourth Army on 6 September was repulsed.

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Regiment 19 was rushed, giving the regiment no time to study the ground. By mistake, the boundary between the 5th Bavarian Division and the 185th Division was placed in the village, dividing responsibility for its defence, which was made worse by some of the soldiers in the 185th Division being retrained gunners with little infantry experience.

1097:, from Leuze Wood north to Ginchy, had begun on 3 September when the 7th Division captured the village, before being forced out by a German counter-attack. Attacks on Leuze Wood and attempts to re-take Ginchy on 4 and 5 September were also defeated by German counter-attacks. The 7th Division was relieved by the 16th (Irish) Division and 1198:

30 August and it was taken by military intelligence to foreshadow increased German emphasis on the Eastern Front, which would make the German armies in France vulnerable. The "wearing-out" battles since late July and events elsewhere, led to a belief that the big Allied attack planned for mid-September could have decisive effect.

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occupied the southern part of Beer Trench or dug in 40 yd (37 m) short of Hop Alley. A supporting company got a few men into the orchards north-west of Ginchy and were joined by part of another battalion, originally intended to occupy Ale Alley as a defensive flank. On the right flank it was reported at

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and artillery dominated the battlefield and kept the German defenders under constant strain and caused many casualties, the most notable being Falkenhayn who was sacked on 28 August and replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, who scrapped Falkenhayn's policy of rigid defence and automatic counter-attacks.

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on the left of the 5th Bavarian Division. Loop Trench was defended by III Battalion, RIR 28 which was reinforced by part of the II Battalion and I Battalion, IR 65 (in line to the south, defending Combles). Part of III Battalion was overrun in Leuze and Bouleaux woods, which was reinforced by part of

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Some of the Irish pursued the Germans, until they were recalled, to consolidate a defensive line around the eastern outskirts of Ginchy. Engineer field companies built a strongpoint on the road to Lesbœufs and one at the XIV Corps–XV Corps boundary on the Delville Wood road. On the right of XV Corps,

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The left battalion was pinned-down by fire from German positions south-east of Ginchy and the advance to the Quadrilateral stopped. Air reconnaissance of the Quadrilateral which lay in dead ground, had shown that its outer belt of barbed-wire had been cut by the British artillery but not wire covered

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but made no progress beyond Ale Alley and Hop Alley; a later attempt on Hop Alley from Pilsen Lane also failed, the troops being pinned down in shell-holes until dusk. The 20th Brigade attack intended for 5 September was postponed, due to the state of the ground and disorganisation in the front line.

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The Sixth Army attacked on the north bank with VII Corps, which advanced on the left and made more gains around Cléry. To the north, the Germans counter-attacked in the Combles ravine, stopping the French advance towards Rancourt. When the British took Falfemont Farm on 5 September, the French gained

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The many British "nibbling" attacks after 14 July had been costly to contain, as German defences had been under frequent artillery bombardment, which had turned German positions into crater-fields, buried the entrances of dug-outs, vaporised barbed-wire and demolished trenches. Allied air superiority

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The French Sixth Army attack as part of the joint plan to isolate Combles further south, also scheduled for 9 September was postponed on 8 September to 12 September due to supply difficulties. On the 56th (1/1st London) Division front, between the Combles ravine and the boundary with the 16th (Irish)

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On 6 September, a new attack was ordered with XIV Corps to advance to a line from Combles to Leuze Wood road, the Quadrilateral and Ginchy. The 55th Division to the north in the XV Corps area was to support the attack on Ginchy by attacking with the 164th Brigade, between the outskirts of the village

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losses. The Bavarian divisions south of the Albert–Bapaume road were assessed to have high morale despite "heavy losses" but it was believed that there were no more than five German divisions left in reserve on the Western Front. (British spy networks in northern France and Flanders had been blown in

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German artillery could fire into the salient and the area beyond, where a huge mass of Allied artillery was based and through which the fronts of the Fourth and French Sixth armies were supplied over a small number of poor roads. In August, Joffre had pressed Haig to continue with big attacks on wide

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Jack Sheldon wrote in 2005, that the defence of Ginchy had driven some of the best German regiments close to collapse. The commander of the 10th Company, Infantry Regiment 88 wrote a report to the battalion commander on 5 September, that if the company was not withdrawn, he could not answer for the

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then saw the advance move through the centre of Ginchy towards the eastern edge. German troops north of the village and more troops moving down Lager Lane were machine-gunned by the aircraft, which also called for artillery-fire by wireless and observed the shells falling on the German positions. At

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Despite deep mud the attackers reached the western outskirts of the village, before being stopped by German machine-gun fire at close range, from hides in the débris of the village. Attacks between Ginchy and Delville Wood pushed forward from Pilsen Lane, where some of the advanced parties were then

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Attacks by XV Corps and III Corps on Delville Wood and High Wood took place during the XIV Corps operations to capture Ginchy. The attacks added to the strain on British engineer services, pioneer, labour and transport units and was made worse by German bombardments, directed from the vantage points

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days, even though German divisions averaged twenty days in the line. Of six more German divisions moved to the Somme by 28 August, only two had been known to be in reserve and the other four had been moved from quiet sectors without warning. News of the dismissal of Falkenhayn reached the British on

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Maurepas lay due east of Hardecourt, south-west of Combles on the D 146. The village was a group of farms, each with a meadow bounded by trees at the junction of several roads. Falfemont Farm was a German strong-point, south-east of Wedge Wood and Guillemont, south-west of Leuze Wood on high ground

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in the two attacking battalions. An attack by the Guards at the north end of Ginchy straightened the line and an attack after dark was made on German machine-gun nests along the road to Morval. On 14 September a battalion of the 56th (1/1st London) Division dug assembly trenches south of Leuze Wood

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also failed. Operations began to capture Ginchy Telegraph and the Quadrilateral on the Ginchy–Morval road, at the top of the Ginchy–Morval spur. An attempt to bomb up to the Quadrilateral from Bouleaux Wood also failed in the face of German machine-gun fire. A brigade from the 5th Division began to

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Crown Prince Rupprecht wrote later that the confusion in Ginchy had been caused by two divisions having responsibility for the defence of the village. The hurried relief of the defenders and lack of organisation at the divisional boundary, enabled a British battalion to find its way in small groups

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by III Battalion, I R 88 and I Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 104 (RIR 104) of the 24th Reserve Division, which had arrived as a reinforcement. Next day was relatively quiet and the 5th Bavarian Division began to relieve the 56th (1/1st London) Division, Bavarian Infantry Regiment 19 (BIR 19)

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was repulsed by small-arms fire, after signals to the German artillery went unanswered and I Battalion, F R 35 had many casualties defending Delville Wood to the west. On 6 September, the British attack got into Ginchy and took a number of prisoners, before being forced back out by a counter-attack

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On the evening of 6 July, German troops were spotted moving into Ginchy, by a 9 Squadron observer and were machine-gunned but a call for artillery-fire went unanswered. Later on more troops were seen and engaged by artillery, prisoners later stating that a battalion lost half its men. On 22 July, 9

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The 20th Brigade attackers quickly occupied Ginchy, came under massed shrapnel-shell and machine-gun fire and was soon pushed back to ZZ, Porter and Stout trenches, west and south-west of the outskirts. The corps commander postponed another attack until 5 September, when a surprise attack was to be

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grenades alerted the Germans and the 24th Division battalion attacked late, after it received contradictory orders. The eastern edge of Delville Wood up to Hop Alley was captured but the German defenders pinned down the rest of the attacking force, when it tried to advance by moving in the open and

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on the Guillemont–Longueval road, the objective being Ginchy Telegraph, site of an old semaphore station on the highest ground east of the village. The ground over which the attack was to pass was overlooked by Ale Alley and Hop Alley, German positions at the east end of Delville Wood. Bombers from

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The Anglo-French attacks of late July and August had been intended to advance through the un-captured part of the German second position, to Falfemont Farm, Guillemont and Leuze Wood, preparatory to the capture of Ginchy and Bouleaux Wood. The British and French armies were to co-operate to capture

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on the German defenders. Anglo-French attempts to co-ordinate their attacks had failed from July to early September, due to a combination of disagreements between Haig, Joffre and Foch over tactics, supply difficulties, devastated terrain, inclement weather and the increasing defensive power of the

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but capture of the ground north of Ginchy gained the British another 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) of the crest from Leuze Wood to Delville Wood, which overlooked the German third position for 9,000 yd (5.1 mi; 8.2 km), from Delville Wood to Mouquet Farm. On 11 September,

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to find its way through German artillery-fire and the dark. A battalion attacking from inside Leuze Wood, managed to capture the main German line beyond the sunken road into Combles at Bouleaux Wood, then advance north-west to the Guillemont–Morval road, south-east of the Quadrilateral and dig in.

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Heavy and accurate German artillery-fire had begun twenty minutes after zero hour and cut communication with the attacking battalions. Contact aircraft reported seeing flares in the village but received no response when more flares were called for. The 7th Division called on corps headquarters for

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The 22nd Brigade, 7th Division had been withdrawn for only two days, before being sent forward again for the attack on Ginchy. The ground had been torn by shell-fire and made muddy by rain, as the brigade took over the south end of Edge Trench and Devil's Trench in Delville Wood on the left, Stout

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After the capture of 6,000 yd (3.4 mi; 5.5 km) of the German second position on Bazentin Ridge by the British on 14 July, the Germans had reinforced the flanks of the captured ground and built more fortifications between the second and third positions. On the right flank the British

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The success of the attack by the French Sixth Army on 12 September, in its biggest operation of the battle and the advance of the right flank of the British Fourth Army from 3 to 9 September, enabled both armies to make much bigger attacks. The assaults were sequenced with attacks by the Tenth and

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the III Battalion, BIR 19 counter-attacked along the Ginchy–Lesbœufs road into a "terrible bombardment" and was stopped short of Ginchy. A report took until nightfall to reach the battalion headquarters. III Battalion, BIR 19 then counter-attacked again into massed artillery and machine-gun fire;

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I Battalion, RIR 28 and some ground was recaptured; contact with Infantry Regiment 161 (IR 161) towards Ginchy was lost temporarily. The left flank of IR 161 had been "demolished" by the British attack and reinforcements from IR 65, were only able to reach the railway north-west of Bouleaux Wood.

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and extended south to recapture Ginchy, when it was seen to have been lost. The attack in the north failed, apart from some troops reaching the left side of Hop Alley and that on Ginchy was stopped by artillery and machine-gun fire at Stout and Porter trenches, where the survivors of the original

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I Corps managed to take Le Priez Farm. Attacks were suspended again to bring up supplies and relieve tired troops, despite the big British attack due on 15 September. Frégicourt, which overlooked part of the area to be attacked by the British was still held by the Germans. Although Foch wanted to

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Attacks were made from the Guillemont–Combles and the Guillemont–Ginchy roads to reach the Quadrilateral, a rectangular trench 300 yd × 150 yd (270 m × 140 m) on a sunken part of the Ginchy–Morval road, which was one of the preliminary objectives of the Fourth Army,

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The area from Ginchy to Delville Wood was held by the 5th Bavarian Division, with I Battalion, BIR 19 from Ginchy to trenches west to Delville Wood and II Battalion, BIR 19 in support; touch with the 185th Division was maintained by patrols. The left of I Battalion, south-east of Ginchy held its

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The 168th Brigade advanced to the north-east, from south of the Leuze Wood–Guillemont road by pivoting on its right flank, intending to reach the German line from Leuze Wood to the Quadrilateral. The right-hand battalion hugged the barrage and reached its first objective easily about 300 yd

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On 12 September, XXXIII Corps attacked towards Mont St Quentin and VII Corps attacked Bouchavesnes, taking the village and digging in facing Cléry and Feuillaucourt. I Corps took Bois d'Anderlu and broke through the German defences near Marrières Wood, before attacking north towards Rancourt and

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25 September to 6 November 1915). Back-lines and switch-trenches were dug, as soon as manpower was available, on reverse slopes with artillery observation posts moved 500–1,500 yd (460–1,370 m) further back. In early September, the relief of the defenders of Ginchy by Bavarian Infantry

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German field fortifications had evolved since July from a trench-system into an outpost line in shell-holes, with supports and reserves further back in shell-holes or any cover that could be found. The outpost line, containing two or three soldiers every 20 yd (18 m) and the occasional

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On 9 September the British began a bombardment early in the morning but waited until late afternoon to advance, to deny the Germans time to counter-attack before dark. The British assault in the south by the 56th (1/1st London) Division and the 16th (Irish) Division reached Bouleaux Wood but the

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to the final objective, at the German trench from the Quadrilateral to Bouleaux Wood. Despite many losses the objective was reached and consolidated, touch being gained with the left of the 169th Brigade and patrols pushed forward towards Morval. Small parties of German infantry were engaged by

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relieved the right of the 168th Brigade with the 169th Brigade, from the boundary with the French Sixth Army at the Combles ravine to the southern portion of Leuze Wood. The 168th Brigade sidestepped left to take over part of the line held by the 49th Brigade of the 16th (Irish) Division and an

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Prior & Wilson wrote that Guillemont had eventually been captured, using improved tactics but that the 7th Division attacked Ginchy with insufficient weight, seeking to keep troops fresh for the big offensive planned for mid-September. Insufficient attention was paid to mopping-up captured

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At noon the main attack began and the right-hand battalion advanced into the south of Ginchy out of view, as the left-hand battalion was caught in flanking fire by the German machine-guns in Ale Alley. Part of the battalion got into the north end of Ginchy and also disappeared, while the rest

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Attempts to link shell-hole positions failed, because they were visible from the air and British reconnaissance aircraft directed artillery onto them. Trenches were abandoned during an attack in preference for shell-holes further forward. Unobtrusive positions were much harder for British air

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The 4th Bavarian Division moved its left boundary to the Longueval–Flers road and the 56th (1/1st London) Division withdrew Infantry Regiment 88 (IR 88) into reserve, which became available to reinforce Fusilier Regiment 35 (FR 35) in Ginchy, which held the western edge of the village with I

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and pushed back to the original front line. The 7th Division commander reported that the division was incapable of another effort and no attack on Ginchy was made on 7 September. An attempt was made to capture the last part of Delville Wood, behind a rifle-grenade barrage which was repulsed.

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began to relieve the left flank of the 56th (1/1st London) and right flank of the Guards divisions. Next day the 6th Division had taken over from Leuze Wood to the edge of Ginchy and attacked the Quadrilateral from the south-west, reaching the Leuze Wood–Ginchy road before being held up by

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an attack by 164th Brigade of the 55th Division captured the east end of Delville Wood and took Hop and Ale alleys but failed to hold them against German artillery and machine-gun fire. A camouflaged trench had been taken to be the objective for a few moments, causing a delay which proved

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A battalion of the 169th Brigade advanced from the south-east of Leuze Wood towards Loop Trench, to establish a defensive flank along the Combles ravine. German artillery and machine-gun fire forced the battalion back; another battalion was sent forward as reinforcements but took until

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ground, although contact with the rear was lost. Opposite Delville Wood, the British attack was defeated but a company in Ginchy was rolled up from the south and part of II Battalion was also pushed back. Attempts by the II Battalion to counter-attack from north of the village at

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and the eastern edge of Delville Wood. The advance was then to continue to Hop Alley and Ale Alley, then from Pint Trench to Lager Lane on the road from Ginchy to Flers; III Corps was to take Wood Lane and the east corner of High Wood. A bombardment was to begin on 9 September at

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The two 16th (Irish) Division brigades began the attack tired and worn down, after earlier attacks while attached to the 5th Division and 20th Division. The two attacking battalions of the 47th Brigade on the right flank were held back for two minutes after zero hour for a final

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A general relief of the German divisions on the Somme was known to have been completed in late August and the assessment of German divisions available as reinforcements was increased to eight. GHQ Intelligence considered a German division on the British front was worn-out after

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A creeping barrage was arranged to begin at zero hour (noon) and dwell for five minutes, so that the infantry could close up to the German front line 400 yd (370 m) away, then creep forward in three lifts through Ginchy. The bombers advanced towards Hop Alley at

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The Sixth Army attacked north of the Somme at noon on 3 September, capturing most of Cléry, the German position along the Cléry to Le Forêt road and all of the village of Le Forêt. On the left I Corps occupied high ground south of Combles and entered Bois Douage, taking

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Germans in the north end of the village then worked round the open left flank and counter-attacked, pushing the survivors back to Porter Trench, except for a party which held on to a position on the Guillemont road, at the boundary with XIV Corps. A new attack at

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German armies. In September, the Allies managed to co-ordinate their attacks; advances on each army front made adjacent German positions vulnerable, which were attacked promptly by the neighbouring army before the Germans recovered from their disorganisation.

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observers to spot and much more artillery ammunition was needed to bombard areas which were thought to contain them. Trench-lines retained their value as rallying points and accommodation and new ones were built according to the defensive lessons of the

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were required to complete the advance to positions which would give observation over the German third position. The advance was to make ready for a general attack in mid-September, for which the Anglo-French armies had been preparing since early August.

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J. P. Harris described British efforts between 15 July and 14 September, a "dissolution" and that the large number of piecemeal attacks demonstrate a failure of command, primarily by Haig. He suggested that the British could have established an

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but also got lost in the dark and mist. The German defence collapsed into confusion, with one party attacking the British from behind. As dawn broke some of the battalion found that they were at the trench south-east of the Quadrilateral.

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level of command, similar to those in the French and German armies. Despite criticism of British methods and results, Harris noted that things were worse for the Germans, who were deluged by British artillery, directed by "ubiquitous"

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on the night of 9/10 September, from the edge of Leuze Wood along the Ginchy road to Ginchy, as the British hold on Ginchy was consolidated. Next day the 56th (1/1st London) Division attacked south-east from Leuze Wood at

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keep pressure on the Germans south of the river, supply priority was given to the Sixth Army; the Tenth Army met frequent German counter-attacks near Berny, which took some ground and was not able to resume its attacks.

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the 91st Brigade and part of the 22nd Brigade attacked the German positions on the northern flank five minutes before zero, with support from a 24th Division battalion on the left. The British bombardment increased at

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Sailly-Saillisel. On 13 September, I Corps closed on Le Priez Farm and VII Corps defeated several big German counter-attacks. Next day the attacks of VII and XXXIII corps were stopped by mud and German defensive fire.

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Publication of German casualty statistics for July 1916, showed that seven of the twelve divisions engaged by the British in July, had lost more than 50 per cent of their infantry, which increased optimism at

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Maltz Horn Farm lay about half-way between Hardecourt and Guillemont, due south of Arrow Head Copse, south-east of Trônes Wood and was the boundary between the French Sixth and the British Fourth armies.

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the British attacked from the Guillemont–Ginchy road, behind a creeping barrage and reached the village, taking a number of prisoners, before being cut off by a German counter-barrage, attacked at

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and Porter trenches on the right facing Ginchy, with a battalion in support in Montauban Alley and a battalion in reserve in Pommiers Trench. A noon attack was planned to mislead the Germans.

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machine-gun was often overrun, after which similar shell-hole positions were improvised by the British before a German counter-attack could be mounted. The hasty German counter-attack (

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taking over the defence of Ginchy amid considerable confusion caused by ignorance of the situation in the village, which had disappeared due to the effect of constant bombardment.

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as parts of I Battalion, IR 88 and III battalion, F R 35 advanced slowly through the south of the village to the south-eastern corner. Elements of both regiments attacked again at

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British attacks on Ginchy began on 3 September in the XV Corps area, when the 22nd Brigade of the 7th Division advanced eastwards, on a line from Waterlot Farm north to

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Battalion FR 35 and part of I Battalion, IR 88, until forced back by the British attack on 3 September. Parts of both battalions counter-attacked from Pint Trench at

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From mid-July the German 2nd Army had been split and a new 1st Army commanded by Below established on the north side of the Somme, both under the command of General

1832:

and after hand-to-hand fighting recaptured the rest of the village but were not able to link with IR 76 to the south-west, which had been forced out of Guillemont.

4658: 4482: 3822: 5100: 5128: 3635: 326: 5316: 5043: 4735: 3693: 1163: 556: 1241:

on 8 September, the 56th (1/1st London) Division attacked down Combles Trench from Leuze Wood, advancing a short distance before a German counter-attack at

5423: 5561: 5331: 5086: 5326: 5016: 4967: 4882: 5556: 5170: 2106:

The Quadrilateral was a rectangular trench 300 yd × 150 yd (270 m × 140 m) on a sunken part of the Ginchy–Morval road.

5576: 793: 549: 252: 2006:

from 1 to 10 September and was transferred to the Second Army in Flanders. From 23 August to its relief on 7 September, the 7th Division suffered

5011: 4369: 855: 530: 5581: 3800: 3862: 5071: 5001: 4640: 3852: 3763: 1501: 1232:

still in German possession. In the aftermath of the last attack of the Battle of Guillemont (3 to 6 September), in the XIV Corps area, the

5095: 3986: 3440: 1218:(Duck's Bill) dominated the approaches to the village. An attack from west needed the support of a simultaneous attack northwards on the 488: 136: 3663: 3993: 1151: 776: 78: 3645: 5321: 5253: 5091: 5078: 5035: 4944: 4670: 4472: 4379: 4281: 4039: 3686: 5445: 5435: 5303: 2045: 5217: 5151: 4988: 4867: 4540: 3559: 3415: 3367: 3343: 3324: 3298: 3277: 3216: 3197: 3178: 3159: 3136: 3117: 3098: 3072: 3051: 3032: 3013: 2994: 2975: 2953: 2917: 1154:(BEF) General Headquarters (GHQ), that the German defence of the Somme front was weakening. GHQ Intelligence made a guess of 1801:

British troops were still visible at the east end of Ginchy but the German troops seen earlier managed to counter-attack at

5392: 4812: 3597: 245: 188: 3338:. Foreign Military Studies. Translated by Zabecki, D. T.; Biedekarken, D. J. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 5163: 4487: 4115: 3620: 2037:

relieve units of the 56th (1/1st London) Division and the Guards Division defeated German attempts to re-capture Ginchy.

498: 434: 5377: 5362: 4652: 4054: 3812: 1444:

that the far side of the village had been reached and the eastern and south-eastern outskirts were being consolidated.

1362:

and twelve guns. The Tenth Army attacked on the south bank on 4 September, from Chilly to Barleux and took Chilly and

1276:, to deceive the Germans as to the time of the attack and to deny them an opportunity to counter-attack before dark. 641: 5237: 4931: 4747: 4019: 3490: 594: 197: 4417: 3455: 2024: 1010: 314: 5488: 5293: 5273: 5060: 4996: 4819: 4688: 3592: 3512: 3450: 1813: 1233: 1102: 1098: 712: 424: 380: 238: 4153: 5586: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5268: 4962: 3607: 3582: 3480: 1179:

June 1916, which left the Secret Service and GHQ Intelligence ignorant of German troop movements in the area.)

1288: 5263: 5258: 5222: 5156: 5048: 4894: 4477: 4329: 3867: 3795: 3726: 3495: 3465: 3460: 734: 2044:

along the Morval road, as the 56th (1/1st London) Division attacked towards the Quadrilateral again and the

658: 5546: 5212: 4839: 4779: 4676: 4581: 4344: 4130: 3834: 3673: 3572: 2032:

but was stopped by machine-gun fire from Loop Trench and the sunken road into Combles; a second attempt at

1483: 1090: 833: 663: 493: 5450: 4887: 4872: 4730: 4682: 4447: 3998: 3872: 3785: 3780: 3549: 3537: 3532: 2059: 1956:(RFC) observers overhead. German troops made seventy counter-attacks against ninety British attacks from 1033: 1005: 985: 818: 573: 446: 441: 176: 4059: 1792:

Another aircraft flight took place during the attack and observed British infantry enter the village at

1460: 675: 5430: 5387: 4664: 4422: 4407: 4309: 4178: 3746: 3658: 3615: 3067:. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 1960:, most of which were costly failures, were too frequent and wasted troops on insignificant objectives. 1330: 1078: 1050: 980: 970: 948: 882: 798: 788: 761: 589: 3234: 5372: 5140: 4724: 4712: 4467: 4452: 4173: 4064: 3758: 3736: 3485: 3475: 3408: 1082: 1028: 1000: 955: 938: 894: 808: 729: 685: 680: 468: 4319: 1929: 331: 5571: 5347: 4834: 4824: 4753: 4706: 4694: 4634: 4442: 4437: 4359: 3768: 3741: 3445: 2128:

The site of a French Revolutionary War semaphore station on the highest ground east of the village.

995: 933: 909: 813: 739: 456: 451: 414: 321: 5566: 5418: 5410: 5352: 5112: 4807: 4570: 4397: 4392: 4324: 4183: 4168: 4163: 4143: 4024: 3901: 3110:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 – the End of the Battles of the Somme

2023:

before the big offensive planned for 15 September. The 16th (Irish) Division was relieved by the

1778: 960: 921: 899: 749: 690: 616: 353: 309: 304: 279: 4364: 1506:

German defensive lines, vicinity of Delville Wood, Ginchy, Maurepas, Morval, July–September 1916

5185: 4909: 4844: 4700: 4427: 4354: 4304: 4289: 4271: 4244: 4158: 4125: 3790: 3751: 3731: 3542: 3435: 3319:. Vol. I (pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: John Murray. 1854:(Duck's Bill), a former meadow in the area between Delville Wood and Ginchy, were subjected to 975: 943: 904: 872: 803: 771: 744: 717: 626: 513: 407: 385: 363: 284: 192: 3064:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

3025:

When the Barrage Lifts: A Topographical History and Commentary on the Battle of the Somme 1916

754: 483: 402: 5175: 4829: 4718: 4494: 4457: 4387: 4334: 4256: 4224: 4198: 4148: 4079: 3981: 3934: 3718: 3587: 3470: 1747: 1225: 1054: 990: 965: 823: 705: 609: 419: 150: 1319:) was rarely mounted because of the chronic shortage of infantry, artillery and ammunition. 358: 5525: 5440: 4120: 4094: 4044: 3401: 1972: 1074: 877: 370: 346: 289: 4069: 2062:(15 to 22 September). The Quadrilateral was captured by the 6th Division on 18 September. 8: 5507: 4646: 4510: 4462: 4339: 4299: 4294: 4239: 3922: 3916: 3817: 1113:

Reserve armies in September, which captured much more ground and inflicted approximately

1094: 887: 843: 838: 653: 631: 463: 341: 336: 299: 262: 30: 5460: 3388: 5467: 5382: 4741: 4605: 4587: 4552: 4516: 4349: 4314: 4266: 4251: 4138: 4089: 3928: 3887: 3567: 1953: 1528:

On the right of XIV Corps, the 56th (1/1st London) Division attacked on 9 September at

860: 700: 621: 429: 397: 42: 599: 5500: 5494: 5455: 5357: 5190: 4773: 4628: 4611: 4412: 4234: 4214: 4049: 4034: 3964: 3952: 3653: 3630: 3577: 3363: 3339: 3320: 3294: 3273: 3240: 3212: 3193: 3174: 3155: 3132: 3113: 3094: 3068: 3062: 3047: 3028: 3009: 2990: 2971: 2963: 2949: 2932: 2913: 926: 867: 670: 525: 294: 4558: 4528: 4522: 4432: 4261: 4229: 4219: 3958: 3882: 3877: 3805: 3625: 3525: 2116: 1906:. Franco-British attacks in September caused a crisis in the German defence and by 1159: 828: 604: 392: 201: 3129:

Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century

1917:

to advance 1,000 yd (910 m) on a 5 mi (8.0 km) front and cost

1873:

failed, the troops getting lost in the dark during the second attack. Next day at

1377: 1131: 184: 5367: 5207: 4546: 4099: 4074: 3773: 3681: 3520: 1367: 1228:

fire and arrangements for the big offensive planned for mid-September continued.

1023: 695: 520: 205: 34: 5200: 5180: 4851: 4564: 4402: 4193: 4084: 3940: 3844: 3827: 3288: 1940: 1891: 1313:) was forestalled and the remedy of a well-prepared methodical counter-attack ( 1253: 766: 636: 503: 180: 5540: 5311: 4599: 4593: 4029: 3946: 3857: 3244: 2936: 1986: 1476: 1411: 648: 164: 93: 80: 4761: 4188: 1294: 3362:(pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Dent. 3148: 1516:

pushed back by a counter-attack from Ginchy. After another bombardment at

1363: 4972: 4877: 4575: 4003: 3424: 1989:

Josef Liebl who was killed during the Battle of Ginchy, 9 September 1916.

1452:

on the northern flank, from Pilsen Lane against Hop Alley was ordered at

1073:, 2.5 mi (4 km) to the south-east. After the conclusion of the 2948:(Naval & Military Press ed.). Liverpool: Liverpool Daily Post. 2040:

Ginchy Telegraph was attacked by the Guards Division on 12 September at

1400: 1978: 1948: 1570: 1347: 1167: 1101:

on the evening of 7 September and the 5th Division was replaced by the

1066: 508: 3211:(hbk. Repr. Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. 1878:

part of the battalion penetrated Ginchy, where they were overwhelmed.

4767: 4534: 3192:(hbk. repr. Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper. 2987:

The Fifty Sixth Division 1914–1918 (1st London Territorial Division)

5027: 3336:

Lossberg's War: The World War I Memoirs of a German Chief of Staff

1783:

Air reconnaissance camera, operated by the pilot of a B.E.2c, 1916

230: 3093:(Arms & Armour Press ed.). London: Weidenfeld Military. 1982: 1070: 1058: 3354:

1914–1918 (Berlin, Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn 1939)

2968:

Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

1493:

attempted. Further north the attack from Delville Wood began at

1382:

Modern map of Péronne and vicinity (commune FR insee code 80620)

541: 1910:

many German infantry units were at the end of their endurance.

1136:

Modern map of Ginchy and vicinity (commune FR insee code 80378)

1062: 72: 68: 3393: 2742: 5195: 2625: 2912:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: John Murray. 2324: 1762:

prisoners, the rest withdrawing towards Flers and Lesbœufs.

1479:, requested the use of the 20th Brigade for another attack. 2754: 2678: 2676: 2555: 2553: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2422: 2420: 2341: 2339: 2275: 2273: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2097:

Military units in this section are French unless specified.

2002:

in the defence of Ginchy. The 16th Irish Division suffered

2880: 2868: 2793: 2514: 2180: 1089:

British attacks northwards from the boundary between the

3317:

History of the Guards Division in the Great War 1915–1918

2856: 2846: 2844: 2805: 2781: 2392: 2390: 2771: 2769: 2730: 2703: 2673: 2649: 2637: 2550: 2478: 2466: 2432: 2417: 2363: 2351: 2336: 2270: 2243: 2192: 2158: 2156: 3270:

Haig’s Intelligence: GHQ and the German Army, 1916–1918

3008:(Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2720: 2718: 2693: 2691: 2456: 2454: 2407: 2405: 2314: 2312: 2285: 2260: 2258: 2841: 2661: 2502: 2387: 2168: 2141: 1977:

Detail of the war memorial in the village of Preying (

1848:

On 8 September, the men of I Battalion, I R 88 at the

1237:

advanced trench dug near Leuze Wood was abandoned. At

1069:, at the junction of six roads, on a rise overlooking 2989:(Naval and Military Press ed.). London: Murray. 2766: 2577: 2297: 2153: 2829: 2817: 2715: 2688: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2565: 2538: 2526: 2490: 2451: 2402: 2375: 2309: 2255: 5552:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

3236:

British Intelligence and the German Army, 1914–1918

3209:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

3006:

Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916

2231: 2219: 1224:, to prevent the Germans defeating the attack with 3147: 1366:after three days of attacks but failed to capture 2119:, an artillery specialist brought in from Verdun. 5538: 3389:Campaign Map, Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2946:The Story of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division 1342: 127: 4370:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 3293:(Forgotten Books ed.). London: Heinemann. 2058:parallel to Combles Trench, preparatory to the 1272:, with no increase in intensity before zero at 1105:on the right at the boundary with the French. 3409: 2010:The 24th Division had suffered approximately 1245:on 9 September bombed them back to the wood. 557: 246: 3171:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army 1855: 1849: 1547:Lewis-gun fire in the gloom and driven off. 1324: 1314: 1308: 1219: 1213: 1065:is 0.93 mi (1.5 km) north-east of 4860: 3145: 3046:(2nd pbk. repr. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. 2984: 2811: 2748: 2330: 1475:and the divisional commander Major-General 5562:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 3416: 3402: 3384:Ginchy, Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1471:another bombardment by heavy artillery at 1049:took place on 9 September 1916 during the 564: 550: 253: 239: 3272:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3168: 2357: 2213: 5557:Battles of World War I involving Germany 4659:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3333: 3126: 3088: 2926: 2907: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2760: 2291: 2201: 2174: 2147: 2017: 1971: 1928: 1890: 1812: 1777: 1500: 1459: 1399: 1376: 1346: 1287: 1252: 1130: 1126: 141: 16:A part of the Battle of the Somme in WWI 5577:Battles of World War I involving France 5036:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3357: 3314: 3187: 3131:(1st ed.). London: Little, Brown. 3022: 2962: 2886: 2799: 2667: 2520: 2508: 2396: 2186: 2162: 1754:Two battalions leap-frogged through at 1352:French Tenth and Sixth army areas, 1916 1206: 5539: 3190:The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916 3041: 2787: 2775: 2049:machine-gun fire. A second attempt at 1283: 5582:Campaigns and theatres of World War I 4989:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4325:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3397: 3286: 3267: 3232: 3206: 3107: 3060: 3003: 2835: 2823: 2736: 2724: 2709: 2697: 2682: 2655: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2571: 2559: 2544: 2532: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2445: 2426: 2411: 2381: 2369: 2345: 2318: 2279: 2264: 2249: 2237: 2225: 1158:casualties, while Lieutenant-General 545: 234: 5393:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 3044:Douglas Haig and the First World War 2943: 2583: 2303: 5322:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4116:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 1998:Bavarian Infantry Regiment 19 lost 260: 13: 4055:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3261: 3239:(PhD). London: London University. 2931:(reprint ed.). London: Dent. 1913:It had taken the Fourth Army from 1808: 14: 5598: 3377: 3091:The Somme: The Day-by-Day Account 1773: 571: 198:Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria 4418:Second Battle of the Piave River 4040:Russian invasion of East Prussia 2970:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 1934:German prisoners taken at Ginchy 1465:Troops advance, Battle of Ginchy 1258:60-pounder battery, Contalmaison 157: 143: 129: 41: 5489:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 4689:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3423: 3164:– via Archive Foundation. 2122: 2109: 2100: 2091: 1248: 1099:55th (West Lancashire) Division 5312:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 5171:Deportations from East Prussia 4968:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3146:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2005). 2910:The Seventh Division 1914–1918 2081: 2072: 1549: 1395: 1: 5223:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3360:A Subaltern on the Somme 1916 3352:Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkriege 2929:Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches 2895: 2088:overlooking Allied positions. 1967: 1939:In the 7th Division history, 1343:French Sixth and Tenth armies 1121: 220: 5378:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 4677:Estonian War of Independence 4345:Southern Palestine offensive 3334:Lossberg, Fritz von (2017). 2985:Dudley Ward, C. H. (2001) . 2135: 1881: 1818:Sommekämpfer (Somme fighter) 1511:A second attack was made at 1234:56th (1/1st London) Division 1103:56th (1/1st London) Division 7: 5332:USA against Austria-Hungary 4731:Turkish War of Independence 4683:Latvian War of Independence 4408:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 3999:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2060:Battle of Flers-Courcelette 1886: 1436:by bombing along trenches. 1370:, Derniécourt and Barleux. 1152:British Expeditionary Force 1034:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 5603: 5415:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 4963:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 4423:Second Battle of the Marne 4310:Second battle of the Aisne 4179:Second Battle of Champagne 4020:German invasion of Belgium 3027:. Norwich: Gliddon Books. 1331:Second Battle of Champagne 1201: 275:Battles of the Somme, 1916 5521: 5480: 5401: 5340: 5302: 5246: 5235: 5196:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5139: 5111: 5059: 4981: 4955: 4907: 4800: 4793: 4725:Irish War of Independence 4621: 4503: 4468:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4453:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4378: 4280: 4207: 4108: 4065:First Battle of the Marne 4012: 3974: 3909: 3900: 3843: 3717: 3706: 3672: 3644: 3606: 3558: 3511: 3504: 3431: 2927:Boraston, J. H. (1920) . 2908:Atkinson, C. T. (2009) . 2014:since the end of August. 1758:and took the village and 1337: 581: 272: 211: 170: 121: 51: 40: 28: 23: 5348:Constantinople Agreement 4641:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 4504:Co-belligerent conflicts 4473:Second Romanian campaign 4443:Third Transjordan attack 4154:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4060:Battle of Grand Couronné 3290:The Battles of the Somme 2634:, pp. 244, 247–250. 2065: 1457:attack were holding on. 5411:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5363:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 4671:Greater Poland Uprising 4571:National Protection War 4448:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4398:German spring offensive 4393:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4169:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 4144:Second Battle of Artois 4025:Battle of the Frontiers 3173:. London: Aurum Press. 3042:Harris, J. P. (2009) . 2749:Prior & Wilson 2005 1958:15 July to 14 September 1915:15 July to 14 September 1871:6:20 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. 922:German spring offensive 5436:Paris Peace Conference 5424:Ukraine–Central Powers 5218:Massacres of Albanians 5186:Late Ottoman genocides 4993:Bulgarian occupations 4701:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4665:Hungarian–Romanian War 4483:Naval Victory Bulletin 4478:Armistice with Germany 4428:Hundred Days Offensive 4355:Battle of La Malmaison 4305:Second battle of Arras 4272:Battle of Transylvania 4126:Second Battle of Ypres 3994:Sarajevo assassination 3883:South African Republic 3207:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 3169:Sheffield, G. (2011). 3089:McCarthy, C. (1995) . 3061:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 1991: 1936: 1898: 1856: 1850: 1820: 1785: 1508: 1467: 1407: 1384: 1354: 1325: 1315: 1309: 1299: 1260: 1220: 1214: 1138: 193:Joseph Alfred Micheler 171:Commanders and leaders 94:50.022667°N 2.832444°E 5587:September 1916 events 5446:Treaty of St. Germain 5419:Russia–Central Powers 5373:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5201:Pontic Greek genocide 5176:Destruction of Kalisz 5152:Eastern Mediterranean 4713:Polish–Lithuanian War 4495:Armistice of Belgrade 4458:Armistice of Salonica 4388:Operation Faustschlag 4335:Third Battle of Oituz 4257:Baranovichi offensive 4225:Lake Naroch offensive 4199:Battle of Robat Karim 4174:Vistula–Bug offensive 4149:Battles of the Isonzo 4080:First Battle of Ypres 3358:Plowman, M. (2009) . 3315:Headlam, C. (2010) . 3188:Sheldon, J. (2006) . 3127:Philpott, W. (2009). 2944:Coop, J. A. (2009) . 2018:Subsequent operations 1975: 1932: 1894: 1816: 1781: 1748:hurricane bombardment 1556:(1–11 September 1916) 1504: 1463: 1431:but smoke from their 1403: 1380: 1350: 1297:heavy field howitzers 1291: 1256: 1170:in London, estimated 1164:Military Intelligence 1134: 1127:Tactical developments 1055:16th (Irish) Division 5441:Treaty of Versailles 5157:Mount Lebanon famine 5072:in the United States 5040:Russian occupations 4754:Turkish–Armenian War 4695:Polish–Ukrainian War 4635:Ukrainian–Soviet War 4582:Central Asian Revolt 4365:Armistice of Focșani 4095:Battle of Sarikamish 4045:Battle of Tannenberg 3441:Military engagements 3247:. uk.bl.ethos.416459 3023:Gliddon, G. (1987). 2189:, pp. 315, 145. 1835:A British attack at 1207:British preparations 1075:Battle of Guillemont 1029:French Army mutinies 1024:1914 Christmas truce 794:Hohenzollern Redoubt 435:Butte de Warlencourt 5547:Battle of the Somme 5508:They shall not pass 5431:Treaty of Bucharest 5388:Treaty of Bucharest 5327:USA against Germany 5304:Declarations of war 5008:German occupations 4921:British casualties 4780:Soviet–Georgian War 4707:Egyptian Revolution 4647:Armeno-Georgian War 4511:Somaliland campaign 4463:Armistice of Mudros 4340:Battle of Caporetto 4330:Battle of Mărășești 4300:Zimmermann telegram 4295:February Revolution 4240:Battle of the Somme 4164:Bug-Narew Offensive 4139:Battle of Gallipoli 4131:Sinking of the RMS 3923:Scramble for Africa 3917:Franco-Prussian War 3573:Sinai and Palestine 3287:Gibbs, P. (2010) . 3268:Beach, Jim (2013). 3108:Miles, W. (1992) . 3004:Duffy, C. (2007) . 2889:, pp. 176–178. 2802:, pp. 279–280. 2790:, pp. 256–257. 2763:, pp. 317–318. 2751:, pp. 170–171. 2739:, pp. 208–209. 2712:, pp. 207–208. 2685:, pp. 271–274. 2658:, pp. 265–268. 2646:, pp. 262–265. 2562:, pp. 274–275. 2523:, pp. 419–421. 2487:, pp. 266–267. 2475:, pp. 265–266. 2448:, pp. 262–263. 2429:, pp. 286–287. 2372:, pp. 123–126. 2348:, pp. 122–123. 2282:, pp. 272–273. 2252:, pp. 173–175. 2216:, pp. 186–187. 1896:Somme situation map 1558: 1482:Lieutenant-General 1405:Delville Wood, 1916 1284:German preparations 1051:Battle of the Somme 1018:Associated articles 735:Hartmannswillerkopf 595:Invasion of Belgium 478:Associated articles 99:50.022667; 2.832444 90: / 31:Battle of the Somme 5468:Treaty of Lausanne 5383:Paris Economy Pact 5317:UK against Germany 5247:Entry into the war 5213:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 4932:Ottoman casualties 4742:Franco-Turkish War 4622:Post-War conflicts 4606:Russian Revolution 4588:Invasion of Darfur 4553:Kelantan rebellion 4541:Kurdish rebellions 4517:Mexican Revolution 4350:October Revolution 4315:Kerensky offensive 4290:Capture of Baghdad 4267:Monastir offensive 4252:Brusilov offensive 4090:Battle of Kolubara 3929:Russo-Japanese War 3233:Beach, J. (2005). 2877:, pp. 99–100. 1996:7 to 12 September, 1992: 1985:) naming Infantry 1954:Royal Flying Corps 1937: 1899: 1821: 1786: 1550: 1509: 1468: 1408: 1385: 1355: 1300: 1261: 1139: 1115:130,000 casualties 224: 3 divisions 5534: 5533: 5517: 5516: 5501:The Golden Virgin 5495:Mutilated victory 5476: 5475: 5456:Treaty of Trianon 5451:Treaty of Neuilly 5358:Damascus Protocol 5231: 5230: 5191:Armenian genocide 5148:Allied blockades 5120:Belgian refugees 4903: 4902: 4813:Strategic bombing 4789: 4788: 4774:Franco-Syrian War 4748:Greco-Turkish War 4736:Anglo-Turkish War 4719:Polish–Soviet War 4653:German Revolution 4629:Russian Civil War 4612:Finnish Civil War 4438:Battle of Megiddo 4413:Battle of Goychay 4360:Battle of Cambrai 4320:Battle of Mărăști 4235:Battle of Jutland 4215:Erzurum offensive 4070:Siege of Przemyśl 4050:Siege of Tsingtao 4035:Battle of Galicia 3965:Second Balkan War 3953:Italo-Turkish War 3910:Pre-War conflicts 3896: 3895: 3786:Portuguese Empire 3702: 3701: 3664:German New Guinea 3646:Asian and Pacific 3369:978-1-84342-044-6 3345:978-0-8131-6980-4 3326:978-1-84342-124-5 3300:978-1-4400-4376-5 3279:978-1-107-03961-2 3218:978-0-8371-5029-1 3199:978-1-84415-269-8 3180:978-1-84513-691-8 3161:978-0-300-10694-7 3138:978-1-4087-0108-9 3119:978-0-901627-76-6 3100:978-1-85409-330-1 3074:978-1-84342-413-0 3053:978-0-521-89802-7 3034:978-0-947893-02-6 3015:978-0-7538-2202-9 2996:978-1-84342-111-5 2977:978-0-674-01880-8 2955:978-1-84342-263-1 2919:978-1-84342-119-1 2865:, pp. 98–99. 2586:, pp. 39–40. 2333:, pp. 59–60. 2306:, pp. 37–39. 2204:, pp. 32–33. 2008:3,800 casualties. 1919:82,000 casualties 1908:5 to 6 September, 1734: 1733: 1557: 1042: 1041: 868:Nivelle offensive 642:Trouée de Charmes 539: 538: 526:Thiepval Memorial 381:Flers–Courcelette 229: 228: 117: 116: 5594: 5461:Treaty of Sèvres 5353:Treaty of London 5244: 5243: 5022:Northeast France 4953: 4952: 4925:Parliamentarians 4858: 4857: 4820:Chemical weapons 4798: 4797: 4559:Senussi campaign 4529:Muscat rebellion 4523:Maritz rebellion 4491: 4433:Vardar offensive 4262:Battle of Romani 4230:Battle of Asiago 4220:Battle of Verdun 4184:Kosovo offensive 3959:First Balkan War 3907: 3906: 3806:Russian Republic 3715: 3714: 3509: 3508: 3451:Economic history 3418: 3411: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3373: 3349: 3330: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3283: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3222: 3203: 3184: 3165: 3154:. London: Yale. 3153: 3142: 3123: 3104: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3057: 3038: 3019: 3000: 2981: 2959: 2940: 2923: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2812:Dudley Ward 2001 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2686: 2680: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2430: 2424: 2415: 2409: 2400: 2394: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2331:Dudley Ward 2001 2328: 2322: 2316: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2151: 2145: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2117:Max von Gallwitz 2113: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2056: 2052: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2013: 2012:2,000 casualties 2009: 2005: 2004:4,330 casualties 2001: 1997: 1959: 1941:Charles Atkinson 1920: 1916: 1909: 1905: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1843: 1838: 1831: 1827: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1740: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1536: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1496: 1489: 1474: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1430: 1423:became intense. 1422: 1418: 1361: 1328: 1318: 1312: 1275: 1271: 1244: 1240: 1223: 1217: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1177: 1173: 1160:George Macdonogh 1157: 1116: 1077:on 6 September, 1047:Battle of Ginchy 981:St Quentin Canal 576: 566: 559: 552: 543: 542: 484:Hébuterne (1915) 447:Schwaben Redoubt 267: 265: 255: 248: 241: 232: 231: 225: 222: 202:Max von Gallwitz 163: 161: 160: 153: 149: 147: 146: 139: 135: 133: 132: 105: 104: 102: 101: 100: 95: 91: 88: 87: 86: 83: 59:9 September 1916 53: 52: 47:Battle of Ginchy 45: 24:Battle of Ginchy 21: 20: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5572:Battles in 1916 5537: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5513: 5472: 5404: 5397: 5368:Treaty of Darin 5336: 5298: 5254:Austria-Hungary 5240: 5227: 5208:Rape of Belgium 5135: 5107: 5055: 5049:Western Armenia 5044:Eastern Galicia 4977: 4951: 4915: 4914:Civilian impact 4913: 4899: 4856: 4785: 4617: 4547:Ovambo Uprising 4499: 4485: 4374: 4276: 4203: 4121:Battle of Łomża 4104: 4100:Christmas truce 4075:Race to the Sea 4008: 3970: 3892: 3863:Austria-Hungary 3839: 3774:Empire of Japan 3711: 3709: 3698: 3682:U-boat campaign 3668: 3640: 3602: 3554: 3500: 3481:Popular culture 3427: 3422: 3380: 3370: 3350:Translation of 3346: 3327: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3280: 3264: 3262:Further reading 3259: 3250: 3248: 3219: 3200: 3181: 3162: 3139: 3120: 3101: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3054: 3035: 3016: 2997: 2978: 2956: 2920: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2689: 2681: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2433: 2425: 2418: 2410: 2403: 2395: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2271: 2263: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2054: 2050: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2025:Guards Division 2020: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1970: 1957: 1935: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1889: 1884: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1811: 1809:German 1st Army 1802: 1798: 1793: 1784: 1776: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1738: 1687: 1566: 1554: 1543: 1534: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1494: 1487: 1472: 1466: 1453: 1449: 1441: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1406: 1398: 1383: 1368:Vermandovillers 1360:2,000 prisoners 1359: 1353: 1345: 1340: 1298: 1286: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1251: 1242: 1238: 1209: 1204: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1175: 1171: 1155: 1137: 1129: 1124: 1114: 1093:and the French 1061:-held village. 1043: 1038: 1015: 819:Vimy Ridge 1916 696:Race to the Sea 664:1st St. Quentin 586: 577: 572: 570: 540: 535: 521:Leipzig Salient 489:Order of Battle 475: 268: 264:Somme Offensive 263: 261: 259: 223: 206:Fritz von Below 204: 200: 191: 189:Henry Rawlinson 187: 183: 179: 158: 156: 144: 142: 140: 130: 128: 113:British victory 98: 96: 92: 89: 84: 81: 79: 77: 76: 75: 46: 35:First World War 17: 12: 11: 5: 5600: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5567:1916 in France 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5403:Peace treaties 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5289:United Kingdom 5286: 5281: 5279:Ottoman Empire 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5181:Sack of Dinant 5178: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5129:United Kingdom 5126: 5117: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5089: 5083:POW locations 5081: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4918: 4916: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4883:United Kingdom 4880: 4878:Ottoman Empire 4875: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4855: 4854: 4852:Trench warfare 4849: 4848: 4847: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4804: 4802: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4568: 4565:Volta-Bani War 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4403:Zeebrugge Raid 4400: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4194:Battle of Loos 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4085:Black Sea raid 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3987:Historiography 3978: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3941:Bosnian Crisis 3938: 3935:Tangier Crisis 3932: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3868:Ottoman Empire 3865: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3845:Central Powers 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3828:British Empire 3823:United Kingdom 3820: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3801:Russian Empire 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3719:Entente Powers 3712: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3687:North Atlantic 3678: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3598:Central Arabia 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3560:Middle Eastern 3556: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3517: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3461:Historiography 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3378:External links 3376: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3355: 3344: 3331: 3325: 3312: 3299: 3284: 3278: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3204: 3198: 3185: 3179: 3166: 3160: 3143: 3137: 3124: 3118: 3105: 3099: 3086: 3073: 3058: 3052: 3039: 3033: 3020: 3014: 3001: 2995: 2982: 2976: 2964:Doughty, R. A. 2960: 2954: 2941: 2924: 2918: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2840: 2838:, p. 268. 2828: 2826:, p. 267. 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2778:, p. 256. 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2727:, p. 208. 2714: 2702: 2700:, p. 276. 2687: 2672: 2670:, p. 281. 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2622:, p. 244. 2612: 2610:, p. 238. 2600: 2598:, p. 226. 2588: 2576: 2574:, p. 275. 2564: 2549: 2547:, p. 274. 2537: 2535:, p. 273. 2525: 2513: 2511:, p. 176. 2501: 2499:, p. 272. 2489: 2477: 2465: 2463:, p. 262. 2450: 2431: 2416: 2414:, p. 286. 2401: 2399:, p. 304. 2386: 2384:, p. 207. 2374: 2362: 2360:, p. 188. 2358:Sheffield 2011 2350: 2335: 2323: 2321:, p. 271. 2308: 2296: 2294:, p. 308. 2284: 2269: 2267:, p. 288. 2254: 2242: 2230: 2228:, p. 176. 2218: 2214:Sheffield 2011 2206: 2191: 2179: 2177:, p. 242. 2167: 2165:, p. 284. 2152: 2150:, p. 355. 2139: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2121: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2080: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2055:521 casualties 2019: 2016: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1933: 1895: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1862:7/8 September, 1817: 1810: 1807: 1782: 1775: 1774:Air operations 1772: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1505: 1464: 1404: 1397: 1394: 1381: 1351: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1326:Herbstschlacht 1292: 1285: 1282: 1257: 1250: 1247: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1176:175,000 German 1162:, Director of 1156:130,000 German 1135: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1014: 1013: 1011:Lys and Escaut 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 913: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 891: 890: 885: 880: 875: 865: 858: 847: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 780: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 758: 757: 747: 742: 740:Neuve Chapelle 737: 732: 721: 720: 715: 713:Winter actions 710: 709: 708: 703: 693: 688: 683: 678: 676:Grand Couronné 673: 668: 667: 666: 661: 656: 646: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 614: 613: 612: 607: 602: 592: 582: 579: 578: 569: 568: 561: 554: 546: 537: 536: 534: 533: 528: 523: 518: 517: 516: 514:Hawthorn Ridge 511: 506: 496: 491: 486: 474: 473: 472: 471: 469:Beaumont-Hamel 461: 460: 459: 454: 449: 439: 438: 437: 432: 427: 417: 415:Thiepval Ridge 412: 411: 410: 405: 400: 390: 389: 388: 378: 373: 368: 367: 366: 356: 351: 350: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 322:Bazentin Ridge 319: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 273: 270: 269: 258: 257: 250: 243: 235: 227: 226: 218: 214: 213: 209: 208: 195: 181:Ferdinand Foch 173: 172: 168: 167: 154: 137:United Kingdom 124: 123: 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 67: 65: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 38: 37: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5599: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5294:United States 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5234: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4911: 4906: 4896: 4895:United States 4893: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4845:Convoy system 4843: 4842: 4841: 4840:Naval warfare 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4600:Kaocen revolt 4598: 4595: 4594:Easter Rising 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4159:Great Retreat 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4030:Battle of Cer 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3947:Agadir Crisis 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3835:United States 3833: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3752:French Empire 3750: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3705: 3695: 3694:Mediterranean 3692: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3674:Naval warfare 3671: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3550:Italian Front 3548: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3538:Eastern Front 3536: 3534: 3533:Western Front 3531: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3491:Puppet states 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3152: 3151: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3076: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2875:McCarthy 1995 2871: 2864: 2863:McCarthy 1995 2859: 2853:, p. 99. 2852: 2851:McCarthy 1995 2847: 2845: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2814:, p. 90. 2813: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2761:Atkinson 2009 2757: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2292:Atkinson 2009 2288: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2251: 2246: 2240:, p. 57. 2239: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2202:Boraston 1920 2198: 2196: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2175:Philpott 2009 2171: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2149: 2148:Philpott 2009 2144: 2140: 2125: 2118: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2084: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2061: 2047: 2038: 2026: 2015: 1988: 1987:Vizefeldwebel 1984: 1980: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1911: 1893: 1879: 1866: 1858: 1852: 1851:Entenschnabel 1846: 1833: 1815: 1806: 1790: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1763: 1749: 1743: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1539: 1526: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1477:Herbert Watts 1462: 1458: 1445: 1437: 1434: 1424: 1413: 1412:Delville Wood 1402: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1349: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1304: 1296: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1265: 1255: 1246: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1199: 1180: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1147: 1143: 1133: 1119: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057:captured the 1056: 1052: 1048: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 986:Meuse-Argonne 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 929: 925: 924: 923: 920: 919: 918: 917: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 900:Passchendaele 898: 896: 893: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 864: 863: 859: 857: 854: 853: 852: 851: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 785: 784: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 762:2nd Champagne 760: 756: 753: 752: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 730:1st Champagne 728: 727: 726: 725: 719: 716: 714: 711: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 649:Great Retreat 647: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 618: 615: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 593: 591: 588: 587: 585: 580: 575: 574:Western Front 567: 562: 560: 555: 553: 548: 547: 544: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 500: 499:Mines, 1 July 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 480: 479: 470: 467: 466: 465: 462: 458: 457:Regina Trench 455: 453: 452:Stuff Redoubt 450: 448: 445: 444: 443: 442:Ancre Heights 440: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 422: 421: 418: 416: 413: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 394: 391: 387: 384: 383: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 365: 362: 361: 360: 357: 355: 354:Delville Wood 352: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 323: 320: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 281: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 256: 251: 249: 244: 242: 237: 236: 233: 219: 216: 215: 210: 207: 203: 199: 196: 194: 190: 186: 185:Émile Fayolle 182: 178: 175: 174: 169: 166: 165:German Empire 155: 152: 138: 126: 125: 120: 112: 109: 108: 103: 74: 70: 66: 63: 62: 58: 55: 54: 50: 44: 39: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 5506: 5499: 5487: 5094: / 5026: 4861:Conscription 4825:Cryptography 4762:Iraqi Revolt 4189:Siege of Kut 4132: 3710:participants 3659:German Samoa 3593:South Arabia 3359: 3351: 3335: 3316: 3304:. Retrieved 3289: 3269: 3249:. Retrieved 3235: 3226: 3225: 3208: 3189: 3170: 3149: 3128: 3109: 3090: 3078:. Retrieved 3063: 3043: 3024: 3005: 2986: 2967: 2945: 2928: 2909: 2901: 2900: 2887:Gliddon 1987 2882: 2870: 2858: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2800:Sheldon 2006 2795: 2783: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2705: 2668:Sheldon 2006 2663: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2540: 2528: 2521:Gliddon 1987 2516: 2509:Gliddon 1987 2504: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2397:Doughty 2005 2377: 2365: 2353: 2326: 2299: 2287: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2187:Gliddon 1987 2182: 2170: 2163:Gliddon 1987 2143: 2124: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2083: 2074: 2053:failed with 2046:6th Division 2039: 2021: 1993: 1962: 1945: 1938: 1924: 1912: 1900: 1867: 1857:Trommelfeuer 1847: 1834: 1822: 1791: 1787: 1767: 1764: 1744: 1735: 1551: 1540: 1527: 1510: 1491: 1481: 1469: 1446: 1438: 1432: 1425: 1409: 1390: 1386: 1372: 1356: 1321: 1316:Gegenangriff 1305: 1301: 1295:15 cm sFH 13 1278: 1266: 1262: 1249:British plan 1230: 1210: 1181: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1111: 1107: 1088: 1046: 1044: 1017: 1016: 976:Saint-Mihiel 944:Belleau Wood 927: 915: 914: 905:La Malmaison 861: 849: 848: 814:Kink Salient 782: 781: 777:Gas: Wieltje 723: 722: 583: 477: 476: 375: 364:Mouquet Farm 310:La Boisselle 305:Contalmaison 274: 177:Douglas Haig 122:Belligerents 29:Part of The 18: 5124:Netherlands 5101:Switzerland 4982:Occupations 4973:Spanish flu 4750:(1919–1922) 4744:(1918–1921) 4738:(1918–1923) 4727:(1919–1921) 4721:(1919–1921) 4715:(1919–1920) 4691:(1918–1920) 4685:(1918–1920) 4679:(1918–1920) 4661:(1918–1920) 4643:(1918–1920) 4637:(1917–1921) 4631:(1917–1921) 4578:(1916-1918) 4576:Arab Revolt 4567:(1915–1917) 4561:(1915–1917) 4549:(1914-1917) 4543:(1914–1917) 4537:(1914–1921) 4531:(1913–1920) 4519:(1910–1920) 4513:(1900–1920) 4486: [ 4004:July Crisis 3925:(1880–1914) 3588:Mesopotamia 3466:Home fronts 3425:World War I 3251:18 December 2788:Harris 2009 2776:Harris 2009 1484:Henry Horne 1396:Fourth Army 1221:Entschnabel 1215:Entschnabel 1174:the French 1172:150,000 and 1091:Fourth Army 1053:, when the 996:2nd Cambrai 834:Boar's Head 824:Mont Sorrel 531:Ancre, 1917 494:Boar's Head 420:Le Transloy 408:Gueudecourt 386:Martinpuich 332:Trônes Wood 217:3 divisions 97: / 85:2°49′56.8″E 82:50°1′21.6″N 5541:Categories 5341:Agreements 5141:War crimes 5017:Luxembourg 4910:Casualties 3781:Montenegro 3616:South West 3496:Technology 3486:Propaganda 3476:Opposition 2896:References 2836:Miles 1992 2824:Miles 1992 2737:Duffy 2007 2725:Duffy 2007 2710:Duffy 2007 2698:Miles 1992 2683:Miles 1992 2656:Miles 1992 2644:Miles 1992 2632:Jones 2002 2620:Jones 2002 2608:Jones 2002 2596:Jones 2002 2572:Miles 1992 2560:Miles 1992 2545:Miles 1992 2533:Miles 1992 2497:Miles 1992 2485:Miles 1992 2473:Miles 1992 2461:Miles 1992 2446:Miles 1992 2427:Miles 1992 2412:Miles 1992 2382:Duffy 2007 2370:Wynne 1976 2346:Wynne 1976 2319:Miles 1992 2280:Miles 1992 2265:Miles 1992 2250:Beach 2005 2238:Beach 2005 2226:Beach 2005 1979:Saldenburg 1968:Casualties 1949:army group 1875:7:25 a.m., 1794:1:00 p.m., 1768:disastrous 1760:200 German 1739:12:15 a.m. 1535:11:00 p.m. 1429:11:55 a.m. 1421:11:20 a.m. 1417:10:25 a.m. 1239:11:30 a.m. 1168:War Office 1122:Background 1095:Sixth Army 1067:Guillemont 809:Wulverghem 772:3rd Artois 750:2nd Artois 718:1st Artois 371:Guillemont 315:Gommecourt 5238:Diplomacy 4945:Olympians 4868:Australia 4835:Logistics 4768:Vlora War 4697:(1918–19) 4673:(1918–19) 4667:(1918–19) 4655:(1918–19) 4602:(1916–17) 4584:(1916–17) 4535:Zaian War 4525:(1914–15) 4245:first day 4133:Lusitania 3961:(1912–13) 3955:(1911–12) 3943:(1908–09) 3937:(1905–06) 3919:(1870–71) 3708:Principal 3568:Gallipoli 3471:Memorials 3456:Geography 3446:Aftermath 3245:500051492 3150:The Somme 2937:633614212 2584:Coop 2009 2304:Coop 2009 2136:Footnotes 2051:6:00 p.m. 2042:6:00 a.m. 2034:3:00 p.m. 2030:7:00 a.m. 1882:Aftermath 1842:4:30 p.m. 1837:8:00 a.m. 1830:6:00 p.m. 1826:3:30 p.m. 1803:3:00 p.m. 1799:2:40 p.m. 1756:5:25 p.m. 1752:5:00 p.m. 1544:5:25 p.m. 1530:4:45 p.m. 1522:4:30 p.m. 1518:2:00 p.m. 1513:5:30 a.m. 1495:2:00 p.m. 1488:8:00 a.m. 1473:6:50 p.m. 1454:2:15 p.m. 1450:5:00 p.m. 1442:3:50 p.m. 1364:Soyécourt 1310:Gegenstoß 1274:4:45 p.m. 1270:7:00 a.m. 1243:5:15 a.m. 1079:XIV Corps 991:5th Ypres 971:2nd Somme 949:2nd Marne 939:3rd Aisne 888:The Hills 883:2nd Aisne 844:Fromelles 839:1st Somme 789:The Bluff 755:Hébuterne 745:2nd Ypres 706:1st Ypres 686:1st Aisne 681:1st Marne 654:Le Cateau 632:Charleroi 617:Frontiers 504:Lochnagar 347:High Wood 342:Fromelles 327:Longueval 290:Montauban 285:First day 5526:Category 5113:Refugees 5079:Italians 5068:Germans 5028:Ober Ost 4808:Aviation 3902:Timeline 3873:Bulgaria 3654:Tsingtao 3631:Togoland 3578:Caucasus 3513:European 3505:Theatres 3080:22 April 2966:(2005). 1887:Analysis 1226:enfilade 1083:XV Corps 1001:Courtrai 956:Soissons 895:Messines 862:Alberich 671:Maubeuge 627:Ardennes 622:Lorraine 590:Moresnet 425:Eaucourt 403:Lesbœufs 359:Pozières 337:Ovillers 300:Fricourt 212:Strength 64:Location 5264:Germany 5164:Germany 5092:Germany 5012:Belgium 4997:Albania 4956:Disease 4936:Sports 4888:Ireland 4801:Warfare 4794:Aspects 3982:Origins 3975:Prelude 3878:Senussi 3858:Germany 3853:Leaders 3791:Romania 3732:Belgium 3727:Leaders 3626:Kamerun 3608:African 3543:Romania 3521:Balkans 3436:Outline 3306:20 June 2000:884 men 1983:Bavaria 1904:884 men 1727:66°–54° 1713:68°–57° 1699:75°–57° 1683:70°–55° 1669:70°–54° 1655:70°–52° 1641:63°–54° 1627:66°–52° 1613:72°–50° 1599:75°–52° 1585:72°–52° 1552:Weather 1419:and at 1293:German 1202:Prelude 1192:⁄ 1166:at the 1071:Combles 966:Ailette 934:The Lys 928:Michael 910:Cambrai 804:Hulluch 799:St Eloi 691:Antwerp 430:Le Sars 398:Combles 33:of the 5284:Russia 5259:France 5087:Canada 5002:Serbia 4873:Canada 4830:Horses 4782:(1921) 4776:(1920) 4770:(1920) 4764:(1920) 4756:(1920) 4709:(1919) 4703:(1919) 4649:(1918) 4614:(1918) 4608:(1917) 4596:(1916) 4590:(1916) 4555:(1915) 3967:(1913) 3949:(1911) 3931:(1905) 3888:Darfur 3813:Serbia 3796:Russia 3759:Greece 3747:France 3737:Brazil 3583:Persia 3526:Serbia 3366: 3342: 3323: 3297: 3276: 3243: 3227:Theses 3215: 3196: 3177: 3158: 3135: 3116: 3097: 3071: 3050: 3031: 3012: 2993: 2974: 2952: 2935: 2916: 1433:fumite 1338:Battle 1063:Ginchy 1059:German 1006:Sambre 961:Amiens 829:Verdun 659:Étreux 605:Dinant 393:Morval 376:Ginchy 295:Mametz 280:Albert 162: 151:France 148: 134: 110:Result 73:France 69:Ginchy 5481:Other 5274:Japan 5269:Italy 5096:camps 4940:Rugby 4490:] 3769:Japan 3764:Italy 3742:China 3636:North 2902:Books 2066:Notes 1994:From 1730:dull 1716:dull 1688:dull 1672:fine 1658:dull 1644:dull 1630:rain 1602:wind 873:Arras 856:Ancre 610:Namur 600:Liège 509:Y Sap 464:Ancre 5061:POWs 4380:1918 4282:1917 4208:1916 4109:1915 4013:1914 3818:Siam 3621:East 3364:ISBN 3340:ISBN 3321:ISBN 3308:2013 3295:ISBN 3274:ISBN 3253:2014 3241:OCLC 3213:ISBN 3194:ISBN 3175:ISBN 3156:ISBN 3133:ISBN 3114:ISBN 3095:ISBN 3082:2015 3069:ISBN 3048:ISBN 3029:ISBN 3010:ISBN 2991:ISBN 2972:ISBN 2950:ISBN 2933:OCLC 2914:ISBN 1686:fine 1565:Rain 1562:Day 1081:and 1045:The 916:1918 878:Vimy 850:1917 783:1916 767:Loos 724:1915 701:Yser 637:Mons 584:1914 56:Date 1840:at 1724:0.1 1680:0.0 1666:0.0 1652:0.0 1638:0.0 1596:0.0 1582:0.0 1567:mm 5543:: 4488:It 2843:^ 2768:^ 2717:^ 2690:^ 2675:^ 2552:^ 2453:^ 2434:^ 2419:^ 2404:^ 2389:^ 2338:^ 2311:^ 2272:^ 2257:^ 2194:^ 2155:^ 1981:, 1721:11 1707:10 1702:– 1624:25 1616:– 1588:– 1571:°F 221:c. 71:, 4912:/ 3417:e 3410:t 3403:v 3372:. 3348:. 3329:. 3310:. 3282:. 3255:. 3221:. 3202:. 3183:. 3141:. 3122:. 3103:. 3084:. 3056:. 3037:. 3018:. 2999:. 2980:. 2958:. 2939:. 2922:. 1710:1 1696:5 1693:9 1677:8 1663:7 1649:6 1635:5 1621:4 1610:4 1607:3 1593:2 1579:1 1329:( 1194:2 1190:1 1187:+ 1185:4 565:e 558:t 551:v 254:e 247:t 240:v

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