740:
1248:
835:
725:
858:
create or maintain the loyalty and allegiance of their populations", "individuals and groups typically revert to or develop alternative patterns of affiliation". This causes the family, tribe, clan or other group to become "the main reference points for political action, often in opposition to the state". According to
Williams, globalization has "not only... challenged individual
1093:
engage strategically with VNSAs. This tendency has strengthened since the end of the Cold War, partly because of the strong discouragement of humanitarian engagement with VNSAs in counterterrorism legislation and donor funding restrictions. In their opinion, further study is necessary to identify ways in which humanitarian agencies can develop productive dialogue with VNSAs.
857:
Phil
Williams stated in 2008 that in the 21st century, they "have become a pervasive challenge to nation-states". Williams argues that VNSAs develop out of poor state governance but also contribute to the further undermining of governance by the state. He explains that when weak states are "unable to
1092:
propose that engagement with VNSAs, which they call armed non-state actors, is essential to humanitarian efforts in conflicts. They claim that it is often necessary to do so to facilitate access to those affected and to provide humanitarian assistance. However, humanitarian agencies often fail to
1055:
Violent non-state actors have drawn international condemnation for relying heavily on children under the age of 18 as combatants, scouts, porters, spies, informants, and in other roles (although many state armed forces also recruit children). In 2017, for example, the United
Nations identified 14
1027:
is disputed. An attempt at a global definition appears in the working draft of
Comprehensive Convention Against International Terrorism, which defines terrorism as a type of act, rather than as a type of group. Specifically, "terrorism" in the draft refers to the threatened or actual intentional
862:
to manage economic affairs, it has also provided facilitators and force multipliers for VNSAs". Transnational flows of arms, for example, are no longer under the exclusive surveillance of states. Globalization helps VNSAs develop transnational social capital and alliances as well as funding
845:
Thomas, Kiser, and
Casebeer asserted in 2005 that "VNSA play a prominent, often destabilizing role in nearly every humanitarian and political crisis faced by the international community". As a new type of actor in international relations, VNSAs represent a departure from the traditional
1079:
guerilla movement in
Colombia agreed in 2016 to stop recruiting children. In other situations, the use of children was increasing in 2017, particularly in Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria and Syria, where Islamist militants and groups opposing them intensified efforts to recruit children.
1096:
The
International Security Department and the International Law Programme at Chatham House are seeking to understand the dynamics that will determine support for a principle-based approach to engagement by humanitarian actors with VNSAs.
2060:
979:, who are leaders using armed violence to exercise military, economic, and political control over territory within a sovereign state. Warlords have a long history in Afghanistan, for example.
1032:
when the purpose of the conduct, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a
Government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act.
2391:
939:
in the Indian Ocean. Private military companies are also active in counter-piracy, and thus provide an example of violent non-state actors combating other violent non-state actors.
2380:
2306:
2358:
808:
While some VNSAs oppose governments, others are allied to them. Some VNSAs are organized as paramilitary groups, adopting methods and structure similar to those of state
2369:
1847:
1425:
Affi, Ladan; Elmi, Afyare A.; Knight, W. Andy; Mohamed, Said (2016-05-03). "Countering piracy through private security in the Horn of Africa: prospects and pitfalls".
1067:
Not all armed groups use children, and approximately 60 that used to do so have entered agreements to reduce or end the practice since 1999. For example, by 2017 the
145:
2108:
1061:
555:
1789:
1793:
2347:
1057:
514:
2484:
1734:
640:
2140:
219:
1932:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism"
1818:
1802:
1064:, Iraq, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria, Gaza - Palestinian Territories, The Philippines, Singapore, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen.
2095:
1761:
645:
635:
1076:
673:
610:
176:
2328:
2295:
2217:
2198:
2006:
1473:
1219:
1953:
2079:
600:
595:
477:
1166:
711:
615:
605:
509:
1931:
2266:
1883:
590:
2469:
945:. Both pirates and private military companies are also part of this group, along other less malicious actors, such as
2410:
1871:
Ghost Wars: The Secret
History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
970:
565:
483:
630:
2489:
1745:
969:
groups, which make use of military methods and structures to pursue their agenda, such as the now-decommissioned
942:
922:
570:
2124:
2061:"Floating armouries in the Indian Ocean and the risk of diversion involving private maritime security companies"
1718:
2099:
1089:
912:
624:
468:
890:, for example, may carry out assassinations, kidnappings, thefts, extortions; operate protection rackets; and
850:
system of states in two ways: by providing an alternative to state governance; and by challenging the state's
2024:
1068:
1369:
253:
2499:
2494:
1121:
813:
364:
333:
262:
51:
1974:
1760:
Casebeer, William, (USAF, USAF Academy); Thomas, Maj. Troy (USAF 1st
Fighter Wing IN.) (December 2002).
678:
166:
151:
560:
1106:
1050:
959:
Citizen militia, which may form to protect a locality from (or threaten it with) attack, such as the
744:
580:
358:
349:
1046:
1042:
1020:
932:
794:
2320:
Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001
1834:
879:
2393:
Towards a Principled Approach to Engagement with Non-state Armed Groups for Humanitarian Purposes
2244:
1002:
935:, and corporations that either have their own, or hire, private military services. An example is
847:
751:
704:
401:
278:
268:
41:
2458:. INSS Occasional Paper 43. USAF Institute for National Security Studies USAF Academy, Colorado.
2096:"Briefing Paper: Talking to the other side: Humanitarian engagement with armed non-state actors"
812:. Others may be informally structured and use violence in other ways, such as kidnapping, using
490:
446:
181:
130:
76:
2420:
San-Akca, Belgin (2009). "Supporting Non-state Armed Groups (NAGs): A Resort to Illegality?".
1749:
1023:, and the term is frequently used as a political tactic to denounce opponents whose status as
2382:
Humanitarian Action and Non-state Armed Groups: The Impact of Banking Restrictions on UK NGOs
2318:
2188:
1783:
1126:
1116:
1007:
283:
121:
96:
2157:
1996:
921:, outlaws that rob ships or take hostages in order to get a ransom. Recent examples include
2229:"UN Officials congratulate MILF for completion of disengagement of children from its ranks"
851:
739:
307:
191:
101:
46:
8:
786:
683:
620:
396:
248:
224:
126:
111:
86:
81:
1875:
1869:
2437:
2148:
2047:
1766:
1450:
908:
697:
339:
329:
293:
23:
2228:
1775:
2441:
2406:
2324:
2291:
2213:
2194:
2168:
2025:"Engaging non-state armed actors in state and peace-building: options and strategies"
2002:
1879:
1454:
1442:
1377:
1225:
1215:
1131:
1111:
946:
904:
668:
431:
411:
209:
141:
2051:
1909:
Drake, C J M (21 Dec 2007). "The role of ideology in terrorists' target selection".
2429:
2287:
Conflict and Transnational Crime: Borders, Bullets & Business in Southeast Asia
2039:
1918:
1434:
936:
426:
288:
1438:
1056:
countries where children were widely used by armed groups: Afghanistan, Colombia,
1028:
injury to others, and serious damage to property resulting in major economic loss:
2360:
Humanitarian Action and Non-state Armed Groups: The International Legal Framework
1141:
1136:
900:
829:
817:
545:
456:
436:
214:
136:
1819:"A law unto themselves? Confronting the recruitment of children by armed groups"
859:
473:
391:
324:
258:
156:
91:
2433:
2043:
1922:
1229:
2478:
2450:
2371:
Humanitarian Action and Non-state Armed Groups: The UK Regulatory Environment
2172:
1979:
1853:
1446:
1381:
956:
in and around Nigeria, that espouse armed violence as a moral or sacred duty.
451:
186:
1803:"Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers"
1211:
The new dogs of war : nonstate actor violence in international politics
891:
834:
1717:
Bahiss, Ibraheem; Jackson, Ashley; Mayhew, Leigh; Weigand, Florian (2022).
1209:
1161:
1146:
966:
926:
802:
790:
461:
386:
1630:
1492:
724:
1591:
1072:
960:
925:. Some pirates also state that they serve as "coastguards" in place of a
887:
867:
782:
374:
369:
273:
2285:
2208:
Thomas, Troy S.; Kiser, Stephen D.; Casebeer, William D. (August 2005).
2001:(illustrated ed.). Elsevier (Butterworth-Heinemann). pp. 4–5.
1618:
983:
Phil Williams, in an overview article, identifies five types of VNSAs:
953:
775:
421:
416:
379:
1735:"Modeling Violent Non-State Actors: A Summary of Concepts and Methods"
781:
VNSAs vary widely in their goals, size, and methods. They may include
774:), are individuals or groups that are wholly or partly independent of
1581:
1579:
1540:
1480:
1156:
1151:
1024:
997:
732:
31:
2267:"Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017"
1733:
Bartolomei, Jason; Casebeer, William; Thomas, Troy (November 2004).
1719:"Rethinking armed group control: Towards a new conceptual framework"
1608:
1606:
1313:
1191:
1189:
1187:
809:
354:
64:
1894:
1744:(4). Colorado: Institute for Information Technology Applications,
1654:
1576:
2452:
Lords of the Silk Route: Violent Non-State Actors in Central Asia
2182:(57). USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy.
992:
987:
976:
798:
728:
406:
344:
2245:"Draft comprehensive convention against international terrorism"
1603:
1184:
1995:
Halibozek, Edward P.; Jones, Andy; Kovacich, Gerald L. (2008).
918:
441:
1666:
1564:
1370:"Somali pirate: 'We're not murderers... we just attack ships'"
1337:
1832:
1816:
1636:
1597:
1498:
838:
805:
established by state governments to further their interests.
1800:
1624:
2109:"Understanding agency in civilian-armed group interactions"
1998:
The corporate security professional's handbook on terrorism
1075:
had released nearly 2,000 children from its ranks, and the
778:
and which threaten or use violence to achieve their goals.
2125:"Crime and communities: Life under criminal group control"
1716:
1325:
866:
The term has been used in several papers published by the
2123:
Jackson, Ashley; Weigand, Florian; Tindall, Theo (2023).
2107:
Jackson, Ashley; Weigand, Florian; Tindall, Theo (2022).
1762:"Deterring Violent Non-State Actors in the New Millenium"
1693:
1528:
1406:
1301:
1236:
2187:
Sinclair, Samuel Justin; Antonius, Daniel (7 May 2012).
2171:; Farah, Douglas; Lochard, Itamara V. (September 2004).
2023:
Hofmann, Claudia; Schneckener, Ulrich (September 2011).
1732:
1552:
1319:
2312:. Zurich: International Relations and Security Network.
2080:"Afghanistan: Taliban Child Soldier Recruitment Surges"
2141:"Violent Non-State Actors: Countering Dynamic Systems"
1994:
1683:
1681:
1546:
2210:
Warlords Rising: Confronting Violent Non-state Actors
2122:
2106:
1424:
1349:
2264:
2139:
Thomas, Troy S.; Casebeer, William D. (March 2004).
1660:
1612:
1516:
1486:
1394:
16:
Groups independent of governments which use violence
2349:
Humanitarian Engagement with Non-state Armed Groups
2242:
2207:
1951:
1849:
Humanitarian Engagement with Non-state Armed Groups
1678:
1585:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1254:
2167:
2077:
2022:
1672:
1642:
1343:
1289:
1195:
2470:Transnational and Non-State Armed Groups Database
1504:
1461:
882:. Common and influential types of VNSAs include:
878:Violent non-state actors engage in combat in all
2476:
2186:
1570:
1272:
1260:
2449:Thomas, Troy S.; Kiser, Stephen D. (May 2002).
2138:
1759:
1331:
1307:
2389:
2058:
1975:"India's Naxalites: A spectre haunting India"
1895:"Blackwater and Private Military Contractors"
1846:
1742:IITA Research Publication, Information Series
1699:
1412:
1242:
705:
2378:
2173:"Armed Groups: A Tier-One Security Priority"
1835:"Des Milliers de vies à réparer (in French)"
1788:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1014:
2448:
2390:Lewis, Patricia; Keatinge, Michael (2016).
789:, religious and ideological organizations,
2403:Violent Non-State Actors in World Politics
2316:
1792:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1558:
1083:
911:) to pursue their aims. An example is the
712:
698:
2265:United Nations Secretary-General (2017).
1973:
1355:
952:Religious or ideological groups, such as
2419:
2304:
2243:United Nations General Assembly (2005).
1954:"Understanding definitions of terrorism"
1929:
1892:
1534:
1522:
1472:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDrake1998 (
1400:
1295:
1283:
1266:
833:
738:
723:
167:Special-interest / Single-issue
2356:
2283:
2093:
2078:Human Rights Watch (17 February 2016).
1687:
1367:
2477:
2379:Keatinge, Tom; Keen, Florence (2017).
2226:
1833:Child Soldiers International (2016b).
1817:Child Soldiers International (2016a).
1648:
1320:Bartolomei, Casebeer & Thomas 2004
1207:
515:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
2400:
2367:
2345:
2032:International Review of the Red Cross
1908:
1801:Child Soldiers International (2012).
1467:
903:or sections of them that have chosen
1867:
1547:Halibozek, Jones & Kovacich 2008
1510:
2485:International relations terminology
2305:Williams, Phil (28 November 2008).
1167:Grey-zone (international relations)
897:from rival groups and the military.
13:
2339:
1637:Child Soldiers International 2016a
1598:Child Soldiers International 2016a
1499:Child Soldiers International 2016b
1036:
14:
2511:
2463:
2357:Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara (2017).
2190:The Psychology of Terrorism Fears
1625:Child Soldiers International 2012
1255:Thomas, Kiser & Casebeer 2005
971:Provisional Irish Republican Army
2193:. Oxford University Press, USA.
1911:Terrorism and Political Violence
1344:Shultz, Farah & Lochard 2004
1062:Democratic Republic of the Congo
963:in the Central African Republic.
1746:United States Air Force Academy
1418:
1361:
943:Violent non-state actors at sea
923:piracy off the coast of Somalia
2100:Overseas Development Institute
2059:Holtom, P; Chapsos, I (2015).
1201:
1196:Hofmann & Schneckener 2011
1090:Overseas Development Institute
1019:There is no commonly accepted
823:
1:
1893:Daugaard, C A (August 2012).
1439:10.1080/01436597.2015.1114882
1172:
1069:Moro Islamic Liberation Front
2422:Journal of Strategic Studies
2405:. London: C Hurst & Co.
2132:ODI / Centre on Armed Groups
2116:ODI / Centre on Armed Groups
1952:European Parliament (2015).
1726:ODI / Centre on Armed Groups
1571:Sinclair & Antonius 2012
1214:. Cornell University Press.
1177:
814:improvised explosive devices
795:private military contractors
7:
1368:Bahadur, Jay (2011-05-24).
1122:List of guerrilla movements
1100:
510:Designated terrorist groups
10:
2516:
2307:"Violent Non-State Actors"
2227:UNICEF (4 December 2017).
1709:
1332:Thomas & Casebeer 2004
1308:Casebeer & Thomas 2002
1040:
933:Private military companies
913:Naxalite-Maoist insurgency
827:
679:Anti-terrorism legislation
2434:10.1080/01402390902987012
2317:Williamson, Myra (2009).
2284:Weigand, Florian (2020).
2044:10.1017/S1816383112000148
1923:10.1080/09546559808427457
1661:UN Secretary-General 2017
1613:UN Secretary-General 2017
1487:UN Secretary-General 2017
1413:Holtom & Chapsos 2015
1107:Fourth-generation warfare
1051:Impact of war on children
1021:definition of "terrorism"
1015:Relationship to terrorism
674:International conventions
581:State-sponsored terrorism
1586:UN General Assembly 2005
1058:Central African Republic
1047:Child soldiers in Africa
1043:Children in the military
886:Criminal organizations,
873:
756:violent non-state actors
537:Violent non-state actors
1673:Human Rights Watch 2016
1084:Humanitarian engagement
1003:Terrorist organizations
848:Westphalian sovereignty
820:into computer systems.
752:international relations
279:Clandestine cell system
2490:International security
2401:Mulaj, Klejda (2010).
2346:Bryce, Hannah (2016).
2323:. Ashgate Publishing.
1774:(10): . Archived from
1034:
1008:Criminal organizations
842:
768:non-state armed groups
764:non-state armed actors
747:
745:Lord's Resistance Army
736:
447:Propaganda of the deed
2180:INSS Occasional Paper
1427:Third World Quarterly
1208:Thomas, Ward (2021).
1127:Lone wolf (terrorism)
1117:Law without the state
1030:
837:
742:
727:
663:Response to terrorism
284:Leaderless resistance
2368:Jones, Kate (2017).
1930:Emmerson, B (2016).
1874:. Penguin. pp.
1755:on October 18, 2011.
961:anti-balaka movement
852:monopoly of violence
787:liberation movements
102:Right-wing/Far-right
2212:. Lexington Books.
2156:(3). Archived from
2094:Jackson, A (2012).
1088:Researchers at the
803:paramilitary groups
684:Terrorism insurance
485:Rockets and mortars
225:Resistance movement
2500:Political violence
2495:Irregular military
2169:Shultz, Richard H.
2149:Strategic Insights
1767:Strategic Insights
1700:Chatham House 2016
1243:Chatham House 2016
937:floating armouries
909:asymmetric warfare
901:People's movements
843:
748:
737:
330:Aircraft hijacking
87:Left-wing/Far-left
2330:978-0-7546-7403-0
2297:978 1 78990 519 9
2219:978-0-7391-1190-1
2200:978-0-19-538811-4
2163:on March 1, 2009.
2008:978-0-7506-8257-2
1778:on March 6, 2008.
1221:978-1-5017-5890-4
1132:National security
1112:Guerrilla warfare
915:in central India.
905:guerrilla tactics
783:narcotics cartels
762:), also known as
722:
721:
669:Counter-terrorism
654:
653:
412:Individual terror
233:
232:
210:Violent extremism
2507:
2459:
2457:
2445:
2416:
2397:
2386:
2375:
2364:
2353:
2334:
2313:
2311:
2301:
2290:. Edward Elgar.
2280:
2278:
2277:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2223:
2204:
2183:
2177:
2164:
2162:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2038:(883): 603–621.
2029:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1926:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1889:
1868:Coll, S (2004).
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1797:
1787:
1779:
1756:
1754:
1748:. Archived from
1739:
1729:
1723:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1537:, p. 10-11.
1532:
1526:
1525:, pp. 9–16.
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1489:, p. 30-31.
1484:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1205:
1199:
1193:
797:), self-defence
714:
707:
700:
531:
530:
504:Terrorist groups
486:
220:Militia movement
187:Green/Ecological
92:Narcotics-driven
70:
69:
19:
18:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2455:
2413:
2342:
2340:Further reading
2337:
2331:
2309:
2298:
2275:
2273:
2256:
2254:
2247:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2201:
2175:
2160:
2143:
2127:
2111:
2084:
2082:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2027:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1986:
1984:
1965:
1963:
1956:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1899:
1897:
1886:
1858:
1856:
1839:
1837:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1805:
1781:
1780:
1752:
1737:
1721:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1559:Williamson 2009
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:, pp. 6–7.
1294:
1290:
1282:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1142:Organized crime
1137:Non-state actor
1103:
1086:
1053:
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2067:. Retrieved
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1983:. 2006-04-12
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1960:
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1938:
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1914:
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1806:. Retrieved
1784:cite journal
1776:the original
1771:
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1385:. Retrieved
1374:The Guardian
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1162:War on Drugs
1147:Paramilitary
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967:Paramilitary
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810:armed forces
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791:corporations
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743:Flag of the
631:Saudi Arabia
625:Soviet Union
561:Soviet Union
536:
387:Bioterrorism
350:Animal-borne
2014:17 December
1649:UNICEF 2017
1257:, p. .
1073:Philippines
868:US military
824:Description
776:governments
274:Death squad
177:Suffragette
97:Nationalist
42:Definitions
2479:Categories
2276:2018-01-24
2271:www.un.org
2257:2018-01-24
2252:www.un.org
2234:25 January
2085:25 January
2069:24 January
1987:2009-07-13
1966:2018-01-24
1944:2018-01-24
1939:www.un.org
1900:18 January
1840:18 January
1824:19 January
1808:19 January
1468:Drake 1998
1387:2020-05-25
1230:1236896058
1173:References
1041:See also:
1025:terrorists
998:Insurgents
954:Boko Haram
828:See also:
785:, popular
571:Uzbekistan
556:Kazakhstan
422:Kidnapping
417:Insurgency
365:Improvised
192:Misogynist
2442:216087570
1511:Coll 2004
1455:155886392
1447:0143-6597
1382:0261-3077
1178:Citations
1157:Vigilante
1152:Terrorism
1010:and gangs
733:Nicaragua
646:Venezuela
527:Adherents
427:Lone wolf
340:Beheading
289:Lone wolf
249:Financing
242:Structure
127:Christian
112:Religious
82:Communist
77:Anarchist
52:Incidents
32:Terrorism
2052:56050385
1101:See also
993:Militias
988:Warlords
977:Warlords
880:terrains
611:Pakistan
469:Stabbing
452:Shooting
294:Domestic
254:Fronting
122:Buddhist
65:ideology
24:a series
22:Part of
1710:Sources
1077:FARC-EP
919:Pirates
818:hacking
799:militia
729:Contras
476: (
432:Nuclear
397:Dry run
357: (
345:Bombing
332: (
314:Tactics
311:Methods
142:Islamic
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621:Russia
601:Kuwait
596:Israel
457:School
442:Piracy
375:Threat
370:Letter
263:online
152:Jewish
131:Mormon
2456:(PDF)
2438:S2CID
2310:(PDF)
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2048:S2CID
2028:(PDF)
1957:(PDF)
1935:(PDF)
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1451:S2CID
874:Types
839:MS-13
816:, or
772:NSAGs
760:VNSAs
636:Syria
616:Qatar
606:Libya
462:Spree
437:Paper
380:Proxy
137:Hindu
2407:ISBN
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2292:ISBN
2236:2018
2214:ISBN
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2087:2018
2071:2018
2016:2016
2003:ISBN
1902:2018
1880:ISBN
1861:2017
1842:2018
1826:2018
1810:2018
1794:link
1790:link
1474:help
1443:ISSN
1378:ISSN
1226:OCLC
1216:ISBN
894:turf
591:Iran
478:list
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2430:doi
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