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of the
English-speaking world pronounces it 'zed'; however, in the United States, it is pronounced 'zee'. A linguistic survey found that in 1979 two-thirds of the 12-year-olds in Toronto ended the recitation of the alphabet with the letter 'zee' where only 8% of the adults did so. Then in 1991, (when those 12-year-olds were in their mid-20s) a survey showed only 39% of the 20- to 25-year-olds used 'zee'. In fact, the survey showed that only 12% of those over 30 used the form 'zee'. This is hypothesized to be tied to an American children's song frequently used to teach the alphabet. In this song, the rhyme scheme matches the letter Z with V 'vee', prompting the use of the American pronunciation. As the individual grows older, this marked form 'zee' is dropped in favor of the
348:. This is because language change is gradual; a language does not shift from one state to another instantaneously, but old and new linguistic features coexist for a period of time in variation with each other, as new variants gradually increase in frequency and old variants decline. Variationists therefore study language change by observing variation while a change is in progress. However, not all variation is involved in change; it is possible for competing ways of "saying the same thing" to coexist with each other in "stable variation" for an extended period of time.
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in two other regions: western
Pennsylvania and southwestward, and the New England coast from Boston north. Examining the speech across several generations of a single family, one would find the grandparents' generation would never or rarely merge these two vowel sounds; their children's generation may on occasion, particularly in quick or informal speech; while their grandchildren's generation would merge these two vowels uniformly. This is the basis of the
218:
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831:, etc.). However, this is a group in which "the dominant ideology treats as a single entity". The homogenization of Asian Americans is problematic due to their distinct cultural and national backgrounds as well as history of immigration to the U.S. Therefore, research on Asian American speech is often homogenized because of racial homogenization. Research on Asian Americans in particular have noted the variation of Asian American speech. Affluent
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participants regardless of ethnic background were found to recognize Asian
American, indexed by a set of distinctive features. While the amount of sound change studies are dearth, when they are addressed, it is focused mainly on "language maintenance issues or code switching", and rarely feature linguistic portraits of Asian Americans who have grown up within the diverse atlas of the United States.
803:", in which they are stereotyped as being comparable to whites in academic achievement and economic success. However, this assumption neglects Asian Americans who are less fortunate and may experience poverty. Furthermore, the term "Asian Americans" cover a vast diaspora of individuals from various national and ethnic origins (
503:
is a stable variation which varies within a population based on age. That is, speakers of a particular age will use a specific linguistic form in successive generations. This is relatively rare. J.K. Chambers cites an example from southern
Ontario, Canada where the name of the letter 'Z' varies. Most
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their language towards the style of the person they are interacting with. Thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced. A similarly important observation is that this accommodation is usually towards the language style, not the gender of the person . That is, a polite
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Communities of
African Americans and Whites have been popular groups with particular attention to their linguistic variation. This variation helps inform much about the origins and evolution of other varieties, especially African American English. Understanding the sociohistorical background of the
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Men and women, on average, tend to use slightly different language styles. These differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. That is, to say that women use a particular speaking style more than men do is akin to saying that men are taller than women (i.e., men are on average taller
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conducted a survey on the inter-influence of geographic and social factors. By the end of the 1960s, it was examined that linguistic and dialect diversity cannot be solely interpreted by geography, which social differences existed in the same geographical area. Thus, social and geographical factors
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provides an example taken from
American English, where in certain parts of the country there is an ongoing merger of the vowel sounds in such pairs of words as 'caught' and 'cot'. This merger used to be distinctive of the western United States, but since World War II, it has developed independently
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in
Wisconsin and found that local features like the low-back vowel merger did not seem to play a noticeable role in Hmong English. Despite the variety of ethnic background, Asian American speech shows distinctiveness in perception tests. Michael Newman and Angela Wu found that in perception tests,
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in 1975, who argued that the style of language served to maintain women's (inferior) role in society ("female deficit approach"). A later refinement of this argument was that gender differences in language reflected a power difference ("dominance theory"). However, both these perspectives have the
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as the first language of
African American students with consequences for their Language Arts lessons. There have been many different perspectives to engaging with African American English as a variety. Although there is some evidence that linguistically sensitive approaches are helpful, there are
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One example of subgroup vernacular is the speech of street youth. Just as street youth dress differently from the "norm", they also often have their own "language". The reasons for this are the following: (1) To enhance their own cultural identity (2) To identify with each other, (3) To exclude
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to name a few. While
African American English is still not considered an official variety by the dominant culture and educational system in the United States, it is a legitimate and verified variety by many scholars. The Ebonics Controversy help to influence the way America thinks about African
431:
Analyzing sociolinguistic variation often involves the use of statistical programs to handle its multi-variable nature. One essential part of the methodology is to count up the number of tokens of a particular variant and compare it to the number of times the variant
440:(2012). Comparing the tokens to the total number of words in a corpus or comparing one corpus to another leads to erroneous results. This count of the possible occurrences can be difficult at times because some variants alternate with zero (such as relative pronouns
494:
There are several different types of age-based variation one may see within a population. They are: vernacular of a subgroup with membership typically characterized by a specific age range, age-graded variation, and indications of linguistic change in progress.
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constructions expressing the same grammatical function), and other features. Different communities or individuals speaking the same language may differ from each other in their choices of which of the available linguistic features to use, and how often
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While diversity of variation exists, there are also some general boundaries on variation. For instance, speakers across distinct dialects of a language tend to preserve the same word order or fit new sounds into the language's established inventory of
756:(1607 and 1776). With time these two varieties continued to evolve and influences one another. However, research on African American English did not become continuously and overwhelming explored until the 1960s and 1970s with many linguists including
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studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. Sociolinguists concerned with grammatical and phonological features that correspond to regional areas are often called dialectologists.
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immigrants to the United States. Even though Asian
Americans are perceived as a distinct racial group, their speech has not been categorized as an individualized ethnolect. Asian Americans in particular have been seen as the
411:). Two well-known and frequently studied morphophonological variables are T/D deletion, the optional deletion of the sound /t/ or /d/ at the end of a word, as in "I kep' walking" (Wolfram 1969; Labov et al. 1968); and the
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others, and (4) To invoke feelings of fear or admiration from the outside world. Strictly speaking, this is not truly age-based, since it does not apply to all individuals of that age bracket within the community.
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gaps in and questions about these approaches which require new research. However, AAE is a rule-governed, valid language variety that adequately and uniquely expresses the collective experiences of its speakers.
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is a characteristic of language: there is more than one way of saying the same thing in a given language. Variation can exist in domains such as pronunciation (e.g., more than one way of pronouncing the same
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People tend to use linguistic forms that were prevalent when they reached adulthood. So, in the case of linguistic change in progress, one would expect to see variation over a broader range of ages.
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has compared gender differences in language as more similar to 'cultural' differences ("cultural difference approach"). Comparing conversational goals, she argued that men have a
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typically take a sample population and interview them, assessing the realisation of certain sociolinguistic variables. Labov specifies the ideal sociolinguistic variable to
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are shown to align to more standard English varieties, while Laotians and other Southeast Asians have more vernacular speech patterns. Ito (2010) looked at bilingual
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Meecham, Marjory; Rees-Miller, Janie (2001). "Language in social contexts". In O'Grady, William; Archibald, John; Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie (eds.).
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Shollenbarger, Amy (2017). "How African American English-Speaking First Graders Segment and Rhyme Words and Nonwords With Final Consonant Clusters".
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Newman, M.; Wu, A. (2011). ""do You Sound Asian when You Speak English?" Racial Identification and Voice in Chinese and Korean Americans' English".
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Kim, Pan Suk; Lewis, Gregory B. (2018). "Asian Americans in the Public Service: Success, Diversity, and Discrimination". In Broadnax, Walter (ed.).
363:. Although contemporary sociolinguistics includes other topics, language variation and change remains an important issue at the heart of the field.
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Wolfram, Walt; Christian, Donna; Hatfield, Deborah (1986). "The English of adolescent and young adult Vietnamese refugees in the United States".
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or the realisation of word-endings. An example of a morphosyntactic variable is the frequency of negative concord (known colloquially as a
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Chun, Elaine W (2001). "The Construction of White, Black, and Korean American Identities through African American Vernacular English".
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and empathic male will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being male.
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characteristics and circumstances of the speakers using the language, but also investigate whether elements of the surrounding
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usage of the language, but speakers are still (often unconsciously) sensitive to what is and is not possible in their native
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American English. In December 1996 the Ebonics Controversy erupted from the Oakland School Board's resolution to identify
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Kim, Pan Suk; Lewis, Gregory B. (1994). "Asian Americans in the Public Service: Success, Diversity, and Discrimination".
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O’Barr, William and Bowman Atkins. (1980) "'Women’s Language' or 'powerless language'?" In McConnell-Ginet et al. (eds)
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Rickford, John R. (May 1999). "The Ebonics controversy in my backyard: a sociolinguist's experiences and reflections".
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359:'s 1963 paper "The social motivation of a sound change," led to the foundation of sociolinguistics as a subfield of
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Language-Specific Factors in First Language Acquisition: The Expression of Motion Events in French and German
315:, etc.); however, exceptions to these restrictions are possible too. Linguistic variation does not equate to
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Ito, R (2010). "Accommodation to the Local Majority Norm by Hmong Americans in the Twin Cities, Minnesota".
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Fix, Sonya (2014). "AAE as a bounded ethnolinguistic resource for white women with African American ties".
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variables, and, more rarely, lexical variables. Examples for phonetic variables are: the frequency of the
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Thomson, Rob; Murachver, Tamar; Green, James (2016). "Where is the Gender in Gendered Language?".
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330:. Sociolinguists investigate how linguistic variation can be influenced by differences in the
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variables tend to meet these criteria and are often used, as are morphosyntactic variables,
1669:"'They Speak More Caucasian': Generational Differences in the Speech of Japanese-Americans"
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settlement of the southern colonies is a crucial step in understanding the origins of AAE.
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Reyes, Angela (2005). "Appropriation of African American slang by Asian American youth1".
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The History of English in a Social Context: A Contribution to Historical Sociolinguistics
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Language, Identity, and Stereotype Among Southeast Asian American Youth: The Other Asian
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A Study of the Non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City
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Bright, William (1997). "Social Factors in Language Change." In Coulmas, Florian (ed)
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both had origins in the British settler dialects introduced into the South within the
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where age-based variation is taken as an indication of linguistic change in progress.
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Fischer, John L (2015). "Social Influences on the Choice of a Linguistic Variant".
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Very little attention has been paid to Asian American speech despite the rise in
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language style of men as normative, implying that women's style is inferior.
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Labov, William, Cohen, Paul, Robins, Clarence, & Lewis, John. 1968.
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Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social Significance
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style, aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women have a
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1080:. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Second edition at
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style, more concerned with building and maintaining relationships.
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Variationist Sociolinguistics: Change, observation, interpretation
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Labov, William (1963). "The social motivation of a sound change".
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Preston, Dennis R. (1993-06-01). "Variation linguistics and SLA".
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occurred. This is called the "Principle of Accountability" in
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distinction in the description of language, coined the terms
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Einführung in die strukturelle Betrachtung des Wortschatzes
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You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation
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Studies of language variation and its correlation with
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than women, but some women are taller than some men).
1467:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–895.
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A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech
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The Social Stratification of English in New York City
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promote or inhibit the usage of certain structures.
534:A commonly studied source of variation is regional
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have a certain immunity from conscious suppression,
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1517:Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
1101:. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
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1465:The Oxford Handbook of African American Language
1152:The social differentiation of English in Norwich
1549:Wolfram, W., & Schilling-Estes, N. (2005).
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1349:Women and languages in Literature and Society.
282:(e.g., multiple words with the same meaning),
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1179:Kastovsky, D. and Mettinger A. (eds.) (2011)
1003:(8th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 127.
688:The examples and perspective in this article
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385:be an integral part of larger structures, and
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1569:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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999:Wardhaugh, Ronald; Fuller, Janet M. (2021).
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1277:Sankoff, Gillian (1973). "Dialectology".
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904:(Fourth ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's.
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663:Learn how and when to remove this message
307:(the study of such restrictions known as
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1671:. In Robin Queen; Rusty Barrett (eds.).
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1551:American English: Dialects and Variation
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1259:University of Pennsylvania. circa 2005.
1154:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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326:Language variation is a core concept in
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344:Variation is an essential component of
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1001:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
928:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
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1868:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
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1351:pp. 93-110. New York: Praeger.
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403:, the height or backness of a
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1905:Language varieties and styles
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1279:Annual Review of Anthropology
1166:Tagliamonte, Sali A. (2012).
1581:Public Administration Review
1433:Language & Communication
1306:"Language and Woman's Place"
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1754:Journal of Sociolinguistics
1490:Journal of Sociolinguistics
931:. Wiley Blackwell. p.
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702:, discuss the issue on the
643:the claims made and adding
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970:10.1177/026765839300900205
925:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006).
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524:Association with geography
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1826:10.1215/00031283-2010-008
1705:10.1075/prag.14.2-3.02buc
1326:10.1017/S0047404500000051
466:(place-related dialect),
367:Sociolinguistic variables
201:Sociocultural linguistics
1853:10.1215/00031283-1336992
1738:10.1075/prag.14.2-3.14lo
1688:"Styles and stereotypes"
1565:Fought, Carmen. (2006).
1463:Lanehart, Sonja (2015).
1361:Tannen, Deborah (1991).
1086:10.1017/CBO9780511618208
958:Second Language Research
901:Contemporary Linguistics
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518:apparent-time hypothesis
427:Analysis and methodology
419:at the end of a word as
371:Studies in the field of
1910:Linguistics terminology
1686:Bucholtz, Mary (2004).
1502:10.1111/1467-9481.00076
1402:10.1111/1467-9280.00329
1233:Chambers, J.K. (1995).
1150:Trudgill, Peter. 1974.
1076:Labov, William. 1966 .
1049:Chambers, J.K. (2003).
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113:Phono-semantic matching
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1567:Language and Ethnicity
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1235:Sociolinguistic Theory
1170:. UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
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1250:. Oxford: Blackwell.
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690:may not represent a
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1355:
1346:
1342:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1275:
1271:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1199:Eugenio Coșeriu
1197:
1193:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1047:
1043:
1012:
1008:
997:
993:
954:
950:
943:
923:
919:
912:
896:
892:
887:
864:Language change
850:
841:Hmong Americans
792:
758:Robbins Burling
754:Colonial Period
741:
732:
721:
715:
712:
697:
684:
680:
669:
658:
652:
649:
634:
622:
618:
611:
600:People tend to
581:More recently,
563:
557:
548:John J. Gumperz
532:
526:
492:
453:Eugenio Coșeriu
429:
409:double negative
369:
346:language change
264:
57:Multilingualism
42:Language change
17:
12:
11:
5:
1923:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1886:
1885:
1858:
1847:(2): 152–178.
1831:
1804:
1789:
1771:
1760:(4): 509–532.
1744:
1711:
1678:
1659:
1632:
1625:
1593:10.2307/976733
1587:(3): 285–290.
1571:
1555:
1542:
1523:(4): 273–285.
1507:
1496:(2): 267–266.
1480:
1473:
1450:
1423:
1396:(2): 171–175.
1380:
1373:
1353:
1340:
1296:
1269:
1252:
1239:
1221:
1206:
1191:
1172:
1156:
1143:
1116:
1103:
1090:
1066:
1059:
1041:
1022:(3): 273–309.
1006:
991:
964:(2): 153–172.
948:
941:
917:
910:
889:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
859:Free variation
856:
849:
846:
801:model minority
796:Asian American
791:
788:
740:
737:
734:
733:
694:of the subject
692:worldwide view
687:
685:
678:
671:
670:
625:
623:
616:
610:
607:
583:Deborah Tannen
559:Main article:
556:
553:
538:(regiolects).
528:Main article:
525:
522:
513:William Bright
491:
488:
428:
425:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
368:
365:
266:
265:
263:
262:
255:
248:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
224:
211:
210:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
180:
179:
178:Related fields
175:
174:
172:Sociolinguists
163:
162:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
77:
76:
75:Areas of study
72:
71:
70:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
37:Code-switching
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1922:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1820:(2): 141–62.
1819:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1053:. Blackwell.
1052:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
944:
938:
934:
930:
929:
921:
913:
907:
903:
902:
894:
890:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
790:Asian English
787:
784:
779:
775:
771:
770:William Labov
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
730:
727:
719:
709:
705:
701:
695:
693:
686:
677:
676:
667:
664:
656:
653:December 2017
646:
642:
638:
632:
631:
626:This section
624:
615:
614:
606:
603:
598:
596:
595:
590:
589:
584:
579:
576:
572:
567:
562:
552:
549:
544:
541:
537:
531:
521:
519:
514:
509:
507:
502:
496:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
457:De Saussure's
455:, revisiting
454:
449:
448:, and zero).
447:
443:
439:
435:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
376:
374:
364:
362:
358:
357:William Labov
354:
349:
347:
342:
340:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
317:ungrammatical
314:
313:morphotactics
310:
306:
300:
298:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
261:
256:
254:
249:
247:
242:
241:
239:
238:
233:
229:
225:
223:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
177:
176:
173:
165:
164:
160:
159:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
88:Bilingual pun
86:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
74:
73:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
38:
35:
34:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1780:
1774:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1672:
1662:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1608:
1605:Revisted in
1584:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1550:
1545:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1464:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1319:(1): 45–80.
1316:
1312:
1299:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1187:Introduction
1186:
1180:
1175:
1167:
1151:
1146:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1077:
1050:
1044:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
961:
957:
951:
927:
920:
900:
893:
793:
778:Walt Wolfram
766:Joey Dillard
762:Ralph Fasold
742:
722:
713:
689:
659:
650:
627:
599:
592:
586:
580:
575:Robin Lakoff
570:
568:
564:
545:
540:Dialectology
533:
530:Dialectology
510:
508:form 'zed'.
497:
493:
450:
445:
441:
433:
430:
420:
416:
413:ING variable
401:glottal stop
391:
370:
353:sociological
350:
343:
335:
331:
325:
309:phonotactics
301:
296:
292:
270:
269:
66:
29:Key concepts
1285:: 165–177.
716:August 2020
602:accommodate
438:Tagliamonte
361:linguistics
1894:Categories
1725:Pragmatics
1692:Pragmatics
817:Vietnamese
637:improve it
468:diastratic
434:could have
336:linguistic
143:Pragmatics
1874:: 52–64.
1648:: 47–60.
1439:: 55–74.
1189:, p.xiii
1132:: 47–56.
1036:140505974
986:145704483
978:0267-6583
885:Citations
821:Cambodian
704:talk page
641:verifying
546:In 1968,
480:diaphasic
476:sociolect
288:syntactic
271:Variation
98:Diglossia
67:Variation
1799:64594226
1537:28973102
1418:44597261
1410:11340928
848:See also
813:Japanese
698:You may
536:dialects
506:standard
484:register
474:related
464:diatopic
451:In 1970
393:Phonetic
305:phonemes
222:Category
153:Soramimi
138:Loanword
118:Register
62:Prestige
1335:4166707
1201:(1970)
854:Dialect
825:Laotian
809:Chinese
805:Koreans
783:Ebonics
635:Please
594:rapport
573:was by
339:context
284:grammar
280:lexicon
276:phoneme
93:Dialect
1797:
1787:
1623:
1601:976733
1599:
1535:
1471:
1416:
1408:
1371:
1333:
1219:, p.12
1057:
1034:
984:
976:
939:
908:
776:, and
588:report
478:) and
332:social
161:People
148:Pidgin
83:Accent
1597:JSTOR
1414:S2CID
1331:JSTOR
1309:(PDF)
1265:Map 1
1032:S2CID
982:S2CID
829:Hmong
706:, or
405:vowel
1795:OCLC
1785:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1533:PMID
1469:ISBN
1406:PMID
1369:ISBN
1126:WORD
1055:ISBN
1016:WORD
974:ISSN
937:ISBN
906:ISBN
748:and
442:that
421:-in'
417:-ing
321:lect
299:).
1876:doi
1849:doi
1822:doi
1762:doi
1733:doi
1700:doi
1650:doi
1613:doi
1589:doi
1525:doi
1498:doi
1441:doi
1398:doi
1321:doi
1287:doi
1134:doi
1082:doi
1024:doi
966:doi
639:by
446:who
1896::
1872:11
1870:.
1845:86
1843:.
1818:85
1816:.
1793:.
1756:.
1729:14
1727:.
1723:.
1696:14
1694:.
1690:.
1644:.
1619:.
1595:.
1585:54
1583:.
1558:^
1531:.
1521:48
1519:.
1492:.
1453:^
1437:35
1435:.
1412:.
1404:.
1394:12
1392:.
1329:.
1315:.
1311:.
1281:.
1263:,
1224:^
1185:,
1159:^
1130:14
1128:.
1069:^
1030:.
1020:19
1018:.
980:.
972:.
960:.
935:.
827:,
823:,
819:,
815:,
811:,
807:,
768:,
764:,
760:,
444:,
323:.
311:,
1882:.
1878::
1855:.
1851::
1828:.
1824::
1801:.
1768:.
1764::
1758:9
1741:.
1735::
1708:.
1702::
1656:.
1652::
1646:5
1629:.
1615::
1603:.
1591::
1539:.
1527::
1504:.
1500::
1494:3
1477:.
1447:.
1443::
1420:.
1400::
1377:.
1337:.
1323::
1317:2
1293:.
1289::
1283:2
1267:.
1140:.
1136::
1088:.
1084::
1063:.
1038:.
1026::
988:.
968::
962:9
945:.
933:5
914:.
799:"
729:)
723:(
718:)
714:(
696:.
666:)
660:(
655:)
651:(
633:.
470:(
291:(
259:e
252:t
245:v
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