220:
170:
230:
1484:", where the characters can be interpreted loosely in sequence as "together-fun-place" (which has since been borrowed into Chinese during the early 20th century with the same meaning, including the individual characters, but with a pronunciation that differs considerably from the original English and the Japanese,
353:
of lexical borrowing (loanwords). While Haugen categorized borrowing into either substitution or importation, camouflaged borrowing in the form of PSM is a case of "simultaneous substitution and importation." Zuckermann proposed a new classification of multisourced neologisms, words deriving from two
1162:
to Modern German, pursuing a twofold aim, namely to underline the significance of multisourced neologisation for language contact theory and secondly to demonstrate that together with other forms of camouflaged borrowing it remains an important borrowing mechanism in contemporary German."
2361:. Expressive loanwords are hard to identify, and by definition, they follow the common phonetic sound change patterns poorly. Likewise, there is a continuum between "pure" loanwords and "expressive" loanwords. The difference to a folk etymology (or an
2365:) is that a folk etymology is based on misunderstanding, whereas an expressive loan is changed on purpose, the speaker taking the loanword knowing full well that the descriptive quality is different from the original sound and meaning.
3384:
Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006). "'Etymythological
Othering' and the Power of 'Lexical Engineering' in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective". In Omoniyi, Tope; Fishman, Joshua A. (eds.).
1221:
was coined in 1912 by Dr Björn
Bjarnarson from Viðfjörður in the East of Iceland. It had been in little use until the 1940s, but has since become common, as a lexeme and as an element in new formations, such as
2060:
Often in phono-semantic matching, the source language determines both the root word and the noun-pattern. This makes it difficult to determine the source language's influence on the target language
1683:
are phonetically somewhat similar to the two syllables of the
English word. Chinese has a large number of homo/heterotonal homophonous morphemes, which would have been a better phonetic fit than
2376:, does not use the vowels 'y', 'ä' or 'ö' . Thus, it is common to add these to redescriptivized loans to remove the degree of foreignness that the loanword would otherwise have. For example,
3317:
Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). "Language
Contact and Globalisation: The Camouflaged Influence of English on the World's Languages – with special attention to Israeli (sic) and Mandarin".
1451:", the individual kanji respectively mean "smoke" and "herb", which corresponds to the meaning, while none of their possible readings have a phonetic relationship to the word
3158:
2037:, thousands of Chinese words would not have been coined, or would have been coined with completely different forms". Evidence of this can be seen in the
3426:
Jane C. Hu, 23 October 2016: LOST IN TRANSLATION: The genius and stupidity of corporate
America are on display when companies rebrand for new countries
2815:
781:
681:, also the source of the English word. Natively, the word is transparently analysed as a "hang-mat", which aptly describes the object. Similarly:
1468:
In some cases, however, the kanji were chosen for both their semantic and phonetic values, a form of phono-semantic matching. A stock example is
354:
or more sources at the same time. Examples of such mechanisms are phonetic matching, semanticized phonetic matching and phono-semantic matching.
2049:
1392:
when used for semantic matching. Some of these continue to be used; the characters chosen may correspond to the sound, the meaning, or both.
381:
to recognize the widespread phenomena of camouflaged borrowing and multisourced neologization and not to force one source on multi-parental
2207:, a brand name which was suggested by Interbrand Wood (the consultancy firm hired by Pfizer), is itself a multisourced neologism, based on
1395:
In most cases the characters used were chosen only for their matching sound or only for their matching meaning. For example, in the word
2357:
An expressive loan is a loanword incorporated into the expressive system of the borrowing language, making it resemble native words or
259:
1174:
demonstrate how
Icelandic camouflages many English words by means of phono-semantic matching. For example, the Icelandic-looking word
2033:'s assertion that "a language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used" is inaccurate. "If Chinese had been written
515:
Arabic has made use of phono-semantic matching to replace blatantly imported new terminology with a word derived from an existing
2976:
Folk-etymology: A Dictionary of Verbal
Corruptions Or Words Perverted in Form Or Meaning, by False Derivation Or Mistaken Analogy
2269:
3194:
2586:
3358:"Cultural Hybridity: Multisourced Neologization in 'Reinvented' Languages and in Languages with 'Phono-Logographic' Script"
3307:
3204:
3147:
307:
are preserved, though the new expression (the PSM – the phono-semantic match) in the target language may sound native.
3183:
3047:
2863:
3171:
3135:
1158:"applies the concepts of multisourced neologisation and, more generally, camouflaged borrowing, as established by
3445:
3162:
2458:
1582:
362:
252:
1574:
3475:
3450:
2600:
2258:
3480:
119:
63:
2082:
could have used – after deliberately choosing the phonetically and semantically suitable
3470:
2384:" means "wobblyness", and superficially it looks like a native construction, originating from the verb
3465:
3460:
2955:
2235:
245:
223:
202:
84:
3425:
3331:
3490:
3214:
Mailhammer, Robert (2008). "The Wolf in sheep's clothing: Camouflaged borrowing in Modern German".
2061:
1429:
means "to administer", neither of which has anything to do with the food – this is
878:
768:(a variety of apple with a very soft, thin, yellow skin), the word parts were modified to resemble
3395:
1986:
From a monolingual
Chinese view, Mandarin PSM is the 'lesser evil' compared with Latin script (in
2960:
2034:
1614:
197:
173:
68:
3326:
350:
330:
192:
134:
104:
3278:. Manhattan, KS: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Manhattan Plant Materials Center
2096: meaning 'check' (Rabbinic) or 'repair' (Biblical) – the noun-patterns
3440:
3291:
2853:
2656:
2338:
2018:
1000:
342:
207:
129:
2322:
1553:
963:
300:
3083:
1587:
554:
507:
495:
483:
411:
8:
3357:
2746:
taqni/tiqani (lit. "of perfection, related to mastering and improving"), another PSM of
2412:"sticky, tarry goo", which could be mistaken as a derivation from the onomatopoetic word
2239:
1503:
1481:
187:
1591:), which satisfies "www" and literally means "myriad dimensional net". The English word
318:
but does not include phonetic matching (i.e., retention of the approximate sound of the
3485:
3344:
3299:
3239:
3105:
3088:
3077:(Speech). 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics. Ohio State University.
2116:, which was not highly productive, was chosen because its makes the final syllable of
2030:
1534:
865:
233:
124:
109:
2041:, a Chinese language that is closely related to Mandarin, but written phonetically in
1053:"sock"). However, the word is a case of a misunderstood loan translation from Swedish
3303:
3243:
3231:
3200:
3179:
3143:
3122:
3043:
2859:
2681:
2401:
2284:
2281:
1998:
967:
884:
417:
358:
229:
53:
48:
3348:
3268:
2923:
902:
3455:
3406:
3372:
3336:
3223:
3097:
2725:
2638:
2463:
2373:
2369:
2065:
1530:
1032:
975:
911:
889:
461:
438:
431:
24:
987:
3252:
2183:
2083:
2042:
2038:
2002:
1102:
516:
58:
43:
3057:
2280:
According to
Zuckermann, PSM has various advantages from the point of view of a
1600:
3410:
2919:
2493:
2478:
2332:
2194:
1991:
1564:
666:
366:
38:
1689:, but not nearly as good semantically – consider the syllable
1018:
3434:
3262:. Clevedon-Buffalo-Toronto: Multilingual Matters. pp. 19–43 (Chapter 2).
3260:
Globally
Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages
3235:
2453:
2438:
2389:
2309:
playfulness (cf. midrashic tradition of homiletic commentary, cf. the Jewish
2242:
employs phono-semantic matching less commonly than Chinese. Examples include
2165:
2072:
1593:
374:
341:
The term "phono-semantic matching" was introduced by linguist and revivalist
89:
2331:(the belief that there is something intrinsic about the sound of names; cf.
2321:(the wish to create order/meaningfulness, cf. folk etymology, etymythology,
958:
3340:
3126:
2358:
1995:
927:
780:("shirt; small shirt; vest"), although the word actually denotes the place
382:
346:
3376:
3227:
3136:"Some expressive and borrowed elements in the lexicon of Finnish dialects"
3075:
Language change in progress: evidence from computer-mediated communication
2217:
1013:
2488:
2473:
2448:
2345:
2161:
2010:
1368:
In modern Japanese, loanwords are generally represented phonetically via
424:
378:
315:
2176:
295:
similar words or roots from the adopting language. Thus the approximate
3396:"Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns"
2468:
2318:
933:
870:
144:
3109:
2924:"Implications of the Soviet Dungan Script for Chinese Language Reform"
2112:
etc. (each ⌂ represents a slot where a radical is inserted). Instead,
2045:, where words are directly borrowed, often from Russian, without PSM.
728:("belly, stomach"), although the word originates in Middle Low German
2576:
2574:
2572:
2328:
2294:
camouflaging foreign influence (for the native speaker in the future)
2265:
2147:
2022:
1994:(in speech). Zuckermann's exploration of PSM in Standard Chinese and
1987:
1888:
1460:
1387:
1363:
1212:
897:
873:
400:
288:
287:, where the word's non-native quality is hidden by replacing it with
284:
99:
2372:, for example, has many expressive loans. The main source language,
3101:
2298:
2208:
1920:
1512:
1369:
996:
992:
323:
319:
311:
304:
292:
154:
139:
2569:
1515:. The characters can mean "wings coming together", as the pointed
3138:. In Voeltz, Erhard Friedrich Karl; Kilian-Hatz, Christa (eds.).
2443:
2362:
1941:
1448:
946:
469:
322:
through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word or
94:
2855:
Terminology Translation in Chinese Contexts: Theory and Practice
2604:
1372:. However, in earlier times loanwords were often represented by
2811:
2483:
2311:
1973:
1917:
technological terms, e.g., the aforementioned word for "sonar".
1911:
1557:
1549:
893:
473:
370:
149:
2029:(simultaneously cenemic and pleremic). Zuckermann argues that
2381:
2169:
2151:
1634:
1402:
1379:
1373:
1359:
1207:
465:
296:
2794:
2792:
2753:
2720:(lit. "a disease caused by (making) love"), another PSM of
2248:("matrix", from the words for "magic" and "battle array"),
1976:", therefore meaning "White Russia" just like the endonym "
1904:
907:
280:
2900:
2585:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFOnze_Taal_-_Volksetymologie (
2254:("apply", from the words for "press down" and "use"), and
1548:, which literally means "powerful and hard" and refers to
3296:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
3042:(in Dutch) (15th ed.). Utrecht: Van Dale Uitgevers.
2833:
2789:
2686:
2511:
2509:
2425:
2420:"to poke"). However, it is an expressive loan of Russian
1186:, meaning "to destroy", and the Icelandic nominal suffix
952:
333:, which retains the sound of a word but not the meaning.
2934:
1065:
fit with a close phonological equivalent to the Swedish
2765:
2580:
1866:
According to Zuckermann, PSM in Mandarin is common in:
755:("gather wood"), although the word originates in Latin
749:, "February"), the first part was modified to resemble
729:
3387:
Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion
2888:
2777:
2506:
1497:
1475:
1458:
1452:
1442:
1430:
1412:
1406:
1385:
1377:
1234:"technician". Other PSMs discussed in the article are
691:("anchovy"), the second part was modified to resemble
2879:
2533:
1967:
1950:
1935:
1914:, e.g., the aforementioned word for "World Wide Web".
1882:
1858:
1847:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1797:
1778:
1761:
1750:
1731:
1714:
1703:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1649:
1628:
1606:
1568:
1543:
1485:
710:("scurvy"), the word parts were modified to resemble
2087:
2050:
translation of Western names into Chinese characters
646:
632:
607:
593:
568:
3199:. Teach Yourself Books. London: Hodder, Stoughton.
2557:
1198:, meaning "tool", combined with the nominal suffix
1004:derives from phono-semantic matching between Latin
3159:"Väitös: Tökötti tököttää, tytinä tytisee (Jarva)"
2982:
2952:
2682:https://www.saob.se/artikel/?seek=liktorn&pz=1
2388:"to wobble" added with a front vowel sound in the
1226:, lit. "electrical technics", i.e. "electronics",
1178:, meaning "AIDS", is a PSM of the English acronym
1077:"hardworking person", literally "work mole", from
697:("fish"), although the word originates in Spanish
3006:
2994:
2521:
2305:Other motivations for PSM include the following:
283:into one language from another, often creating a
3432:
2619:
2255:
2249:
2243:
1977:
1516:
1506:
1194:, meaning "technology, technique", derives from
675:("hammock"), which is a modification of Spanish
3258:. In Rosenhouse, Judith; Kowner, Rotem (eds.).
3250:
2852:Li, Saihong; Hope, William (22 February 2021).
2821:
2759:
2737:
2704:
1405:), the two characters are respectively read as
1171:
3389:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 237–258.
2657:"Kielten ihmeellinen maailma: toukokuuta 2008"
2211:
2064:. For example, "the phono-semantic matcher of
1491:
1469:
1436:
1424:
1418:
1396:
936:is called "bakeapple" after the French phrase
863:A few PSMs exist in English. The French word
398:Zuckermann analyses the evolution of the word
329:Phono-semantic matching is also distinct from
2973:
2967:
2714:
2708:
1962:
1956:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1898:
1892:
1877:
1871:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1825:
1814:
1803:
1792:
1785:
1773:
1767:
1756:
1745:
1738:
1726:
1720:
1709:
1698:
1691:
1661:
1655:
1644:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1598:
1538:
1521:resembles a bird with wings folded together.
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
930:-wood"), is sometimes rendered as "bowdark".
676:
253:
2741:
2404:), which in turn is a loanword from Russian
2137:
916:
640:
626:
601:
587:
562:
548:
501:
489:
477:
405:
373:, as well as by religious leaders. He urges
3316:
3290:
2906:
2839:
2798:
2771:
2515:
2268:, from "yellow flying dragon", evoking the
1159:
1005:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
792:
775:
769:
763:
750:
744:
738:
723:
717:
711:
705:
692:
686:
670:
452:, then phonetically realised in English as
3393:
3383:
3355:
3213:
3028:
2940:
2894:
2783:
2692:
2551:
2539:
1155:
365:, employ the very same techniques used in
260:
246:
3330:
3319:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
3251:Sapir, Yair; Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2008).
3040:Groot woordenboek van de Nederlandse taal
2197:. The last part corresponds to the Latin
310:Phono-semantic matching is distinct from
303:of the original expression in the source
3037:
2563:
2301:) (for the contemporary learner/speaker)
2189:("repayment of a loan") was rendered as
1563:Another example is the Mandarin form of
1182:, using the pre-existent Icelandic verb
3172:"Contact and the Finno-Ugric languages"
1891:" translates to "tasty entertaining",
1708:'deliver, carry, give (as a present)',
1376:(Chinese characters), a process called
1202:, but is, in fact, a PSM of the Danish
416:) "the artichoke", it was adapted into
3433:
3169:
3121:. Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society.
3084:"The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing"
3081:
2988:
2851:
2527:
1671:"receive, accept". The pronunciations
3266:
3192:
3156:
3133:
3012:
3000:
2625:
2408:. A somewhat more obvious example is
2344:attracting customers (in the case of
974:(literally "it is red"), or from the
3269:"Plant fact sheet for Osage orange (
3116:
2918:
2392:. However, it is expressivized from
2223:("tiger") but enhanced by the words
2164:. The first part corresponds to the
1783:'sour, spoiled' and many others) or
1423:means "one's natural life span" and
1384:when used for phonetic matching, or
1217:), meaning "technology, technique".
3253:"Icelandic: Phonosemantic Matching"
3072:
3033:. New York: Henry Holt. p. 21.
2827:
2742:
2138:
1903:itself genericised to refer to any
1597:has been borrowed into Mandarin as
1524:
1206:(or of another derivative of Greek
641:
627:
602:
588:
563:
549:
502:
490:
478:
406:
13:
2715:
2352:
1786:
1739:
1692:
1041:, literally means "black-socked" (
906:, although it is unrelated to the
797:as a particularly notable example.
14:
3502:
3419:
923:
876:") was translated to the English
3176:The Handbook of Language Contact
3119:Language reform in modern Turkey
3038:van Dale, Johan Hendrik (2015).
2750:, in this case in Modern Arabic.
2291:recycling obsolete lexical items
2131:
2055:
1190:. Similarly, the Icelandic word
940:'the what-do-you-call-it berry'.
669:as well. One notable example is
228:
219:
218:
169:
168:
2946:
2912:
2872:
2845:
2816:MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary
2804:
2731:
2698:
2667:
2649:
2341:/ rejective lexical engineering
2297:facilitating initial learning (
1736:'tower; alarm, attract' etc.),
1105:", literally "extra toe", from
1059:"black-sick". The Finnish word
3157:Jarva, Vesa (23 August 2003).
2709:
2631:
2593:
2545:
2396:(which is a confusing word as
2275:
2021:, e.g., phonographic - like a
1963:
1957:
1931:
1925:
1899:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1843:
1837:
1774:
1768:
1727:
1721:
1662:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1624:
1618:
1586:
1578:
1539:
1533:borrowings. An example is the
1492:
1470:
1437:
1425:
1419:
1397:
956:, replacing the original form
888:, itself an adaptation of the
363:Academy of the Hebrew Language
16:Type of multi-source neologism
1:
3267:Wynia, Richard (March 2011).
3058:"Onze Taal - Volksetymologie"
2974:Smythe Palmer, Abram (1882).
2500:
1172:Sapir & Zuckermann (2008)
1035:compound word for "jealous,"
361:, for example members of the
3394:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009).
3356:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2004).
3174:. In Hickey, Raymond (ed.).
3161:(in Finnish). Archived from
3029:Bloomfield, Leonard (1933).
3022:
2738:Sapir & Zuckermann (2008
2705:Sapir & Zuckermann (2008
1213:
1166:
944:The second part of the word
537:Pre-existing root (meaning)
314:, which includes (semantic)
279:) is the incorporation of a
7:
3403:Journal of Language Contact
3193:Lewis, Geoffrey L (1977) .
2760:Sapir & Zuckermann 2008
2643:Online Etymology Dictionary
2581:Onze Taal - Volksetymologie
2431:
2231:(i.e. free/forceful flow).
2218:
2180:), meaning "sacred, holy".
2088:
1968:
1951:
1936:
1883:
1859:
1848:
1831:
1820:
1809:
1798:
1779:
1762:
1751:
1732:
1715:
1704:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1650:
1629:
1607:
1569:
1544:
1498:
1486:
1476:
1459:
1457: – this is
1453:
1443:
1431:
1413:
1407:
1386:
1378:
1353:
910:. The French name for the
784:where the apple originates.
647:
633:
608:
594:
569:
555:
508:
496:
484:
412:
388:
10:
3507:
3411:10.1163/000000009792497788
2661:kirlah-kielet.blogspot.com
2170:
2152:
2048:A related practice is the
2009:("full" of meaning, e.g.,
1611:, "dark/wicked visitor").
1529:PSM is frequently used in
1435:. Conversely, in the word
1357:
1208:
1026:
858:
665:A number of PSMs exist in
458:phono-semantically matched
456:. The word was eventually
357:Zuckermann concludes that
336:
2956:Oxford English Dictionary
2678:Svenska Akademiens Ordbok
2257:
2212:
2117:
2093:
2075:
1978:
1946:
1854:
1826:
1815:
1804:
1793:
1757:
1746:
1710:
1699:
1599:
1150:
743:(an alternative name for
393:
326:in the target language).
203:Sociocultural linguistics
3170:Laakso, Johanna (2010).
2880:
2707:, p. 36): see also
1955:, "White" with the name
1556:in men, manufactured by
1552:, the drug for treating
962:, which derives from an
660:
2961:Oxford University Press
2740:, pp. 37–38), cf.
1615:Modern Standard Chinese
1117:"dead thorn", matching
730:
273:Phono-semantic matching
198:Linguistic anthropology
115:Phono-semantic matching
3405:. Varia 2 (2): 40–67.
3341:10.1080/09557570302045
3082:Haugen, Einar (1950).
2256:
2250:
2244:
2003:Chinese writing system
1863:'thin' and so forth).
1719:'pine; loose, slack',
1637:" uses the characters
1517:
1507:
1490:). Another example is
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1017:
1012:
1006:
917:
901:
883:
864:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
793:
776:
770:
764:
751:
745:
739:
724:
718:
712:
706:
693:
687:
677:
671:
404:. Beginning in Arabic
331:homophonic translation
193:Historical linguistics
135:Linguistic description
105:Homophonic translation
3446:Linguistic morphology
3377:10.1075/lic.4.2.06zuc
3365:Languages in Contrast
3228:10.1515/FLIN.2008.177
2339:political correctness
1129:"dead (archaic)" and
1083:"work ant", matching
1001:Book of Common Prayer
950:was altered to match
581:mitochondrie (French)
460:back into colloquial
208:Sociology of language
3134:Jarva, Vesa (2001).
3117:Heyd, Uriel (1954).
2928:Sino-Platonic Papers
2323:paronymic attraction
2227:(i.e. strength) and
2005:is multifunctional:
1944:" combines the word
1554:erectile dysfunction
1417:, but the character
1071:. Similar cases are
896:, has likewise been
542:technologie (French)
3476:Pidgins and creoles
3451:Linguistic typology
3292:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
3165:on 10 October 2006.
3073:Gao, Liwei (2008).
2270:Huey P. Long Bridge
2234:Other than through
2124:sound like English
2035:using roman letters
2001:concludes that the
1870:brand names, e.g.,
1813:'receive, accept',
1802:'receive, accept',
1583:traditional Chinese
1338: –
1330: –
1326: –
1302: –
1254: –
1242: –
800:Other examples are
531:Unarabicised import
188:Applied linguistics
3481:Chinese characters
3300:Palgrave Macmillan
3142:. John Benjamins.
2978:. Johnson Reprint.
2724:, in this case in
2031:Leonard Bloomfield
1575:simplified Chinese
1535:Taiwanese Mandarin
1160:Zuckermann (2003a)
882:. The French word
620:macchina (Italian)
343:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
234:Linguistics portal
130:Language varieties
125:Discourse analysis
110:Macaronic language
3471:Linguistic purism
3216:Folia Linguistica
2402:possessive suffix
2027:phono-logographic
1923:, e.g., the name
1156:Mailhammer (2008)
787:Dutch dictionary
722:, tear open) and
658:
657:
654:m-k-n (capacity)
488:), consisting of
418:Andalusian Arabic
359:language planners
270:
269:
54:Language planning
49:Language ideology
3498:
3466:Language contact
3461:Sociolinguistics
3414:
3400:
3390:
3380:
3362:
3352:
3334:
3313:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3271:Maclura pomifera
3263:
3257:
3247:
3210:
3189:
3166:
3153:
3130:
3113:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3053:
3034:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2959:(1st ed.).
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2907:Zuckermann 2003a
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2884:. 24 April 2021.
2876:
2870:
2869:
2849:
2843:
2840:Zuckermann 2003a
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2808:
2802:
2799:Zuckermann 2003a
2796:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2772:Zuckermann 2003b
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2735:
2729:
2726:Standard Chinese
2718:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2603:. Archived from
2601:"Bowfin Anglers"
2597:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2552:Zuckermann (2009
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2516:Zuckermann 2003a
2513:
2464:Language contact
2459:Internationalism
2285:language planner
2263:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2173:
2172:
2155:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2136:The Hebrew name
2119:
2095:
2091:
2077:
1981:
1980:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1590:
1580:
1572:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1525:Mandarin Chinese
1520:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1304:pallborðsumræður
1230:"technical" and
1216:
1211:
1210:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1009:
941:
925:
920:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
796:
779:
773:
767:
754:
748:
742:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
696:
690:
680:
674:
650:
644:
643:
636:
630:
629:
611:
605:
604:
597:
591:
590:
572:
566:
565:
558:
552:
551:
522:
521:
519:. Examples are:
511:
505:
504:
500:) "earthly" and
499:
493:
492:
487:
481:
480:
464:(for example in
462:Levantine Arabic
439:Northern Italian
415:
409:
408:
345:. It challenged
262:
255:
248:
232:
222:
221:
172:
171:
25:Sociolinguistics
21:
20:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3491:Hebrew language
3431:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3398:
3360:
3332:10.1.1.195.9748
3310:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3255:
3207:
3186:
3150:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3025:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2972:
2968:
2951:
2947:
2941:Zuckermann 2009
2939:
2935:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2895:Bloomfield 1933
2893:
2889:
2882:
2881:可樂 - Wiktionary
2878:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2790:
2784:Zuckermann 2004
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2736:
2732:
2703:
2699:
2693:Mailhammer 2008
2691:
2687:
2672:
2668:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2607:on 12 July 2007
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2540:Zuckermann 2006
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2434:
2355:
2353:Expressive loan
2278:
2184:Old High German
2150:is rendered as
2134:
2058:
2039:Dungan language
1527:
1366:
1358:Main articles:
1356:
1292:Létt og laggott
1169:
1153:
1029:
938:baie qu'appelle
932:In Canada, the
931:
861:
774:("silken") and
663:
534:Arabicised word
528:English meaning
517:triliteral root
396:
391:
339:
266:
59:Multilingualism
44:Language change
17:
12:
11:
5:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3420:External links
3418:
3416:
3415:
3391:
3381:
3371:(2): 281–318.
3353:
3325:(2): 287–307.
3314:
3309:978-1403917232
3308:
3288:
3264:
3248:
3222:(1): 177–193.
3211:
3206:978-0340058282
3205:
3190:
3184:
3167:
3154:
3149:978-9027229465
3148:
3131:
3114:
3102:10.2307/410058
3096:(2): 210–231.
3079:
3070:
3054:
3048:
3035:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2966:
2945:
2933:
2911:
2909:, p. 255.
2899:
2887:
2871:
2864:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2803:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2730:
2697:
2695:, p. 191.
2685:
2666:
2648:
2630:
2618:
2592:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2494:Word formation
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Phonosemantics
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2416:(cf. the verb
2368:South-eastern
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2333:phonaesthetics
2326:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2277:
2274:
2259:Huỳnh Phi Long
2195:Medieval Latin
2193:("reward") in
2133:
2130:
2073:Israeli Hebrew
2057:
2054:
1992:code-switching
1984:
1983:
1918:
1915:
1908:
1565:World Wide Web
1526:
1523:
1355:
1352:
1168:
1165:
1152:
1149:
1038:mustasukkainen
1028:
1025:
860:
857:
856:
855:
798:
785:
760:
735:
702:
662:
659:
656:
655:
652:
638:
624:
621:
617:
616:
615:q-d-r (power)
613:
599:
585:
582:
578:
577:
576:t-q-n (skill)
574:
560:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
395:
392:
390:
387:
375:lexicographers
367:folk etymology
338:
335:
268:
267:
265:
264:
257:
250:
242:
239:
238:
237:
236:
226:
213:
212:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
182:
181:
180:Related fields
177:
176:
174:Sociolinguists
165:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
79:
78:
77:Areas of study
74:
73:
72:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
39:Code-switching
33:
32:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3503:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3274:
3272:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3185:9781405175807
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3049:9789460772221
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2943:, p. 59.
2942:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2865:9781000357103
2861:
2858:. Routledge.
2857:
2856:
2848:
2842:, p. 57.
2841:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2801:, p. 59.
2800:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:van Dale 2015
2560:
2554:, p. 60)
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Hobson-Jobson
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Bilingual pun
2437:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:vowel harmony
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:Apollonianism
2317:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2166:Ancient Greek
2163:
2159:
2149:
2145:
2139:יְרוּשָׁלַיִם
2132:Miscellaneous
2129:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2056:Modern Hebrew
2053:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1975:
1970:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1890:
1885:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1850:
1833:
1822:
1811:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1764:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1717:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1652:
1636:
1631:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1433:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
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1273:
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1261:
1257:
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1241:
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1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
955:
954:
949:
948:
942:
939:
935:
929:
921:
919:
913:
909:
905:
904:
899:
895:
892:name for the
891:
887:
886:
881:
880:
875:
872:
868:
867:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
799:
795:
790:
786:
783:
778:
772:
766:
761:
758:
753:
747:
741:
740:sprokkelmaand
736:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
703:
700:
695:
689:
684:
683:
682:
679:
673:
668:
653:
649:
639:
635:
625:
622:
619:
618:
614:
610:
600:
596:
595:mītōkondriyah
586:
583:
580:
579:
575:
571:
561:
557:
547:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
520:
518:
513:
510:
498:
486:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
422:
419:
414:
403:
402:
386:
384:
383:lexical items
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
352:
348:
344:
334:
332:
327:
325:
321:
320:borrowed word
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
243:
241:
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217:
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108:
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98:
96:
93:
91:
90:Bilingual pun
88:
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81:
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76:
75:
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67:
65:
62:
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57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
40:
37:
36:
35:
34:
30:
29:
26:
23:
22:
19:
3441:Word coinage
3402:
3386:
3368:
3364:
3322:
3318:
3295:
3280:. Retrieved
3270:
3259:
3219:
3215:
3195:
3175:
3163:the original
3139:
3118:
3093:
3087:
3074:
3064:16 September
3062:. Retrieved
3039:
3030:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2975:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2936:
2927:
2922:(May 1990).
2920:Mair, Victor
2914:
2902:
2890:
2874:
2854:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2806:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2747:
2733:
2721:
2713:
2700:
2688:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:the original
2595:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2367:
2359:onomatopoeia
2356:
2310:
2304:
2279:
2266:Huey P. Long
2238:borrowings,
2233:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2157:
2143:
2135:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2086:
2079:
2068:
2059:
2047:
2026:
2017:("empty" of
2014:
2006:
1996:Meiji-period
1990:writing) or
1985:
1865:
1784:
1737:
1690:
1654:"sound" and
1613:
1592:
1570:wàn wéi wǎng
1567:, which is
1562:
1528:
1511:, a kind of
1467:
1394:
1367:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1154:
1095:"mole"; and
1047:"black" and
1030:
1011:
1010:and English
999:
986:
984:
979:
978:native word
971:
957:
951:
945:
943:
937:
915:
912:Osage orange
879:charterhouse
877:
862:
788:
765:zijdenhemdje
756:
698:
664:
609:mutaqaddirah
584:mitochondria
514:
512:) "thorny".
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
434:
427:
420:
413:'al-khurshūf
399:
397:
379:etymologists
356:
347:Einar Haugen
340:
328:
309:
293:semantically
289:phonetically
276:
272:
271:
114:
31:Key concepts
18:
3282:16 December
2989:Laakso 2010
2953:"guerdon".
2528:Haugen 1950
2489:Portmanteau
2474:Phonestheme
2449:Hybrid word
2346:brand names
2276:Motivations
2162:Matthew 2:1
2160:) in, e.g.
2158:Hierosóluma
2144:Yərūšālayim
2011:logographic
1766:'old man',
1268:fjárfesting
1123:"extra" to
1098:liikavarvas
985:The use of
815:geeuwhonger
803:angstvallig
485:arḍī shawkī
435:alcarcioffo
425:Old Spanish
349:'s classic
316:translation
3435:Categories
3140:Ideophones
3060:(in Dutch)
3013:Jarva 2003
3001:Jarva 2001
2626:Wynia 2011
2501:References
2469:Lexicology
2240:Vietnamese
2201:("gift").
2191:widerdonum
2153:Ἱεροσόλυμα
2062:morphology
1937:Bái'èluósī
1884:Kěkǒu kělè
1755:'search',
1545:wēi'érgāng
1504:Portuguese
1502:) for the
1308:páfagaukur
1256:dapurleiki
1228:tæknilegur
1080:arbetsmyra
966:(possibly
964:Algonquian
934:cloudberry
918:bois d'arc
898:Anglicized
871:Carthusian
866:chartreuse
839:rederijker
794:balkenbrij
791:describes
752:sprokkelen
707:scheurbuik
589:ميتوكندريا
556:teknolōjyā
545:technology
450:articiocco
446:arciciocco
442:arcicioffo
428:alcarchofa
421:alxarshofa
145:Pragmatics
3486:Semantics
3327:CiteSeerX
3244:143230866
3236:0165-4004
3178:. Wiley.
3023:Citations
2748:technical
2639:"Muskrat"
2329:iconicity
2299:mnemonics
2236:Sinoxenic
2148:Jerusalem
2110:mi⌂⌂a⌂áim
2023:syllabary
1988:digraphic
1979:Белару́сь
1910:computer
1889:Coca-Cola
1852:'beast',
1461:jukujikun
1388:jukujikun
1364:jukujikun
1288:korréttur
1276:guðspjall
1264:fjárfesta
1214:tekhnikós
1167:Icelandic
1147:"thorn".
1135:"toe" to
1089:"ant" to
1056:svartsjuk
1007:renegatus
988:runagates
972:muscascus
885:choupique
874:monastery
851:zondvloed
833:penthouse
827:hondsdraf
757:spurcalia
731:schorbuck
716:(stem of
550:تكنولوجيا
479:أرضي شوكي
454:artichoke
401:artichoke
285:neologism
100:Diglossia
69:Variation
3349:11791518
3294:(2003).
3089:Language
3031:Language
2828:Gao 2008
2716:aìzībìng
2680:(1940).
2432:See also
2282:puristic
2219:vyāghráh
2209:Sanskrit
2187:widarlōn
2120:
2106:mi⌂⌂é⌂et
2078:
2043:Cyrillic
2007:pleremic
1999:Japanese
1921:toponyms
1835:'head',
1824:'hand',
1531:Mandarin
1513:raincoat
1370:katakana
1354:Japanese
1300:pallborð
1224:raftækni
1209:τεχνικός
1074:työmyyrä
997:Anglican
993:Psalm 68
970:) word,
968:Powhatan
959:musquash
903:shoepike
789:Van Dale
782:Sydenham
746:februari
719:scheuren
688:ansjovis
389:Examples
351:typology
324:morpheme
312:calquing
305:language
224:Category
155:Soramimi
140:Loanword
120:Register
64:Prestige
3456:Grammar
3196:Turkish
3127:3816059
2963:. 1900.
2814:or the
2611:15 July
2444:Eggcorn
2422:d'ogot'
2410:tökötti
2406:stúden'
2394:tyyteni
2386:tutista
2374:Russian
2370:Finnish
2363:eggcorn
2251:áp dụng
2245:ma trận
2229:Niagara
2213:व्याघ्र
2168:prefix
2102:ma⌂⌂e⌂á
2098:mi⌂⌂a⌂á
2066:English
2025:), and
2019:meaning
2015:cenemic
1942:Belarus
1630:shēngnà
1480:) for "
1449:tobacco
1447:) for "
1332:stöðlun
1324:staðall
1248:brokkál
1244:bifrari
1114:liktorn
1033:Finnish
1027:Finnish
995:of the
980:mòskwas
976:Abenaki
947:muskrat
890:Choctaw
859:English
845:rendier
821:hagedis
809:dukdalf
713:scheur-
699:anchova
672:hangmat
648:makanah
634:makīnah
623:machine
570:taqānah
470:Lebanon
437:, then
432:Italian
430:, then
423:, then
407:الخرشوف
337:History
301:meaning
95:Dialect
3347:
3329:
3306:
3242:
3234:
3203:
3182:
3146:
3125:
3110:410058
3108:
3046:
2862:
2812:CEDICT
2484:Poetry
2418:tökkiä
2378:tytinä
2312:pilpul
2225:vigour
2205:Viagra
2177:hiero-
2146:) for
2122:mivdók
2114:mi⌂⌂ó⌂
2080:mivdók
1974:Russia
1969:Èluósī
1912:jargon
1594:hacker
1585::
1577::
1558:Pfizer
1550:Viagra
1487:jùlèbù
1477:kurabu
1454:tabako
1444:tabako
1340:togari
1328:staðla
1312:ratsjá
1284:júgurð
1260:depurð
1236:beygla
1232:tæknir
1204:teknik
1151:German
1132:varvas
1103:clavus
894:bowfin
777:hemdje
771:zijden
678:hamaca
603:متقدرة
509:shawkī
474:Israel
394:Arabic
371:laymen
163:People
150:Pidgin
85:Accent
3399:(PDF)
3361:(PDF)
3345:S2CID
3276:(PDF)
3256:(PDF)
3240:S2CID
3106:JSTOR
2930:(18).
2743:تقنيّ
2676:, in
2400:is a
2382:brawn
2199:donum
2171:ἱερo-
2118:מבדוק
2089:b-d-q
2076:מבדוק
2071:with
1791:(cf.
1744:(cf.
1697:(cf.
1686:shēng
1674:shēng
1651:shēng
1635:sonar
1608:hēikè
1537:word
1499:kappa
1432:ateji
1403:sushi
1380:ateji
1374:kanji
1360:Ateji
1348:veira
1320:staða
1316:setur
1280:ímynd
1272:heila
1252:dapur
1240:bifra
1219:Tækni
1192:tækni
1176:eyðni
1141:<
1120:liika
1111:<
1108:liktå
1092:myyrä
1062:sukka
1050:sukka
1044:musta
1019:agate
908:pikes
667:Dutch
661:Dutch
628:مكينة
564:تقانة
476:) as
466:Syria
448:>
444:>
297:sound
3304:ISBN
3284:2015
3232:ISSN
3201:ISBN
3180:ISBN
3144:ISBN
3123:OCLC
3066:2023
3044:ISBN
2860:ISBN
2810:See
2722:AIDS
2674:torn
2613:2007
2587:help
2126:dock
2084:root
2069:dock
1932:白俄羅斯
1926:白俄罗斯
1905:cola
1879:可口可樂
1873:可口可乐
1860:shòu
1849:shòu
1832:shǒu
1821:shǒu
1810:shòu
1799:shōu
1787:shou
1733:sǒng
1716:sōng
1705:sòng
1693:song
1677:and
1518:capa
1508:capa
1482:club
1411:and
1362:and
1346:and
1344:uppi
1336:toga
1296:musl
1196:tæki
1184:eyða
1180:AIDS
1144:torn
1086:myra
1068:sjuk
1031:The
924:lit.
848:and
725:buik
642:مكنة
525:Word
503:شوكي
497:arḍī
491:أرضي
472:and
377:and
299:and
291:and
281:word
3407:doi
3373:doi
3337:doi
3224:doi
3098:doi
2710:爱滋病
2428:".
2426:tar
2414:tök
2398:-ni
2272:).
2128:."
2094:בדק
2013:),
1972:, "
1964:俄羅斯
1958:俄罗斯
1952:Bái
1940:, "
1887:, "
1780:sōu
1763:sŏu
1752:sōu
1740:sou
1588:萬維網
1579:万维网
1540:威而剛
1471:倶楽部
1414:shi
1200:-ni
1188:-ni
1126:lik
1014:run
991:in
953:rat
928:bow
900:as
762:In
737:In
704:In
694:vis
685:In
369:by
277:PSM
3437::
3401:.
3367:.
3363:.
3343:.
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3323:16
3321:.
3302:.
3298:.
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3238:.
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3220:42
3218:.
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2108:,
2104:,
2100:,
2052:.
1982:".
1900:可樂
1894:可乐
1680:nà
1668:nà
1625:聲納
1619:声纳
1601:黑客
1581:;
1560:.
1493:合羽
1465:.
1438:煙草
1408:su
1398:寿司
1350:.
1342:,
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1318:,
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1310:,
1306:,
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1250:,
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1023:.
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914:,
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1947:白
1929:/
1907:.
1897:/
1876:/
1855:瘦
1844:獸
1841:/
1838:兽
1827:首
1816:手
1805:受
1794:收
1775:餿
1772:/
1769:馊
1758:叟
1747:搜
1728:聳
1725:/
1722:耸
1711:松
1700:送
1663:納
1660:/
1657:纳
1646:聲
1643:/
1640:声
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1622:/
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1573:(
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