506:
137:
809:
85:
44:
782:, argue that pidgins and creoles arise independently under different circumstances, and that a pidgin need not always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin. Pidgins, according to Mufwene, emerged among trade colonies among "users who preserved their native vernaculars for their day-to-day interactions". Creoles, meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language, often
1546:
the children of pidgin-speaking parents face a big problem, because pidgins are so rudimentary and inexpressive, poorly capable of expressing the nuances of a full range of human emotions and life situations. The first generation of such children spontaneously develops a pidgin into a more complex
746:
when a generation of children learn a pidgin as their first language, a process that regularizes speaker-dependent variation in grammar. Creoles can then replace the existing mix of languages to become the native language of a community (such as the
794:
version of the original language. These servants and slaves would come to use the creole as an everyday vernacular, rather than merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary.
338:
with respect to other languages. However, not all simplified or "unsophisticated" forms of a language are pidgins. Each pidgin has its own norms of usage which must be learned for proficiency in the pidgin.
306:
Fundamentally, a pidgin is a simplified means of linguistic communication, as it is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between individuals or groups of people. A pidgin is not the
354:
that at one point arose from a pidgin. Unlike pidgins, creoles have fully developed vocabulary and patterned grammar. Most linguists believe that a creole develops through a process of
566:
Pidgins are usually less morphologically complex but more syntactically rigid than other languages, and usually have fewer morphosyntactic irregularities than other languages.
303:, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but where there is no common language between the groups).
391:
alone could refer to Pidgin
English. The term came to be used in a more general linguistic sense to refer to any simplified language by the late 19th century.
870:
1559:
484:, distinct from the languages they were originally influenced by. Trade languages and pidgins can also influence an established language's
488:, especially amongst people who are directly involved in a trade where that pidgin is commonly used, which can alternatively result in a
823:
99:
387:('business English'), first attested in 1855, shows the term in transition to referring to language, and by the 1860s the term
690:, and other parts of speech that represent the concept being increased and clear indication of the gender of animated objects.
1525:
287:, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a
819:
641:
95:
739:) suggests that pidgins need three languages to form, with one (the superstrate) being clearly dominant over the others.
1292:
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408:, a bird sometimes used for carrying brief written messages, especially in times prior to modern telecommunications.
238:
220:
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71:
535:
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771:). However, not all pidgins become creole languages; a pidgin may die out before this phase would occur (e.g. the
531:
158:
790:, absorbing certain words and features from the slaves' non-European native languages, resulting in a heavily
180:
930:
1528:. IGPP Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 81.
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1563:
1027:
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whose language would be far from the standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-European
1155:
358:
of a pidgin when children of speakers of an acquired pidgin learn it and use it as their native language.
1047:
885:
772:
698:
335:
1270:
187:
1716:
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1042:
940:
756:
377:, and all attestations from the first half of the nineteenth century given in the third edition of the
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are limited and often drawn from several languages. It is most commonly employed in situations such as
463:
to denote a particularly rudimentary type of pidgin; however, this usage is rather rare, and the term
1751:
1487:
Thus the published court reports of Papua New Guinea refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin": see for example
379:
1476:
Growing Up with Tok Pisin: Contact, creolization, and change in Papua New Guinea's national language
313:
A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from a multitude of languages as well as
1186:
997:
992:
603:
516:
169:
480:. Trade languages can eventually evolve into fully developed languages in their own right such as
1547:
language termed a creole. he evolution of a pidgin into a creole is unconscious and spontaneous.
1414:, Oxford University Press, January 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/143533. Accessed 23 January 2018.
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111:
57:
29:
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Bakker, Peter (1994), "Pidgins", in Arends, Jacques; Muijsken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.),
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1063:
657:
629:
321:
of any pidgin will be limited to core vocabulary, words with only a specific meaning in the
1008:
865:
455:
has also been used to refer to pidgins, and is found in the names of some pidgins, such as
383:
mean "business; an action, occupation, or affair" (the earliest being from 1807). The term
8:
961:
783:
574:
1336:
1340:
1240:
987:
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444:. Its speakers usually refer to it simply as "pidgin" when speaking English. Likewise,
334:, unsophisticated simplified versions of their lexifiers, and as such usually have low
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This article is about the form of language in general. For particular languages, see
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Many of these languages are commonly referred to by their speakers as "Pidgin".
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an absence of (or absence of widespread proficiency in) a widespread, accessible
694:
619:
473:
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395:
343:
307:
831:
436:, in places where they are spoken. For example, the name of the creole language
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language may acquire a completely new (or additional) meaning in the pidgin.
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or word categorization; common use and derivation of new vocabulary through
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63:
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of any speech community, but is instead learned as a second language.
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prolonged, regular contact between the different language communities
477:
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is common, employment of as few basic vowels as possible, such as
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650:; use of separate words to indicate tense, usually preceding the
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most often refers to the words particular to a given profession.
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21:
1276:. In Arends, Jacques; Muijsken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.).
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300:
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may also be used as the specific name for local pidgins or
269:
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266:
1667:
Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics
1729:
Atlas of Pidgin and Creole
Language Structures (APiCS)
1323:
Bickerton, Derek (1976). "Pidgin and creole studies".
718:
The initial development of a pidgin usually requires:
596:
Reduction of consonant clusters or breaking them with
448:
is commonly referred to by its speakers as "Pidgin".
275:
428:, but was later generalized to refer to any pidgin.
328:
Pidgins have historically been considered a form of
263:
1618:
The Power of Babel: The
Natural History of Language
260:
161:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1615:
742:Linguists sometimes posit that pidgins can become
1560:"Salikoko Mufwene: "Pidgin and Creole Languages""
640:language families and in various families of the
1743:
1657:
1613:
1371:
1513:
1669:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
1422:
1420:
1268:
17:
1639:
1598:Pidginization and Creolization of Languages
534:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
72:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1271:"The study of pidgin and creole languages"
798:
1562:. Humanities.uchicago.edu. Archived from
1417:
1406:
1404:
1322:
1293:"Language varieties: Pidgins and creoles"
554:Learn how and when to remove this message
239:Learn how and when to remove this message
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
1290:
834:by adding descriptive text and removing
569:Characteristics shared by most pidgins:
110:by adding descriptive text and removing
1441:
1269:Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (2008).
459:. In this context, linguists today use
1744:
1713:An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles
1642:Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles
1586:
1500:
1462:
1447:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
1401:
1395:
1383:
1595:
1526:University of California, Los Angeles
736:
18:Pidgin § List of notable pidgins
1682:
1589:Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction
1524:. Life Science Series. Contributor:
1358:
1278:Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction
802:
642:indigenous languages of the Americas
573:Typologically most closely resemble
532:adding citations to reliable sources
499:
159:adding citations to reliable sources
130:
78:
37:
1478:. London: Battlebridge. 2002. p. 4.
1337:10.1146/annurev.an.05.100176.001125
472:Pidgins may start out as or become
13:
1705:
725:a need to communicate between them
373:pronunciation of the English word
14:
1773:
1722:
53:This article has multiple issues.
1591:, John Benjamins, pp. 26–39
1280:. John Benjamins. pp. 3–14.
1231:International auxiliary language
807:
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495:
256:
135:
83:
42:
1552:
1506:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1456:
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440:derives from the English words
146:needs additional citations for
61:or discuss these issues on the
1600:, Cambridge University Press,
1389:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1316:
1284:
1262:
1014:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
713:
424:, used to refer originally to
411:
1:
1580:
1325:Annual Review of Anthropology
931:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1372:Thomason & Kaufman (1988
1028:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
590:Reduction or elimination of
361:
20:. For the type of bird, see
7:
1734:Language Varieties Web Site
1429:Online Etymology Dictionary
1198:
1048:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
773:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
10:
1778:
1717:Cambridge University Press
1451:Cambridge University Press
1043:Maritime Polynesian Pidgin
941:Cameroonian Pidgin English
291:in common: typically, its
15:
678:, commonly supplanted by
628:, such as those found in
380:Oxford English Dictionary
350:of a speech community of
24:. For the IM client, see
1614:McWhorter, John (2002),
1514:Campbell, John Howland;
1291:Özüorçun, Fatma (2014).
1256:
1187:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
998:Kiautschou Pidgin German
993:Inuktitut-English Pidgin
861:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
778:Other scholars, such as
620:morphophonemic variation
420:, formerly also spelled
342:A pidgin differs from a
1762:Linguistics terminology
1182:West Greenlandic Pidgin
1126:Roquetas Pidgin Spanish
886:Basque–Icelandic pidgin
836:less pertinent examples
799:List of notable pidgins
446:Hawaiian Creole English
112:less pertinent examples
30:Pidgin (disambiguation)
709:, adjectivization etc.
426:Chinese Pidgin English
28:. For other uses, see
1683:Todd, Loreto (1990),
1156:Tây Bồi Pidgin French
1151:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
1064:Namibian Black German
1640:Sebba, Mark (1997),
1596:Hymes, Dell (1971),
1489:Schubert v The State
1069:Ndyuka-Tiriyó Pidgin
1009:Kwoma-Manambu Pidgin
866:Arafundi-Enga Pidgin
583:structure (e.g., no
528:improve this section
155:improve this article
1757:Pidgins and creoles
1711:Holm, John (2000),
1685:Pidgins and Creoles
978:Français Tirailleur
962:Eskimo Trade Jargon
832:improve the article
784:indentured servants
575:isolating languages
108:improve the article
35:Simplified language
1659:Thomason, Sarah G.
1624:Random House Group
1521:Creative Evolution
1516:Schopf, J. William
1445:(1997), "Pidgin",
1241:Macaronic language
988:International Sign
749:Chavacano language
735:Keith Whinnom (in
672:grammatical gender
613:Monophthongization
1663:Kaufman, Terrence
1192:Barikanchi Pidgin
957:Duvle-Wano Pidgin
917:Broken Oghibbeway
881:Barikanchi Pidgin
853:
852:
648:grammatical tense
564:
563:
556:
492:being developed.
249:
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223:
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129:
128:
76:
26:Pidgin (software)
1769:
1752:Interlinguistics
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1474:Smith, Geoff P.
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1449:(2nd ed.),
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1298:. Archived from
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1005:(Swahili pidgin)
967:Ewondo Populaire
871:Arunachali Hindi
848:
845:
839:
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780:Salikoko Mufwene
769:Papua New Guinea
744:creole languages
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1216:Creole language
1201:
1196:
1166:Te Parau Tinito
1136:Settler Swahili
1105:Pidgin Ngarluma
1095:Pidgin Hawaiian
1090:Pidgin Delaware
1079:Nigerian Pidgin
1059:Mobilian Jargon
926:Loucheux Jargon
891:Bimbashi Arabic
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840:
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695:parts of speech
602:Elimination of
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396:false etymology
369:derives from a
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352:native speakers
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693:Lack of clear
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592:syllable codas
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587:clauses, etc.)
579:Uncomplicated
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544:September 2020
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474:trade language
457:Chinook Jargon
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1651:0-333-63024-6
1647:
1644:, MacMillan,
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1633:0-06-052085-X
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1607:0-521-07833-4
1603:
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1566:on 2013-06-03
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1410:"pidgin, n."
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1305:on 2018-07-12
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1236:Lingua franca
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1205:Bilingual pun
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1085:Nootka Jargon
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1054:Mekeo pidgins
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1038:Maridi Arabic
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974:(Pidgin Zulu)
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1307:. Retrieved
1300:the original
1286:
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1264:
1210:Camfranglais
1146:Sranan Tongo
1115:Pidgin Wolof
902:Bombay Hindi
854:
841:
830:Please help
818:may contain
817:
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761:Sierra Leone
741:
737:Hymes (1971)
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688:superlatives
638:Sino-Tibetan
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153:Please help
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106:Please help
94:may contain
93:
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62:
56:
55:Please help
52:
1173:(creolized)
1122:(creolized)
1110:Pidgin Onin
1081:(creolized)
943:(creolized)
907:Borgarmålet
898:(creolized)
753:Philippines
714:Development
658:conjugation
630:Niger-Congo
442:talk pidgin
412:Terminology
402:is English
1746:Categories
1581:References
1570:2010-04-24
1541:2014-04-20
1412:OED Online
1359:Todd (1990
1331:: 169–93.
1309:2017-05-24
1212:(Cameroon)
1131:Russenorsk
1100:Pidgin Iha
844:April 2024
824:irrelevant
699:conversion
662:declension
604:aspiration
598:epenthesis
486:vernacular
476:, such as
394:A popular
293:vocabulary
211:April 2024
181:newspapers
120:April 2024
100:irrelevant
58:improve it
1689:Routledge
1491:PNGLR 66.
1251:Spanglish
1226:Hiri Motu
1171:Tok Pisin
947:Cocoliche
820:excessive
765:Tok Pisin
666:agreement
515:does not
478:Tok Pisin
451:The term
438:Tok Pisin
416:The word
362:Etymology
317:. As the
96:excessive
64:talk page
1665:(1988),
1199:See also
1161:Tinglish
1074:Nefamese
1019:Kyowa-go
972:Fanagalo
826:examples
670:Lack of
656:Lack of
646:Lack of
624:Lack of
618:Lack of
585:embedded
375:business
336:prestige
323:lexifier
289:language
170:"Pidgin"
102:examples
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1345:2949309
1221:Engrish
1141:Surzhyk
1050:(Sabir)
1023:Xieheyu
896:Bislama
751:in the
701:, e.g.
684:plurals
581:clausal
536:removed
521:sources
482:Swahili
434:creoles
371:Chinese
319:lexicon
297:grammar
195:scholar
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936:Camtho
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466:jargon
461:jargon
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405:pigeon
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1120:Pijin
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283:, or
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188:books
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517:cite
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295:and
174:news
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767:in
759:in
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664:or
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