World War I - Knowledge

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the Allies debated a response to Wilson's offer, the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of "a direct exchange of views". Learning of the German response, the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January. They sought restoration of damages, the evacuation of occupied territories, reparations for France, Russia and Romania, and a recognition of the principle of nationalities. The Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars. The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer on the grounds of honour, and noted Germany had not put forward any specific proposals.

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Germany and her allies." It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations, and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary. However, neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt. In 1921, the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks. However, "Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay" this sum. The total sum was divided into three categories, with the third being "deliberately designed to be chimerical" and its "primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the 'total sum was being maintained.

640: 5906: 509: 1929: 693: 2316: 522: 4911: 624: 657: 4669: 551: 5215: 1615: 5072: 5971: 1751:. Economic reforms led to a significant post-1908 expansion of railways and transportation infrastructure, particularly in its western border regions. Since Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for their numerical inferiority compared to Russia, the threat posed by the closing of this gap was more important than competing with the Royal Navy. After Germany expanded its standing army by 170,000 troops in 1913, France extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures were taken by the 496: 117: 5398: 537: 12775: 2801: 4746:" and the wish to revise the "Versailles diktat", and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics. Even a man of peace such as Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt. As for the Nazis, they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanise the German nation into a spirit of revenge. Like a Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its policies. 5487: 3005: 2086: 4754: 3513: 5145: 5290: 3936:—with the help of the German government—was ushered from Switzerland into Russia on 16 April 1917. Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first, the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed, they acceded to the 77: 3606: 3852: 4237: 4120: 2216: 5772: 467: 4082:, part of a joint Franco-British operation. Poor security meant German intelligence was well informed on tactics and timetables, but despite this, when the attack began on 16 April the French made substantial gains, before being brought to a halt by the newly built and extremely strong defences of the Hindenburg Line. Nivelle persisted with frontal assaults and, by 25 April, the French had suffered nearly 135,000 casualties, including 30,000 dead, most incurred in the first two days. 5370:, "You have assured us that you cannot get better terms. I much regret it, and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies." Australia received £5,571,720 in war reparations, but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been £376,993,052, and, by the mid-1930s, repatriation pensions, war gratuities, interest and sinking fund charges were £831,280,947. 97: 68: 1769: 578: 3345: 2954: 5851: 5866:; defining and redefining the war goals, which became harsher as the war went on; luring neutral nations (Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Romania) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers, especially among Czechs, Poles, and Arabs. In addition, multiple peace proposals were coming from neutrals, or one side or the other; none of them progressed very far. 4421: 564: 4697: 734: 3211: 5031:. The use of chemical weapons had been sanctioned by the German High Command to force Allied soldiers out of their entrenched positions, complementing rather than supplanting more lethal conventional weapons. Chemical weapons were deployed by all major belligerents throughout the war, inflicting approximately 1.3 million casualties, of which about 90,000 were fatal. The use of chemical weapons in warfare was a direct violation of the 4033:, a proponent of pre-1914 "open warfare" who considered the French and British emphasis on artillery misguided and incompatible with American "offensive spirit". Much to the frustration of his Allies, who had suffered heavy losses in 1917, he insisted on retaining control of American troops, and refused to commit them to the front line until able to operate as independent units. As a result, the first significant US involvement was the 5735: 16166: 108: 2723: 4506: 611: 4925:, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%. France mobilised 7.8 million men, of which 1.4 million died and 3.2 million were injured. Approximately 15,000 deployed men sustained gruesome facial injuries, causing social stigma and marginalisation; they were called the 2308:. However, Moltke grew concerned that the French might push too hard on his left flank and as the German Army increased in size from 1908 to 1914, he changed the allocation of forces between the two wings to 70:30. He also considered Dutch neutrality essential for German trade and cancelled the incursion into the Netherlands, which meant any delays in Belgium threatened the viability of the plan. Historian 2051:. Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organised outside Sarajevo, in other cities in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia. Austro-Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs, 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison. A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death. A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the 3669: 3641: 3655: 3627: 3711: 3613: 3683: 3697: 3725: 4931:(broken faces). In Germany, civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime, due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that had weakened disease resistance. These excess deaths are estimated as 271,000 in 1918, plus another 71,000 in the first half of 1919 when the blockade was still in effect. Starvation caused by famine killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon. 3195:, supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been previously lost to Russia. He was, however, a poor commander. He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops, insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter. He lost 86% of his force at the 3176: 2235:; over the next two weeks, Austrian attacks were repulsed with heavy losses. As a result, Austria had to keep sizeable forces on the Serbian front, weakening their efforts against Russia. Serbia's victory against Austria-Hungary in the 1914 invasion has been called one of the major upset victories of the twentieth century. In 1915, the campaign saw the first use of 5095:. The Ottomans carried out organised and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and manipulated acts of Armenian resistance by portraying them as rebellions to justify further extermination. In early 1915, several Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the 2942:. A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the first 10 months of 1915, Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian provinces of 3573:, relieving Austro-Hungarian pressure on the Italians, and convincing Romania to enter the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August. It also fatally weakened both the Austrian and Russian armies, whose offensive capabilities were badly affected by their losses and increased disillusion with the war that ultimately led to the Russian revolutions. 2785:. This proved effective in cutting off vital supplies, though it violated accepted international law. Britain also mined international waters which closed off entire sections of the ocean, even to neutral ships. Since there was limited response to this tactic, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare. 7027: 2688:, which suffered 57,500 casualties, including 19,200 dead. As a whole, the Somme offensive led to an estimated 420,000 British casualties, along with 200,000 French and 500,000 Germans. The diseases that emerged in the trenches were a major killer on both sides. The living conditions led to disease and infection, such as 3024:, and by 25 September British and French troops had crossed the border into Bulgaria proper as the Bulgarian army collapsed. Bulgaria capitulated four days later, on 29 September 1918. The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line, but these forces were too weak to re-establish a front. 4962:

spread across the world, accelerated by the movement of large numbers of soldiers, often crammed together in camps and transport ships with poor sanitation. The Spanish flu killed at least 17 to 25 million people, including an estimated 2.64 million Europeans and as many as 675,000 Americans. Between

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of Versailles". German historian Hagen Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany "under legal sanctions, deprived of military power, economically ruined, and politically humiliated." Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasises the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty

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Despite his conviction that Germany must be defeated, Wilson went to war to ensure the US played a leading role in shaping the peace, which meant preserving the AEF as a separate military force, rather than being absorbed into British or French units as his Allies wanted. He was strongly supported by

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Bulgaria declared war on Serbia on 14 October 1915 and joined in the attack by the Austro-Hungarian army under Mackensen's army of 250,000 that was already underway. Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month, as the Central Powers, now including Bulgaria, sent in 600,000 troops in total. The

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Germany promised to support Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914, but those had never been tested in exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank

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political opposition by presenting Russia as the aggressor, German Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg delayed the commencement of war preparations until 31 July. That afternoon, the Russian government were handed a note requiring them to "cease all war measures against Germany and Austria-Hungary" within 12

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July, but accepted all the terms, except for those empowering Austrian representatives to suppress "subversive elements" inside Serbia, and take part in the investigation and trial of Serbians linked to the assassination. Claiming this amounted to rejection, Austria broke off diplomatic relations and

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and Austria-Hungary. Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the

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In the US, conscription began in 1917 and was generally well-received, with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas. The administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower after only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the

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The United States was a major supplier of war material to the Allies but remained neutral in 1914, in large part due to domestic opposition. The most significant factor in creating the support Wilson needed was the German submarine offensive, which not only cost American lives but paralysed trade as

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to the Swiss border. Since the Germans were normally able to choose where to stand, they generally held the high ground, while their trenches tended to be better built; those constructed by the French and English were initially considered "temporary", only needed until an offensive would destroy the

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was larger than the British Army itself, and between 1914 and 1918 an estimated 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. In all, 140,000 soldiers served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East, with 47,746 killed and 65,126

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used this freedom to disobey orders, opening a gap between the German armies as they closed on Paris. The French army, reinforced by the British expeditionary corps, seized this opportunity to counter-attack and pushed the German army 40 to 80 km back. Both armies were then so exhausted that no

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asked his government for permission to cross the border and pre-empt such a move. To avoid violating Belgian neutrality, he was told any advance could come only after a German invasion. Instead, the French cabinet ordered its Army to withdraw 10 km behind the German frontier, to avoid provoking

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from the Ottoman Empire, this unilateral action was denounced by the European powers, but accepted as there was no consensus on how to resolve the situation. Some historians see this as a significant escalation, ending any chance of Austria cooperating with Russia in the Balkans, while also damaging

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However, it was also an emotional decision, driven by Wilhelm's simultaneous admiration for the Royal Navy and desire to surpass it. Bismarck thought that the British would not interfere in Europe, as long as its maritime supremacy remained secure, but his dismissal in 1890 led to a change in policy

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With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser leading to his abdication and fleeing of the country, Germany moved towards surrender. Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge on October 3 as Chancellor of Germany. Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately,

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In December 1917, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the West. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a

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War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions among the Allies. After initial outrage and much deliberation, they took Wilson's note as a separate effort, signalling that the US was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the "submarine outrages". While

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where up to 1,000,000 Central Powers troops were present. The battles lasted from 22 July to 3 September and eventually, the Romanian army was victorious advancing 500 km. August von Mackensen could not plan for another offensive as he had to transfer troops to the Italian Front. Following the

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caused political chaos throughout the world. In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community, by which point Germany had paid only the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks. With the rise of Adolf Hitler, all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out

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lending to the Allies. After 1919, the US demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations that, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid. Britain still owed the United

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Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, the industry needed to replace the lost labourers

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The pre-1914 Italian army was short of officers, trained men, adequate transport and modern weapons; by April 1915, some of these deficiencies had been remedied but it was still unprepared for the major offensive required by the Treaty of London. The advantage of superior numbers was offset by the

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By the end of 1914, German troops held strong defensive positions inside France, controlled the bulk of France's domestic coalfields, and inflicted 230,000 more casualties than it lost itself. However, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a decisive

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in the north and centre. German forces launched numerous counterattacks, but positions and outposts of the Line continued falling, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September. On 24 September, the Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice

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were introduced, destroyers could potentially successfully attack a submerged submarine. Convoys slowed the flow of supplies since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled; the solution was an extensive program of building new freighters. Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not

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and his senior Cabinet ministers were already committed to supporting France, the Royal Navy had been mobilised, and public opinion was strongly in favour of intervention. On 31 July, Britain sent notes to Germany and France, asking them to respect Belgian neutrality; France pledged to do so, but

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to Romania. The result was that even countries which benefited from the Balkan Wars, such as Serbia and Greece, felt cheated of their "rightful gains", while for Austria it demonstrated the apparent indifference with which other powers viewed their concerns, including Germany. This complex mix of

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Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the so-called "war guilt" clause) stated Germany accepted responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of

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The assassination initiated the July Crisis, a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain. Believing that Serbian intelligence helped organise Franz Ferdinand's murder, Austrian officials wanted to use the opportunity to end their interference in

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had staunchly opposed taking part. The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912, and by July 1914 there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland. Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence, culminating in the

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Around 25–31% of Russian losses (as a proportion of those captured, wounded, or killed) were to prisoner status; for Austria-Hungary 32%; for Italy 26%; for France 12%; for Germany 9%; for Britain 7%. Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million (not including Russia, which lost

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lasted until 1918 and ended in failure for the Ottomans and their allies. However, the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led Armenian and Assyrian forces to be cut off from supply lines, outnumbered, outgunned and isolated, forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern

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On 24 October, the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto. This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, marking the end of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the

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In Australia and New Zealand, the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' "Baptism of Fire". It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the

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The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by" their aggression. In the Treaty of Versailles, this statement was

2023:, in Vienna "the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On 28 and 29 June, the crowds listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened." Nevertheless, the impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant, and has been described by historian 4464:

Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb. On 29 October, the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice, but the Italians continued advancing, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste. On 3

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In all nations, the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing 50% in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the US, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily from

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Pre-war military tactics that had emphasised open warfare and individual riflemen proved obsolete when confronted with conditions prevailing in 1914. Technological advances allowed the creation of strong defensive systems largely impervious to massed infantry advances, such as

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was largely successful, and the invasions achieved their aim of forcing Germany to divert troops from the Western Front, the speed of mobilisation meant they did so without much of their heavy equipment and support functions. These weaknesses contributed to Russian defeats at

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Austria-Hungary was partitioned into several successor states, largely but not entirely along ethnic lines. Apart from Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia received territories from the Dual Monarchy (the formerly separate and autonomous

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envisaged using 80% of the army to defeat France, then switching to Russia. Since this required them to move quickly, mobilization orders were issued that afternoon. Once the German ultimatum to Russia expired on the morning of 1 August, the two countries were at war.

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This figure could be paid in cash or in-kind (coal, timber, chemical dyes, etc.). Some of the territory lost—via the Treaty of Versailles—was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain. By 1929, the

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made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed "disloyal". Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors, and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed

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and initially met stubborn resistance, but with Austria-Hungary collapsing, Hungarian divisions in Italy demanded they be sent home. When this was granted, many others followed and the Imperial army disintegrated, the Italians taking over 300,000 prisoners. On

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Conscription was common in most European countries. However, it was controversial in English-speaking countries, It was especially unpopular among minority ethnicities—especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland, Australia, and the French Catholics in Canada.

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against the Austrians in eastern Galicia, shortages of supplies, heavy losses and command failures prevented the Russians from fully exploiting their victory. However, it was one of the most significant offensives of the war, diverting German resources from

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date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned home; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918.

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from Tsingtao, Japan declared war on Austria-Hungary, and the ship was sunk in November 1914. Within a few months, Allied forces had seized all German territories in the Pacific, leaving only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea.

2335:, and the French offensive in Alsace-Lorraine was a disastrous failure, with casualties exceeding 260,000. German planning provided broad strategic instructions while allowing army commanders considerable freedom in carrying them out at the front, but 2300:. Under Schlieffen, 85% of German forces in the west were assigned to the right wing, with the remainder holding along the frontier. By keeping his left-wing deliberately weak, he hoped to lure the French into an offensive into the "lost provinces" of 15440:

He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest—this photograph shows the arrest of

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in response to the Easter Rising, though once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated, the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling. However, opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland, resulting in the

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By the end of 1916, Russian casualties totalled nearly five million killed, wounded or captured, with major urban areas affected by food shortages and high prices. In March 1917, Tsar Nicholas ordered the military to forcibly suppress strikes in

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with the Central Powers in May 1918. Under the terms of the treaty, Romania ceded territory to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria and leased its oil reserves to Germany. However, the terms also included the Central Powers' recognition of the union of

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When the war began in 1914, Italy argued the Triple Alliance was defensive and it was not obliged to support an Austrian attack on Serbia. Opposition to joining the Central Powers increased when Turkey became a member in September, since in

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gas for the first time on the Western Front. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, it became one of the most feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.

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After 123 years, Poland re-emerged as an independent country. The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty, as a "minor Entente nation" and the country with the most casualties per capita, became the backbone of a new multinational state, the

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meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival. The United States launched a protest, and Germany changed its rules of engagement. After the sinking of the passenger ship

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in May/June 1916 was the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. The clash was indecisive, though the Germans inflicted more damage than they received; thereafter the bulk of the German

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Despite secretly agreeing to support the Triple Alliance in 1883, Romania increasingly found itself at odds with the Central Powers over their support for Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and the status of ethnic Romanian communities in

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at the Archduke's car and injured two of his aides. The other assassins were also unsuccessful. An hour later, as Ferdinand was returning from visiting the injured officers in hospital, his car took a wrong turn into a street where

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being overborne by their patriotic support for the war. Once the war began, Austrian, British, French, German, and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries' intervention in the war.

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Several nationalists opposed intervention, particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to. Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915, a minority of advanced

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In the aftermath of the war, the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires disappeared. Numerous nations regained their former independence, and new ones were created. Four dynasties fell as a result of the war: the

4257:, the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains. The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell-torn and often impassable to traffic. Germany launched 5338:" Thus, 50 billion gold marks (12.5 billion dollars) "represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay" and "therefore ... represented the total German reparations" figure that had to be paid. 19393: 16207: 3354:

Though Italy joined the Triple Alliance in 1882, a treaty with its traditional Austrian enemy was so controversial that subsequent governments denied its existence and the terms were only made public in 1915. This arose from

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refused to sign it, hoping for an Allied victory in the west. Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 on the side of the Allies and the Treaty of Bucharest was formally annulled by the Armistice of 11 November 1918.

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continued to pose a danger. In France and Belgium, locals who discover caches of unexploded munitions are assisted by weapons disposal units. In some places, plant life has still not recovered from the effects of the war.

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and, by 1919, there were 983 funds in New Zealand. At the start of the next world war the New Zealand funds were reformed, having been criticised as overlapping, wasteful and abused, but 11 were still functioning in 2002.

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Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic. The legend of the

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The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause or to undermine support for the enemy. For the most part, wartime diplomacy focused on five issues:

6955: 16156: 16146: 16136: 9450:. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Maps compiled by A.F. Becke. London: HM Stationery Office. p. 59. 10688: 2974:

on 6–7 January 1916, but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro. The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated to Greece. After the conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria.

5475:, said, "now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home, to restore the Empire to its ancient size." The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War 5917:

Memorials were built in thousands of villages and towns. Close to battlefields, those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the

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from August 1918 caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary had each signed armistices with the Allies, leaving Germany isolated. Facing

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urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central Powers. However, contrary to British fears of a revolt in India, the outbreak of the war saw a reduction in nationalist activity. Leaders from the

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in 1906 gave the British a technological advantage. Ultimately, the race diverted huge resources into creating a German navy large enough to antagonise Britain, but not defeat it; in 1911, Chancellor

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was located on the Western Front, with the remainder acting as a screening force in the East. Rather than a direct attack across their shared frontier, the German right wing would sweep through the

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Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007). ""Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras". In Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.).

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California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.

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was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was

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outcome, while it had failed to achieve the primary objective of avoiding a long, two-front war. As was apparent to several German leaders, this amounted to a strategic defeat; shortly after the

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when Italy joined in 1882. For Bismarck, the purpose of these agreements was to isolate France by ensuring the three Empires resolve any disputes between themselves. In 1887, Bismarck set up the

8001: 4253:. German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres (37 mi). The initial offensive was a success; after heavy fighting, however, the offensive was halted. Lacking tanks or 6437:

Unlike the others, the successor state to the Russian Empire, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, retained similar external borders, via retaining or quickly recovering lost territories.

22286: 4732:. This article became known as the "War Guilt Clause", as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful. The Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the " 1660:

and Africa, British support for France or Russia in any future conflict became a possibility. This was accentuated by British and Russian support for France against Germany during the 1911

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Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction".

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Faced with Russia in the east, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital,

1399:

to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including

10662: 5244: 17864: 15244: 12084: 9143: 7601: 5122:, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. At least 250,000 Assyrian Christians, about half of the population, and 350,000–750,000 2465:

Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French, and German colonial forces in Africa. On 6–7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorates of

17879: 16212: 7815: 5720:, who fought violently until May 23 when the army gained control of the city. Almost 50 people (including three Italian soldiers) were killed and over 800 people were arrested. 5689:—some socialist, some religious—who had refused to fight. In Britain, 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status. Some of them, most notably prominent peace activist 2759:, which seized or sank 15 merchantmen, a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. Most of the squadron was returning to Germany when it sank two British armoured cruisers at the 2347:

agreed with the French to attack Germany within fifteen days of mobilisation, ten days before the Germans had anticipated, although it meant the two Russian armies that entered

2261: 18063: 16155: 16145: 16135: 6929: 2565:

wounded. The suffering engendered by the war, as well as the failure of the British government to grant self-government to India afterward, bred disillusionment, resulting in

9910: 9817: 5249:

Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war. Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern "

1717:

was vital for global power projection; Tirpitz had his books translated into German, while Wilhelm made them required reading for his advisors and senior military personnel.

1471:" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life. The first recorded use of the term 11327: 7260:... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. 5392: 4143:, German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani. At the end of October 1917, the 13070: 11365: 22251: 10795: 1135: 7571: 5425:, led by Trumbić, was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London. In April 1918, the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met, including 5011: 3802:

In the summer of 1917, a Central Powers offensive began in Romania under the command of August von Mackensen to knock Romania out of the war, resulting in the battles of

6992:"South-Eastern Europe After Tito: A Powder-Keg for the 1980s? Edited by David Carlton and Carlo Schaerf. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. xviii, 211 pp. Map. $ 22.50" 5099:(Law on Deportation), which authorised the deportation of Armenians from the Empire's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918. The Armenians were intentionally 5019:

The German army was the first to successfully deploy chemical weapons during the Second Battle of Ypres (April–May 1915), after German scientists under the direction of

1831: 4533:

in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military.

6086:

began during the initial phases of the war and are still underway more than a century later. Teaching World War I has presented special challenges. When compared with

22607: 19378: 17961: 10213: 3791:. A combined German-Bulgarian-Turkish offensive captured Dobruja and Giurgiu, although the bulk of the Romanian army managed to escape encirclement and retreated to 3521: 2833:", which demanded warning and movement of crews to "a place of safety" (a standard that lifeboats did not meet). Finally, in early 1917, Germany adopted a policy of 16228: 8288: 7301: 4750:

Meanwhile, new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as a recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbours.

18816: 17598: 17422: 16762: 13351: 4626:

with Germany on 28 June 1919. The US Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it, and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the

4595:. Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead, not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected. 4540:

began at the end of October 1918. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war they believed to be as good as lost. The

3553:

in August and September 1914, forcing them to withdraw from East Prussia with heavy losses. By spring 1915, they had also retreated from Galicia, and the May 1915

1479:

who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."

1145: 4777:. As a result, Hungary lost 64% of its total population, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million, and losing 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic 21449: 18040: 5180:

Allied personnel was around 42,928,000, while Central personnel was near 25,248,000. British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but were increasingly

3379:. In 1902, Rome secretly had agreed with France to remain neutral if the latter was attacked by Germany, effectively nullifying its role in the Triple Alliance. 3031:

and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces. Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the

1219: 16232: 4886:

under the Treaty of Lausanne. According to various sources, several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period, which was tied in with the Greek genocide.

18068: 16575: 4215: 1048: 22552: 21667: 18256: 17983: 17675: 16633: 16328: 12266: 11922: 9880: 9787: 8242: 5184:. Surviving veterans returning home often found they could discuss their experiences only among themselves, so formed "veterans' associations" or "Legions". 1130: 322: 5318:

Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult. Geologists such as

21439: 18363: 15284: 13018: 12849: 12137: 4640: 4002: 1822:

Austrian statesmen viewed the Balkans as essential for the continued existence of their Empire and saw Serbian expansion as a direct threat. The 1908–1909

2176:. Britain sent Germany an ultimatum demanding they withdraw from Belgium; when this expired at midnight, without a response, the two empires were at war. 18271: 18026: 15809: 6569: 5505:

Several socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914. But European socialists split on national lines, with the concept of

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soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war, with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a

22271: 21314: 18846: 18751: 18266: 17956: 17907: 17822: 16245: 8175: 6941: 6330: 5205: 4701: 3994: 2340:

decisive move could be implemented, so they settled in trenches, with the vain hope of breaking through as soon as they could build local superiority.

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that characterizes retellings of the Second World War. Lacking recognizable heroes and villains, it is often taught thematically, invoking simplified

18110: 6287:

The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914. It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914.

5351:

notes "Refusing to pay doesn't make an agreement null and void. The bonds, the agreement, still exist." Thus, following the Second World War, at the

3944:

March 1918. The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers.

3322:

Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted to 650,000 men. Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000, with 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded.

2398: 884: 10567: 5172:

2.5–3.5 million soldiers as prisoners). From the Central Powers, about 3.3 million soldiers became prisoners; most of them surrendered to Russians.

5091:

of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, including mass deportations and executions, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered

4323:, and the day after the British at St Quentin in the centre of the line. The following week, cooperating American and French units broke through in 4021:

drafted 2.8 million men, though training and equipping such numbers was a huge logistical challenge. By June 1918, over 667,000 members of the

1819:

while its clients had overlapping claims in the Balkans. These competing interests divided Russian policy-makers and added to regional instability.

22331: 18841: 11023: 10605: 6976: 13450: 3242:

forces, together with a large number of major Iranian tribes, while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces. The

19847: 19703: 18711: 18498: 17951: 17309: 15473: 12871: 11586: 11275:. translated by Alasdair Lean; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar. London: Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute. 3823:

in return for ceding control of passes in the Carpathian Mountains to Austria-Hungary and leasing its oil wells to Germany. Although approved by

1537: 1348: 1242: 5032: 4805:

and 8% others. Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

4097:

is viewed by many Canadians as a defining moment in creating a sense of national identity. Though Nivelle continued the offensive, on 3 May the

21454: 19388: 18955: 14927: 13739: 11807: 11247: 6029: 5786:

with guns (as well as mortars and even machine guns) was commonplace, using new techniques for spotting and ranging, notably, aircraft and the

5752:, with the inevitably large ensuing casualties. By the end of 1917, however, the major armies had modernised and were making use of telephone, 5104: 1332: 16740: 14824:

Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership

11222: 10457: 22602: 22592: 21479: 18686: 16802: 10743: 4883: 2829:

in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners, while Britain armed its merchant ships, placing them beyond the protection of the "

2744:. These were systematically hunted down by the Royal Navy, though not before causing considerable damage. One of the most successful was the 2293:

from 1891 to 1906, estimated that this would take six weeks, after which the German army would transfer to the East and defeat the Russians.

1140: 12988: 12455: 12425: 1743:

This decision was not driven by a reduction in political tensions but by German concern over Russia's quick recovery from its defeat in the

22306: 20824: 19761: 19403: 18741: 18011: 17941: 17580: 16792: 16703: 16257:– A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections 14426: 12107: 10711: 3763:, whose acquisition had widespread popular support, and Russian success against Austria led Romania to join the Entente in the August 1916 3339: 3255: 1344: 1309: 1120: 772: 15718: 10635: 5556:. The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members, including Mussolini. Mussolini formed the pro-interventionist 3845: 1791:

The years before 1914 were marked by a series of crises in the Balkans, as other powers sought to benefit from the Ottoman decline. While

22326: 19756: 18035: 16926: 16380: 15219: 12649: 12581:

These Strange Criminals: An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors to Military Service from the Great War to the Cold War

12075: 11756: 11458: 9945: 9133: 8973: 7174: 6633: 6198: 6134: 6055: 5875: 3074:. The Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers' preoccupation with the war and conducted large-scale ethnic cleansing of the 1293: 513: 472: 15773: 13507: 12485: 12176: 7593: 5782:

Artillery also underwent a revolution. In 1914, cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets. By 1917,

5240: 2130:

hours. A further German demand for neutrality was refused by the French who ordered general mobilization but delayed declaring war. The

22612: 22597: 22547: 18553: 16603: 11975: 11683: 11616: 6907: 1871: 1525: 1246: 1091: 15236: 10342: 10204:"Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan" 9977: 7807: 3848:, Germany attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies. However, this attempt was rejected out of hand as a "duplicitous war ruse". 22617: 21394: 19857: 19383: 19336: 18902: 16933: 11372: 9495: 8064: 5352: 4357: 4180: 2328: 1923: 1885:

while enlarging the territories of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. However, disputes between the victors sparked the 33-day

1300:

was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the

1273: 14686:. Contributors: Institute of Medicine; Board on Global Health; Forum on Microbial Threats. Washington DC: National Academies Press. 3406: 2631:

in September 1914, Allied and German forces unsuccessfully tried to outflank each other, a series of manoeuvres later known as the "

21640: 20668: 19270: 16585: 9902: 9809: 6021: 5994: 5982: 3974: 2532:

Before the war, Germany had attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage, a policy continued post-1914 by

2372: 1195: 1074: 312: 18261: 16302: 15829: 13066: 3584:. Her increasingly incompetent rule and food shortages in urban areas led to widespread protests and the murder of her favourite, 1996:, took up positions along the Archduke's motorcade route, to assassinate him. Supplied with arms by extremists within the Serbian 22281: 21987: 21537: 20308: 19712: 18193: 18031: 18018: 17975: 17884: 17610: 17412: 17319: 17221: 16979: 16626: 10904: 7187:

Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom.

6297: 5303: 5209: 4729: 4553: 4207: 3884: 2377: 2076: 1125: 317: 13190: 10787: 10657: 4934: 2982:

in Greece to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers. However, the pro-German

20756: 19326: 18385: 18375: 18243: 10898:

Ansart, Séverine; Pelat, Camille; Boelle, Pierre-Yves; Carrat, Fabrice; Flahault, Antoine; Valleron, Alain-Jacques (May 2009).

7563: 5322:

were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies. Kitson discovered important new deposits of

4770: 4709: 4476:, arranged with the Allied Authorities in Paris. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the 4249:) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front. The operation commenced on 21 March 1918, with an attack on British forces near 2640:

German defences. Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915, at the

1388: 269: 223: 7150: 5673:

of 1916, with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain. The British government placed Ireland under

4781:. According to the 1910 census, speakers of the Hungarian language included approximately 54% of the entire population of the 4304: 2635:". By the end of 1914, the opposing forces confronted each other along an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from the 22422: 22382: 21645: 21334: 20052: 18979: 18879: 18721: 18660: 18157: 18091: 17928: 17807: 17480: 16499: 16355: 16099: 16080: 16061: 16034: 15998: 15971: 15945: 15920: 15889: 15860: 15767: 15743: 15687: 15660: 15638: 15619: 15592: 15565: 15543: 15421: 15400: 15313: 15269: 15155: 15115: 15088: 15029: 14971: 14952: 14902: 14881: 14831: 14812: 14761: 14734: 14699: 14664: 14597: 14578: 14559: 14529: 14502: 14454: 14406: 14366: 14324: 14297: 14247: 14228: 14206: 14169: 14150: 14118: 14099: 14080: 14053: 14034: 14013: 13986: 13967: 13922: 13903: 13876: 13845: 13815: 13785: 13766: 13704: 13680: 13661: 13630: 13601: 13582: 13563: 13544: 13496: 13439: 13420: 13401: 13379: 13345: 13324: 13305: 13286: 13230: 12807: 12746: 12698: 12643: 12588: 12527: 12260: 12045: 11969: 11897: 11666: 11452: 11280: 11190: 11152: 10526: 10400: 10187: 10162: 10054: 9728: 9683: 9530: 9242: 8697: 8548: 8521: 8494: 8394: 8282: 7295: 7241: 7168: 6949: 6901: 5388: 5201: 3270:

and, with British assistance, conquered much of Ottoman-held Arabia, resulting finally in the Ottoman surrender of Damascus.

3110: 3050: 1835: 1187: 965: 877: 302: 253: 169: 16323: 15895: 15631:

Land armaments in Europe, 1866–1914 in Arms Races in International Politics: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century

15427: 14615:

Kernek, Sterling (December 1970). "The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's 'Peace' Note of December 1916".

13710: 13636: 13096: 11286: 11053: 10020: 8639: 7247: 7205: 3403:; Italy joined the Triple Entente and, on 23 May, declared war on Austria-Hungary, followed by Germany fifteen months later. 3125:

in March 1917. The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian fighters, while the Ottomans employed local

2993:

The Macedonian front was at first mostly static. French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing

22567: 18771: 18332: 17752: 16537: 10203: 10114: 9550: 7934: 5923: 5883: 4821: 4265:

ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. The German Army to the south then conducted

4148: 3581: 1007: 35: 16314: 15177:

Raudzens, George (October 1990). "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History".

12610: 10486: 5111:

to the present day, arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting, famine, or disease during World War

2841:

before the United States could transport a large army overseas, but, after initial successes, eventually failed to do so.

2517: 2164:

August, they declared war on France and demanded free passage across Belgium, which was refused. Early on the morning of 4

198: 22517: 21842: 19696: 19301: 19076: 18528: 18491: 18103: 17427: 17055: 16560: 8446: 8415: 6422: 4240:

Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half.

2782: 2309: 2095: 1945: 1043: 739: 261: 18317: 9965:

La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20–22.000 uomini.

9576: 4089:

were more successful, though ultimately of little strategic value. Operating as a separate unit for the first time, the

3435:, which made little progress and cost many lives; by the end of the war, Italian combat deaths totalled around 548,000. 3234:. Persia, ostensibly neutral, had long been under British and Russian influence. The Ottomans and Germans were aided by 1611:, a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria-Hungary. 22507: 22437: 22402: 22346: 22341: 21584: 20133: 20009: 19528: 19265: 19162: 18959: 18302: 17592: 16994: 16752: 5919: 5879: 5161: 5036: 4537: 4101:, which had been involved in some of the heaviest fighting at Verdun, refused orders to go into battle, initiating the 3925:, which confirmed Russia's willingness to continue the war. However, the Petrograd Soviet refused to disband, creating 3550: 2645: 2274: 2126: 1369: 1096: 392: 11570: 7128: 2592: 2327:

The initial German advance in the West was very successful. By the end of August, the Allied left, which included the

1672: 22572: 22522: 22462: 22397: 22336: 22311: 22231: 21499: 20188: 20116: 20082: 18806: 18177: 17871: 17687: 16959: 16430: 13267: 12292: 11693: 11086: 9850: 9469: 8967: 6109:

has been reinvigorated by a cultural turn in the 21st century. Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding

5845: 4875: 4335:

October, the Hindenburg Line was pierced by British and Dominion troops of the First and Third British Armies at the

4211: 3376: 2537: 2508: 2477:

attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war. The German colonial forces in

2185: 2027:

as a "9/11 effect, a terrorist event charged with historic meaning, transforming the political chemistry in Vienna".

1866:

resulted in partial Austrian mobilisation, starting on 21 November 1912, including units along the Russian border in

1588: 1249:

in Europe, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and

5452:

state. In 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman-controlled territories of the Middle East to achieve independence.

2922: 2861:

travel the North Atlantic in convoys. The U-boats sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships, at the cost of 199 submarines.

1626:

For Bismarck, peace with Russia was the foundation of German foreign policy but in 1890, he was forced to retire by

1467:

similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War." Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "

22622: 22587: 22537: 22532: 22472: 22427: 21329: 20690: 19061: 18563: 17357: 16395: 15495: 14784: 6346: 5597: 3537: 3469: 3465: 3263: 3149: 3140:

was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916; in August 1916, a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the

870: 12250: 11914: 11866: 8234: 6539: 6503: 5701:. Even after the war, in Britain, many job advertisements were marked "No conscientious objectors need to apply". 4813: 3759:

In September 1914, Russia acknowledged Romanian rights to Austro-Hungarian territories including Transylvania and

3605: 2265:

German soldiers on the way to the front in 1914; at this stage, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one.

22542: 22497: 22477: 22452: 22412: 22407: 22392: 21429: 21364: 20409: 19644: 19280: 18665: 18428: 18233: 18213: 18000: 17936: 17759: 17628: 16532: 16452: 16390: 16260: 5572: 5262: 5139: 5006: 4098: 3969: 2617: 1981: 1937: 1457: 1328: 1207: 1183: 1002: 907: 357: 297: 17093: 15280: 13010: 12841: 12145: 5592:

On both sides, there was large-scale fundraising for soldiers' welfare, their dependents and those injured. The

3554: 3456:

in August 1916, remained static until October 1917. After a combined Austro-German force won a major victory at

2285:, then swing south, encircling Paris and trapping the French army against the Swiss border. The plan's creator, 87: 22582: 22562: 22527: 22457: 22447: 22432: 22417: 20620: 20026: 20021: 19689: 19652: 19345: 18630: 18625: 18484: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18208: 17902: 16547: 16522: 16420: 16254: 11182: 8314: 6471:

World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies.

5889: 5709: 5266: 4757: 4188: 3922: 3738: 3396: 3243: 2834: 2764: 2596: 2498: 2460: 2297: 2080: 1191: 1014: 992: 420: 361: 307: 39: 19172: 15790: 15331:

Schindler, J. (2003). "Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916".

14376:

Howard, N.P. (1993). "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19".

14257:

Herwig, Holger (1988). "The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered".

6561: 5118:

Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and

4603: 4331:(3–27 October), forcing the Germans off the commanding heights, and closing towards the Belgian frontier. On 8 2106:

to Serbia, listing ten demands made intentionally unacceptable to provide an excuse for starting hostilities.

2035: 22577: 22512: 22502: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22467: 22321: 20773: 20036: 19239: 19204: 18786: 18766: 18645: 18203: 18198: 18162: 18096: 17988: 17834: 17417: 17269: 16807: 16735: 16666: 16435: 16405: 16400: 14334:

Holmes, T.M. (April 2014). "Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914".

8167: 7841: 6150: 6049: 5729: 5490: 5272: 4525: 4500: 4453: 4022: 4018: 3811: 3044: 2072: 1733: 1697:

German economic and industrial strength continued to expand rapidly post-1871. Backed by Wilhelm II, Admiral

1381: 766: 202: 17: 16242: 6252:

of the war, and Russian defeat. However, this peace treaty was nullified by an Allied Powers victory on the

4809: 2852:. This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the 2142:

At a meeting on 29 July, the British cabinet had narrowly decided its obligations to Belgium under the 1839

22442: 21384: 21369: 21264: 20097: 19942: 19816: 19331: 18746: 18650: 18620: 18594: 18589: 18533: 18152: 17779: 17719: 17616: 17521: 17284: 17070: 16774: 16613: 16512: 13256: 11255: 8959: 6266: 5927: 5694: 5096: 4245:

protracted war, but they held high hopes for success in a final quick offensive. Ludendorff drew up plans (

4144: 4114: 3448:, but made little progress and were pushed by the Italians back to Tyrol. Although Italy occupied southern 3153: 2804: 2717: 2566: 2554: 2360: 2013: 1722: 1576: 1108: 1101: 982: 5302:. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 but allowed a great increase in 4319:, launched by American and French troops on 26 September. Two days later the Belgians, French and British 22387: 21530: 20790: 20301: 20213: 19972: 19903: 18776: 18696: 18390: 17827: 17812: 17670: 17622: 17387: 16938: 16812: 16725: 16720: 16489: 16477: 16472: 15553: 13209: 10554: 8685: 6253: 6249: 6193: 6118: 5935: 5744:. In April 1917, the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours. 5679: 5647: 5494: 5197: 5193: 4766: 4622:

A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the

4389: 4034: 3502: 3331: 2909: 2582: 2533: 2504: 2048: 2040: 1863: 1412: 1313: 1305: 1301: 936: 919: 914: 408: 230: 19146: 16999: 11015: 10592: 6362:

was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the

3020:, after most German and Austro-Hungarian troops had been withdrawn. The Bulgarians were defeated at the 2363:

told an American reporter "We have lost the war. It will go on for a long time but lost it is already."

20661: 20384: 20004: 19977: 19275: 19234: 18811: 18756: 18716: 18706: 18701: 18558: 18370: 18327: 17604: 17362: 17347: 17249: 17118: 16686: 16598: 16555: 15465: 13464: 8274: 8163: 6040:

visited the site of the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne and unveiled a plaque to reconciliation.

4627: 4328: 4270: 4164: 4156: 3952: 3816: 3764: 3449: 2390: 1627: 1373: 1211: 1086: 1021: 43: 19096: 6447: 6391:

Only the Triple Alliance was a formal "alliance"; the others listed were informal patterns of support.

6090:, the First World War is often thought to be "a wrong war fought for the wrong reasons"; it lacks the 2118:

ordered partial mobilisation the next day; on 28 July, they declared war on Serbia and began shelling

22377: 22256: 22173: 21309: 21269: 20710: 19842: 19624: 19614: 19506: 19476: 19101: 18872: 18801: 18726: 18579: 18523: 18312: 18080: 17664: 17652: 17407: 17392: 17113: 17004: 16698: 16676: 16425: 16415: 16348: 16237: 16187: 11140: 7218:... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... 6313: 6001: 5863: 5622: 5618: 5605: 5464: 5384: 4995: 4837: 4473: 4429: 4405: 4266: 4152: 4102: 4050: 3482: 3473: 3215: 2628: 2546: 2356: 1949: 1321: 19565: 17259: 15039:

Moll, Kendall D; Luebbert, Gregory M (1980). "Arms Race and Military Expenditure Models: A Review".

14921: 13727: 11392:

Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I

4871:, commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), celebrates this defining moment. 4295: 3807: 2775: 2661: 22316: 21409: 21137: 20899: 20859: 20849: 20797: 20203: 19869: 19804: 19523: 19469: 18945: 18796: 18640: 18615: 18287: 17774: 17764: 17693: 17646: 17634: 17574: 17382: 17377: 17299: 16708: 16681: 16385: 15805: 14843: 13959:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

11779: 11711:"A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers" 11214: 10450: 8134: 5501:

on 25 September 1916, merged with a Second Contingent. The two contingents suffered 75% casualties.

5276: 5108: 5066: 4573: 4561: 4336: 4258: 4254: 3784: 2542: 2474: 2417: 1985: 1969: 1898:

resentment, nationalism and insecurity helps explain why the pre-1914 Balkans became known as the "

1867: 1653: 1591:, the League was dissolved due to Austrian concerns over the expansion of Russian influence in the 1304:

consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The

1203: 556: 404: 342: 13040: 10956:, 10 May 1917, 30: 581–585. Die Encephalitis lethargica. Leipzig and Vienna, Franz Deuticke, 1918. 4879: 4817: 4436:

The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice, the

2427:. Japan declared war on Germany before seizing territories in the Pacific, which later became the 2312:

argues that these changes meant the right wing was not strong enough to achieve decisive success.

2151:

Germany did not reply. Aware of German plans to attack through Belgium, French Commander-in-Chief

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A Kingdom United: Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland

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were a German example. Around the British Empire, there were many patriotic funds, including the

5545: 5421:

from Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia. The

5168:, and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of combatants at the front. 5103:

and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands. While the exact number of deaths is unknown, the

4964: 4921:

Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilised from 1914 to 1918, an estimated

4448:

described the situation thus: "Disgraceful! 62,000 Serbs decided the war!". On the same day, the

4445: 4316: 4290: 4227: 4105:; within days, "collective indiscipline" had spread to 54 divisions, while over 20,000 deserted. 3937: 3400: 2983: 2967: 2963: 2482: 2320: 2173: 2143: 1911: 1878: 1858:. The League quickly overran most of the Ottomans' territory in the Balkans during the 1912–1913 1796: 1748: 1683: 1639: 1356: 1352: 569: 400: 155: 17304: 15937: 15931: 14417: 12950: 12115: 10719: 9672: 9448:

Military Operations. Part I Egypt & Palestine: Volume 2 From June 1917 to the End of the War

6942:

10.4324/9781315186405-8/balkan-clutter-american-european-handling-powder-keg-radoslava-stefanova

5931: 4299:

American soldiers firing on German entrenched positions during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, 1918

1811:

straits to be controlled by a weak Ottoman government, rather than an ambitious Slav power like

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Schindler, John R. (2002). "Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914".

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and occupied substantial parts of the province before being driven back by the recently formed

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against Allied troops. The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the

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was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives.

1215: 924: 849: 811: 372: 365: 19219: 15757: 15207: 14292:. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 12633: 12168: 11710: 11442: 10434: 10417: 10141: 9957: 9948:[Trento, Bolzano and Innsbruck: The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol (1918–1920)] 8953: 8578: 7158: 6631: 5905: 2524:

infantry divisions in France; these troops were withdrawn in December 1915, and served in the

1940:

is now believed by historians to depict an innocent bystander, Ferdinand Behr on 28 June 1914.

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imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war. The 1919

4673: 4584: 4449: 4437: 4415: 4401: 4320: 4140: 3824: 3803: 3577: 3517: 3432: 3348: 3106: 2987: 2525: 2286: 2236: 1851: 1631: 1488: 1416: 1395:, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large 1289: 1234: 1175: 987: 669: 598: 457: 440: 376: 336: 19560: 13780:. Contributions in Military Studies. Vol. 201. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 13335: 11957: 11612: 11176: 11144: 11134: 10740: 10315: 10295: 10275: 10255: 10235: 3929:

and causing confusion and chaos, with frontline soldiers becoming increasingly demoralised.

2837:, realising the Americans would eventually enter the war. Germany sought to strangle Allied 2146:

did not require it to oppose a German invasion with military force; however, Prime Minister

1928: 1889:, when Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913; it was defeated, losing most of 22367: 22146: 22055: 21761: 21464: 21219: 21132: 21110: 21033: 21029: 20958: 20874: 20819: 20814: 20637: 20481: 20370: 20148: 20067: 20062: 19782: 19670: 19501: 19214: 18865: 18465: 18380: 17060: 17034: 16984: 16341: 16284: 16183: 16171:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 24 June 2006

15835: 14464:

Jelavich, Barbara (1992). "Romania in the First World War: The Pre-War Crisis, 1912–1914".

13240: 12962: 12913: 10335: 9985: 8232: 7233:

Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics

5698: 5640: 5577: 5157: 5149: 5080: 4910: 4713: 4623: 4608: 4381: 4352: 4324: 4250: 4192: 4160: 4136: 4094: 4079: 4063: 4025:(AEF) were transported to France, a figure which reached 2 million by the end of November. 4017:

units, compared to British and French armies of 4.1 and 8.3 million respectively. The

3788: 3546: 3196: 3180: 3021: 2621: 2290: 2131: 1977: 1899: 1702: 1600: 1392: 1360: 215: 31: 22204: 17009: 16218:

The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic colour photos, pictures and music

14897:. American Heritage Pub. Co. : Bonanza Books : Distributed by Crown Publishers. 9674:

Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War

9499: 8410: 6013: 4668: 3525: 3453: 3218:

inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland).

1423:

was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the

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Phillimore, George Grenville; Bellot, Hugh H.L. (1919). "Treatment of Prisoners of War".

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to use chemical weapons on the Russian front in January 1915 failed to cause casualties.

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The Russian Empire lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of

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The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923

14592:. Daily Life Through History Series. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 5. 12966: 12917: 6359: 6133:. Among the major subjects that historians have long debated regarding the war include: 5576:

in 1919, the origin of fascism. Mussolini's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from

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Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube regiment near

4074:

replaced Pétain as commander of French armies on the Western Front and began planning a

3533: 3109:(1914). In Gallipoli, the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British, French, and 2962:

Serbian army, fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat, retreated into northern

2315: 1614: 245: 22236: 22158: 21932: 21902: 21877: 21869: 21854: 21704: 21209: 21125: 21115: 20948: 20911: 20841: 20780: 20763: 20717: 20627: 20541: 20355: 20261: 20228: 20193: 20072: 19989: 19967: 19947: 19913: 19607: 19597: 19592: 19575: 19496: 19481: 19121: 19106: 19091: 19051: 19046: 18929: 18407: 18322: 17681: 17545: 17527: 17492: 17456: 17289: 17254: 17206: 17191: 17078: 17029: 16868: 16827: 16507: 16299: 15517: 15490: 15377: 15348: 15302: 15194: 15076: 15064: 15056: 15006: 14998: 14860: 14800: 14640: 14632: 14481: 14274: 14024: 13756: 13154: 12980: 12931: 12796: 11858: 11545: 11423: 11272:

A German officer during the Armenian genocide: a biography of Max von Scheubner-Richter

11110: 11081: 10997: 10930: 10899: 10683: 10600: 10562: 10320: 10300: 10280: 10260: 10240: 10208: 7019: 6425:; following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, it became the independent Republic of 6363: 6245: 6180: 6099: 5970: 5959:

as a salute to those who perished in the war. It is still recited today, especially on

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decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed, resulting in a

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who retreated more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) before holding positions along the

3203:, the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern 3161: 3102: 3060: 2998: 2971: 2768: 2752: 2740:

were scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied

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and exchanged fire with French units when German patrols entered French territory; on 3

1890: 1744: 1698: 1608: 1545: 1533: 1468: 1461:

wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself". In October 1914, the Canadian magazine

1340: 977: 542: 277: 162: 19681: 19398: 10451:"The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University" 6028:, for French and German soldiers killed in the war. As part of commemorations for the 4958:

killed 200,000 in Serbia. Starting in early 1918, a major influenza epidemic known as

4927: 4905: 4517: 4221: 3870:

attempted to intervene as a peacemaker, asking for both sides to state their demands.

2000:

intelligence organisation, they hoped his death would free Bosnia from Austrian rule.

1961: 1740:

or 'armaments turning point', when he switched expenditure from the navy to the army.

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Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980

15134: 15111: 15094: 15084: 15068: 15025: 15019: 15010: 14967: 14948: 14908: 14898: 14892: 14877: 14864: 14827: 14808: 14757: 14740: 14730: 14713: 14705: 14695: 14670: 14660: 14644: 14603: 14593: 14574: 14555: 14535: 14525: 14508: 14498: 14450: 14402: 14362: 14345: 14320: 14303: 14293: 14243: 14224: 14202: 14175: 14165: 14146: 14114: 14095: 14076: 14059: 14049: 14030: 14009: 13992: 13982: 13963: 13918: 13899: 13882: 13872: 13841: 13821: 13811: 13791: 13781: 13762: 13700: 13690: 13676: 13657: 13626: 13607: 13597: 13578: 13559: 13540: 13492: 13456: 13435: 13416: 13397: 13375: 13341: 13320: 13301: 13282: 13263: 13226: 12803: 12742: 12694: 12639: 12584: 12523: 12256: 12041: 11965: 11893: 11850: 11799: 11748: 11740: 11689: 11662: 11549: 11448: 11276: 11186: 11148: 11115: 10989: 10935: 10921: 10913: 10522: 10433:

Ypersele, Laurence Van (2012). "Mourning and Memory, 1919–45". In Horne, John (ed.).

10396: 10183: 10158: 10050: 9946:"Trento, Bolzano e Innsbruck: l'occupazione militare italiana del Tirolo (1918–1920)" 9724: 9689: 9679: 9526: 9477: 9451: 9428: 9238: 8963: 8693: 8544: 8517: 8490: 8390: 8278: 8056: 7291: 7237: 7164: 7154: 7011: 6970: 6945: 6897: 5943: 5801: 5665: 5541: 5348: 5048: 4774: 4721: 4635: 4588: 4477: 4246: 4075: 4046: 3771:, the Romanian army planned an offensive into Transylvania, while defending Southern 3541: 3384: 3364: 3312: 3188: 3087: 3009: 2818: 2789: 2760: 2741: 2486: 2440: 2406: 2382: 2024: 1886: 1855: 1843: 1800: 1549: 1529: 1420: 1281: 1223: 1081: 1033: 972: 929: 238: 21484: 19570: 11780:"The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918" 11427: 11001: 9546: 3035:

and, a day after the Bulgarian collapse, insisted on an immediate peace settlement.

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Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918

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The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide

11415: 11105: 11095: 10979: 10925: 10917: 10521:. Geographical Research Institute, Research Centre and Earth Sciences. p. 19. 9425:

The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine: The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders

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On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, and signed the Armistice of Mudros.

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Russian revolution, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the

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attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain. The nature of

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campaign and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe.

2424: 2210: 1894: 1859: 1644: 1065: 1053: 1038: 1026: 951: 946: 629: 416: 133: 116: 19634: 19533: 16294: 14477: 14270: 13622:

The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis

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Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

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Murrin, John; Johnson, Paul; McPherson, James; Gerstle, Gary; Fahs, Alice (2010).

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Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. In 1914 alone, louse-borne

2800: 2323:; by the end of August, French casualties exceeded 260,000, including 75,000 dead. 1973: 22163: 22119: 21952: 21947: 21927: 21907: 21849: 21815: 21739: 21729: 21691: 21652: 21605: 21550: 21474: 21414: 21299: 21147: 21142: 21120: 21040: 20994: 20751: 20705: 20603: 20580: 20563: 20536: 20321: 20223: 20218: 19886: 19746: 19726: 19459: 19449: 19350: 18935: 18907: 18307: 18147: 17486: 17039: 17014: 16713: 16621: 16460: 16318: 16306: 16249: 15879: 15753: 15411: 15390: 13694: 13620: 13485: 13367: 13194: 13150:"As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography" 13092: 11831:"Military Diplomats in the Prussian and German Service: The Attachés, 1816- 1914" 11567: 11390: 11270: 11045: 10965: 10747: 10666: 10118: 10012: 8631: 8538: 8511: 8484: 8324: 7808:"India and WWI: Piecing together the impact of the Great War on the subcontinent" 7231: 7199: 6637: 6122: 6033: 5787: 5738: 5486: 5426: 5165: 4955: 4856: 4769:

was incorporated into Yugoslavia). The details were contained in the treaties of

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By September, the Germans had fallen back to the Hindenburg Line. The Allies had

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was standing. He fired two pistol shots, fatally wounding Ferdinand and his wife

2009: 1965: 1933: 1862:, much to the surprise of outside observers. The Serbian capture of ports on the 1714: 1635: 1580: 1541: 1424: 1396: 1297: 1296:

were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year.

1277: 1270: 1250: 1115: 956: 941: 712: 662: 380: 180: 22199: 16289: 10968:"Experimenting on the Past: The Enigma of von Economo's Encephalitis Lethargica" 10111: 10073:(2006). "Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918". In Fleischhauer; Turowski (eds.). 8270:

A world at total war: global conflict and the politics of destruction, 1937–1945

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Fornassin, Alessio (2017). "The Italian Army's Losses in the First World War".

13864: 12825: 12600: 10679:"'ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey" 10482: 8233:

Nova Scotia House of Assembly Committee on Veterans Affairs (9 November 2006).

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Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included

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out of the war, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the

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Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 in the

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Bulgarian soldiers in a trench, preparing to fire against an incoming aeroplane

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this defeat, but by the early 1890s, this had switched to the expansion of the

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Medlicott, W.N. (1945). "Bismarck and the Three Emperors' Alliance, 1881–87".

14912: 14856: 14628: 14287: 13168: 13149: 11726: 11541: 11419: 11246: 9455: 8442: 6366:, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne. 4638:. For the British Empire, the state of war ceased under the provisions of the 4236: 3851: 3121:

by the Ottomans (1915–1916), British Imperial forces reorganised and captured

3012:

lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population.

2227:

Beginning on 12 August, the Austrians and Serbs clashed at the battles of the

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Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). "The Campaign in Armenia". In Young, Peter (ed.).

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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1921). Scott, James Brown (ed.).

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Ward, Alan J. (1974). "Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis".

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Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević

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were created, principally by the Germans and British, though the former used

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For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous

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Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections

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The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West

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by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand, known in German as

5015:

French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders

3536:, Russian plans at the start of the war were to simultaneously advance into 2844:

The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in

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And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930

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and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war. The

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provided troops for Austria-Hungary. Montenegro allied itself with Serbia.

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The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia and the Coming of the First World War

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Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18

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Trento e Trieste. Percorsi degli Italiani d'Austria dal '48 all'annessione

9873:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1" 9842: 9780:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1" 6881: 4521: 3344: 2970:. Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat toward the Adriatic coast in the 2953: 2545:

and other groups believed support for the British war effort would hasten

1630:. The latter was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by his new 1391:

of 1919–1920 imposed settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the

862: 96: 67: 22241: 22124: 22021: 21756: 21662: 21434: 21182: 21177: 21169: 21154: 20979: 20884: 20695: 20496: 20476: 20456: 20434: 20399: 20238: 20208: 20172: 20103: 20088: 19932: 19580: 19550: 19444: 18917: 18888: 17912: 17817: 17515: 16943: 15508: 15171: 14547: 14216: 13803: 13389: 10764: 8036: 5950: 5850: 5748:

World War I began as a clash of 20th-century technology and 19th-century

5674: 5570:

for International Action") in October 1914 that later developed into the

5510: 5472: 5449: 5410: 5299: 5283: 5100: 5020: 4986:

died, three-quarters of them from the extreme conditions they worked in.

4959: 4939: 4901: 4852: 4851:

with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, became a new nation. Romania would

4541: 4420: 4377: 4009:

to join the Grand Fleet, and provided convoy escorts. In April 1917, the

3913:

but the troops refused to fire on the crowds. Revolutionaries set up the

3411: 3251: 3192: 3114: 2830: 2705: 2689: 2669:

In February 1916, the Germans attacked French defensive positions at the

2609: 2402: 2278: 2066: 2053: 1792: 1768: 1532:. After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called 1262: 1254: 1227: 997: 583: 15491:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic" 14772: 14485: 14278: 8580:

New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies and the First World War

5437:, and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national 22129: 21574: 20965: 20953: 20923: 20889: 20829: 20511: 19908: 19874: 19555: 18989: 15198: 15002: 14636: 14128:

Green, John Frederick Norman (1938). "Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson".

11862: 11830: 9496:"Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control" 7023: 6417:

Bessarabia remained part of Romania until 1940, when it was annexed by

6237: 6162: 5939: 4828:

were carved from it. Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918.

4798: 4469: 4441: 4373: 4183:

was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by

4006: 3957: 3926: 3918: 3820: 3395:

islands. To secure Italian neutrality, the Central Powers offered them

3392: 3137: 3071: 2853: 2122:. Russia ordered general mobilization in support of Serbia on 30 July. 1706: 1657: 1565: 1336: 15060: 6530: 6265:

The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the

1874:

decided not to mobilise in response, unprepared to precipitate a war.

22004: 21994: 21610: 21569: 21399: 21236: 20971: 20933: 20526: 20340: 19923: 18548: 17707: 17474: 13413:

The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August–September 1918

12975: 12926: 12901: 12601:"Winchester Whisperer: The secret newspaper made by jailed pacifists" 11955: 11735: 11639: 9472:(1968) . "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). 9131: 6991: 6405: 6208: 5717: 5418: 5401:

Poster urging women to join the British war effort, published by the

5355:

in 1953, Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed. On 3

5323: 5219: 4868: 4864: 4786: 4785:. Within the country, numerous ethnic minorities were present: 16.1% 4696: 4481: 4172: 3792: 3424: 3335: 3300: 3210: 3075: 2849: 2745: 2613: 2410: 2305: 1226:). The movement of large numbers of people was a major factor in the 1171: 501: 388: 22194: 15933:

Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina

15190: 14994: 13778:

Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War

11846: 10879: 10519:

Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin

8422: 7520: 7007: 5833: 5734: 5479:

I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu's overthrow at the

5107:

estimates around 1.5 million. The government of Turkey continues to

4342: 3819:

with the Central Powers, which recognised Romanian sovereignty over

3779:

against a possible Bulgarian counterattack. On 27 August 1916, they

3452:

in May 1916, their main focus was the Isonzo front which, after the

22102: 22085: 22031: 22026: 22011: 21999: 21977: 21800: 21768: 21699: 21674: 21389: 21085: 20906: 20734: 20649: 20588: 20551: 19545: 17967: 15878:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (1999).

15791:"Romania's Entry into the First World War: The Problem of Strategy" 14691: 12605: 10867: 10767:(1998). "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective". 8342: 8273:. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Washington, DC: 5817: 5753: 5593: 5092: 5028: 4867:, and independent national identities for these nations took hold. 4362: 4269:, pushing broadly towards Paris. Germany launched Operation Marne ( 4222:

German offensive and Allied counter-offensive (March–November 1918)

3485:

ended hostilities between Austria-Hungary and Italy which occupied

3372: 3360: 3204: 3067: 3028: 2943: 2939: 2927: 2880: 2838: 2649: 2600: 2466: 2436: 2119: 2094:

Bosnia and saw war as the best way of achieving this. However, the

1989: 1953: 1816: 1808: 140: 14682:

Knobler, S. L.; Mack, A.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S. M., eds. (2005).

12561: 12556:

The Decline of the Union: British Government in Ireland, 1892–1920

11252:"Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan" 11178:

Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era

7838:"Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War" 7837: 5989:, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War 2722: 2684:

on 1 July 1916 was the bloodiest single day in the history of the

2030: 371:

Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East, such as

22182: 22048: 22043: 21304: 21159: 21071: 13279:

Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania

11473: 9206: 7472: 6426: 5934:. Many of these graveyards also have monuments to the missing or 5778:, pilot of the French 2nd Bombardment, Group GB 2, in August 1915 4915: 4794: 4790: 4505: 3772: 3486: 3122: 3027:

The disappearance of the Macedonian front meant that the road to

2756: 2737: 2470: 2282: 2004: 1882: 1752: 1596: 1592: 1404: 1288:

mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia,

1258: 107: 18506: 16222: 14684:

The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary

13696:

Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War

10966:

Reid, A.H.; McCall, S.; Henry, J.M.; Taubenberger, J.K. (2001).

10900:"Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe" 10093: 9081:

Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania 1866–1947, p. 269

7703: 6930:"Balkan Clutter: American and European Handling of a Powder Keg" 6082:

The first efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of

6062:... "Strange, friend," I said, "Here is no cause to mourn." 5075:

Armenians killed during the Armenian genocide. Image taken from

3438:

In the spring of 1916, the Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in

3222:

The Ottoman Empire, with German support, invaded Persia (modern

3117:, by contrast, after the defeat of the British defenders in the 2089:

Cheering crowds in London and Paris on the day war was declared.

1784:

Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the

22075: 22060: 21719: 21324: 15170:

Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping

14495:

Crucible of Power: A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897

14143:

The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I

12739:

Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century

9523:

The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War

9308: 9284: 8790: 6729: 6176: 5584:

to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war.

5567: 5315:

I debt in 1934; the last installment was finally paid in 2015.

5245:

List of military attachés and war correspondents in World War I

4979: 4947: 4733: 4425: 4385: 3439: 3419:

difficult terrain; much of the fighting took place high in the

3368: 3275: 3079: 2994: 2931: 2814: 2809:

exhibited near Tower Bridge in London, after the 1918 Armistice

2697: 2381:

Japanese soldiers occupy an abandoned German trench during the

2344: 1760:

six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms.

412: 396: 18857: 16333: 14419:

Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years

13394:

The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War

12307: 12203: 11497: 10828:

Sévillia, Jean, Histoire Passionnée de la France, 2013, p. 395

9476:(4th ed.). London: Constable & Co. pp. 153–155. 8543:. New York: Continuum Publishing Corporation. pp. 80–81. 8516:. Minneapolis, Minn.: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 14. 7287:

Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad

7042: 6349:

was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary.

5493:

First Contingent in Bermuda, winter 1914–1915, before joining

4855:

all Romanian-speaking people under a single state, leading to

2781:

Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval

2680:

was an Anglo-French offensive from July to November 1916. The

1877:

The Great Powers sought to re-assert control through the 1913

1846:

demonstrated Ottoman weakness and led to the formation of the

22246: 22211: 22114: 21837: 21724: 21709: 21289: 21279: 21274: 20746: 20741: 18135: 15736:

The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919

14006:

The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon

12842:"Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars" 12536: 12382: 12355: 12343: 12331: 12319: 12230: 10177: 9248: 8886: 7994:"Verdun: myths and memories of the 'lost villages' of France" 6584: 5713: 5393:

Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War

5359:

October 2010, Germany made the final payment on these bonds.

5052: 4975: 4802: 4552:, spread across the whole country within days and led to the 4485: 4274: 3760: 3235: 3126: 3095: 2888: 2693: 2394: 1804: 1725:

began. Despite the vast sums spent by Tirpitz, the launch of

1595:, an area they considered to be of vital strategic interest. 1218:, plus up to 8 million civilian deaths from causes including 16092:

America's Great War: World War I and the American experience

14754:

Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia

13732:

Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University, Bucharest

13093:"Armistice Day: Macron and Merkel mark end of World War One" 13059: 11890:

Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907–1948

11485: 9132:

Alexander Lanoszka; Michael A. Hunzeker (11 November 2018).

8988: 7570:. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia. 7544: 7532: 4167:. Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the 3226:) in December 1914 to cut off British and Russian access to 3070:

territories and Britain's communications with India via the

3059:

Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the

2351:

on 17 August did so without many of their support elements.

21714: 21419: 16201: 16073:

France, 1848–1945: Volume II: Intellect, Taste, and Anxiety

15881:

The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia

11345: 11046:"History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare" 10372: 10360: 8802: 8366: 8202: 7886: 6002:

the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018

5761: 5402: 5234: 4983: 4549: 4460:, that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless. 4108: 3420: 3231: 3223: 3008:

Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917.

2057:

was established, and carried out the persecution of Serbs.

1826:

began when Austria annexed the former Ottoman territory of

16217: 14317:

Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I

11509: 11082:"Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I" 10180:

Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People

9615: 9194: 9170: 9108: 9084: 9032: 9030: 9005: 9003: 8754: 8654: 7655: 7621: 7619: 7364: 7078: 6654: 4847:, later renamed Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia, combining the 4218:

attacks by British Empire forces in March and April 1918.

4175:

had been captured following another Ottoman defeat at the

3862:, a phrase typically associated with the defence of Verdun 3742:

Romania key locations 1916–1918 (note; using 2022 borders)

3175: 2763:

in November 1914, before being virtually destroyed at the

1475:

was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher

12719: 11366:"Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire" 10081: 9992: 9320: 9296: 9260: 9054: 8718: 8489:(4th ed.). New York: Grove Press. pp. 119–120. 8330: 7739: 7265: 6777: 6707: 6705: 6064:"None," said the other, "Save the undone years"... 6000:

The British government budgeted substantial resources to

4691: 3580:

remained at the front, with the home front controlled by

2250: 13979:

Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?

13067:"French, German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary" 11956:

Anton Kaes; Martin Jay; Edward Dimendberg, eds. (1994).

11301: 9591: 9404: 9380: 9356: 8862: 8814: 8263: 8079: 8037:"Trench Conflict with Combatants and Infectious Disease" 7910: 7787: 7775: 7508: 7448: 7400: 7376: 7340: 7316: 6886:

British Foreign Policy during the Curzon Period, 1919–24

6837: 6801: 6753: 6596: 5231:

initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of war.

4284: 4281:

on 8 August, led to a marked collapse in German morale.

3375:, considered vital to secure the borders established in 21404: 19711: 15993:. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. pp. 192pp. 15021:

A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918

14681: 14447:

A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle

12763: 12707: 11937: 10897: 10885: 9925: 9344: 9332: 9272: 9224:

Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918

9182: 9027: 9015: 9000: 8921: 8874: 8850: 8838: 8826: 8778: 8766: 8742: 8730: 8706: 8587: 8461: 8354: 8190: 8103: 7874: 7667: 7643: 7616: 7328: 7204:. American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44. 6861: 6765: 6741: 6717: 6626:

Bertrand Joly, "La France et la Revanche (1871–1914)",

6022:

the centenary of Germany's declaration of war on France

5704:

On 1–4 May 1917, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of

5253:" positions within the opposing land and naval forces. 3101:

The British and French opened overseas fronts with the

1709:. This policy was based on the work of US naval author 15083:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 14221:

The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914–18

14026:

Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat

13044: 12407:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 284. 12191: 11136:

The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir

10831: 10810: 9760: 9158: 9072:

România în anii primului război mondial, vol.2, p. 831

9042: 8933: 8678: 8016: 7961: 7763: 7751: 7496: 7352: 7114: 7102: 7066: 6825: 6813: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6278:

Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915.

5417:, strongly supported the war, desiring the freedom of 5156:

About 8 million soldiers surrendered and were held in

5148:

British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the

3311:, incited and armed by the Turks, waged a small-scale 2296:

The plan was substantially modified by his successor,

1443:, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the 14729:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 13728:"Preliminaries of Romania's entering the World War I" 12583:, p. 14, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, 12138:"World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend" 10632:"The Minor Powers During World War One – Serbia" 9627: 9603: 9392: 8115: 7973: 7898: 7691: 7679: 7460: 7436: 7424: 7412: 7388: 7090: 6608: 5483:

due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy.

5373: 4884:

massive population exchange between the two countries

4392:

signed an armistice with the Allies on 30 September.

4040: 3540:

and East Prussia as soon as possible. Although their

2195: 2134:

had long assumed they faced a war on two fronts; the

1755:

and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the

1564:. Post-1871, the primary aim of French policy was to 1331:

on the Allied side following Germany's resumption of

1166:(28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the 16269:

Who is at fault for World War I? (YouTube Premium):

15851:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005).

15108:

The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946

14727:

Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia

14725:

Lehmann, Hartmut; van der Veer, Peter, eds. (1999).

13182:

see Christoph Cornelissen, and Arndt Weinrich, eds.

12289:"How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans" 10133: 10131: 9837: 9835: 9700: 9651: 9368: 9096: 8666: 8214: 7715: 7484: 7143: 6849: 6666: 6642: 6484: 5210:

Conscription in the United States § World War I

5033:

1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases

4641:

Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918

3889: 3840:

On 12 December 1916, after ten brutal months of the

1689:

battleship, Germany's first response to the British

1380:

abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the

15585:

Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy

14724: 12690:

The First Air Campaign: August 1914 – November 1918

12567: 11958:"The Treaty of Versailles: The Reparations Clauses" 11657:

To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America

10891: 10709: 9748: 9639: 9427:. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 67. 8091: 7727: 7631: 6789: 6496: 5764:(especially with the advent of the prototype tank, 4480:. In the following days, the Italian Army occupied 3319:. Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916. 2047:Austro-Hungarian authorities encouraged subsequent 1493: 16261:Personal accounts of American World War I veterans 15959: 15558:Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914 15301: 15237:"The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March–18 July 1918" 13484: 13255: 13111: 12795: 12372: 12370: 12220: 12218: 12074: 11654: 11587:"Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I" 11268: 11215:"XXV: Talaat Tells Why He "Deports" the Armenians" 10843: 10535: 9671: 8387:Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918 6529: 5580:(an armaments firm) and other companies to create 5497:in France in June 1915. The dozen remaining after 5206:Recruitment to the British Army during World War I 5160:during the war. All nations pledged to follow the 5042: 4277:. The resulting counter-attack, which started the 30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 16208:International Encyclopedia of the First World War 14841:Marks, Sally (1978). "The Myths of Reparations". 10128: 10049:. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. p. 91. 9943: 9832: 8951: 7054: 6888:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 41–59, 6882:"Eastern Europe: Cordon Sanitaire or Powder-Keg?" 5441:for the peoples residing within Austria-Hungary. 5347:during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled. 5115:I; these claims are rejected by most historians. 4343:Breakthrough of Macedonian front (September 1918) 3835: 2656: 2399:Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force 22608:Wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania 22359: 15877: 15831:Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I 15629:Stevenson, David (2016). Mahnken, Thomas (ed.). 15449:Lion & Kangaroo: the initiation of Australia 15124: 13487:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 13452:Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea 13374:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 11479: 11405: 11364:International Association of Genocide Scholars. 11321:"International Association of Genocide Scholars" 11212: 10855: 10517:Kocsis, Károly; Hodosi, Eszter Kocsisné (1998). 8692:. Princeton University Press. pp. 180–181. 8576: 8428: 7949: 7868:British administration and the Amritsar massacre 7149: 5913:, which contains the remains of 100,187 soldiers 5509:held by radical socialists such as Marxists and 3921:forced Nicholas to abdicate and established the 2492: 2098:had no solid proof of Serbian involvement. On 23 1335:against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the 463: 17310:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 16255:World War I British press photograph collection 16015: 14923:The United States Marine Corps in the World War 14890: 14111:Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive 13912: 13372:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 12367: 12215: 10501: 10182:. Vol. II. Cengage Learning. p. 622. 9903:"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight" 9810:"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight" 9212: 8796: 8620:The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v. 28, p. 403 8479: 7594:"How was the first military airplane shot down" 7048: 6248:, resulting in a Central Powers victory on the 5564:Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista 4967:affected nearly five million people worldwide. 4494: 4395: 3963: 3472:in June 1918. On 24 October, Diaz launched the 3414:, one of the most challenging fronts of the war 3410:Austro-Hungarian trench at 3,850 metres in the 2990:before the Allied expeditionary force arrived. 2978:In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at 2778:, these too were either destroyed or interned. 2612:, machine guns and above all far more powerful 2549:, a promise allegedly made explicit in 1917 by 2443:. After Vienna refused to withdraw its cruiser 2031:Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1839:diplomatic relations between Serbia and Italy. 1807:states, they preferred the strategically vital 1772:Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. 636: 206:(4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) 15954: 15536:The First World War and International Politics 15388: 15262:East-Central Europe between the Two World Wars 14891:Marshall, S. L. A.; Josephy, Alvin M. (1982). 14401:. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 14319:. Vol. ii. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 13913:Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). 13003: 12848:. Commonwealth of Australia. 10 October 2023. 12675:Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925 12500: 11564:Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 11269:Vartparonian, Paul Leverkuehn; Kaiser (2008). 11248:International Association of Genocide Scholars 11242: 11240: 10788:"A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost" 10659:Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe 8208: 6590: 6145:; how soldiers endured the poor conditions of 5105:International Association of Genocide Scholars 5000: 4187:, and a few months later the commander of the 3266:. The Sharif declared the independence of the 2774:escaped with a few auxiliaries, but after the 2039:Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the 1216:9 million military dead and 23 million wounded 589: 21545: 21531: 20316: 20302: 19697: 18873: 18492: 16349: 16056:(2016 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 15850: 15612:1914–1918: The History of the First World War 15488: 14242:(4th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 14140: 13758:The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History 12631: 12542: 12388: 12376: 12361: 12349: 12337: 12325: 12313: 12236: 12224: 12209: 11964:. University of California Press. p. 8. 11503: 10873: 10703: 10137: 9314: 9290: 8892: 8348: 8320: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 7709: 7538: 7277: 6880:Bennett, G. H. (1995), Bennett, G. H. (ed.), 6102:that obscure the complexity of the conflict. 5944:Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme 5832:in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at 3433:a series of frontal assaults along the Isonzo 2576: 1642:in 1894, which was then followed by the 1904 878: 16054:The Cambridge History of the First World War 15038: 14983:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 14894:The American heritage history of World War I 14240:Britain in transition: the twentieth century 13262:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 13128: 13126: 12686: 12007: 12005: 11915:"UK finally finishes paying for World War I" 11892:. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 48. 11174: 10516: 9127: 9125: 9123: 8133: 6975:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 6934:Revival: The New Transatlantic Agenda (2001) 6735: 6628:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine 6244:with the Central Powers shortly after their 3997:as an "Associated Power" of the Allies. The 3340:Military history of Italy during World War I 3187:Russian armies generally had success in the 3001:, which brought stabilisation of the front. 2304:, which was the strategy envisaged by their 1932:Traditionally thought to show the arrest of 1355:in March 1918. That month, Germany launched 17800: 15759:War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945 15304:The emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924 14874:The Month that Changed the World: July 1914 13761:(4th ed.). Harper Collins Publishers. 13246:The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary 12752: 12669: 12667: 11237: 10555:"Appeals to Americans to Pray for Serbians" 9678:. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell. p. 50. 8137:(June 2016). "Jutland's Place in History". 6199:List of military engagements of World War I 6141:won; whether generals were responsible for 6056:Historiography of the causes of World War I 5876:List of last surviving World War I veterans 5697:. Many suffered years of prison, including 4737:in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s: 3668: 3640: 3532:As previously agreed with French president 2239:after an Austrian plane was shot down with 1763: 1638:. This gave France an opening to agree the 1359:, which despite initial successes left the 892: 21538: 21524: 20309: 20295: 19704: 19690: 18880: 18866: 18499: 18485: 16356: 16342: 15936:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 15834:. Montana State University. Archived from 15752: 15677: 15389:Shapiro, Fred R.; Epstein, Joseph (2006). 15259: 14821: 14805:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 14314: 14237: 14044:Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990). 14043: 13575:Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914 13515:. Montana State University. Archived from 12448:"Chapter 4 – Response from the Home Front" 11515: 11175:Graham, Thomas; Lavera, Damien J. (2003). 11079: 10959: 10366: 9743: 9737: 9114: 8690:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire 8608: 8530: 8303: 8149: 7271: 5820:as well. Towards the end of the conflict, 4544:, which then ensued in the naval ports of 3799:to the Central Powers on 6 December 1916. 3654: 3387:Italy had occupied Ottoman possessions in 2269:Upon mobilisation, in accordance with the 1799:Russia considered itself the protector of 1656:. While not formal alliances, by settling 1284:responsible, and declared war on 28 July. 885: 871: 730: 15929: 15703:The Quarterly Journal of Military History 15628: 15609: 15582: 15552: 15533: 15516: 15359: 15330: 15105: 14980: 14799: 14396: 14189:Hammond's Frontier Atlas of the World War 14089: 13931: 13432:Paths of Glory; the French Army 1914–1918 13167: 13123: 12974: 12925: 12798:Diplomatic History of the First World War 12781: 12482:Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand 12166: 12002: 11777: 11734: 11637:Chelmsford, J.E. "Clergy and Man-Power", 11440: 11262: 11109: 11099: 10983: 10929: 10378: 10099: 10087: 10044: 9998: 9669: 9386: 9326: 9302: 9266: 9254: 9120: 8927: 8808: 8629: 8604: 8602: 8565:The Neglected War: Mesopotamia, 1914–1918 8536: 8434: 7991: 7916: 7673: 7649: 7625: 7550: 7478: 7382: 7346: 7334: 7322: 7283: 7223: 7163:. East European Monographs. p. 313. 6927: 6771: 6747: 6660: 5953:, a Canadian army doctor, wrote the poem 5282:sent to war. This aided the struggle for 4560:November 1918, shortly thereafter to the 4181:Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein 3878: 3626: 3591: 3359:designs on Austro-Hungarian territory in 2997:on 19 November 1916 following the costly 1924:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1917: 1599:and Austria-Hungary then formed the 1879 689: 168:Ottoman Arab camel corps leaving for the 22553:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922) 19271:Provisional Government of Western Thrace 17599:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 16165: 16024: 15988: 15733: 15647: 15466:"War and Revolution in Russia 1914–1921" 15216:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web 15176: 15081:Fighting the Great War: A Global History 14961: 14942: 14773:"The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915" 14463: 13893: 13863: 13775: 13553: 13509:The historical impact of epidemic typhus 13410: 12664: 12167:MacMillan, Margaret (25 December 2010). 11912: 11708: 11652: 11491: 11395:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. 11307: 11075: 11073: 11071: 10432: 10314: 10294: 10274: 10254: 10234: 9766: 9633: 9597: 9410: 9362: 9090: 8994: 8868: 8820: 8784: 8760: 8748: 8724: 8712: 8684: 8513:Genocide: modern crimes against humanity 8486:The Middle East and Islamic world reader 8389:. Indiana University Press. p. 11. 8267:; Förster, Stig; Greiner, Bernd (2005). 7892: 7880: 7862: 7526: 7502: 7358: 7201:Reports Service: Southeast Europe series 7108: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6783: 6711: 6684: 6105:Historian Heather Jones argues that the 5983:National World War I Museum and Memorial 5969: 5904: 5849: 5770: 5733: 5646: 5485: 5467:who were at war with the British in the 5396: 5288: 5241:List of military attachés in World War I 5235:Military attachés and war correspondents 5213: 5175: 5143: 5070: 5010: 4933: 4909: 4874:In the aftermath of World War I, Greece 4752: 4695: 4667: 4602: 4598: 4504: 4419: 4356: 4294: 4273:) on 15 July, in an attempt to encircle 4235: 4118: 4109:Sinai and Palestine campaign (1917–1918) 4054: 3973: 3850: 3511: 3405: 3343: 3209: 3174: 3054: 3003: 2952: 2921: 2799: 2721: 2660: 2591: 2587: 2516: 2376: 2373:Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I 2314: 2260: 2214: 2084: 2034: 1927: 1779: 1767: 1671: 1613: 1497: 518: 448: 17976:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 16198:, worldwide links from Brigham Young U. 15234: 15205: 15075: 14651: 14444: 14215: 14159: 14070: 14003: 13976: 13952: 13832: 13755:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. (1993). 13725: 13689: 13651: 13556:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century 13429: 13388: 13333: 13295: 13276: 13217: 13132: 12725: 12713: 12677:. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 471 12517: 12418:"No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier" 12248: 12105: 11685:A People's History of the United States 11589:. Parliament of Australia. 4 May 2015. 11351: 10905:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 10816: 10629: 10415: 10155:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 10152: 9931: 9706: 9657: 9350: 9338: 9278: 9235:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century 9188: 9060: 9036: 9021: 9009: 8907:, pp. 152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182. 8880: 8856: 8844: 8832: 8772: 8736: 8672: 8593: 8509: 8467: 8372: 8360: 8336: 8196: 8109: 7904: 7769: 7685: 7466: 7442: 7430: 7370: 7096: 7084: 7072: 6879: 6490: 5824:were used for the first time, with HMS 5366:, wrote to the British prime minister, 5326:, used in munitions production, in the 4938:Emergency military hospital during the 3985:to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917 3172:and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917. 2986:dismissed the pro-Allied government of 2366: 2077:Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I 1992:community), from the movement known as 1842:Tensions increased after the 1911–1912 1834:since 1878. Timed to coincide with the 1815:. Russia had ambitions in northeastern 1658:long-standing colonial disputes in Asia 1324:and others joined in from 1915 onward. 653: 620: 574: 533: 14: 22360: 16238:WWI Films on the European Film Gateway 16179:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 16089: 16070: 16051: 15910: 15788: 15696: 15653:The First World War: Volume I: To Arms 15587:. New York: Basic Books. p. 560. 15446: 15299: 15279:Saadi, Abdul-Ilah (12 February 2009). 14930:from the original on 16 September 2018 14871: 14787:from the original on 16 September 2018 14751: 14614: 14568: 14546: 14432:from the original on 16 September 2018 14415: 14375: 14333: 14285: 14256: 14196: 13857:The Origins of the World War; Volume I 13656:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. 13654:Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915 13625:. Research and Education Association. 13534: 13208:For a comprehensive bibliography, see 12197: 11887: 11715:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 11132: 10837: 10785: 10763: 10611:from the original on 16 September 2018 10573:from the original on 16 September 2018 10390: 9621: 9468: 9374: 9200: 9176: 9164: 9048: 8939: 8910: 8660: 8599: 8583:. Exisle Publishing. pp. 219–220. 8577:Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian (2007). 8121: 8085: 8034: 8022: 7818:from the original on 28 September 2022 7745: 7697: 7661: 7418: 7394: 6989: 6867: 6723: 6672: 6648: 6614: 6156: 6153:accepted and endorsed the war effort. 4882:, a war that eventually resulted in a 4831: 4692:Peace treaties and national boundaries 4315:on the Hindenburg Line began with the 4013:had fewer than 300,000 men, including 3917:and fearing a left-wing takeover, the 2864:World War I also saw the first use of 2251:German offensive in Belgium and France 2190: 2179: 1956:, the capital of the recently annexed 1705:, that could compete with the British 1701:sought to use this growth to build an 21519: 20290: 19685: 18861: 18480: 17929:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 17265:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 16337: 15560:. New York: Oxford University Press. 15409: 15278: 15145: 15017: 14840: 14587: 14492: 14356: 14127: 14022: 13802: 13754: 13713:from the original on 17 February 2024 13670: 13639:from the original on 17 February 2024 13618: 13591: 13572: 13479: 13448: 13366: 13354:from the original on 17 February 2024 13239: 13147: 13099:from the original on 10 December 2020 12948: 12793: 12769: 12758: 12060: 12035: 12023: 12011: 11996: 11943: 11828: 11778:Trumpener, Ulrich (4 November 1987). 11593:from the original on 15 December 2018 11579: 11388: 11068: 10849: 10798:from the original on 25 November 2018 10541: 10324:. 12 August 1924. pp. 6030–6031. 10304:. 12 August 1921. pp. 6371–6372. 10069: 9956:(in Italian): 436–437. Archived from 9913:from the original on 23 December 2019 9820:from the original on 23 December 2019 9718: 9609: 9579:from the original on 27 December 2007 9553:from the original on 20 November 2015 9520: 9498:. First World War.com. Archived from 9445: 9422: 9398: 8904: 8642:from the original on 9 September 2021 8540:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe 8309: 8291:from the original on 17 February 2024 8245:from the original on 23 November 2011 8220: 8162: 8097: 7979: 7967: 7928: 7793: 7781: 7757: 7733: 7721: 7637: 7514: 7490: 7454: 7406: 7304:from the original on 17 February 2024 7250:from the original on 17 February 2024 7229: 7208:from the original on 6 September 2023 7177:from the original on 17 February 2024 7120: 7060: 6855: 6807: 6795: 6759: 6602: 5389:British propaganda during World War I 5202:World War I conscription in Australia 5037:1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare 4845:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 4440:on 29 September 1918. German Emperor 4285:Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line 3557:allowed the Central Powers to invade 3296:before surrendering in January 1919. 3160:, pushing Ottoman forces back in the 3111:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 3051:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 2899: 1836:Bulgarian Declaration of Independence 1365:A successful Allied counter-offensive 1274:assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1198:, and in Europe was characterised by 866: 22603:Wars involving the Republic of China 22593:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy 21616:Post-classical history (Middle Ages) 18333:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 15476:from the original on 23 October 2011 15430:from the original on 7 December 2023 15247:from the original on 10 October 2017 15222:from the original on 10 January 2008 14919: 14822:Magliveras, Konstantinos D. (1999). 14770: 14519: 14425:. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University. 14199:Douglas Haig and the First World War 14192:. C. S. Hammond & Company. 1916. 14130:Geological Society Quarterly Journal 14108: 13726:Dumitru, Laurentiu-Cristian (2012). 13673:A Brief History of the Austrian Navy 13314: 13253: 13197:; full coverage for major countries. 12882:from the original on 14 October 2023 12613:from the original on 7 February 2022 12506: 12478:"5.2: Provincial patriotic councils" 12087:from the original on 10 January 2022 12072: 11978:from the original on 15 January 2016 11681: 11527: 10463:from the original on 29 October 2013 10348:from the original on 12 January 2021 10216:from the original on 4 December 2013 10157:. Infobase Publishing. p. 483. 9754: 9645: 9573:"Who's Who – Otto Liman von Sanders" 9547:"Who's Who – Kress von Kressenstein" 9525:. London: John Murray. p. 162. 9102: 8384: 8004:from the original on 22 October 2017 7992:Lichfield, John (21 February 2006). 7955: 7805: 5924:American Battle Monuments Commission 5884:American Battle Monuments Commission 5869: 4914:Men transporting wounded Ottoman at 4878:against Turkish nationalists led by 4716:dealt with Germany and, building on 3990:ships were reluctant to put to sea. 3846:successful offensive against Romania 3767:. Under the strategic plan known as 3576:Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia as 2894: 2665:German casualties at the Somme, 1916 2454: 2409:. On 28 October, the German cruiser 1736:acknowledged defeat, leading to the 36:The First World War (disambiguation) 19713:International relations (1814–1919) 19399:Initial phase of the Greek genocide 19302:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak 18262:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 17056:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 16223:A multimedia history of World War I 15827: 15815:from the original on 10 August 2019 15776:from the original on 4 January 2014 15721:from the original on 14 August 2021 15127:Transactions of the Grotius Society 14399:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 14094:. New York: Random House; Bonanza. 13854: 12802:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 12687:Lawson, Eric; Lawson, Jane (2002). 12522:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12144:. 30 September 2010. Archived from 11026:from the original on 8 January 2024 10861: 10786:Hedges, Chris (17 September 2000). 10489:from the original on 3 January 2022 10264:. 23 July 1920. pp. 7765–7766. 10010: 9879:. 21 September 2017. 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The Serbs suffered defeat in the 2204: 2125:Anxious to ensure backing from the 1946:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 1881:, which had created an independent 1850:, an alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria, 1502:Rival military coalitions in 1914: 132:French attack from a trench at the 24: 21585:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 16995:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 16243:The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive 16202:The World War One Document Archive 16075:(1986 ed.). Clarendon Press. 15898:from the original on 1 August 2020 15264:. University of Washington Press. 15041:The Journal of Conflict Resolution 14141:Grotelueschen, Mark Ethan (2006). 13838:The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918 13742:from the original on 19 March 2022 13505: 12912:(2521). Historica: 487–488. 1918. 12876:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 12830:. 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Mittal Publications. p. 45. 7806:Kant, Vedica (24 September 2014). 7131:from the original on 20 April 2017 6149:; and to what extent the civilian 5997:was dedicated on 1 November 1921. 5940:Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing 5920:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 5880:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 5587: 5471:. Von Syburg, the German envoy in 5374:Support and opposition for the war 5293:Poster showing women workers, 1915 4202:In early 1918, the front line was 4041:Nivelle Offensive (April–May 1917) 3507: 2567:the campaign for full independence 2196:Confusion among the Central Powers 1713:, who argued that possession of a 1210:(gas). World War I was one of the 368:and territories to other countries 270:United States–Hungary Peace Treaty 262:United States–Germany Peace Treaty 254:United States–Austria Peace Treaty 25: 22634: 22613:Wars involving the United Kingdom 22598:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire 22548:Wars involving the Russian Empire 21500:Western European and Others Group 18903:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 16278: 16110: 16018:Brest-Litovsk:The forgotten peace 16016:Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1938). 15678:Taliaferro, William Hay (1972) . 15463: 15212:], 1865–1937, German General" 13073:from the original on 3 April 2017 12991:from the original on 4 March 2016 12852:from the original on 1 March 2024 12737:Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). 12673:Seton-Watson, Christopher. 1967. 12428:from the original on 16 June 2022 12405:Modern Italy: A Political History 12076:"First World War officially ends" 12073:Hall, Allan (28 September 2010). 11913:Cosgrave, Jenny (10 March 2015). 11759:from the original on 10 June 2024 11653:Chambers, John Whiteclay (1987). 11619:from the original on 13 July 2014 11225:from the original on 12 June 2012 11087:American Journal of Public Health 11080:Fitzgerald, Gerard (April 2008). 11056:from the original on 1 March 2024 10691:from the original on 15 July 2016 10244:. 10 February 1920. p. 1671. 8916: 8632:"Saving Forty Thousand Armenians" 8067:from the original on 10 June 2024 8035:Chorba, Terence (November 2018). 7929:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). 7574:from the original on 10 July 2017 7030:from the original on 10 June 2024 6958:from the original on 10 June 2024 6910:from the original on 10 June 2024 6572:from the original on 19 June 2015 6232:Russian Empire during 1914–1917, 6043: 5978:to soldiers killed in World War I 5854:1917 political cartoon about the 5846:Diplomatic history of World War I 5218:U.S. Army recruiting poster with 4468:November, Austria-Hungary sent a 3932:Following the Tsar's abdication, 3890:Russian Revolution and withdrawal 3710: 3612: 3564:Despite the successful June 1916 3066:The Ottomans threatened Russia's 3038: 2926:Refugee transport from Serbia in 2879:in a successful raid against the 2473:. On 10 August, German forces in 2319:French bayonet charge during the 2186:Diplomatic history of World War I 2168:August, the Germans invaded, and 1587:and Germany. After the 1877–1878 1575:In 1873, Bismarck negotiated the 1230:pandemic, which killed millions. 126:From top to bottom, left to right 22618:Wars involving the United States 17358:Second Battle of the Piave River 16980:Russian invasion of East Prussia 16290:State Library of New South Wales 16164: 16152: 16142: 16132: 15496:American Journal of Epidemiology 15287:from the original on 13 May 2011 15110:. New York: Holmes & Meier. 14466:The International History Review 14259:The International History Review 14223:. Brassey's Defence Publishers. 14090:Goodspeed, Donald James (1985). 14046:Chronicle of the First World War 13176: 13141: 13085: 13033: 13021:from the original on 29 May 2015 12942: 12894: 12872:"Thiepval Anglo-French Cemetery" 12864: 12834: 12816: 12787: 12731: 12680: 12638:. 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Fighting took place mainly in 732: 718: 705: 691: 655: 638: 622: 609: 591: 576: 562: 549: 535: 520: 507: 494: 465: 450: 139:German machine gun crew wearing 115: 106: 95: 86: 75: 66: 18887: 18429:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 17629:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 16363: 16285:National Library of New Zealand 15699:"Audacious Cruise of the Emden" 15697:Taylor, John M. (Summer 2007). 15208:"Erich von Ludendorff [ 15179:The Journal of Military History 14826:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 14573:. Manchester University Press. 13962:. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 13203: 13120:, 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004) 12846:Department of Veterans' Affairs 12568:Lehmann & van der Veer 1999 12291:. BBC News. 25 September 2016. 12108:"Why Did World War I Just End?" 11688:. Harper Collins. p. 134. 10284:. 27 August 1920. p. 1924. 9853:from the original on 5 May 2016 9847:League of Nations Photo Archive 8483:; Schaar, Stuart, eds. (2003). 8445:(in Russian). militera.lib.ru. 8411:The Balkan Wars and World War I 7922: 7856: 7830: 7799: 7586: 7556: 7192: 6983: 6921: 6873: 6630:. 1999, vol. 46-2, pp. 325–347 6620: 6554: 6522: 6385: 6369: 6298:declared war on Austria-Hungary 6030:centenary of the 1918 Armistice 5573:Fasci Italiani di Combattimento 5362:The Australian prime minister, 5263:Economic history of World War I 5187: 5140:Prisoners of war in World War I 5043:Genocides by the Ottoman Empire 5007:Chemical weapons in World War I 4562:abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II 4305:advanced to the Hindenburg Line 3970:American entry into World War I 3787:, led by former Chief of Staff 3696: 3528:, the longest siege of the war. 2389:On 30 August 1914, New Zealand 1910:For a chronological guide, see 1455:. In August 1914, the magazine 1427:contributed to the outbreak of 1253:. Growing tensions between the 358:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 224:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 19389:Bulgarians deportation program 18960:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 18252:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 18111:Deportations from East Prussia 17908:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 16300:Indiana University Bloomington 15798:Emporia State Research Studies 15451:. Melbourne: Text Publishing. 15300:Sachar, Howard Morley (1970). 15235:Rickard, J. (27 August 2007). 14238:Havighurst, Alfred F. (1985). 14162:A Naval History of World War I 14145:. Cambridge University Press. 13095:. BBC News. 10 November 2018. 12693:. Da Capo Press. p. 123. 12038:World War One: A Short History 11962:The Weimar Republic Sourcebook 11709:Pedersen, Sarah (1 May 2002). 11447:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 83, 218. 11183:University of Washington Press 10954:Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 8429:Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999 7290:. Zenith Imprint. p. 29. 6459:10 in this context – see 6352: 6340: 6323: 6307: 6290: 6281: 6272: 6259: 6226: 6012:August 2014, French President 5890:World War I in popular culture 5804:. To shoot down enemy planes, 5710:Russian Provisional Government 5039:, which prohibited their use. 4963:1915 and 1926, an epidemic of 4758:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary 4704:after World War I (as of 1923) 4538:German Revolution of 1918–1919 4085:Concurrent British attacks at 3923:Russian Provisional Government 3836:Central Powers peace overtures 2835:unrestricted submarine warfare 2765:Battle of the Falkland Islands 2657:Continuation of trench warfare 2534:instigating uprisings in India 2499:Indian Army during World War I 2461:African theatre of World War I 2298:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger 2081:Russian entry into World War I 2060: 1948:, heir presumptive to Emperor 1774:Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed 1333:unrestricted submarine warfare 1212:deadliest conflicts in history 362:dissolution of Austria-Hungary 40:World War One (disambiguation) 13: 1: 20083:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 20037:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 20027:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 19240:Romanian landings in Bulgaria 18163:Ukrainian Canadian internment 16227:European Newspapers from the 15762:. Stanford University Press. 15682:. Books for Libraries Press. 15150:. London: Jane's Publishing. 14497:. Scholarly Resources Books. 14478:10.1080/07075332.1992.9640619 14271:10.1080/07075332.1988.9640469 13449:Clark, Charles Upson (1927). 13340:. Berghahn Books. p. 8. 13249:. Government Printing Office. 11796:10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 11164:– via Internet Archive. 10769:Idea Journal of Social Issues 10015:[The Kiel 14 points] 9670:Schreiber, Shane B. (2004) . 8960:Jones & Bartlett Learning 8630:Northcote, Dudley S. (1922). 7236:. Studienverlag. p. 55. 6928:Stefanova, Radoslava (2001), 6510:. 17 August 1914. p. 228 6478: 6050:Historiography of World War I 5730:Technology during World War I 5723: 5612: 5491:Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps 5273:Home front during World War I 5077:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story 4989: 4889: 4702:territorial changes in Europe 4501:Armistice of 11 November 1918 4488:, with over 20,000 soldiers. 4388:at 29 September, after which 4123:British artillery battery on 4023:American Expeditionary Forces 4019:Selective Service Act of 1917 3724: 3179:Russian forest trench at the 3152:. Following this victory, an 3045:Ottoman Empire in World War I 2644:, the Germans (violating the 2538:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2509:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2493:Indian support for the Allies 2073:German entry into World War I 1734:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1619: 1538:decline of the Ottoman Empire 1482: 1382:Armistice of 11 November 1918 1329:United States entered the war 1280:throne. Austria-Hungary held 1243:decline of the Ottoman Empire 144: 22423:Wars involving British India 22383:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson 19943:Second Industrial Revolution 19817:League of the Three Emperors 19332:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 18318:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 17617:Estonian War of Independence 17285:Southern Palestine offensive 16263:, Veterans History Project, 16229:start of the First World War 16094:. Rowman & Littlefield. 15206:Rickard, J. (5 March 2001). 13776:Erickson, Edward J. (2001). 13699:. Harvard University Press. 13281:. Indiana University Press. 13225:. Rowman & Littlefield. 11661:. New York: The Free Press. 11480:Phillimore & Bellot 1919 11408:Journal of Genocide Research 11221:. Brigham Young University. 11219:Ambassador Mogenthau's story 11020:Alberta Animal Health Source 11016:"War Horse – The True Story" 9723:. London: Pan. p. 190. 8537:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). 8041:Emerging Infectious Diseases 7931:"Weapons of War: Poison Gas" 7529:, pp. 292–296, 343–354. 6219: 5928:German War Graves Commission 5894: 5839: 5693:, refused both military and 4567: 4495:German government surrenders 4396:Armistices and capitulations 4267:Operations Blücher and Yorck 4210:was occupied, following the 4145:Sinai and Palestine campaign 4115:Sinai and Palestine campaign 3964:United States enters the war 3254:, instigated by the British 3154:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 2718:Naval warfare of World War I 2711: 2555:Secretary of State for India 1723:Anglo-German naval arms race 1667: 1577:League of the Three Emperors 1339:seized power in the Russian 1214:, resulting in an estimated 1174:between two coalitions: the 161:Bulgarian troops during the 7: 22568:Wars involving South Africa 19973:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 19327:Autonomy of Northern Epirus 18272:USA against Austria-Hungary 17671:Turkish War of Independence 17623:Latvian War of Independence 17348:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 16939:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 15962:German Navy in World War II 15855:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. 15853:Encyclopedia of World War I 15633:. Oxford University Press. 15538:. Oxford University Press. 15410:Smith, David James (2010). 15392:The Yale Book of Quotations 15281:"Dreaming of Greater Syria" 15260:Rothschild, Joseph (1975). 14945:July 1914: Countdown to War 14048:. New York: Facts on File. 13898:. New York: Penguin Press. 13596:. New York: Paragon Press. 13537:Ireland in the 20th Century 13277:Barrett, Michael B (2013). 13223:How America Won World War I 13210:Bibliography of World War I 12741:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 11835:Political Science Quarterly 10972:J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol 10422:. Harvard U.P. p. 204. 8797:Marshall & Josephy 1982 7284:Schindler, John R. (2007). 7049:Finestone & Massie 1981 6194:Lists of World War I topics 6187: 5685:Other opposition came from 5680:Conscription Crisis of 1918 5635:in Britain. In the US, the 5198:Conscription Crisis of 1918 5194:Conscription Crisis of 1917 5001:Chemical weapons in warfare 4767:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 4650:Germany on 10 January 1920. 4450:German Supreme Army Command 3503:Eastern Front (World War I) 3349:Isonzo Offensives 1915–1917 3332:Italian front (World War I) 3303:tribe, along the border of 3274:, the Ottoman commander of 2910:Bulgaria during World War I 2583:Western Front (World War I) 2329:British Expeditionary Force 2243:fire, as well as the first 2158:Germany occupied Luxembourg 2102:July, Austria delivered an 2049:anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2041:anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 1786:Austrian annexation in 1908 1618:World empires and colonies 1552:. Victory in the 1870–1871 1363:exhausted and demoralised. 231:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 10: 22639: 22518:Wars involving New Zealand 22252:Asia and the Pacific Group 20022:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 19346:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 18355:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 17903:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 17363:Second Battle of the Marne 17250:Second battle of the Aisne 17119:Second Battle of Champagne 16960:German invasion of Belgium 16090:Zieger, Robert H. (2001). 15966:. New York: T.Y. Crowell. 15053:10.1177/002200278002400107 14966:(2016 ed.). Penguin. 14588:Keene, Jennifer D (2006). 14361:(1993 ed.). Penguin. 13396:(2015 ed.). Vintage. 13207: 13043:. 1914.org. Archived from 12518:Pennell, Catriona (2012). 12249:Mukhtar, Mohammed (2003). 10436:A Companion to World War I 10153:Hastedt, Glenn P. (2009). 9978:"Clairière de l'Armistice" 9944:Andrea di Michele (2014). 9423:Moore, A. Briscoe (1920). 8952:Lawrence Goodrich (2011). 8275:Cambridge University Press 6990:Nelson, Daniel N. (1984). 6591:Shapiro & Epstein 2006 6531:"great, adj., adv., and n" 6316:was considered one of the 6175:at battlefield sites like 6160: 6053: 6047: 5898: 5887: 5873: 5843: 5727: 5616: 5532:, under the leadership of 5382: 5378: 5270: 5267:Post–World War I recession 5260: 5238: 5191: 5137: 5060: 5046: 5004: 4993: 4899: 4893: 4835: 4656:Bulgaria on 9 August 1920. 4571: 4554:proclamation of a republic 4498: 4446:Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I 4413: 4399: 4368:Allied forces started the 4346: 4329:Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge 4288: 4271:Second Battle of the Marne 4225: 4112: 4044: 3993:On 6 April 1917, Congress 3967: 3893: 3882: 3595: 3500: 3460:, Cadorna was replaced by 3329: 3048: 3042: 2903: 2891:for antisubmarine patrol. 2715: 2580: 2577:Western Front 1914 to 1916 2502: 2496: 2458: 2370: 2254: 2208: 2183: 2070: 2064: 1921: 1909: 1905: 1893:to Serbia and Greece, and 1652:was completed by the 1907 1486: 1298:Germany's strategy in 1914 323:Mediterranean and Adriatic 44:Great War (disambiguation) 29: 22508:Wars involving Montenegro 22438:Wars involving Costa Rica 22403:Wars involving Azerbaijan 22257:Asia Cooperation Dialogue 22222: 21988:Southern/Eastern/Northern 21963: 21868: 21690: 21641:Asian and Pacific Theatre 21598: 21557: 21270:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 21250: 21168: 21005: 20840: 20711:Standard Average European 20579: 20408: 20328: 20181: 20045: 19958: 19843:European balance of power 19835: 19770: 19719: 19666: 19507:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 19412: 19371: 19319: 19310: 19294: 19258: 19197: 19186: 19155: 19024: 19013: 18946:Greco-Turkish War of 1897 18895: 18834: 18674: 18603: 18572: 18516: 18461: 18420: 18341: 18280: 18242: 18186: 18175: 18136:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 18079: 18051: 17999: 17921: 17895: 17847: 17740: 17733: 17665:Irish War of Independence 17561: 17443: 17408:Armistice of Villa Giusti 17393:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 17318: 17220: 17147: 17048: 17005:First Battle of the Marne 16952: 16914: 16849: 16840: 16783: 16657: 16646: 16612: 16584: 16546: 16498: 16451: 16444: 16371: 16071:Zeldin, Theodore (1977). 16052:Winter, Jay, ed. (2014). 15956:von der Porten, Edward P. 15930:Velikonja, Mitja (2003). 15789:Torrie, Glenn E. (1978). 15610:Stevenson, David (2012). 15583:Stevenson, David (2004). 15534:Stevenson, David (1988). 15489:Spreeuwenberg, P (2018). 15395:. Yale University Press. 15374:10.1191/0968344502wh250oa 15345:10.1191/0968344503wh260oa 14857:10.1017/S0008938900018707 14629:10.1017/S0018246X00009481 14160:Halpern, Paul G. (1995). 14092:The German Wars 1914–1945 13915:The last courts of Europe 13871:. New York: Basic Books. 13652:DiNardo, Richard (2015). 13592:Cross, Wilbur L. (1991). 13430:Clayton, Anthony (2003). 13411:Christie, Norm M (1997). 13169:10.1017/S0018246X13000216 13133:Neiberg, Michael (2007). 12543:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12422:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 12389:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12377:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12362:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12350:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12338:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12326:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12314:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12237:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12225:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12210:Tucker & Roberts 2005 11829:Craig, Gordon A. (1949). 11727:10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 11613:"The Conscription Crisis" 11542:10.1017/S0018246X00005689 11504:Tucker & Roberts 2005 11420:10.1080/14623520801950820 11213:Henry Morgenthau (1918). 11141:Little, Brown and Company 10754:Online. 28 November 2006. 10712:"The ANZAC Day tradition" 10710:Australian War Memorial. 10138:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8893:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8510:January, Brendan (2007). 8349:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8321:Tucker & Roberts 2005 7710:Tucker & Roberts 2005 7539:Tucker & Roberts 2005 6944:(inactive 11 June 2024), 6562:"The war to end all wars" 6536:Oxford English Dictionary 6256:, and the end of the war. 5623:1917 French Army mutinies 5619:Opposition to World War I 5606:Queensland Patriotic Fund 5385:Propaganda in World War I 4996:War crimes in World War I 4528:that ended the war there. 4474:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4430:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4406:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4051:1917 French Army mutinies 3483:Armistice of Villa Giusti 3474:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 3278:, resisted for more than 3216:Prince Leopold of Bavaria 2887:in July 1918, as well as 2629:First Battle of the Marne 2357:First Battle of the Marne 1950:Franz Joseph I of Austria 1190:, as well as in parts of 903: 778: 759: 433: 227:Signed 10 September 1919 190: 175:Aftermath of the Russian 60: 55: 27:1914–1918 global conflict 22573:Wars involving Sri Lanka 22523:Wars involving Nicaragua 22463:Wars involving Guatemala 22398:Wars involving Australia 21410:Lancaster House Treaties 20900:Christian existentialism 20860:Ancient Roman philosophy 20850:Ancient Greek philosophy 20134:Venezuela Naval Blockade 19805:Anglo-Russian Convention 19281:Treaty of Constantinople 19173:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 18288:Constantinople Agreement 17581:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 17444:Co-belligerent conflicts 17413:Second Romanian campaign 17383:Third Transjordan attack 17094:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 17000:Battle of Grand Couronné 16196:Links to other WWI Sites 15913:The Great War, 1914–1918 15911:Tucker, Spencer (2002). 15884:. Taylor & Francis. 15806:Emporia State University 15106:Northedge, F.S. (1986). 15018:Meyer, Gerald J (2006). 14844:Central European History 14752:Lieven, Dominic (2016). 14445:Jackson, Julian (2018). 14357:Horne, Alistair (1964). 14286:Heyman, Neil M. (1997). 14071:Gilbert, Martin (1994). 13894:Ferguson, Niall (2006). 13594:Zeppelins of World War I 13554:Crampton, R. J. (1994). 13455:. New York: Dodd, Mead. 13193:29 November 2020 at the 13011:"Monumental Undertaking" 12794:Zeman, Z. A. B. (1971). 11441:Whitehorn, Alan (2015). 11133:Taylor, Telford (1993). 10391:Morrow, John H. (2005). 10336:"Dates on war memorials" 9719:Brown, Malcolm (1999) . 7840:. Memorial Gates Trust. 7564:"Veliki rat – Avijacija" 7481:, pp. 579–580, 585. 6736:Moll & Luebbert 1980 5796:were initially used for 5277:Financial crisis of 1914 5067:Armenian genocide denial 5025:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute 4662:Turkey on 6 August 1924. 4659:Hungary on 26 July 1921. 4653:Austria on 16 July 1920. 4574:Aftermath of World War I 4564:, and German surrender. 4337:Second Battle of Cambrai 4171:and, early in December, 4037:in late September 1918. 3555:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 2543:Indian National Congress 2401:landed on the island of 2397:). On 11 September, the 1764:Conflicts in the Balkans 1654:Anglo-Russian Convention 1434: 1357:an offensive in the west 1265:on 28 June 1914, when a 1146:Indian and Pacific Ocean 343:Aftermath of World War I 22623:Wars involving Slovenia 22588:Wars involving Thailand 22538:Wars involving Rhodesia 22533:Wars involving Portugal 22473:Wars involving Honduras 22428:Wars involving Bulgaria 21188:Equality before the law 20395:Romano-Germanic culture 20139:Alaska boundary dispute 19812:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 19795:Franco-Russian Alliance 19351:Balkans campaign of WWI 19000:Albanian revolt of 1912 18351:Modus vivendi of Acroma 18303:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 17611:Greater Poland Uprising 17511:National Protection War 17388:Meuse–Argonne offensive 17338:German spring offensive 17333:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 17109:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 17084:Second Battle of Artois 16965:Battle of the Frontiers 16204:, from Brigham Young U. 16025:Willmott, H.P. (2003). 15734:Thompson, Mark (2009). 15413:One Morning in Sarajevo 14962:McMeekin, Sean (2015). 14943:McMeekin, Sean (2014). 14872:Martel, Gordon (2014). 14771:Love, Dave (May 1996). 14657:Europe Between the Wars 14569:Keenan, George (1986). 14164:. New York: Routledge. 14075:. Stoddart Publishing. 13977:Fromkin, David (2004). 13671:Donko, Wilhelm (2012). 13317:History of Transylvania 13148:Jones, Heather (2013). 13041:"Commemoration website" 11101:10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 10716:Australian War Memorial 10416:Schulze, Hagen (1998). 10341:. War Memorials Trust. 10117:28 October 2016 at the 9575:. First World War.com. 9549:. First World War.com. 9521:Bruce, Anthony (2002). 7230:Kröll, Herbert (2008). 6894:10.1057/9780230377356_3 6636:27 January 2024 at the 6331:declared war on Germany 6004:. The lead body is the 5911:Redipuglia War Memorial 5687:conscientious objectors 5602:Canadian Patriotic Fund 5546:Italian Socialist Party 5495:1 Lincolnshire Regiment 5284:voting rights for women 4965:encephalitis lethargica 4634:July 1921 by President 4516:) pictured outside the 4317:Meuse-Argonne offensive 4308:talks were inevitable. 4291:Meuse-Argonne offensive 4228:German spring offensive 4035:Meuse–Argonne offensive 3995:declared war on Germany 3938:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3927:competing power centres 3559:Russian-occupied Poland 3493:awarded to it in 1915. 2597:British Indian soldiers 2505:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2483:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 2321:Battle of the Frontiers 2109:Serbia ordered general 2019:According to historian 1912:Timeline of World War I 1749:1905 Russian Revolution 1640:Franco-Russian Alliance 234:Signed 27 November 1919 156:German spring offensive 22543:Wars involving Romania 22498:Wars involving Liberia 22478:Wars involving Ireland 22453:Wars involving Germany 22413:Wars involving Bolivia 22408:Wars involving Belgium 22393:Wars involving Armenia 21668:Middle Eastern Theatre 21646:Middle Eastern Theatre 21565:Cradle of civilization 21350:Eastern European Group 20939:Continental philosophy 20870:Judeo-Christian ethics 20855:Hellenistic philosophy 20336:Cradle of civilization 20058:Unification of Germany 20005:Taft–Katsura agreement 19625:Crown Prince Alexander 19603:Crown Prince Ferdinand 19566:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 19394:Massacres of Civilians 19384:Massacres of Albanians 19337:Sarajevo Assassination 19266:Greek–Serbian Alliance 19259:Diplomacy and politics 19156:Diplomacy and politics 18980:Bulgarian Independence 18376:Paris Peace Conference 18364:Ukraine–Central Powers 18158:Massacres of Albanians 18126:Late Ottoman genocides 17933:Bulgarian occupations 17641:Third Anglo-Afghan War 17605:Hungarian–Romanian War 17423:Naval Victory Bulletin 17418:Armistice with Germany 17368:Hundred Days Offensive 17295:Battle of La Malmaison 17245:Second battle of Arras 17212:Battle of Transylvania 17066:Second Battle of Ypres 16934:Sarajevo assassination 16823:South African Republic 16295:US Library of Congress 16117:Listen to this article 16029:. Dorling Kindersley. 15991:World War I Day by Day 15989:Westwell, Ian (2004). 15447:Souter, Gavin (2000). 15146:Price, Alfred (1980). 14617:The Historical Journal 14493:Jones, Howard (2001). 14416:Inglis, David (1995). 14201:(2009 ed.). CUP. 14004:Gardner, Hall (2015). 13946:10.3917/popu.1701.0039 13917:. JM Dent & Sons. 13855:Fay, Sidney B (1930). 13577:. Palgrave Macmillan. 13334:Braybon, Gail (2004). 13315:Béla, Köpeczi (1998). 13254:Ball, Alan M. (1994). 13135:The World War I Reader 12635:The Russian Revolution 12632:Richard Pipes (1990). 12036:Stone, Norman (2008). 10419:Germany: A New History 10075:Kieler Erinnerungsorte 10045:Dähnhardt, D. (1978). 10013:"Die 14 Kieler Punkte" 9980:(in French). Ville de 9877:Militaryhistorynow.com 9784:Militaryhistorynow.com 9744:Gray & Argyle 1990 8385:Hall, Richard (2010). 8053:10.3201/eid2411.ac2411 8047:(11). CDC: 2136–2137. 7864:Horniman, Benjamin Guy 6267:Paris Peace Conference 6246:armed seizure of power 6204:Outline of World War I 6080: 6036:and German Chancellor 5979: 5914: 5858: 5779: 5776:Captain Marcel Courmes 5754:wireless communication 5745: 5660: 5651:Sackville Street (now 5502: 5406: 5294: 5223: 5153: 5084: 5083:and published in 1918. 5063:Late Ottoman genocides 5016: 4951: 4918: 4896:World War I casualties 4761: 4748: 4710:Paris Peace Conference 4705: 4680: 4628:Knox–Porter Resolution 4619: 4529: 4524:after agreeing to the 4433: 4365: 4300: 4279:Hundred Days Offensive 4241: 4232:Hundred Days Offensive 4197:Otto Liman von Sanders 4169:Battle of Mughar Ridge 4147:resumed, when General 4141:Second Battles of Gaza 4132: 4067: 4029:AEF commander General 3986: 3879:Final years of the war 3863: 3598:Romania in World War I 3592:Romanian participation 3588:, at the end of 1916. 3529: 3524:following the Russian 3522:Grand Duke Nikolaevich 3470:offensive was repulsed 3415: 3351: 3219: 3214:Kaiser Wilhelm II and 3184: 3146:ANZAC Mounted Division 3107:Mesopotamian campaigns 3063: 3013: 2958: 2935: 2810: 2797:was confined to port. 2776:Battle of Más a Tierra 2733: 2666: 2642:Second Battle of Ypres 2604: 2529: 2513:Third Anglo-Afghan War 2386: 2324: 2266: 2224: 2090: 2044: 1958:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1941: 1918:Sarajevo assassination 1828:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1788: 1777: 1694: 1623: 1570:French colonial empire 1521: 1389:Paris Peace Conference 1245:, which disturbed the 760:Commanders and leaders 22583:Wars involving Taiwan 22563:Wars involving Serbia 22528:Wars involving Panama 22458:Wars involving Greece 22448:Wars involving France 22433:Wars involving Canada 22418:Wars involving Brazil 21893:Vietnamese philosophy 21631:Industrial Revolution 21470:Three Seas Initiative 21445:Pacific Islands Forum 21310:British–Irish Council 21058:Greek Orthodox Church 20517:Industrial Revolution 20487:Scientific Revolution 20144:First Moroccan Crisis 19858:Spread of nationalism 19822:Eight-Nation Alliance 19651:Other Balkan states: 19492:Eleftherios Venizelos 19168:Albanian Independence 18970:Young Turk Revolution 18511:by region and country 18386:Treaty of St. Germain 18359:Russia–Central Powers 18313:Sykes–Picot Agreement 18141:Pontic Greek genocide 18116:Destruction of Kalisz 18092:Eastern Mediterranean 17653:Polish–Lithuanian War 17435:Armistice of Belgrade 17398:Armistice of Salonica 17328:Operation Faustschlag 17275:Third Battle of Oituz 17197:Baranovichi offensive 17165:Lake Naroch offensive 17139:Battle of Robat Karim 17114:Vistula–Bug offensive 17089:Battles of the Isonzo 17020:First Battle of Ypres 16324:University of Alberta 16248:24 March 2019 at the 15738:. Faber & Faber. 14659:. New York: Longman. 14520:Karp, Walter (1979). 14197:Harris, J.P. (2008). 14109:Gray, Randal (1991). 13619:Crowe, David (2001). 13296:Beckett, Ian (2007). 13241:Ayers, Leonard Porter 13017:. 21 September 2015. 12949:David, Evans (1918). 12424:. 22 September 1939. 11888:Noakes, Lucy (2006). 11682:Zinn, Howard (2003). 11389:Gaunt, David (2006). 10985:10.1093/jnen/60.7.663 10876:, pp. 2561–2567. 10634:. firstworldwar.com. 10439:. Wiley. p. 584. 9907:historycollection.com 9721:1918: Year of Victory 9446:Falls, Cyril (1930). 8638:. New York Times Co. 8567:(London: Faber, 1967) 8351:, pp. 1075–1076. 7933:. Firstworldwar.com. 7151:Djordjević, Dimitrije 6461:Long and short scales 6375:Often abbreviated as 6161:Further information: 6059: 6054:Further information: 6016:and German President 5987:Kansas City, Missouri 5973: 5908: 5901:World War I memorials 5888:Further information: 5853: 5774: 5737: 5650: 5637:Espionage Act of 1917 5530:Italian Liberal Party 5489: 5411:Yugoslav nationalists 5400: 5383:Further information: 5292: 5271:Further information: 5217: 5192:Further information: 5176:Soldiers' experiences 5164:on fair treatment of 5147: 5074: 5014: 4937: 4923:8 million were killed 4913: 4900:Further information: 4838:Sykes–Picot Agreement 4836:Further information: 4771:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 4756: 4739: 4699: 4674:Eleftherios Venizelos 4672:Greek prime minister 4671: 4606: 4599:Formal end of the war 4508: 4438:Armistice of Salonica 4424:Italian troops reach 4423: 4416:Armistice of Belgrade 4414:Further information: 4402:Armistice of Salonica 4360: 4321:attacked around Ypres 4298: 4261:against the northern 4239: 4122: 4058: 4045:Further information: 3977: 3854: 3781:attacked Transylvania 3515: 3409: 3347: 3213: 3178: 3058: 3007: 2988:Eleftherios Venizelos 2956: 2925: 2803: 2751:, part of the German 2725: 2664: 2595: 2588:Trench warfare begins 2526:Mesopotamian campaign 2520: 2503:Further information: 2391:occupied German Samoa 2380: 2343:In 1911, the Russian 2318: 2287:Alfred von Schlieffen 2264: 2247:by the Serbian army. 2237:anti-aircraft warfare 2218: 2184:Further information: 2088: 2038: 1931: 1783: 1771: 1675: 1617: 1501: 1489:Causes of World War I 1237:included the rise of 1235:causes of World War I 1178:(or Entente) and the 983:Sinai & Palestine 779:Casualties and losses 273:Signed 29 August 1921 265:Signed 25 August 1921 257:Signed 24 August 1921 249:Signed 10 August 1920 22578:Wars involving Sudan 22513:Wars involving Nepal 22503:Wars involving Malta 22493:Wars involving Korea 22488:Wars involving Japan 22483:Wars involving Italy 22468:Wars involving Haiti 21465:Special Relationship 20875:Christian philosophy 20820:Western Christianity 20482:Age of Enlightenment 20356:Hellenistic Kingdoms 20149:Algeciras Conference 20129:Annexation of Hawaii 20068:Great Eastern Crisis 20063:Unification of Italy 20053:Formation of Romania 19870:French–German enmity 19502:Pavlos Kountouriotis 18381:Treaty of Versailles 18097:Mount Lebanon famine 18012:in the United States 17980:Russian occupations 17694:Turkish–Armenian War 17635:Polish–Ukrainian War 17575:Ukrainian–Soviet War 17522:Central Asian Revolt 17305:Armistice of Focșani 17035:Battle of Sarikamish 16985:Battle of Tannenberg 16381:Military engagements 16317:5 April 2015 at the 16188:More spoken articles 15680:Medicine and the War 15655:. New York: Viking. 14524:. Harper & Row. 14023:Grant, R.G. (2005). 13810:. London: Longmans. 13804:Falls, Cyril Bentham 13573:Crisp, Olga (1976). 13535:Coogan, Tim (2009). 12609:. 24 February 2014. 12452:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz 11643:15 April 1918, p. 12 11022:. 10 November 2020. 9909:. 22 February 2017. 9883:on 23 September 2017 9816:. 22 February 2017. 9814:historycollection.co 9790:on 23 September 2017 9213:Wheeler-Bennett 1938 7664:, pp. 194, 211. 6568:. 10 November 1998. 6404:, or "Battle of the 6240:government signed a 5932:Le Souvenir français 5864:propaganda campaigns 5699:solitary confinement 5641:Sedition Act of 1918 5444:In the Middle East, 5413:such as the leader, 5150:First Battle of Gaza 5081:Henry Morgenthau Sr. 4714:Treaty of Versailles 4624:Treaty of Versailles 4609:Treaty of Versailles 4382:Battle of Dobro Pole 4353:Battle of Dobro Pole 4193:Erich von Falkenhayn 4161:Desert Mounted Corps 4103:French Army mutinies 4064:Battle of Vimy Ridge 3789:Erich von Falkenhayn 3739:class=notpageimage| 3489:and areas along the 3468:. A second Austrian 3228:petroleum reservoirs 3197:Battle of Sarikamish 3181:Battle of Sarikamish 3164:in December and the 3156:advanced across the 3022:Battle of Dobro Pole 2599:digging trenches in 2431:, as well as German 2367:Asia and the Pacific 2361:Crown Prince Wilhelm 2291:German General Staff 2132:German General Staff 1900:powder keg of Europe 1703:Imperial German Navy 1556:allowed Bismarck to 1393:Treaty of Versailles 1370:a revolution at home 1206:, machine guns, and 773:Main Central leaders 216:Treaty of Versailles 170:Middle Eastern front 32:WWI (disambiguation) 22443:Wars involving Cuba 21923:Buddhist philosophy 21883:Japanese philosophy 21626:Early modern period 21490:West Nordic Council 21355:Eastern Partnership 20944:Analytic philosophy 20645:Classical tradition 20467:Early modern period 20423:Classical antiquity 20418:European Bronze Age 20214:Philippine–American 20199:First Sino-Japanese 20032:Racconigi agreement 19978:Treaty of Frankfurt 19938:Great Rapprochement 19892:Scramble for Africa 19529:Crown Prince Danilo 19379:Carnegie Commission 19276:Treaty of Bucharest 18965:Macedonian Struggle 18941:Serbo-Bulgarian War 18448:They shall not pass 18371:Treaty of Bucharest 18328:Treaty of Bucharest 18267:USA against Germany 18244:Declarations of war 17948:German occupations 17861:British casualties 17720:Soviet–Georgian War 17647:Egyptian Revolution 17587:Armeno-Georgian War 17451:Somaliland campaign 17403:Armistice of Mudros 17280:Battle of Caporetto 17270:Battle of Mărășești 17240:Zimmermann telegram 17235:February Revolution 17180:Battle of the Somme 17104:Bug-Narew Offensive 17079:Battle of Gallipoli 17071:Sinking of the RMS 16863:Scramble for Africa 16857:Franco-Prussian War 16513:Sinai and Palestine 16312:New York University 16305:5 June 2015 at the 16265:Library of Congress 15470:World Wars in-depth 15077:Neiberg, Michael S. 14920:McLellan, Edwin N. 14801:MacMillan, Margaret 14552:The First World War 14522:The Politics of War 14390:10.1093/gh/11.2.161 13981:. Alfred A. Knopf. 13808:The First World War 13319:. Akadémiai Kiadó. 13118:Wilfred Owen: poems 13069:. France News.Net. 12967:1918Natur.100..487. 12918:1918Natur.100..487. 12040:. London: Penguin. 11494:, pp. 368–369. 11354:, pp. 212–215. 10886:Knobler et al. 2005 10746:4 June 2012 at the 10665:15 May 2016 at the 10604:. 5 November 1918. 10483:"Open-Site:Hungary" 9963:on 2 October 2018. 9624:, pp. 146–147. 9257:, pp. 315–316. 9237:, Routledge, 1994, 9203:, pp. 110–132. 9179:, pp. 721–766. 9139:The Washington Post 8997:, pp. 441–442. 8663:, pp. 122–138. 8431:, pp. 150–152. 8375:, pp. 108–110. 8235:"Committee Hansard" 8209:von der Porten 1969 8172:World Wars in Depth 7895:, pp. 421–423. 7796:, pp. 201–203. 7784:, pp. 197–198. 7748:, pp. 224–232. 7712:, pp. 376–378. 7598:National Geographic 7553:, pp. 159–195. 7517:, pp. 550–551. 7457:, pp. 539–541. 7409:, pp. 526–527. 7373:, pp. 196–197. 7087:, pp. 188–189. 6810:, pp. 251–252. 6762:, pp. 174–196. 6738:, pp. 153–185. 6699:, pp. 290–293. 6605:, pp. 121–152. 6320:to Austria-Hungary. 6173:unexploded ordnance 6157:Unexploded ordnance 6143:high casualty rates 6111:military occupation 6032:, French President 6026:Hartmannswillerkopf 6006:Imperial War Museum 5856:Zimmermann Telegram 5794:Fixed-wing aircraft 5695:alternative service 5526:Italian irredentism 5522:Gabriele D'Annunzio 5518:Italian nationalism 5469:Somaliland campaign 5463:was supporting the 4832:National identities 4718:Wilson's 14th point 4607:The signing of the 4454:Imperial Chancellor 4410:Armistice of Mudros 4259:Operation Georgette 4255:motorised artillery 4179:. About this time, 4177:Battle of Jerusalem 4165:Battle of Beersheba 4129:Battle of Jerusalem 3953:Treaty of Bucharest 3900:February Revolution 3858:They shall not pass 3817:Treaty of Bucharest 3765:Treaty of Bucharest 3675:Constanța (Dobruja) 3647:Cluj (Transylvania) 3526:capture of Przemyśl 2783:blockade of Germany 2726:Battleships of the 2678:Battle of the Somme 2562:British Indian Army 2522:British Indian Army 2191:Opening hostilities 2180:Progress of the war 2170:Albert I of Belgium 2003:Čabrinović threw a 1986:Muhamed Mehmedbašić 1970:Nedeljko Čabrinović 1711:Alfred Thayer Mahan 1603:, which became the 1554:Franco-Prussian War 1327:In April 1917, the 1097:North-West Frontier 767:Main Allied leaders 281:Signed 24 July 1923 242:Signed 4 June 1920 219:Signed 28 June 1919 22388:Russo-Turkish wars 22307:EAEU Customs Union 22237:Arab Customs Union 22159:Oriental Orthodoxy 21933:Islamic philosophy 21903:Iranian philosophy 21878:Chinese philosophy 20949:Post-structuralism 20912:Christian humanism 20542:Universal suffrage 20073:Congress of Berlin 19990:Reinsurance Treaty 19968:Congress of Vienna 19948:Industrial warfare 19914:Scramble for China 19608:Alexandru Averescu 19576:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 19497:Panagiotis Danglis 19404:Places burned down 18930:Congress of Berlin 18408:Treaty of Lausanne 18323:Paris Economy Pact 18257:UK against Germany 18187:Entry into the war 18153:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 17872:Ottoman casualties 17682:Franco-Turkish War 17562:Post-War conflicts 17546:Russian Revolution 17528:Invasion of Darfur 17493:Kelantan rebellion 17481:Kurdish rebellions 17457:Mexican Revolution 17290:October Revolution 17255:Kerensky offensive 17230:Capture of Baghdad 17207:Monastir offensive 17192:Brusilov offensive 17030:Battle of Kolubara 16869:Russo-Japanese War 15828:Tschanz, David W. 15509:10.1093/aje/kwy191 14359:The Price of Glory 13691:Doughty, Robert A. 13506:Conlon, Joseph M. 13481:Clark, Christopher 13155:Historical Journal 13047:on 8 February 2014 12173:The New York Times 12026:, pp. 223–234 11999:, pp. 231–232 11530:Historical Journal 11333:on 10 October 2017 11258:on 6 October 2007. 10874:Spreeuwenberg 2018 10792:The New York Times 10684:The New York Times 10601:The New York Times 10563:The New York Times 10321:The London Gazette 10301:The London Gazette 10281:The London Gazette 10261:The London Gazette 10241:The London Gazette 10209:The New York Times 10125:, 20 January 2008. 10047:Revolution in Kiel 9988:on 27 August 2007. 9315:Grotelueschen 2006 9291:Grotelueschen 2006 8686:Hanioglu, M. Sukru 8611:, pp. 499–503 8563:Arthur J. Barker, 7155:Spence, Richard B. 6364:Republic of Turkey 6329:The United States 6296:The United States 5980: 5974:A typical village 5956:In Flanders Fields 5938:dead, such as the 5915: 5859: 5806:anti-aircraft guns 5780: 5746: 5666:Irish nationalists 5661: 5582:Il Popolo d'Italia 5559:Il Popolo d'Italia 5503: 5439:self-determination 5423:Yugoslav Committee 5407: 5368:David Lloyd George 5295: 5224: 5154: 5085: 5017: 4952: 4919: 4849:Kingdom of Bohemia 4783:Kingdom of Hungary 4762: 4720:, established the 4706: 4681: 4620: 4530: 4458:Georg von Hertling 4434: 4366: 4301: 4242: 4216:Second Transjordan 4195:, was replaced by 4133: 4070:In December 1916, 4068: 3987: 3904:October Revolution 3896:Russian Revolution 3864: 3661:Chișinău (Moldova) 3566:Brusilov offensive 3530: 3454:capture of Gorizia 3416: 3352: 3220: 3185: 3162:Battle of Magdhaba 3064: 3061:Gallipoli campaign 3014: 2999:Monastir offensive 2984:King Constantine I 2972:Battle of Mojkovac 2959: 2936: 2900:War in the Balkans 2811: 2753:East Asia Squadron 2734: 2667: 2605: 2530: 2479:German East Africa 2447:Kaiserin Elisabeth 2429:South Seas Mandate 2387: 2325: 2267: 2245:medical evacuation 2225: 2156:war. On 2 August, 2091: 2045: 1942: 1872:Russian government 1789: 1778: 1745:Russo-Japanese War 1699:Alfred von Tirpitz 1695: 1648:with Britain. The 1624: 1609:Reinsurance Treaty 1544:, and the rise of 1534:splendid isolation 1522: 1469:the war to end war 1341:October Revolution 998:Hejaz & Levant 278:Treaty of Lausanne 163:Monastir offensive 42:, and 22355: 22354: 22154:Eastern Orthodoxy 21898:Indian philosophy 21888:Korean philosophy 21682:Post–Cold War era 21513: 21512: 21340:Council of Europe 21242:International law 21195:Constitutionalism 21053:Eastern Orthodoxy 20559:Post–Cold War era 20492:Age of Revolution 20346:Greco-Roman world 20284: 20283: 20253:Albanian Revolts 20110:German Naval Laws 20094:Naval arms races 20078:Berlin Conference 20010:Hague Conventions 19679: 19678: 19586:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 19465:Stiliyan Kovachev 19190:Second Balkan War 19163:London Conference 18995:Italo-Turkish War 18985:31 March Incident 18855: 18854: 18564:Southern Rhodesia 18559:South West Africa 18474: 18473: 18457: 18456: 18441:The Golden Virgin 18435:Mutilated victory 18416: 18415: 18396:Treaty of Trianon 18391:Treaty of Neuilly 18298:Damascus Protocol 18171: 18170: 18131:Armenian genocide 18088:Allied blockades 18060:Belgian refugees 17843: 17842: 17753:Strategic bombing 17729: 17728: 17714:Franco-Syrian War 17688:Greco-Turkish War 17676:Anglo-Turkish War 17659:Polish–Soviet War 17593:German Revolution 17569:Russian Civil War 17552:Finnish Civil War 17378:Battle of Megiddo 17353:Battle of Goychay 17300:Battle of Cambrai 17260:Battle of Mărăști 17175:Battle of Jutland 17155:Erzurum offensive 17010:Siege of Przemyśl 16990:Siege of Tsingtao 16975:Battle of Galicia 16905:Second Balkan War 16893:Italo-Turkish War 16850:Pre-War conflicts 16836: 16835: 16726:Portuguese Empire 16642: 16641: 16604:German New Guinea 16586:Asian and Pacific 16157: 16147: 16137: 16101:978-0-8476-9645-1 16082:978-0-19-822125-8 16063:978-1-316-60066-5 16036:978-0-7894-9627-0 16000:978-0-7603-1937-6 15973:978-0-213-17961-8 15947:978-1-58544-226-3 15922:978-1-134-81750-4 15891:978-0-8153-3351-7 15862:978-1-85109-420-2 15769:978-0-8047-7924-1 15745:978-0-571-22333-6 15689:978-0-8369-2629-3 15662:978-0-670-03295-2 15640:978-0-19-873526-7 15621:978-0-7181-9795-7 15594:978-0-465-08184-4 15567:978-0-19-820208-0 15545:978-0-19-873049-1 15503:(12): 2561–2567. 15464:Smele, Jonathan. 15423:978-0-297-85608-5 15402:978-0-300-10798-2 15315:978-0-7139-0158-0 15271:978-0-295-95350-2 15157:978-0-7106-0008-0 15117:978-0-7185-1316-0 15090:978-0-674-01696-5 15031:978-0-553-80354-9 14973:978-0-7181-9971-5 14954:978-1-84831-657-7 14904:978-0-517-38555-5 14883:978-0-19-966538-9 14833:978-90-411-1239-2 14814:978-0-8129-9470-4 14807:. Profile Books. 14763:978-0-14-139974-4 14736:978-0-691-01232-2 14701:978-0-309-09504-4 14666:978-0-582-41869-1 14599:978-0-313-33181-7 14580:978-0-7190-1707-0 14561:978-0-09-180178-6 14531:978-0-06-012265-2 14504:978-0-8420-2918-6 14456:978-1-84614-351-9 14408:978-0-88920-508-6 14368:978-0-14-017041-2 14326:978-0-86307-181-2 14299:978-0-313-29880-6 14249:978-0-226-31971-1 14230:978-0-08-033591-9 14208:978-0-521-89802-7 14171:978-1-85728-498-0 14152:978-0-521-86434-3 14120:978-1-85532-157-1 14101:978-0-517-46790-9 14082:978-0-7737-2848-6 14055:978-0-8160-2595-4 14036:978-0-7566-5578-5 14029:. DK Publishing. 14015:978-1-4724-3056-4 13988:978-0-375-41156-4 13969:978-0-8050-0857-9 13924:978-0-460-04519-3 13905:978-1-59420-100-4 13878:978-0-465-05711-5 13847:978-0-393-30564-7 13817:978-1-84342-272-3 13787:978-0-313-31516-9 13768:978-0-06-270056-8 13706:978-0-674-01880-8 13682:978-3-8442-2129-9 13663:978-1-4408-0092-4 13632:978-0-87891-710-5 13603:978-1-55778-382-0 13584:978-0-333-16907-0 13565:978-0-415-05346-4 13546:978-0-09-941522-0 13498:978-0-06-219922-5 13491:. HarperCollins. 13467:on 8 October 2019 13441:978-0-304-35949-3 13422:978-1-896979-18-2 13403:978-0-09-958133-8 13381:978-0-19-873113-9 13347:978-1-57181-801-0 13326:978-84-8371-020-3 13307:978-1-4058-1252-8 13288:978-0-253-00865-7 13232:978-1-4930-3192-4 12961:(2521): 487–488. 12809:978-0-297-00300-7 12772:, pp. 56–57. 12747:978-1-85109-732-6 12728:, pp. 82–86. 12700:978-0-306-81213-2 12645:978-0-307-78857-3 12589:978-0-8020-8707-2 12554:O'Halpin, Eunan, 12529:978-0-19-959058-2 12262:978-0-8108-6604-1 12118:on 5 October 2010 12047:978-0-14-103156-9 11971:978-0-520-90960-1 11899:978-0-415-39056-9 11668:978-0-02-905820-6 11454:978-1-61069-688-3 11378:on 22 April 2008. 11282:978-1-903656-81-5 11192:978-0-295-98296-0 11154:978-0-316-83400-1 11050:www.denix.osd.mil 10687:. 26 April 1916. 10593:"Serbia Restored" 10528:978-963-7395-84-0 10402:978-0-415-20440-8 10381:, pp. 35–36. 10189:978-0-495-90383-3 10164:978-1-4381-0989-3 10056:978-3-529-02636-2 9730:978-0-330-37672-3 9685:978-1-55125-096-0 9532:978-0-7195-5432-2 9317:, pp. 44–46. 9293:, pp. 14–15. 9243:978-0-415-05346-4 9215:, pp. 36–41. 9093:, pp. 24–25. 9063:, pp. 96–98. 8811:, pp. 39–62. 8763:, pp. 30–31. 8699:978-0-691-13452-9 8550:978-1-4411-9478-7 8523:978-0-7613-3421-7 8496:978-0-8021-3936-8 8481:Gettleman, Marvin 8396:978-0-253-35452-5 8339:, pp. 54–55. 8284:978-0-521-83432-2 8265:Chickering, Roger 8088:, pp. 39–47. 7760:, pp. 79–80. 7297:978-1-61673-964-5 7243:978-3-7065-4526-6 7170:978-0-88033-217-0 6951:978-1-315-18640-5 6903:978-0-230-37735-6 6870:, pp. 48–49. 6786:, pp. 66–67. 6726:, pp. 72–73. 6663:, pp. 66–70. 6402:Skagerrakschlacht 6236:during 1917. The 6171:As late as 2007, 6135:Why the war began 6014:François Hollande 5870:Legacy and memory 5822:aircraft carriers 5814:Strategic bombers 5768:), and aircraft. 5655:) after the 1916 5542:Leonida Bissolati 5353:London Conference 5162:Hague Conventions 5109:deny the genocide 5049:Armenian genocide 4724:on 28 June 1919. 4722:League of Nations 4636:Warren G. Harding 4514:second from right 4478:Habsburg monarchy 4472:and accepted the 4444:in a telegram to 4247:Operation Michael 4212:First Transjordan 4047:Nivelle offensive 3633:Timișoara (Banat) 3582:Empress Alexandra 3542:attack on Galicia 3365:Austrian Littoral 3292:years during the 3189:Caucasus campaign 3088:Armenian genocide 2895:Southern theatres 2866:aircraft carriers 2819:submarine warfare 2790:Battle of Jutland 2767:in December. The 2761:Battle of Coronel 2742:merchant shipping 2487:guerrilla warfare 2481:, led by Colonel 2475:South-West Africa 2455:African campaigns 2407:German New Guinea 2383:Siege of Tsingtao 2025:Christopher Clark 1944:On 28 June 1914, 1887:Second Balkan War 1844:Italo-Turkish War 1589:Russo-Turkish War 1579:, which included 1550:Otto von Bismarck 1530:Concert of Europe 1421:League of Nations 1224:Armenian genocide 1154: 1153: 1022:South West Africa 861: 860: 429: 428: 239:Treaty of Trianon 177:siege of Przemyśl 16:(Redirected from 22630: 22378:Global conflicts 22174:Eastern Churches 21918:Hindu philosophy 21540: 21533: 21526: 21517: 21516: 21385:EU Customs Union 20917:Secular humanism 20865:Christian ethics 20815:East–West Schism 20798:Physical culture 20522:Great Divergence 20472:Age of Discovery 20311: 20304: 20297: 20288: 20287: 20204:Spanish–American 20124:Fashoda Incident 20000:Treaty of Björkö 19985:Treaty of Berlin 19919:Open Door Policy 19853:Eastern question 19800:Entente Cordiale 19706: 19699: 19692: 19683: 19682: 19645:Božidar Janković 19640:Stepa Stepanović 19512:Viktor Dousmanis 19361:Macedonian front 19356:Serbian campaign 19286:Treaty of Athens 19235:Southern Dobruja 19178:Treaty of London 19017:First Balkan War 18882: 18875: 18868: 18859: 18858: 18501: 18494: 18487: 18478: 18477: 18401:Treaty of Sèvres 18293:Treaty of London 18184: 18183: 17962:Northeast France 17893: 17892: 17865:Parliamentarians 17798: 17797: 17760:Chemical weapons 17738: 17737: 17499:Senussi campaign 17469:Muscat rebellion 17463:Maritz rebellion 17431: 17373:Vardar offensive 17202:Battle of Romani 17170:Battle of Asiago 17160:Battle of Verdun 17124:Kosovo offensive 16899:First Balkan War 16847: 16846: 16746:Russian Republic 16655: 16654: 16449: 16448: 16391:Economic history 16358: 16351: 16344: 16335: 16334: 16178: 16176: 16168: 16167: 16159: 16158: 16149: 16148: 16139: 16138: 16126: 16124: 16118: 16105: 16086: 16067: 16048: 16021: 16012: 15985: 15965: 15951: 15926: 15907: 15905: 15903: 15874: 15847: 15845: 15843: 15824: 15822: 15820: 15814: 15795: 15785: 15783: 15781: 15754:Tomasevich, Jozo 15749: 15730: 15728: 15726: 15693: 15674: 15644: 15625: 15606: 15579: 15554:Stevenson, David 15549: 15530: 15520: 15485: 15483: 15481: 15460: 15443: 15437: 15435: 15406: 15385: 15356: 15327: 15307: 15296: 15294: 15292: 15275: 15256: 15254: 15252: 15241:historyofwar.org 15231: 15229: 15227: 15202: 15169: 15142: 15121: 15102: 15072: 15035: 15024:. Random House. 15014: 14977: 14958: 14939: 14937: 14935: 14916: 14887: 14868: 14837: 14818: 14796: 14794: 14792: 14767: 14748: 14721: 14678: 14648: 14611: 14584: 14565: 14543: 14516: 14489: 14460: 14441: 14439: 14437: 14431: 14424: 14412: 14393: 14372: 14353: 14330: 14311: 14282: 14253: 14234: 14212: 14193: 14183: 14156: 14137: 14124: 14105: 14086: 14067: 14040: 14019: 14000: 13973: 13949: 13928: 13909: 13890: 13860: 13851: 13829: 13799: 13772: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13722: 13720: 13718: 13686: 13667: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13615: 13588: 13569: 13550: 13539:. Random House. 13531: 13529: 13527: 13521: 13514: 13502: 13490: 13476: 13474: 13472: 13463:. Archived from 13445: 13426: 13407: 13385: 13368:Brown, Judith M. 13363: 13361: 13359: 13330: 13311: 13292: 13273: 13261: 13250: 13236: 13198: 13180: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13145: 13139: 13138: 13130: 13121: 13115: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13037: 13031: 13030: 13028: 13026: 13007: 13001: 13000: 12998: 12996: 12978: 12976:10.1038/100487b0 12946: 12940: 12939: 12929: 12927:10.1038/100487b0 12898: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12887: 12868: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12857: 12838: 12832: 12831: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12801: 12791: 12785: 12779: 12773: 12767: 12761: 12756: 12750: 12735: 12729: 12723: 12717: 12711: 12705: 12704: 12684: 12678: 12671: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12629: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12597: 12591: 12577: 12571: 12565: 12559: 12558:, (Dublin, 1987) 12552: 12546: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12515: 12509: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12474: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12444: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12414: 12408: 12401:Denis Mack Smith 12398: 12392: 12386: 12380: 12374: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12341: 12335: 12329: 12323: 12317: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12285: 12279: 12278: 12276: 12274: 12246: 12240: 12234: 12228: 12222: 12213: 12207: 12201: 12195: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12153: 12148:on 16 March 2017 12134: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12123: 12114:. Archived from 12103: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12078: 12070: 12064: 12058: 12052: 12051: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12015: 12009: 12000: 11994: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11953: 11947: 11946:, p. cxxvi. 11941: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11885: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11815: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11738: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11660: 11650: 11644: 11635: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11609: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11583: 11577: 11560: 11554: 11553: 11525: 11519: 11513: 11507: 11501: 11495: 11489: 11483: 11482:, pp. 4–64. 11477: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11371:. Archived from 11370: 11361: 11355: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11332: 11326:. Archived from 11325: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11266: 11260: 11259: 11254:. Archived from 11250:(13 June 2005). 11244: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11210: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11185:. pp. 7–9. 11172: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11113: 11103: 11077: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11061: 11042: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11012: 11006: 11005: 10987: 10963: 10957: 10950: 10944: 10943: 10933: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10853: 10847: 10841: 10835: 10829: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10803: 10783: 10777: 10776: 10761: 10755: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10718:. Archived from 10707: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10675: 10669: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10610: 10597: 10589: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10572: 10566:. 27 July 1918. 10559: 10551: 10545: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10514: 10508: 10505: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10462: 10455: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10388: 10382: 10376: 10370: 10369:, pp. 8–12. 10364: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10347: 10340: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10292: 10286: 10285: 10272: 10266: 10265: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10175: 10169: 10168: 10150: 10144: 10135: 10126: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10078: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10025: 10018: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9984:. Archived from 9974: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9951: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9869: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9839: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9786:. Archived from 9776: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9697: 9677: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9631: 9625: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9601: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9384: 9378: 9372: 9366: 9360: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9246: 9233:R. J. Crampton, 9231: 9225: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9129: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9079: 9073: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9025: 9019: 9013: 9007: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8955:Cultural Studies 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8776: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8727:, pp. 9–10. 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8627: 8621: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8574: 8568: 8561: 8555: 8554: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8318: 8312: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8164:Sheffield, Garry 8160: 8147: 8146: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8009: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7255: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7213: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7124:Month of Madness 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6974: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6846:, pp. 2–23. 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6533: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6429: 6415: 6409: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6383: 6373: 6367: 6360:Treaty of Sèvres 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6327: 6321: 6318:successor states 6311: 6305: 6303: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6270: 6263: 6257: 6234:Russian Republic 6230: 6096:good versus evil 6078: 6020:together marked 6011: 5995:Liberty Memorial 5992: 5812:were developed. 5810:fighter aircraft 5691:Stephen Hobhouse 5653:O'Connell Street 5633:Bertrand Russell 5566:("Revolutionary 5538:Benito Mussolini 5481:Battle of Segale 5478: 5455:In East Africa, 5446:Arab nationalism 5409:In the Balkans, 5358: 5344:Great Depression 5337: 5314: 5257:Economic effects 5166:prisoners of war 5134:Prisoners of war 5114: 5101:marched to death 5089:ethnic cleansing 4744:stab in the back 4678:Treaty of Sèvres 4633: 4559: 4467: 4370:Vardar offensive 4349:Vardar offensive 4334: 4031:John J. Pershing 4003:battleship group 3979:President Wilson 3943: 3915:Petrograd Soviet 3842:Battle of Verdun 3829:King Ferdinand I 3727: 3726: 3713: 3712: 3699: 3698: 3685: 3684: 3671: 3670: 3657: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3629: 3628: 3615: 3614: 3608: 3586:Grigori Rasputin 3538:Austrian Galicia 3534:Raymond Poincaré 3480: 3401:Treaty of London 3317:Senussi campaign 3291: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3268:Kingdom of Hejaz 3244:Persian campaign 3142:Battle of Romani 3018:Vardar offensive 2968:Battle of Kosovo 2918:Macedonian front 2914:Serbian campaign 2868:in combat, with 2671:Battle of Verdun 2646:Hague Convention 2547:Indian Home Rule 2425:Battle of Penang 2418:Russian cruiser 2211:Serbian campaign 2205:Serbian campaign 2201:against Russia. 2174:Treaty of London 2167: 2163: 2144:Treaty of London 2116: 2101: 2096:Foreign Ministry 1895:Southern Dobruja 1879:Treaty of London 1860:First Balkan War 1645:Entente Cordiale 1621: 1526:balance of power 1515: 1506: 1377: 1353:a separate peace 1278:Austro-Hungarian 1263:a breaking point 1247:balance of power 1208:chemical weapons 898: 887: 880: 873: 864: 863: 753: 742: 738: 736: 735: 724: 722: 721: 711: 709: 708: 701: 697: 695: 694: 675: 665: 661: 659: 658: 648: 644: 642: 641: 632: 628: 626: 625: 614: 613: 612: 601: 597: 595: 594: 586: 582: 580: 579: 568: 566: 565: 555: 553: 552: 545: 541: 539: 538: 530: 526: 524: 523: 512: 511: 510: 500: 498: 497: 488: 475: 471: 469: 468: 460: 456: 454: 453: 246:Treaty of Sèvres 203:11 November 1918 192: 191: 146: 134:Battle of Verdun 119: 110: 99: 90: 79: 70: 53: 52: 21: 22638: 22637: 22633: 22632: 22631: 22629: 22628: 22627: 22358: 22357: 22356: 22351: 22224: 22218: 21959: 21928:Jain philosophy 21908:Buddhist ethics 21864: 21686: 21653:Interwar period 21606:Ancient history 21594: 21553: 21544: 21514: 21509: 21475:UKUSA Agreement 21415:Lublin Triangle 21300:Baltic Assembly 21252: 21246: 21164: 21001: 20836: 20706:Eurolinguistics 20575: 20564:Information age 20537:Interwar period 20404: 20324: 20315: 20285: 20280: 20219:Boxer Rebellion 20177: 20041: 19995:Treaty of Paris 19960: 19954: 19887:New Imperialism 19848:Ottoman decline 19831: 19778:Triple Alliance 19766: 19727:Austria-Hungary 19715: 19710: 19680: 19675: 19662: 19460:Radko Dimitriev 19450:Vasil Kutinchev 19408: 19367: 19315: 19306: 19290: 19254: 19205:Kilkis–Lachanas 19193: 19182: 19151: 19020: 19009: 18936:Eastern Rumelia 18891: 18886: 18856: 18851: 18830: 18687:Austria-Hungary 18670: 18599: 18568: 18512: 18505: 18475: 18470: 18453: 18412: 18344: 18337: 18308:Treaty of Darin 18276: 18238: 18194:Austria-Hungary 18180: 18167: 18148:Rape of Belgium 18075: 18047: 17995: 17989:Western Armenia 17984:Eastern Galicia 17917: 17891: 17855: 17854:Civilian impact 17853: 17839: 17796: 17725: 17557: 17487:Ovambo Uprising 17439: 17425: 17314: 17216: 17143: 17061:Battle of Łomża 17044: 17040:Christmas truce 17015:Race to the Sea 16948: 16910: 16832: 16803:Austria-Hungary 16779: 16714:Empire of Japan 16651: 16649: 16638: 16622:U-boat campaign 16608: 16580: 16542: 16494: 16440: 16421:Popular culture 16367: 16362: 16319:Wayback Machine 16307:Wayback Machine 16281: 16250:Wayback Machine 16192: 16191: 16180: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16162: 16153: 16143: 16133: 16128: 16122: 16121: 16120:(3 parts, 16119: 16116: 16113: 16108: 16102: 16083: 16064: 16037: 16001: 15974: 15948: 15923: 15901: 15899: 15892: 15863: 15841: 15839: 15838:on 11 June 2010 15818: 15816: 15812: 15793: 15779: 15777: 15770: 15746: 15724: 15722: 15690: 15663: 15641: 15622: 15595: 15568: 15546: 15479: 15477: 15433: 15431: 15424: 15416:. Hachette UK. 15403: 15316: 15290: 15288: 15272: 15250: 15248: 15225: 15223: 15191:10.2307/1986064 15158: 15118: 15091: 15032: 14995:10.2307/3678575 14974: 14955: 14933: 14931: 14905: 14884: 14834: 14815: 14790: 14788: 14764: 14737: 14702: 14667: 14653:Kitchen, Martin 14600: 14581: 14562: 14532: 14505: 14457: 14435: 14433: 14429: 14422: 14409: 14369: 14344:(2): 194, 211. 14327: 14300: 14250: 14231: 14209: 14186: 14172: 14153: 14121: 14102: 14083: 14073:First World War 14056: 14037: 14016: 13989: 13970: 13925: 13906: 13879: 13869:The Pity of War 13865:Ferguson, Niall 13859:(2nd ed.). 13848: 13840:. W.W. Norton. 13818: 13788: 13769: 13745: 13743: 13716: 13714: 13707: 13683: 13675:. epubli GmbH. 13664: 13642: 13640: 13633: 13604: 13585: 13566: 13547: 13525: 13523: 13522:on 11 June 2010 13519: 13512: 13499: 13470: 13468: 13442: 13423: 13404: 13382: 13357: 13355: 13348: 13327: 13308: 13289: 13270: 13233: 13213: 13206: 13201: 13195:Wayback Machine 13181: 13177: 13162:(3): 857–878 . 13146: 13142: 13131: 13124: 13116: 13112: 13102: 13100: 13091: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13065: 13064: 13060: 13050: 13048: 13039: 13038: 13034: 13024: 13022: 13009: 13008: 13004: 12994: 12992: 12947: 12943: 12900: 12899: 12895: 12885: 12883: 12870: 12869: 12865: 12855: 12853: 12840: 12839: 12835: 12821: 12817: 12810: 12792: 12788: 12780: 12776: 12768: 12764: 12757: 12753: 12736: 12732: 12724: 12720: 12712: 12708: 12701: 12685: 12681: 12672: 12665: 12655: 12653: 12646: 12630: 12626: 12616: 12614: 12599: 12598: 12594: 12578: 12574: 12566: 12562: 12553: 12549: 12541: 12537: 12530: 12516: 12512: 12505: 12501: 12491: 12489: 12476: 12475: 12471: 12461: 12459: 12446: 12445: 12441: 12431: 12429: 12416: 12415: 12411: 12399: 12395: 12387: 12383: 12375: 12368: 12360: 12356: 12348: 12344: 12336: 12332: 12324: 12320: 12316:, p. 1069. 12312: 12308: 12298: 12296: 12287: 12286: 12282: 12272: 12270: 12263: 12247: 12243: 12235: 12231: 12223: 12216: 12212:, p. 1189. 12208: 12204: 12196: 12192: 12182: 12180: 12165: 12161: 12151: 12149: 12136: 12135: 12131: 12121: 12119: 12104: 12100: 12090: 12088: 12071: 12067: 12059: 12055: 12048: 12034: 12030: 12022: 12018: 12010: 12003: 11995: 11991: 11981: 11979: 11972: 11954: 11950: 11942: 11938: 11928: 11926: 11911: 11907: 11900: 11886: 11882: 11872: 11870: 11847:10.2307/2144182 11827: 11823: 11813: 11811: 11776: 11772: 11762: 11760: 11707: 11703: 11696: 11680: 11676: 11669: 11651: 11647: 11636: 11632: 11622: 11620: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11596: 11594: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11573:7 July 2015 at 11561: 11557: 11526: 11522: 11516:Havighurst 1985 11514: 11510: 11506:, p. 2733. 11502: 11498: 11490: 11486: 11478: 11474: 11464: 11462: 11455: 11439: 11435: 11404: 11400: 11387: 11383: 11375: 11368: 11362: 11358: 11350: 11346: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11323: 11319: 11318: 11314: 11306: 11302: 11292: 11290: 11283: 11267: 11263: 11245: 11238: 11228: 11226: 11211: 11207: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11173: 11169: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11131: 11127: 11078: 11069: 11059: 11057: 11044: 11043: 11039: 11029: 11027: 11014: 11013: 11009: 10964: 10960: 10952:K. von Economo. 10951: 10947: 10896: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10872: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10848: 10844: 10836: 10832: 10827: 10823: 10815: 10811: 10801: 10799: 10784: 10780: 10762: 10758: 10748:Wayback Machine 10739: 10735: 10725: 10723: 10708: 10704: 10694: 10692: 10677: 10676: 10672: 10667:Wayback Machine 10655: 10651: 10641: 10639: 10628: 10624: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10586: 10576: 10574: 10570: 10557: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10540: 10536: 10529: 10515: 10511: 10507:Frucht, p. 356. 10506: 10502: 10492: 10490: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10466: 10464: 10460: 10453: 10449: 10448: 10444: 10431: 10427: 10414: 10410: 10403: 10389: 10385: 10377: 10373: 10367:Magliveras 1999 10365: 10361: 10351: 10349: 10345: 10338: 10334: 10333: 10329: 10313: 10309: 10293: 10289: 10273: 10269: 10253: 10249: 10233: 10229: 10219: 10217: 10212:. 3 July 1921. 10202: 10201: 10197: 10190: 10176: 10172: 10165: 10151: 10147: 10136: 10129: 10119:Wayback Machine 10110: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10043: 10039: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9976: 9975: 9971: 9960: 9949: 9942: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9916: 9914: 9901: 9900: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9871: 9870: 9866: 9856: 9854: 9843:"1918 Timeline" 9841: 9840: 9833: 9823: 9821: 9808: 9807: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9742: 9738: 9731: 9717: 9713: 9705: 9701: 9686: 9668: 9664: 9656: 9652: 9644: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9620: 9616: 9608: 9604: 9596: 9592: 9582: 9580: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9519: 9515: 9505: 9503: 9502:on 14 June 2011 9494: 9493: 9489: 9467: 9463: 9444: 9440: 9421: 9417: 9409: 9405: 9397: 9393: 9385: 9381: 9373: 9369: 9361: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9337: 9333: 9325: 9321: 9313: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9289: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9265: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9232: 9228: 9223: 9219: 9211: 9207: 9199: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9175: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9130: 9121: 9115:Rothschild 1975 9113: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9089: 9085: 9080: 9076: 9071: 9067: 9059: 9055: 9051:, pp. 7–8. 9047: 9043: 9035: 9028: 9020: 9016: 9008: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8979: 8977: 8970: 8962:. p. 376. 8950: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8926: 8922: 8915: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8867: 8863: 8855: 8851: 8843: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8819: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8795: 8791: 8783: 8779: 8771: 8767: 8759: 8755: 8747: 8743: 8735: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8645: 8643: 8636:Current History 8628: 8624: 8619: 8615: 8609:Hinterhoff 1984 8607: 8600: 8592: 8588: 8575: 8571: 8562: 8558: 8551: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8508: 8504: 8497: 8478: 8474: 8466: 8462: 8452: 8450: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8383: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8359: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8335: 8331: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8304: 8294: 8292: 8285: 8262: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8231: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8207: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8161: 8150: 8132: 8128: 8120: 8116: 8108: 8104: 8096: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8070: 8068: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8007: 8005: 7998:The Independent 7990: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7970:, p. 1042. 7966: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7927: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7875: 7861: 7857: 7847: 7845: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7821: 7819: 7804: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7684: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7624: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7549: 7545: 7537: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7493:, pp. 4–5. 7489: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7429: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7298: 7282: 7278: 7272:Tomasevich 2001 7270: 7266: 7253: 7251: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7211: 7209: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7180: 7178: 7171: 7148: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7127:. BBC Radio 4. 7119: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7008:10.2307/2499359 6988: 6984: 6968: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6952: 6926: 6922: 6913: 6911: 6904: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6638:Wayback Machine 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6508:The Independent 6504:"The Great War" 6502: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6416: 6412: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6374: 6370: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6328: 6324: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6264: 6260: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6190: 6169: 6159: 6123:medical science 6079: 6075:Strange Meeting 6069: 6066: 6063: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6034:Emmanuel Macron 6009: 5990: 5961:Remembrance Day 5903: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5874:Main articles: 5872: 5848: 5842: 5788:field telephone 5739:Royal Air Force 5732: 5726: 5625: 5617:Main articles: 5615: 5590: 5588:Patriotic funds 5544:. However, the 5524:, who promoted 5476: 5395: 5381: 5376: 5356: 5335: 5312: 5279: 5269: 5261:Main articles: 5259: 5247: 5239:Main articles: 5237: 5212: 5190: 5178: 5142: 5136: 5112: 5069: 5059: 5047:Main articles: 5045: 5009: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4956:epidemic typhus 4928:gueules cassées 4908: 4906:Gueules cassées 4898: 4892: 4857:Greater Romania 4840: 4834: 4694: 4631: 4630:was signed on 2 4613:Hall of Mirrors 4601: 4576: 4570: 4557: 4542:sailors' revolt 4503: 4497: 4465: 4418: 4412: 4400:Main articles: 4398: 4355: 4347:Main articles: 4345: 4332: 4293: 4287: 4263:English Channel 4234: 4226:Main articles: 4224: 4117: 4111: 4053: 4043: 3972: 3966: 3941: 3906: 3894:Main articles: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3838: 3785:German 9th Army 3745: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3600: 3594: 3510: 3508:Initial actions 3505: 3499: 3478: 3445:Strafexpedition 3342: 3330:Main articles: 3328: 3294:siege of Medina 3288: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3260:Battle of Mecca 3158:Sinai Peninsula 3053: 3047: 3041: 2920: 2906:Balkans theatre 2904:Main articles: 2902: 2897: 2795:High Seas Fleet 2720: 2714: 2659: 2633:Race to the Sea 2590: 2585: 2579: 2515: 2501: 2495: 2463: 2457: 2435:on the Chinese 2405:, then part of 2375: 2369: 2302:Alsace-Lorraine 2271:Schlieffen Plan 2259: 2253: 2213: 2207: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2165: 2161: 2136:Schlieffen Plan 2114: 2099: 2083: 2069: 2063: 2033: 2010:Gavrilo Princip 1978:Vaso Čubrilović 1966:Gavrilo Princip 1962:Cvjetko Popović 1934:Gavrilo Princip 1926: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1766: 1747:and subsequent 1715:blue-water navy 1670: 1636:Leo von Caprivi 1605:Triple Alliance 1581:Austria-Hungary 1542:New Imperialism 1528:, known as the 1520: 1518:Triple Alliance 1513: 1511: 1504: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1473:First World War 1458:The Independent 1437: 1425:interwar period 1397:war reparations 1375: 1271:Gavrilo Princip 1222:(including the 1202:and the use of 1172:global conflict 1164:First World War 1157: 1156: 1155: 1150: 899: 893: 891: 857: 852:further details 819: 814:further details 751: 746: 733: 731: 719: 717: 713:Austria-Hungary 706: 704: 692: 690: 673: 668: 656: 654: 649: 639: 637: 623: 621: 610: 608: 604: 592: 590: 577: 575: 563: 561: 550: 548: 536: 534: 521: 519: 508: 506: 495: 493: 490: 489: 482: 478: 466: 464: 451: 449: 425: 366:German colonies 350: 340: 328: 327: 285: 282: 280: 274: 272: 266: 264: 258: 256: 250: 248: 241: 235: 233: 226: 220: 218: 212: 211: 205: 186: 181:Austria-Hungary 124: 123: 122: 121: 120: 112: 111: 102: 101: 100: 92: 91: 82: 81: 80: 72: 71: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22636: 22626: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22605: 22600: 22595: 22590: 22585: 22580: 22575: 22570: 22565: 22560: 22558:White movement 22555: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22415: 22410: 22405: 22400: 22395: 22390: 22385: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22353: 22352: 22350: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22297:Easternization 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22244: 22239: 22234: 22228: 22226: 22220: 22219: 22217: 22216: 22215: 22214: 22209: 22208: 22207: 22202: 22192: 22191: 22190: 22180: 22179: 22178: 22177: 22176: 22171: 22161: 22156: 22151: 22150: 22149: 22134: 22133: 22132: 22127: 22122: 22107: 22106: 22105: 22100: 22098:Zoroastrianism 22090: 22089: 22088: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22063: 22053: 22052: 22051: 22046: 22041: 22040: 22039: 22034: 22029: 22024: 22019: 22009: 22008: 22007: 22002: 21997: 21992: 21991: 21990: 21969: 21967: 21961: 21960: 21958: 21957: 21956: 21955: 21950: 21940: 21935: 21930: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21913:Islamic ethics 21910: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21874: 21872: 21866: 21865: 21863: 21862: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21846: 21845: 21840: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21819: 21818: 21813: 21808: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21787: 21786: 21781: 21776: 21766: 21765: 21764: 21754: 21749: 21748: 21747: 21742: 21737: 21732: 21727: 21722: 21717: 21712: 21707: 21696: 21694: 21688: 21687: 21685: 21684: 21679: 21678: 21677: 21672: 21671: 21670: 21665: 21655: 21650: 21649: 21648: 21643: 21633: 21628: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21602: 21600: 21596: 21595: 21593: 21592: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21561: 21559: 21555: 21554: 21543: 21542: 21535: 21528: 21520: 21511: 21510: 21508: 21507: 21505:Westernization 21502: 21497: 21492: 21487: 21485:Visegrád Group 21482: 21477: 21472: 21467: 21462: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21432: 21427: 21425:Nordic Council 21422: 21417: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21337: 21332: 21327: 21322: 21320:Bucharest Nine 21317: 21312: 21307: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21285:Arctic Council 21282: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21262: 21256: 21254: 21248: 21247: 21245: 21244: 21239: 21234: 21233: 21232: 21227: 21222: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21197: 21192: 21191: 21190: 21180: 21174: 21172: 21166: 21165: 21163: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21151: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21129: 21128: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21083: 21082: 21081: 21080: 21079: 21069: 21068: 21067: 21062: 21061: 21060: 21050: 21049: 21048: 21038: 21037: 21036: 21011: 21009: 21003: 21002: 21000: 20999: 20998: 20997: 20987: 20982: 20977: 20976: 20975: 20963: 20962: 20961: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20920: 20919: 20914: 20904: 20903: 20902: 20895:Existentialism 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20846: 20844: 20838: 20837: 20835: 20834: 20833: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20807: 20806: 20805: 20795: 20794: 20793: 20788: 20778: 20777: 20776: 20766: 20761: 20760: 20759: 20754: 20749: 20739: 20738: 20737: 20727: 20726: 20725: 20715: 20714: 20713: 20708: 20698: 20693: 20688: 20683: 20682: 20681: 20671: 20666: 20665: 20664: 20654: 20653: 20652: 20642: 20641: 20640: 20630: 20625: 20624: 20623: 20613: 20608: 20607: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20585: 20583: 20577: 20576: 20574: 20573: 20572: 20571: 20566: 20556: 20555: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20529: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20489: 20484: 20479: 20474: 20469: 20459: 20454: 20453: 20452: 20447: 20442: 20432: 20431: 20430: 20428:Late antiquity 20420: 20414: 20412: 20406: 20405: 20403: 20402: 20397: 20392: 20387: 20382: 20381: 20380: 20379: 20378: 20373: 20363: 20358: 20353: 20343: 20338: 20332: 20330: 20326: 20325: 20314: 20313: 20306: 20299: 20291: 20282: 20281: 20279: 20278: 20273: 20272: 20271: 20270: 20269: 20264: 20259: 20251: 20246: 20236: 20231: 20229:Russo-Japanese 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20194:Anglo-Egyptian 20191: 20185: 20183: 20179: 20178: 20176: 20175: 20170: 20168:Bosnian Crisis 20165: 20164: 20163: 20153: 20152: 20151: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20120: 20119: 20117:Austro-Italian 20114: 20113: 20112: 20107: 20092: 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20049: 20047: 20043: 20042: 20040: 20039: 20034: 20029: 20024: 20019: 20018: 20017: 20015:Martens Clause 20007: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19981: 19980: 19970: 19964: 19962: 19956: 19955: 19953: 19952: 19951: 19950: 19940: 19935: 19930: 19929: 19928: 19927: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19911: 19901: 19900: 19899: 19897:Egyptian Lever 19884: 19882:Pax Britannica 19879: 19878: 19877: 19867: 19866: 19865: 19863:Sovereign debt 19860: 19855: 19845: 19839: 19837: 19833: 19832: 19830: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19808: 19807: 19802: 19797: 19790:Triple Entente 19787: 19786: 19785: 19774: 19772: 19768: 19767: 19765: 19764: 19759: 19757:United Kingdom 19754: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19723: 19721: 19717: 19716: 19709: 19708: 19701: 19694: 19686: 19677: 19676: 19674: 19673: 19667: 19664: 19663: 19661: 19660: 19649: 19648: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19630:Radomir Putnik 19627: 19622: 19612: 19611: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19590: 19589: 19588: 19583: 19578: 19573: 19571:Ali Rıza Pasha 19568: 19563: 19558: 19553: 19548: 19541:Ottoman Empire 19538: 19537: 19536: 19531: 19526: 19516: 19515: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19474: 19473: 19472: 19470:Georgi Todorov 19467: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19416: 19414: 19410: 19409: 19407: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19375: 19373: 19369: 19368: 19366: 19365: 19364: 19363: 19358: 19348: 19343: 19334: 19329: 19323: 19321: 19317: 19316: 19311: 19308: 19307: 19305: 19304: 19298: 19296: 19292: 19291: 19289: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19262: 19260: 19256: 19255: 19253: 19252: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19201: 19199: 19195: 19194: 19187: 19184: 19183: 19181: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19159: 19157: 19153: 19152: 19150: 19149: 19147:Second Çatalca 19144: 19139: 19134: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19034: 19028: 19026: 19022: 19021: 19014: 19011: 19010: 19008: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18975:Bosnian Crisis 18972: 18967: 18962: 18953: 18948: 18943: 18938: 18934:Annexation of 18932: 18927: 18926: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18899: 18897: 18893: 18892: 18885: 18884: 18877: 18870: 18862: 18853: 18852: 18850: 18849: 18844: 18838: 18836: 18832: 18831: 18829: 18828: 18817:United Kingdom 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18774: 18769: 18767:Ottoman Empire 18764: 18759: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18678: 18676: 18672: 18671: 18669: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18646:Ottoman Empire 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18607: 18605: 18601: 18600: 18598: 18597: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18576: 18574: 18570: 18569: 18567: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18520: 18518: 18514: 18513: 18504: 18503: 18496: 18489: 18481: 18472: 18471: 18469: 18468: 18462: 18459: 18458: 18455: 18454: 18452: 18451: 18444: 18437: 18432: 18424: 18422: 18418: 18417: 18414: 18413: 18411: 18410: 18405: 18404: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18373: 18368: 18367: 18366: 18361: 18353: 18347: 18345: 18343:Peace treaties 18342: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18284: 18282: 18278: 18277: 18275: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18248: 18246: 18240: 18239: 18237: 18236: 18231: 18229:United Kingdom 18226: 18221: 18219:Ottoman Empire 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18190: 18188: 18181: 18176: 18173: 18172: 18169: 18168: 18166: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18144: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18123: 18121:Sack of Dinant 18118: 18113: 18108: 18107: 18106: 18101: 18100: 18099: 18085: 18083: 18077: 18076: 18074: 18073: 18072: 18071: 18069:United Kingdom 18066: 18057: 18055: 18049: 18048: 18046: 18045: 18044: 18043: 18038: 18029: 18023:POW locations 18021: 18016: 18015: 18014: 18005: 18003: 17997: 17996: 17994: 17993: 17992: 17991: 17986: 17978: 17973: 17972: 17971: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17946: 17945: 17944: 17939: 17931: 17925: 17923: 17919: 17918: 17916: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17899: 17897: 17890: 17889: 17888: 17887: 17882: 17874: 17869: 17868: 17867: 17858: 17856: 17848: 17845: 17844: 17841: 17840: 17838: 17837: 17832: 17831: 17830: 17823:United Kingdom 17820: 17818:Ottoman Empire 17815: 17810: 17804: 17802: 17795: 17794: 17792:Trench warfare 17789: 17788: 17787: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17756: 17755: 17744: 17742: 17735: 17731: 17730: 17727: 17726: 17724: 17723: 17717: 17711: 17705: 17699: 17698: 17697: 17691: 17685: 17679: 17668: 17662: 17656: 17650: 17644: 17638: 17632: 17626: 17620: 17614: 17608: 17602: 17596: 17590: 17584: 17578: 17572: 17565: 17563: 17559: 17558: 17556: 17555: 17549: 17543: 17537: 17531: 17525: 17519: 17513: 17508: 17505:Volta-Bani War 17502: 17496: 17490: 17484: 17478: 17472: 17466: 17460: 17454: 17447: 17445: 17441: 17440: 17438: 17437: 17432: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17343:Zeebrugge Raid 17340: 17335: 17330: 17324: 17322: 17316: 17315: 17313: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17226: 17224: 17218: 17217: 17215: 17214: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17189: 17188: 17187: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17151: 17149: 17145: 17144: 17142: 17141: 17136: 17134:Battle of Loos 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17052: 17050: 17046: 17045: 17043: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17025:Black Sea raid 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16956: 16954: 16950: 16949: 16947: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16930: 16929: 16927:Historiography 16918: 16916: 16912: 16911: 16909: 16908: 16902: 16896: 16890: 16884: 16881:Bosnian Crisis 16878: 16875:Tangier Crisis 16872: 16866: 16860: 16853: 16851: 16844: 16838: 16837: 16834: 16833: 16831: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16808:Ottoman Empire 16805: 16800: 16795: 16789: 16787: 16785:Central Powers 16781: 16780: 16778: 16777: 16772: 16771: 16770: 16768:British Empire 16763:United Kingdom 16760: 16755: 16750: 16749: 16748: 16743: 16741:Russian Empire 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16717: 16716: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16695: 16694: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16663: 16661: 16659:Entente Powers 16652: 16647: 16644: 16643: 16640: 16639: 16637: 16636: 16631: 16630: 16629: 16627:North Atlantic 16618: 16616: 16610: 16609: 16607: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16590: 16588: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16552: 16550: 16544: 16543: 16541: 16540: 16538:Central Arabia 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16504: 16502: 16500:Middle Eastern 16496: 16495: 16493: 16492: 16487: 16486: 16485: 16475: 16470: 16469: 16468: 16457: 16455: 16446: 16442: 16441: 16439: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16401:Historiography 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16372: 16369: 16368: 16361: 16360: 16353: 16346: 16338: 16332: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16309: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16280: 16279:Library guides 16277: 16276: 16275: 16267: 16258: 16252: 16240: 16235: 16233:end of the war 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16199: 16181: 16170: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16150: 16140: 16129: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16111:External links 16109: 16107: 16106: 16100: 16087: 16081: 16068: 16062: 16049: 16035: 16022: 16013: 15999: 15986: 15972: 15952: 15946: 15927: 15921: 15908: 15890: 15875: 15861: 15848: 15825: 15786: 15768: 15750: 15744: 15731: 15694: 15688: 15675: 15661: 15645: 15639: 15626: 15620: 15607: 15593: 15580: 15566: 15550: 15544: 15531: 15486: 15461: 15444: 15422: 15407: 15401: 15386: 15368:(2): 159–195. 15362:War in History 15357: 15333:War in History 15328: 15314: 15308:. Allen Lane. 15297: 15283:. Al Jazeera. 15276: 15270: 15257: 15232: 15203: 15185:(4): 403–434. 15174: 15156: 15143: 15122: 15116: 15103: 15089: 15073: 15047:(1): 153–185. 15036: 15030: 15015: 14978: 14972: 14959: 14953: 14947:. Icon Books. 14940: 14917: 14903: 14888: 14882: 14869: 14851:(3): 231–255. 14838: 14832: 14819: 14813: 14797: 14768: 14762: 14749: 14735: 14722: 14700: 14692:10.17226/11150 14679: 14665: 14649: 14623:(4): 721–766. 14612: 14598: 14585: 14579: 14566: 14560: 14554:. Hutchinson. 14544: 14530: 14517: 14503: 14490: 14472:(3): 441–451. 14461: 14455: 14449:. Allen Lane. 14442: 14413: 14407: 14394: 14384:(2): 161–188. 14378:German History 14373: 14367: 14354: 14337:War in History 14331: 14325: 14312: 14298: 14283: 14254: 14248: 14235: 14229: 14213: 14207: 14194: 14184: 14170: 14157: 14151: 14138: 14125: 14119: 14106: 14100: 14087: 14081: 14068: 14054: 14041: 14035: 14020: 14014: 14001: 13987: 13974: 13968: 13954:Fromkin, David 13950: 13929: 13923: 13910: 13904: 13891: 13877: 13861: 13852: 13846: 13834:Farwell, Byron 13830: 13816: 13800: 13786: 13773: 13767: 13752: 13723: 13705: 13687: 13681: 13668: 13662: 13649: 13631: 13616: 13602: 13589: 13583: 13570: 13564: 13551: 13545: 13532: 13503: 13497: 13477: 13446: 13440: 13427: 13421: 13408: 13402: 13386: 13380: 13364: 13346: 13331: 13325: 13312: 13306: 13293: 13287: 13274: 13268: 13251: 13237: 13231: 13214: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13199: 13175: 13140: 13122: 13110: 13084: 13058: 13032: 13002: 12941: 12893: 12863: 12833: 12815: 12808: 12786: 12782:Stevenson 1988 12774: 12762: 12751: 12730: 12718: 12716:, p. 154. 12706: 12699: 12679: 12663: 12644: 12624: 12592: 12579:Brock, Peter, 12572: 12560: 12547: 12545:, p. 584. 12535: 12528: 12510: 12499: 12469: 12439: 12409: 12393: 12391:, p. 826. 12381: 12366: 12364:, p. 209. 12354: 12352:, p. 219. 12342: 12340:, p. 335. 12330: 12328:, p. 884. 12318: 12306: 12280: 12261: 12241: 12239:, p. 117. 12229: 12227:, p. 1001 12214: 12202: 12200:, p. 354. 12190: 12159: 12129: 12098: 12065: 12053: 12046: 12028: 12016: 12001: 11989: 11970: 11948: 11936: 11905: 11898: 11880: 11821: 11790:(4): 621–638. 11770: 11701: 11694: 11674: 11667: 11645: 11630: 11604: 11578: 11555: 11536:(1): 107–129. 11520: 11518:, p. 131. 11508: 11496: 11484: 11472: 11453: 11433: 11398: 11381: 11356: 11344: 11312: 11310:, p. 177. 11300: 11281: 11261: 11236: 11205: 11191: 11167: 11153: 11125: 11094:(4): 611–625. 11067: 11037: 11007: 10978:(7): 663–670. 10958: 10945: 10890: 10878: 10866: 10854: 10842: 10840:, p. 166. 10830: 10821: 10809: 10778: 10756: 10733: 10702: 10670: 10649: 10622: 10584: 10546: 10534: 10527: 10509: 10500: 10474: 10442: 10425: 10408: 10401: 10383: 10379:Northedge 1986 10371: 10359: 10327: 10307: 10287: 10267: 10247: 10227: 10195: 10188: 10170: 10163: 10145: 10127: 10104: 10100:Stevenson 2004 10092: 10090:, p. 383. 10088:Stevenson 2004 10080: 10071:Wette, Wolfram 10062: 10055: 10037: 10003: 10001:, p. 385. 9999:Stevenson 2004 9991: 9969: 9936: 9934:, p. 260. 9924: 9894: 9864: 9831: 9801: 9771: 9759: 9747: 9736: 9729: 9711: 9699: 9684: 9662: 9650: 9638: 9626: 9614: 9612:, p. 104. 9602: 9600:, p. 195. 9590: 9564: 9538: 9531: 9513: 9487: 9461: 9438: 9415: 9413:, p. 163. 9403: 9401:, p. 323. 9391: 9387:Humphries 2007 9379: 9367: 9365:, p. 244. 9355: 9353:, p. 129. 9343: 9341:, p. 124. 9331: 9329:, p. 403. 9327:Stevenson 2012 9319: 9307: 9305:, p. 318. 9303:Stevenson 2012 9295: 9283: 9281:, p. 318. 9271: 9269:, p. 317. 9267:Stevenson 2012 9259: 9255:Stevenson 2012 9247: 9226: 9217: 9205: 9193: 9191:, p. 523. 9181: 9169: 9167:, p. 345. 9157: 9119: 9117:, p. 314. 9107: 9105:, p. 429. 9095: 9083: 9074: 9065: 9053: 9041: 9039:, p. 282. 9026: 9024:, p. 170. 9014: 9012:, p. 171. 8999: 8987: 8968: 8944: 8942:, p. 119. 8932: 8928:Schindler 2003 8920: 8909: 8897: 8895:, p. 715. 8885: 8883:, p. 491. 8873: 8871:, p. 364. 8861: 8859:, p. 484. 8849: 8847:, p. 482. 8837: 8835:, p. 317. 8825: 8823:, p. 163. 8813: 8809:Fornassin 2017 8801: 8799:, p. 108. 8789: 8777: 8775:, p. 166. 8765: 8753: 8741: 8739:, p. 120. 8729: 8717: 8705: 8698: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8622: 8613: 8598: 8596:, p. 119. 8586: 8569: 8556: 8549: 8529: 8522: 8502: 8495: 8472: 8470:, p. 491. 8460: 8433: 8421: 8402: 8395: 8377: 8365: 8363:, p. 102. 8353: 8341: 8329: 8313: 8302: 8283: 8256: 8225: 8213: 8201: 8199:, p. 306. 8189: 8148: 8126: 8114: 8112:, p. 293. 8102: 8090: 8078: 8027: 8025:, p. 271. 8015: 7984: 7982:, p. 276. 7972: 7960: 7948: 7921: 7919:, p. 199. 7917:Goodspeed 1985 7909: 7897: 7885: 7883:, p. 424. 7873: 7855: 7829: 7798: 7786: 7774: 7772:, p. 353. 7762: 7750: 7738: 7726: 7724:, p. 221. 7714: 7702: 7700:, p. 327. 7690: 7678: 7674:Stevenson 2012 7666: 7654: 7650:Stevenson 2004 7642: 7630: 7626:Stevenson 2004 7615: 7585: 7555: 7551:Schindler 2002 7543: 7541:, p. 172. 7531: 7519: 7507: 7495: 7483: 7479:MacMillan 2013 7471: 7459: 7447: 7435: 7423: 7421:, p. 335. 7411: 7399: 7397:, p. 326. 7387: 7385:, p. 536. 7383:MacMillan 2013 7375: 7363: 7351: 7349:, p. 532. 7347:MacMillan 2013 7339: 7335:Stevenson 1996 7327: 7325:, p. 141. 7323:Velikonja 2003 7315: 7296: 7276: 7274:, p. 485. 7264: 7242: 7222: 7191: 7169: 7142: 7113: 7101: 7089: 7077: 7075:, p. 103. 7065: 7053: 7051:, p. 247. 7041: 7002:(4): 717–718. 6982: 6950: 6920: 6902: 6872: 6860: 6858:, p. 288. 6848: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6776: 6772:Stevenson 2016 6764: 6752: 6748:Stevenson 2016 6740: 6728: 6716: 6701: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6661:Medlicott 1945 6653: 6641: 6619: 6617:, p. 117. 6607: 6595: 6593:, p. 329. 6583: 6553: 6521: 6495: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6464: 6452: 6448:German attempt 6439: 6430: 6410: 6393: 6384: 6368: 6351: 6339: 6322: 6306: 6304:December 1917. 6289: 6280: 6271: 6258: 6242:separate peace 6224: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6186: 6158: 6155: 6147:trench warfare 6115:radicalisation 6107:historiography 6084:modern warfare 6067: 6060: 6048:Main article: 6045: 6044:Historiography 6042: 5899:Main article: 5896: 5893: 5871: 5868: 5844:Main article: 5841: 5838: 5830:Sopwith Camels 5798:reconnaissance 5725: 5722: 5631:in the US and 5614: 5611: 5589: 5586: 5550:general strike 5507:class conflict 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5349:David Andelman 5258: 5255: 5236: 5233: 5189: 5186: 5177: 5174: 5138:Main article: 5135: 5132: 5057:Greek genocide 5044: 5041: 5005:Main article: 5002: 4999: 4994:Main article: 4991: 4988: 4970:Eight million 4894:Main article: 4891: 4888: 4833: 4830: 4693: 4690: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4600: 4597: 4572:Main article: 4569: 4566: 4510:Ferdinand Foch 4499:Main article: 4496: 4493: 4397: 4394: 4344: 4341: 4286: 4283: 4223: 4220: 4191:in Palestine, 4149:Edmund Allenby 4113:Main article: 4110: 4107: 4091:Canadian Corps 4072:Robert Nivelle 4062:troops at the 4060:Canadian Corps 4042: 4039: 4015:National Guard 3968:Main article: 3965: 3962: 3960:with Romania. 3949:Russian Empire 3934:Vladimir Lenin 3891: 3888: 3883:Main article: 3880: 3877: 3872:Lloyd George's 3868:Woodrow Wilson 3837: 3834: 3737: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3596:Main article: 3593: 3590: 3551:Masurian Lakes 3509: 3506: 3501:Main article: 3498: 3495: 3481:November, the 3327: 3324: 3264:Sharif Hussein 3256:Foreign Office 3166:Battle of Rafa 3098:respectively. 3092:Greek genocide 3043:Main article: 3040: 3039:Ottoman Empire 3037: 3033:Central Powers 2946:, Croatia and 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2877:Sopwith Camels 2848:, escorted by 2716:Main article: 2713: 2710: 2658: 2655: 2603:, France, 1915 2589: 2586: 2581:Main article: 2578: 2575: 2571:Mahatma Gandhi 2497:Main article: 2494: 2491: 2459:Main article: 2456: 2453: 2371:Main article: 2368: 2365: 2331:(BEF), was in 2310:Richard Holmes 2289:, head of the 2255:Main article: 2252: 2249: 2209:Main article: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2065:Main article: 2062: 2059: 2043:, 29 June 1914 2032: 2029: 1922:Main article: 1919: 1916: 1907: 1904: 1824:Bosnian Crisis 1765: 1762: 1669: 1666: 1650:Triple Entente 1512: 1509:Triple Entente 1503: 1495: 1492: 1487:Main article: 1484: 1481: 1449:or simply the 1436: 1433: 1413:Czechoslovakia 1374:Kaiser Wilhelm 1351:, followed by 1294:United Kingdom 1276:, heir to the 1200:trench warfare 1180:Central Powers 1152: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1109:Naval theatres 1105: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1008:Central Arabia 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 969: 968: 962: 961: 960: 959: 954: 949: 939: 934: 933: 932: 927: 917: 911: 910: 904: 901: 900: 890: 889: 882: 875: 867: 859: 858: 856: 855: 847: 846:Over 8,000,000 844: 839: 838:Over 3,700,000 836: 834:Civilian dead: 831: 830:Over 4,386,000 828: 826:Military dead: 822: 820: 818: 817: 809: 808:Over 9,000,000 806: 801: 800:Over 4,000,000 798: 796:Civilian dead: 793: 792:Over 5,525,000 790: 788:Military dead: 784: 781: 780: 776: 775: 769: 762: 761: 757: 756: 745: 744: 728: 726:Ottoman Empire 715: 702: 686: 682:Central Powers 678: 667: 666: 651: 634: 618: 605: 603: 602: 587: 572: 559: 546: 531: 516: 504: 481: 480: 479: 477: 476: 473:United Kingdom 461: 445: 436: 435: 431: 430: 427: 426: 424: 423: 409:Czechoslovakia 381:Weimar Germany 369: 364:, transfer of 354: 352: 346: 345: 334: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 294: 293: 291: 287: 286: 284: 283: 275: 267: 259: 251: 243: 236: 228: 221: 210:Peace treaties 209: 208: 207: 196: 188: 187: 185: 184: 173: 166: 159: 152:Sopwith Camels 148: 137: 129: 114: 113: 105: 104: 103: 94: 93: 85: 84: 83: 74: 73: 65: 64: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22635: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22589: 22586: 22584: 22581: 22579: 22576: 22574: 22571: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22561: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22384: 22381: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22365: 22363: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22230: 22229: 22227: 22221: 22213: 22210: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22197: 22196: 22193: 22189: 22186: 22185: 22184: 22181: 22175: 22172: 22170: 22167: 22166: 22165: 22162: 22160: 22157: 22155: 22152: 22148: 22145: 22144: 22143: 22140: 22139: 22138: 22135: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22118: 22117: 22116: 22113: 22112: 22111: 22108: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22095: 22094: 22091: 22087: 22084: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22058: 22057: 22054: 22050: 22047: 22045: 22042: 22038: 22035: 22033: 22030: 22028: 22025: 22023: 22020: 22018: 22015: 22014: 22013: 22010: 22006: 22003: 22001: 21998: 21996: 21993: 21989: 21986: 21985: 21984: 21981: 21980: 21979: 21976: 21975: 21974: 21971: 21970: 21968: 21966: 21962: 21954: 21951: 21949: 21946: 21945: 21944: 21941: 21939: 21936: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21875: 21873: 21871: 21867: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21835: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21803: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21785: 21782: 21780: 21777: 21775: 21772: 21771: 21770: 21767: 21763: 21760: 21759: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21702: 21701: 21698: 21697: 21695: 21693: 21689: 21683: 21680: 21676: 21673: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21660: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21638: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21623: 21622: 21621:Modern period 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21604: 21603: 21601: 21597: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21562: 21560: 21556: 21552: 21548: 21547:Eastern world 21541: 21536: 21534: 21529: 21527: 21522: 21521: 21518: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21491: 21488: 21486: 21483: 21481: 21478: 21476: 21473: 21471: 21468: 21466: 21463: 21461: 21458: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21450:PROSUR/PROSUL 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21416: 21413: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21345:Craiova Group 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21316: 21313: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21260:ABCANZ Armies 21258: 21257: 21255: 21249: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21202: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21189: 21186: 21185: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21175: 21173: 21171: 21167: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21127: 21124: 21122: 21119: 21117: 21114: 21112: 21109: 21108: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21088: 21087: 21084: 21078: 21075: 21074: 21073: 21070: 21066: 21065:Protestantism 21063: 21059: 21056: 21055: 21054: 21051: 21047: 21044: 21043: 21042: 21039: 21035: 21031: 21028: 21027: 21026: 21023: 21022: 21021: 21018: 21017: 21016: 21013: 21012: 21010: 21008: 21004: 20996: 20993: 20992: 20991: 20988: 20986: 20985:Sovereigntism 20983: 20981: 20978: 20974: 20973: 20969: 20968: 20967: 20964: 20960: 20957: 20956: 20955: 20952: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20910: 20909: 20908: 20905: 20901: 20898: 20897: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20880:Scholasticism 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20847: 20845: 20843: 20839: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20812: 20811: 20808: 20804: 20801: 20800: 20799: 20796: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20783: 20782: 20779: 20775: 20772: 20771: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20745: 20744: 20743: 20740: 20736: 20733: 20732: 20731: 20728: 20724: 20721: 20720: 20719: 20716: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20703: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20692: 20689: 20687: 20684: 20680: 20677: 20676: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20663: 20660: 20659: 20658: 20655: 20651: 20648: 20647: 20646: 20643: 20639: 20636: 20635: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20622: 20619: 20618: 20617: 20614: 20612: 20609: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20591: 20590: 20587: 20586: 20584: 20582: 20578: 20570: 20569:War on terror 20567: 20565: 20562: 20561: 20560: 20557: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20478: 20475: 20473: 20470: 20468: 20465: 20464: 20463: 20462:Modern period 20460: 20458: 20455: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20437: 20436: 20433: 20429: 20426: 20425: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20415: 20413: 20411: 20407: 20401: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20391: 20388: 20386: 20383: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20368: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20348: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20333: 20331: 20327: 20323: 20319: 20318:Western world 20312: 20307: 20305: 20300: 20298: 20293: 20292: 20289: 20277: 20274: 20268: 20265: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20254: 20252: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20241: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20234:Italo-Turkish 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20189:Russo-Turkish 20187: 20186: 20184: 20180: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20162: 20161:Treaty of Fes 20159: 20158: 20157: 20156:Agadir Crisis 20154: 20150: 20147: 20146: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20118: 20115: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20105: 20101: 20100: 20099: 20096: 20095: 20093: 20091: 20090: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20050: 20048: 20044: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20016: 20013: 20012: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19979: 19976: 19975: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19965: 19963: 19957: 19949: 19946: 19945: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19906: 19905: 19902: 19898: 19895: 19894: 19893: 19890: 19889: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19876: 19873: 19872: 19871: 19868: 19864: 19861: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19850: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19840: 19838: 19834: 19828: 19827:Balkan League 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19792: 19791: 19788: 19784: 19783:Dual Alliance 19781: 19780: 19779: 19776: 19775: 19773: 19769: 19763: 19762:United States 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19724: 19722: 19718: 19714: 19707: 19702: 19700: 19695: 19693: 19688: 19687: 19684: 19672: 19669: 19668: 19665: 19658: 19654: 19650: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19635:Petar Bojović 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19617: 19616: 19613: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19595: 19594: 19591: 19587: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19543: 19542: 19539: 19535: 19534:Janko Vukotić 19532: 19530: 19527: 19525: 19522: 19521: 19520: 19517: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19487:Constantine I 19485: 19483: 19480: 19479: 19478: 19475: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19455:Nikola Ivanov 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19422: 19421: 19418: 19417: 19415: 19411: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19376: 19374: 19370: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19353: 19352: 19349: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19338: 19335: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19324: 19322: 19318: 19314: 19309: 19303: 19300: 19299: 19297: 19293: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19263: 19261: 19257: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19202: 19200: 19196: 19192: 19191: 19185: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19160: 19158: 19154: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19097:First Çatalca 19095: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19042:Pente Pigadia 19040: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19029: 19027: 19023: 19019: 19018: 19012: 19006: 19005:Balkan League 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18937: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18905: 18904: 18901: 18900: 18898: 18894: 18890: 18883: 18878: 18876: 18871: 18869: 18864: 18863: 18860: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18839: 18837: 18833: 18826: 18822: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18770: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18747:Liechtenstein 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18679: 18677: 18673: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18608: 18606: 18602: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18590:United States 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18577: 18575: 18571: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18521: 18519: 18515: 18510: 18502: 18497: 18495: 18490: 18488: 18483: 18482: 18479: 18467: 18464: 18463: 18460: 18450: 18449: 18445: 18443: 18442: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18430: 18426: 18425: 18423: 18419: 18409: 18406: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18378: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18356: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18348: 18346: 18340: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18285: 18283: 18279: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18249: 18247: 18245: 18241: 18235: 18234:United States 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18191: 18189: 18185: 18182: 18179: 18174: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18128: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18105: 18102: 18098: 18095: 18094: 18093: 18090: 18089: 18087: 18086: 18084: 18082: 18078: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18061: 18059: 18058: 18056: 18054: 18050: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18024: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18013: 18010: 18009: 18007: 18006: 18004: 18002: 17998: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17981: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17970: 17969: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17949: 17947: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17934: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17926: 17924: 17920: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17894: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17877: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17866: 17863: 17862: 17860: 17859: 17857: 17851: 17846: 17836: 17835:United States 17833: 17829: 17826: 17825: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17805: 17803: 17799: 17793: 17790: 17786: 17785:Convoy system 17783: 17782: 17781: 17780:Naval warfare 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17754: 17751: 17750: 17749: 17746: 17745: 17743: 17739: 17736: 17732: 17721: 17718: 17715: 17712: 17709: 17706: 17703: 17700: 17695: 17692: 17689: 17686: 17683: 17680: 17677: 17674: 17673: 17672: 17669: 17666: 17663: 17660: 17657: 17654: 17651: 17648: 17645: 17642: 17639: 17636: 17633: 17630: 17627: 17624: 17621: 17618: 17615: 17612: 17609: 17606: 17603: 17600: 17597: 17594: 17591: 17588: 17585: 17582: 17579: 17576: 17573: 17570: 17567: 17566: 17564: 17560: 17553: 17550: 17547: 17544: 17541: 17540:Kaocen revolt 17538: 17535: 17534:Easter Rising 17532: 17529: 17526: 17523: 17520: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17506: 17503: 17500: 17497: 17494: 17491: 17488: 17485: 17482: 17479: 17476: 17473: 17470: 17467: 17464: 17461: 17458: 17455: 17452: 17449: 17448: 17446: 17442: 17436: 17433: 17429: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17325: 17323: 17321: 17317: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17227: 17225: 17223: 17219: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17186: 17183: 17182: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17146: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17099:Great Retreat 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17074: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17053: 17051: 17047: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16970:Battle of Cer 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16957: 16955: 16951: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16928: 16925: 16924: 16923: 16920: 16919: 16917: 16913: 16906: 16903: 16900: 16897: 16894: 16891: 16888: 16887:Agadir Crisis 16885: 16882: 16879: 16876: 16873: 16870: 16867: 16864: 16861: 16858: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16839: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16786: 16782: 16776: 16775:United States 16773: 16769: 16766: 16765: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16715: 16712: 16711: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16693: 16692:French Empire 16690: 16689: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16660: 16656: 16653: 16645: 16635: 16634:Mediterranean 16632: 16628: 16625: 16624: 16623: 16620: 16619: 16617: 16615: 16614:Naval warfare 16611: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16591: 16589: 16587: 16583: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16553: 16551: 16549: 16545: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16505: 16503: 16501: 16497: 16491: 16490:Italian Front 16488: 16484: 16481: 16480: 16479: 16478:Eastern Front 16476: 16474: 16473:Western Front 16471: 16467: 16464: 16463: 16462: 16459: 16458: 16456: 16454: 16450: 16447: 16443: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16431:Puppet states 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16373: 16370: 16366: 16359: 16354: 16352: 16347: 16345: 16340: 16339: 16336: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16316: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16304: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16282: 16274: 16273: 16268: 16266: 16262: 16259: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16247: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16230: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16203: 16200: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16189: 16185: 16151: 16141: 16131: 16130: 16103: 16097: 16093: 16088: 16084: 16078: 16074: 16069: 16065: 16059: 16055: 16050: 16046: 16042: 16038: 16032: 16028: 16023: 16019: 16014: 16010: 16006: 16002: 15996: 15992: 15987: 15983: 15979: 15975: 15969: 15964: 15963: 15957: 15953: 15949: 15943: 15939: 15935: 15934: 15928: 15924: 15918: 15915:. Routledge. 15914: 15909: 15897: 15893: 15887: 15883: 15882: 15876: 15872: 15868: 15864: 15858: 15854: 15849: 15837: 15833: 15832: 15826: 15811: 15807: 15803: 15799: 15792: 15787: 15775: 15771: 15765: 15761: 15760: 15755: 15751: 15747: 15741: 15737: 15732: 15720: 15716: 15712: 15708: 15704: 15700: 15695: 15691: 15685: 15681: 15676: 15672: 15668: 15664: 15658: 15654: 15650: 15649:Strachan, Hew 15646: 15642: 15636: 15632: 15627: 15623: 15617: 15613: 15608: 15604: 15600: 15596: 15590: 15586: 15581: 15577: 15573: 15569: 15563: 15559: 15555: 15551: 15547: 15541: 15537: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15510: 15506: 15502: 15498: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15475: 15471: 15467: 15462: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15445: 15442: 15429: 15425: 15419: 15415: 15414: 15408: 15404: 15398: 15394: 15393: 15387: 15383: 15379: 15375: 15371: 15367: 15363: 15358: 15354: 15350: 15346: 15342: 15338: 15334: 15329: 15325: 15321: 15317: 15311: 15306: 15305: 15298: 15286: 15282: 15277: 15273: 15267: 15263: 15258: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15233: 15221: 15217: 15213: 15211: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15180: 15175: 15173: 15167: 15163: 15159: 15153: 15149: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15123: 15119: 15113: 15109: 15104: 15100: 15096: 15092: 15086: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15066: 15062: 15058: 15054: 15050: 15046: 15042: 15037: 15033: 15027: 15023: 15022: 15016: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14988: 14984: 14979: 14975: 14969: 14965: 14960: 14956: 14950: 14946: 14941: 14929: 14925: 14924: 14918: 14914: 14910: 14906: 14900: 14896: 14895: 14889: 14885: 14879: 14875: 14870: 14866: 14862: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14846: 14845: 14839: 14835: 14829: 14825: 14820: 14816: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14786: 14782: 14778: 14774: 14769: 14765: 14759: 14755: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14738: 14732: 14728: 14723: 14719: 14715: 14711: 14707: 14703: 14697: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14650: 14646: 14642: 14638: 14634: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14618: 14613: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14595: 14591: 14586: 14582: 14576: 14572: 14567: 14563: 14557: 14553: 14549: 14545: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14527: 14523: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14506: 14500: 14496: 14491: 14487: 14483: 14479: 14475: 14471: 14467: 14462: 14458: 14452: 14448: 14443: 14428: 14421: 14420: 14414: 14410: 14404: 14400: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14379: 14374: 14370: 14364: 14360: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14338: 14332: 14328: 14322: 14318: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14295: 14291: 14290: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14265:(1): 68–105. 14264: 14260: 14255: 14251: 14245: 14241: 14236: 14232: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14204: 14200: 14195: 14191: 14190: 14185: 14181: 14177: 14173: 14167: 14163: 14158: 14154: 14148: 14144: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14126: 14122: 14116: 14112: 14107: 14103: 14097: 14093: 14088: 14084: 14078: 14074: 14069: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14051: 14047: 14042: 14038: 14032: 14028: 14027: 14021: 14017: 14011: 14008:. Routledge. 14007: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13984: 13980: 13975: 13971: 13965: 13961: 13960: 13955: 13951: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13930: 13926: 13920: 13916: 13911: 13907: 13901: 13897: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13874: 13870: 13866: 13862: 13858: 13853: 13849: 13843: 13839: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13813: 13809: 13805: 13801: 13797: 13793: 13789: 13783: 13779: 13774: 13770: 13764: 13760: 13759: 13753: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13724: 13712: 13708: 13702: 13698: 13697: 13692: 13688: 13684: 13678: 13674: 13669: 13665: 13659: 13655: 13650: 13638: 13634: 13628: 13624: 13623: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13599: 13595: 13590: 13586: 13580: 13576: 13571: 13567: 13561: 13558:. Routledge. 13557: 13552: 13548: 13542: 13538: 13533: 13518: 13511: 13510: 13504: 13500: 13494: 13489: 13488: 13482: 13478: 13466: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13453: 13447: 13443: 13437: 13433: 13428: 13424: 13418: 13415:. CEF Books. 13414: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13353: 13349: 13343: 13339: 13338: 13332: 13328: 13322: 13318: 13313: 13309: 13303: 13299: 13298:The Great War 13294: 13290: 13284: 13280: 13275: 13271: 13269:0-520-08010-6 13265: 13260: 13259: 13252: 13248: 13247: 13242: 13238: 13234: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13219:Axelrod, Alan 13216: 13215: 13211: 13196: 13192: 13189: 13188:free download 13185: 13179: 13170: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13156: 13151: 13144: 13136: 13129: 13127: 13119: 13114: 13098: 13094: 13088: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13046: 13042: 13036: 13020: 13016: 13015:kclibrary.org 13012: 13006: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12951:"John McCrae" 12945: 12937: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12902:"John McCrae" 12897: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12867: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12837: 12829: 12828: 12819: 12811: 12805: 12800: 12799: 12790: 12783: 12778: 12771: 12766: 12760: 12755: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12734: 12727: 12722: 12715: 12710: 12702: 12696: 12692: 12691: 12683: 12676: 12670: 12668: 12651: 12647: 12641: 12637: 12636: 12628: 12612: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12596: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12576: 12570:, p. 62. 12569: 12564: 12557: 12551: 12544: 12539: 12531: 12525: 12521: 12514: 12508: 12503: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12443: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12413: 12406: 12402: 12397: 12390: 12385: 12379:, p. 596 12378: 12373: 12371: 12363: 12358: 12351: 12346: 12339: 12334: 12327: 12322: 12315: 12310: 12294: 12290: 12284: 12268: 12264: 12258: 12254: 12253: 12245: 12238: 12233: 12226: 12221: 12219: 12211: 12206: 12199: 12194: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12163: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12133: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12102: 12086: 12082: 12081:The Telegraph 12077: 12069: 12063:, p. 233 12062: 12057: 12049: 12043: 12039: 12032: 12025: 12020: 12014:, p. 237 12013: 12008: 12006: 11998: 11993: 11977: 11973: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11952: 11945: 11940: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11909: 11901: 11895: 11891: 11884: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11825: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11774: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11705: 11697: 11695:9780060528423 11691: 11687: 11686: 11678: 11670: 11664: 11659: 11658: 11649: 11642: 11641: 11634: 11618: 11615:. CBC. 2001. 11614: 11608: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11576: 11575:archive.today 11572: 11569: 11565: 11559: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11517: 11512: 11505: 11500: 11493: 11492:Ferguson 1999 11488: 11481: 11476: 11460: 11456: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11437: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11402: 11394: 11393: 11385: 11374: 11367: 11360: 11353: 11348: 11329: 11322: 11316: 11309: 11308:Ferguson 2006 11304: 11288: 11284: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11265: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11243: 11241: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11209: 11194: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11179: 11171: 11156: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11129: 11121: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10962: 10955: 10949: 10941: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10906: 10901: 10894: 10887: 10882: 10875: 10870: 10863: 10858: 10851: 10846: 10839: 10834: 10825: 10819:, p. 22. 10818: 10813: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10782: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10760: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10737: 10722:on 1 May 2008 10721: 10717: 10713: 10706: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10653: 10637: 10633: 10626: 10607: 10603: 10602: 10594: 10588: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10556: 10550: 10543: 10538: 10530: 10524: 10520: 10513: 10504: 10488: 10484: 10478: 10459: 10452: 10446: 10438: 10437: 10429: 10421: 10420: 10412: 10404: 10398: 10394: 10387: 10380: 10375: 10368: 10363: 10344: 10337: 10331: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10311: 10303: 10302: 10297: 10291: 10283: 10282: 10277: 10271: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10251: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10231: 10215: 10211: 10210: 10205: 10199: 10191: 10185: 10181: 10174: 10166: 10160: 10156: 10149: 10143: 10139: 10134: 10132: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10113: 10108: 10102:, Chapter 17. 10101: 10096: 10089: 10084: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10058: 10052: 10048: 10041: 10022: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9955: 9947: 9940: 9933: 9928: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9898: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9868: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9838: 9836: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9768: 9767:Christie 1997 9763: 9757:, p. 49. 9756: 9751: 9745: 9740: 9732: 9726: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9703: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9681: 9676: 9675: 9666: 9659: 9654: 9648:, p. 86. 9647: 9642: 9635: 9634:Westwell 2004 9630: 9623: 9618: 9611: 9606: 9599: 9598:Erickson 2001 9594: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9534: 9528: 9524: 9517: 9501: 9497: 9491: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9442: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9419: 9412: 9411:Erickson 2001 9407: 9400: 9395: 9389:, p. 66. 9388: 9383: 9376: 9371: 9364: 9363:Strachan 2003 9359: 9352: 9347: 9340: 9335: 9328: 9323: 9316: 9311: 9304: 9299: 9292: 9287: 9280: 9275: 9268: 9263: 9256: 9251: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9221: 9214: 9209: 9202: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9178: 9173: 9166: 9161: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9116: 9111: 9104: 9099: 9092: 9091:Crampton 1994 9087: 9078: 9069: 9062: 9057: 9050: 9045: 9038: 9033: 9031: 9023: 9018: 9011: 9006: 9004: 8996: 8995:Jelavich 1992 8991: 8975: 8971: 8969:9781449637286 8965: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8948: 8941: 8936: 8929: 8924: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8882: 8877: 8870: 8869:Thompson 2009 8865: 8858: 8853: 8846: 8841: 8834: 8829: 8822: 8821:Thompson 2009 8817: 8810: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8787:, p. 57. 8786: 8785:Thompson 2009 8781: 8774: 8769: 8762: 8761:Thompson 2009 8757: 8751:, p. 14. 8750: 8749:Thompson 2009 8745: 8738: 8733: 8726: 8725:Thompson 2009 8721: 8715:, p. 13. 8714: 8713:Thompson 2009 8709: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8674: 8669: 8662: 8657: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8626: 8617: 8610: 8605: 8603: 8595: 8590: 8582: 8581: 8573: 8566: 8560: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8533: 8525: 8519: 8515: 8514: 8506: 8498: 8492: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8469: 8464: 8448: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8425: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8406: 8398: 8392: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8369: 8362: 8357: 8350: 8345: 8338: 8333: 8326: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8306: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8260: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8223:, p. 80. 8222: 8217: 8210: 8205: 8198: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8144: 8140: 8139:Naval History 8136: 8130: 8124:, p. 50. 8123: 8118: 8111: 8106: 8099: 8094: 8087: 8082: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8019: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7976: 7969: 7964: 7957: 7952: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7913: 7907:, p. 99. 7906: 7901: 7894: 7893:Raudzens 1990 7889: 7882: 7881:Raudzens 1990 7877: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7790: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7747: 7742: 7736:, p. 79. 7735: 7730: 7723: 7718: 7711: 7706: 7699: 7694: 7688:, p. 55. 7687: 7682: 7676:, p. 54. 7675: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7652:, p. 23. 7651: 7646: 7640:, p. 22. 7639: 7634: 7628:, p. 22. 7627: 7622: 7620: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7552: 7547: 7540: 7535: 7528: 7527:Strachan 2003 7523: 7516: 7511: 7505:, p. 29. 7504: 7503:Willmott 2003 7499: 7492: 7487: 7480: 7475: 7469:, p. 29. 7468: 7463: 7456: 7451: 7445:, p. 45. 7444: 7439: 7433:, p. 27. 7432: 7427: 7420: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7372: 7367: 7361:, p. 27. 7360: 7359:Willmott 2003 7355: 7348: 7343: 7337:, p. 12. 7336: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7261: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7226: 7219: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7117: 7111:, p. 26. 7110: 7109:Willmott 2003 7105: 7099:, p. 16. 7098: 7093: 7086: 7081: 7074: 7069: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6996:Slavic Review 6993: 6986: 6978: 6972: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6936:, Routledge, 6935: 6931: 6924: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6844:Willmott 2003 6840: 6834:, p. 73. 6833: 6832:McMeekin 2015 6828: 6822:, p. 69. 6821: 6820:McMeekin 2015 6816: 6809: 6804: 6798:, p. 86. 6797: 6792: 6785: 6784:McMeekin 2015 6780: 6774:, p. 42. 6773: 6768: 6761: 6756: 6750:, p. 45. 6749: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6714:, p. 21. 6713: 6712:Willmott 2003 6708: 6706: 6698: 6693: 6687:, p. 15. 6686: 6685:Willmott 2003 6681: 6675:, p. 20. 6674: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6651:, p. 52. 6650: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6492: 6487: 6483: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6449: 6443: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6419:Joseph Stalin 6414: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6388: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6365: 6361: 6358:Although the 6355: 6348: 6343: 6332: 6326: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6299: 6293: 6284: 6275: 6268: 6262: 6255: 6254:Western Front 6251: 6250:Eastern Front 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6131:mental health 6128: 6124: 6120: 6117:of politics, 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6092:metanarrative 6089: 6085: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6038:Angela Merkel 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6018:Joachim Gauck 6015: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5802:ground attack 5799: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5784:indirect fire 5777: 5773: 5769: 5767: 5766:Little Willie 5763: 5759: 5758:armoured cars 5755: 5751: 5743: 5742:Sopwith Camel 5740: 5736: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5671:Easter Rising 5667: 5658: 5657:Easter Rising 5654: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5534:Paolo Boselli 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5465:Dervish state 5462: 5458: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5435:Transylvanian 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5320:Albert Kitson 5316: 5310: 5307:States $ 4.4 5305: 5304:US government 5301: 5291: 5287: 5285: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5128:Pontic Greeks 5125: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5079:, written by 5078: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5008: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4880:Mustafa Kemal 4877: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865:British Crown 4860: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4698: 4689: 4686: 4685:war memorials 4679: 4675: 4670: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4617:William Orpen 4614: 4610: 4605: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4585:Hohenzollerns 4582: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4546:Wilhelmshaven 4543: 4539: 4534: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4470:flag of truce 4461: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313:final assault 4309: 4306: 4297: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251:Saint-Quentin 4248: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4208:Jordan Valley 4205: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4099:21st Division 4096: 4093:' capture of 4092: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4076:spring attack 4073: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3886: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3866:US president 3861: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3740: 3607: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3504: 3497:Eastern Front 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3429:Luigi Cadorna 3426: 3422: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326:Italian Front 3323: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3313:guerrilla war 3310: 3309:British Egypt 3306: 3305:Italian Libya 3302: 3297: 3295: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3247:Mesopotamia. 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3113:(ANZACs). In 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2858:depth charges 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:cruiser rules 2828: 2827: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2755:stationed at 2754: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2729:Hochseeflotte 2724: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2560:In 1914, the 2558: 2556: 2552: 2551:Edwin Montagu 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2439:peninsula at 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2273:, 80% of the 2272: 2263: 2258: 2257:Great Retreat 2248: 2246: 2242: 2241:ground-to-air 2238: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2219:Serbian Army 2217: 2212: 2202: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2159: 2154: 2153:Joseph Joffre 2149: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2097: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2042: 2037: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982:Bosnian Serbs 1979: 1975: 1974:Trifko Grabež 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Balkan League 1845: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1770: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1753:Balkan powers 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1738:Rüstungswende 1735: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1665: 1663: 1662:Agadir Crisis 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601:Dual Alliance 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562:German Empire 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1510: 1500: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1477:Ernst Haeckel 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409:Baltic states 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:Soviet Russia 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:Eastern Front 1303: 1302:Western Front 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 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rights 21046:Latin Church 21020:Christianity 20970: 20929:Conservatism 20774:contemporary 20611:Architecture 20547:World War II 20531: 20507:Emancipation 20502:Abolitionism 20390:Romanization 20385:Roman legacy 20366:Roman Empire 20275: 20102: 20098:Anglo-German 20087: 19959:Treaties and 19720:Great powers 19657:Ismail Kemal 19440:Mihail Savov 19435:Stoyan Danev 19413:Participants 19340: 19312: 19230:Kresna Gorge 19188: 19057:Kirk Kilisse 19015: 18951:Cretan State 18554:South Africa 18508: 18446: 18439: 18427: 18034: / 17966: 17801:Conscription 17765:Cryptography 17702:Iraqi Revolt 17129:Siege of Kut 17072: 16650:participants 16599:German Samoa 16533:South Arabia 16364: 16271: 16091: 16072: 16053: 16026: 16020:. 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Retrieved 6507: 6498: 6493:, p. 8. 6491:Braybon 2004 6486: 6467: 6455: 6442: 6433: 6413: 6401: 6396: 6387: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6354: 6342: 6325: 6309: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6261: 6228: 6214:World War II 6170: 6167:Iron harvest 6104: 6088:World War II 6081: 6074: 6071:Wilfred Owen 6061: 5999: 5981: 5976:war memorial 5965:Memorial Day 5954: 5948: 5936:unidentified 5916: 5909:The Italian 5860: 5825: 5792: 5781: 5747: 5703: 5684: 5662: 5644:unpatriotic. 5626: 5591: 5581: 5571: 5563: 5557: 5516: 5511:syndicalists 5504: 5454: 5443: 5427:Czechoslovak 5415:Ante Trumbić 5408: 5364:Billy Hughes 5361: 5340: 5332: 5317: 5311:of World War 5296: 5280: 5248: 5229: 5225: 5188:Conscription 5179: 5170: 5155: 5117: 5086: 5076: 5018: 4969: 4953: 4944:Camp Funston 4942:pandemic in 4926: 4920: 4873: 4861: 4841: 4807: 4763: 4749: 4740: 4726: 4707: 4682: 4676:signing the 4644:concerning: 4639: 4621: 4577: 4535: 4531: 4513: 4490: 4462: 4435: 4367: 4310: 4302: 4243: 4201: 4189:Ottoman Army 4185:Djevad Pasha 4134: 4125:Mount Scopus 4084: 4069: 4027: 3992: 3988: 3946: 3931: 3907: 3865: 3856: 3839: 3801: 3769:Hypothesis Z 3758: 3754:Transylvania 3752:-controlled 3746: 3575: 3563: 3531: 3491:Adriatic Sea 3462:Armando Diaz 3443: 3437: 3431:, undertook 3417: 3381: 3353: 3321: 3298: 3272:Fakhri Pasha 3249: 3221: 3186: 3135: 3119:siege of Kut 3100: 3065: 3026: 3015: 2992: 2977: 2960: 2937: 2871: 2863: 2843: 2825: 2812: 2805: 2787: 2780: 2770: 2747: 2735: 2728: 2702:trench fever 2686:British Army 2675: 2668: 2626: 2606: 2559: 2536:, while the 2531: 2464: 2446: 2433:Treaty ports 2419: 2412: 2388: 2353: 2349:East Prussia 2342: 2333:full retreat 2326: 2295: 2268: 2226: 2223:"Oluj", 1915 2199: 2141: 2124: 2111:mobilization 2108: 2092: 2052: 2046: 2021:Zbyněk Zeman 2018: 2002: 1994:Young Bosnia 1943: 1876: 1841: 1832:had occupied 1821: 1790: 1742: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1643: 1625: 1574: 1523: 1472: 1462: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1441:World War II 1438: 1429:World War II 1386: 1349:an armistice 1326: 1267:Bosnian Serb 1255:great powers 1232: 1196:Asia-Pacific 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1102:Central Asia 1075:Asia-Pacific 1049:North Africa 1027:South Africa 1003:South Arabia 895: 894:Theatres of 851: 841: 833: 825: 813: 803: 795: 787: 748: 680: 670: 599:South Africa 557:Newfoundland 439: 434:Belligerents 385:Soviet Union 199:28 July 1914 125: 48: 22368:World War I 22242:Arab League 22225:integration 22164:Catholicism 22022:Vaishnavism 21796:Esotericism 21663:Pacific War 21636:World War I 21580:Indic world 21575:Sinic world 21558:Foundations 21435:Open Balkan 21253:integration 21183:Rule of law 21178:Natural law 21155:Agnosticism 21133:Hellenistic 21111:Anglo-Saxon 21041:Catholicism 20980:Atlanticism 20885:Rationalism 20691:Immigration 20674:Esotericism 20532:World War I 20497:Romanticism 20477:Reformation 20457:Renaissance 20435:Middle Ages 20400:Christendom 20329:Foundations 20276:World War I 20239:Balkan Wars 20224:Second Boer 20209:Banana Wars 20173:July Crisis 20104:Dreadnought 20089:Weltpolitik 19933:Pan-Slavism 19551:Nazim Pasha 19445:Ivan Fichev 19430:Ivan Geshov 19425:Ferdinand I 19341:World War I 19067:Lule Burgas 19032:Sarantaporo 18889:Balkan Wars 18847:New Zealand 18807:Switzerland 18757:Netherlands 18529:East Africa 18509:World War I 18507:History of 18064:Netherlands 18041:Switzerland 17922:Occupations 17913:Spanish flu 17690:(1919–1922) 17684:(1918–1921) 17678:(1918–1923) 17667:(1919–1921) 17661:(1919–1921) 17655:(1919–1920) 17631:(1918–1920) 17625:(1918–1920) 17619:(1918–1920) 17601:(1918–1920) 17583:(1918–1920) 17577:(1917–1921) 17571:(1917–1921) 17518:(1916-1918) 17516:Arab Revolt 17507:(1915–1917) 17501:(1915–1917) 17489:(1914-1917) 17483:(1914–1917) 17477:(1914–1921) 17471:(1913–1920) 17459:(1910–1920) 17453:(1900–1920) 17426: [ 16944:July Crisis 16865:(1880–1914) 16528:Mesopotamia 16406:Home fronts 16365:World War I 16027:World War I 15842:12 November 15614:. 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Main, 11465:11 November 11414:(1): 7–14. 10838:Howard 1993 10802:23 February 10752:Der Spiegel 10656:Cas Mudde. 10316:"No. 32964" 10296:"No. 32421" 10276:"No. 13627" 10256:"No. 31991" 10236:"No. 31773" 10030:23 November 9917:21 November 9887:21 November 9857:20 November 9824:21 November 9794:21 November 9622:Heyman 1997 9375:Inglis 1995 9245:, pp. 24–25 9201:Winter 2014 9177:Kernek 1970 9165:Keegan 1998 9150:11 November 9049:Torrie 1978 8940:Tucker 2002 8661:Sachar 1970 8646:9 September 8441:Korsun, N. 8295:12 November 8182:11 November 8145:(3): 16–21. 8122:Zieger 2001 8086:Taylor 2007 8071:29 February 8023:Harris 2008 7848:12 December 7746:Keegan 1998 7698:Lieven 2016 7662:Holmes 2014 7419:Martel 2014 7395:Lieven 2016 7308:12 November 7254:1 September 7181:12 November 6868:Keegan 1998 6724:Herwig 1988 6673:Keenan 1986 6649:Keegan 1998 6615:Zeldin 1977 6576:15 December 6337:April 1917. 5951:John McCrae 5675:martial law 5629:Eugene Debs 5473:Addis Ababa 5429:, Italian, 5300:Wall Street 5182:conscripted 5021:Fritz Haber 4960:Spanish flu 4940:Spanish flu 4902:Spanish flu 4730:Article 231 4428:during the 4378:Dojran Lake 3797:surrendered 3518:Nicholas II 3466:Piave River 3412:Ortler Alps 3357:nationalist 3252:Arab Revolt 3193:Enver Pasha 3183:, 1914–1915 3115:Mesopotamia 3105:(1915) and 2883:hangars at 2706:Spanish flu 2704:, and the ' 2690:trench foot 2682:opening day 2618:gas warfare 2610:barbed wire 2485:, fought a 2403:New Britain 2279:Netherlands 2275:German Army 2067:July Crisis 2061:July Crisis 2054:Schutzkorps 1830:, which it 1729:Dreadnought 1691:Dreadnought 1558:consolidate 1361:German Army 1257:and in the 1251:imperialism 1228:Spanish flu 1188:Middle East 1160:World War I 1044:East Africa 988:Mesopotamia 966:Middle East 896:World War I 842:Total dead: 804:Total dead: 743:(from 1915) 650:(from 1917) 633:(from 1915) 570:New Zealand 349:Territorial 303:Middle East 154:during the 56:World War I 22373:World Wars 22362:Categories 21953:Philippine 21870:Philosophy 21855:Philosophy 21828:Literature 21455:Rio Treaty 20966:Relativism 20924:Liberalism 20890:Empiricism 20842:Philosophy 20830:Secularism 20781:Philosophy 20718:Literature 20512:Capitalism 19961:agreements 19909:Great Game 19875:Revanchism 19561:Esad Pasha 19556:Zeki Pasha 19524:Nicholas I 19519:Montenegro 19372:Atrocities 19215:Bregalnica 19077:Adrianople 18990:Goudi coup 18896:Background 18752:Luxembourg 18281:Agreements 18081:War crimes 17957:Luxembourg 17850:Casualties 16721:Montenegro 16556:South West 16436:Technology 16426:Propaganda 16416:Opposition 16184:Audio help 16175:2006-06-24 15780:4 December 15226:6 February 14934:26 October 14913:1028047398 14777:Sabretache 14113:. Osprey. 13934:Population 13471:6 November 12770:Cross 1991 12759:Cross 1991 12617:7 February 12083:. Berlin. 12061:Marks 1978 12024:Marks 1978 12012:Marks 1978 11997:Marks 1978 11944:Green 1938 11143:. p. 10916:: 99–106. 10850:Saadi 2009 10542:Clark 1927 10493:11 January 10467:27 October 10140:, p. 9610:Ayers 1919 9456:1113542987 9399:Horne 1964 8905:Meyer 2006 8413:". p. 28. 8323:, p. 8310:Price 1980 8221:Jones 2001 8098:Keene 2006 7980:Grant 2005 7968:Dupuy 1993 7794:Brown 1994 7782:Brown 1994 7758:Falls 1960 7734:Donko 2012 7722:Horne 1964 7638:Horne 1964 7515:Clark 2013 7491:Crowe 2001 7455:Clark 2013 7407:Clark 2013 7212:7 December 7061:Smith 2010 6856:Clark 2013 6808:Clark 2013 6796:Clark 2013 6760:Crisp 1976 6603:Clark 2013 6479:References 6163:Zone rouge 6151:home front 6137:; why the 5828:launching 5728:See also: 5724:Technology 5718:anarchists 5613:Opposition 5499:Guedecourt 5328:Gold Coast 5097:Tehcir Law 5061:See also: 4990:War crimes 4890:Casualties 4799:Ruthenians 4779:Hungarians 4591:, and the 4442:Wilhelm II 4374:Dobro Pole 4289:See also: 4153:XXth Corps 4095:Vimy Ridge 4007:Scapa Flow 3958:Bessarabia 3919:State Duma 3825:Parliament 3821:Bessarabia 3547:Tannenberg 3393:Dodecanese 3199:. General 3138:Suez Canal 3072:Suez Canal 3049:See also: 2875:launching 2854:hydrophone 2850:destroyers 2627:After the 2221:Blériot XI 2071:See also: 1998:Black Hand 1988:(from the 1952:, visited 1938:this photo 1852:Montenegro 1803:and other 1793:Pan-Slavic 1707:Royal Navy 1632:Chancellor 1628:Wilhelm II 1483:Background 1417:Yugoslavia 1337:Bolsheviks 1292:, and the 1141:Baltic Sea 1092:New Guinea 1061:Somaliland 749:and others 671:and others 483: and 377:Yugoslavia 22110:Abrahamic 22005:Vajrayana 21995:Theravada 21850:Mythology 21823:Languages 21611:Silk Road 21570:Old World 21400:Five Eyes 21395:EU–UK TCA 21237:Democracy 21126:Old Norse 21015:Abrahamic 20972:Peritrope 20954:Tolerance 20934:Socialism 20764:Mythology 20752:Classical 20701:Languages 20679:Astrology 20527:Modernism 20341:Old World 19924:Meiji era 19771:Alliances 19581:Enver Bey 19320:Aftermath 19225:Kalimanci 19220:Knjaževac 19037:Kardzhali 18913:Bulgarian 18842:Australia 18651:Palestine 18621:Hong Kong 18595:Venezuela 18178:Diplomacy 17885:Olympians 17808:Australia 17775:Logistics 17708:Vlora War 17637:(1918–19) 17613:(1918–19) 17607:(1918–19) 17595:(1918–19) 17542:(1916–17) 17524:(1916–17) 17475:Zaian War 17465:(1914–15) 17185:first day 17073:Lusitania 16901:(1912–13) 16895:(1911–12) 16883:(1908–09) 16877:(1905–06) 16859:(1870–71) 16648:Principal 16508:Gallipoli 16411:Memorials 16396:Geography 16386:Aftermath 15982:164543865 15715:0899-3718 15457:222801639 15382:145488166 15353:143618581 15324:153103197 15291:14 August 15133:: 47–64. 15069:155405415 15011:154285570 14989:: 61–83. 14865:144072556 14675:247285240 14655:(2000) . 14645:159979098 14350:1477-0385 13826:460327352 13461:150789848 12507:Karp 1979 11855:0032-3195 11804:0707-5332 11745:1748-538X 11736:10059/294 11640:The Times 11623:14 August 11550:162360809 11030:8 January 10352:4 January 10077:. Boyens. 10011:K. Kuhl. 9982:Compiègne 9646:Gray 1991 9433:156767391 9103:Béla 1998 8061:1080-6040 7956:Love 1996 7016:0037-6779 6406:Skagerrak 6238:Bolshevik 6220:Footnotes 6209:World war 5949:In 1915, 5895:Memorials 5840:Diplomacy 5836:in 1918. 5818:Zeppelins 5706:Petrograd 5659:in Dublin 5419:Yugoslavs 5324:manganese 5220:Uncle Sam 5158:POW camps 5124:Anatolian 4869:Anzac Day 4822:Lithuania 4787:Romanians 4760:after war 4589:Habsburgs 4568:Aftermath 4526:armistice 4522:Compiègne 4482:Innsbruck 4380:. In the 4376:and near 4325:Champagne 4173:Jerusalem 4157:XXI Corps 4080:Champagne 3947:With the 3911:Petrograd 3812:Mărășești 3793:Bucharest 3750:Hungarian 3717:Mărășești 3619:Bucharest 3458:Caporetto 3425:Dolomites 3336:White War 3262:, led by 3103:Gallipoli 3068:Caucasian 2870:HMS 2839:sea lanes 2826:Lusitania 2746:SMS 2712:Naval war 2614:artillery 2445:SMS 2416:sank the 2411:SMS 2337:von Kluck 2306:Plan XVII 2104:ultimatum 1936:(right), 1891:Macedonia 1727:HMS 1679:Rheinland 1677:SMS 1668:Arms race 1464:Maclean's 1452:World War 1446:Great War 1431:in 1939. 1204:artillery 1168:Great War 1136:Black Sea 1121:North Sea 978:Gallipoli 952:Macedonia 502:Australia 389:Lithuania 141:gas masks 22103:Yazidism 22086:Tengrism 22037:Smartism 22032:Shaktism 22027:Shaivism 22012:Hinduism 22000:Mahayana 21978:Buddhism 21965:Religion 21948:Japanese 21860:Religion 21811:Japanese 21801:Folklore 21779:Buddhist 21769:Calendar 21740:Cyrillic 21700:Alphabet 21675:Cold War 21590:Islamdom 21460:Schengen 21390:Eurozone 21230:Property 21225:Religion 21116:Frankish 21106:Germanic 21086:Paganism 21007:Religion 20995:European 20907:Humanism 20810:Religion 20769:Painting 20735:Internet 20686:Folklore 20657:Clothing 20628:Calendar 20604:Cyrillic 20589:Alphabet 20552:Cold War 19671:Category 19546:Mehmed V 19482:George I 19420:Bulgaria 19107:Merhamli 19102:Kaliakra 19092:Monastir 19052:Kumanovo 19047:Sorovich 18908:Albanian 18777:Portugal 18697:Bulgaria 18611:Caucasus 18573:Americas 18539:Ethiopia 18466:Category 18053:Refugees 18019:Italians 18008:Germans 17968:Ober Ost 17748:Aviation 16842:Timeline 16813:Bulgaria 16594:Tsingtao 16571:Togoland 16518:Caucasus 16453:European 16445:Theatres 16315:Archived 16303:Archived 16246:Archived 16231:and the 16186: · 16045:52541937 16009:57533366 15958:(1969). 15896:Archived 15871:61247250 15819:12 April 15810:Archived 15774:Archived 15756:(2001). 15719:Archived 15671:53075929 15651:(2003). 15603:54001282 15576:33079190 15556:(1996). 15527:30202996 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1817:Anatolia 1813:Bulgaria 1809:Bosporus 1797:Orthodox 1776:in 1908. 1757:Ottomans 1314:Bulgaria 1261:reached 1220:genocide 1194:and the 1186:and the 1170:, was a 1126:Atlantic 1082:Tsingtao 1066:Ethiopia 1039:Cameroon 1034:Togoland 973:Caucasus 740:Bulgaria 339:victory 318:Atlantic 290:Location 150:British 22267:BIMSTEC 22188:Culture 22183:Judaism 22147:Eastern 22142:Culture 22120:Culture 22093:Iranian 22071:Shenism 22049:Jainism 22044:Sikhism 22017:Culture 21983:Culture 21973:Dharmic 21806:Chinese 21791:Cuisine 21774:Chinese 21762:History 21730:Brahmic 21692:Culture 21599:History 21551:culture 21305:Benelux 21210:Thought 21160:Atheism 21101:Finnish 21077:Culture 21072:Judaism 21034:Eastern 21030:Western 21025:Culture 20959:Paradox 20825:Decline 20786:Science 20662:History 20650:Studies 20633:Cuisine 20621:Periods 20581:Culture 20410:History 20376:Eastern 20371:Western 20322:culture 19904:In Asia 19737:Germany 19653:Albania 19620:Peter I 19598:Carol I 19593:Romania 19313:General 19198:Battles 19122:Korytsa 19112:Driskos 19072:Yenidje 19062:Scutari 19025:Battles 18923:Serbian 18835:Oceania 18825:Ireland 18812:Ukraine 18782:Romania 18737:Ireland 18732:Hungary 18722:Germany 18712:Estonia 18707:Denmark 18702:Croatia 18692:Belgium 18682:Albania 18661:Vietnam 18549:Morocco 18544:Liberia 18204:Germany 18104:Germany 18032:Germany 17952:Belgium 17937:Albania 17896:Disease 17876:Sports 17828:Ireland 17741:Warfare 17734:Aspects 16922:Origins 16915:Prelude 16818:Senussi 16798:Germany 16793:Leaders 16731:Romania 16672:Belgium 16667:Leaders 16566:Kamerun 16548:African 16483:Romania 16461:Balkans 16376:Outline 16173: ( 16125:minutes 15808:: 7–8. 15518:7314216 15472:. BBC. 15199:1986064 15003:3678575 14876:. OUP. 14637:2637713 14540:4593327 14436:23 July 13186:(2020) 12985:4275807 12963:Bibcode 12936:4275807 12914:Bibcode 12886:1 March 12856:1 March 12749:p. 444. 12656:30 July 12492:16 June 12462:16 June 12432:16 June 11873:10 June 11863:2144182 11814:10 June 11763:10 June 11566:(1970) 11160:20 June 11111:2376985 11060:1 March 10931:4634693 10862:Tschanz 10695:25 July 10615:12 June 10577:12 June 8980:30 July 8239:Hansard 8174:. BBC. 8008:23 July 7578:16 July 7034:10 June 7024:2499359 6962:10 June 6914:10 June 6427:Moldova 6421:as the 6347:Hungary 6314:Austria 5993:I. The 5826:Furious 5750:tactics 5578:Ansaldo 5552:called 5457:Iyasu V 5379:Support 5309:billion 5152:in 1917 5023:at the 4980:donkeys 4974:mostly 4972:equines 4916:Sirkeci 4814:Finland 4810:Estonia 4801:, 2.5% 4797:, 2.5% 4795:Germans 4791:Slovaks 4775:Trianon 4700:Map of 4611:in the 4327:at the 4131:, 1917. 4127:in the 4011:US Army 4001:sent a 3999:US Navy 3981:asking 3808:Mărăști 3777:Giurgiu 3773:Dobruja 3703:Hungary 3487:Trieste 3450:Albania 3442:in the 3397:Tunisia 3301:Senussi 3287:⁄ 3236:Kurdish 3230:around 3144:by the 3127:Kurdish 3123:Baghdad 2964:Albania 2885:Tondern 2872:Furious 2846:convoys 2815:U-boats 2813:German 2771:Dresden 2757:Qingdao 2648:) used 2637:Channel 2569:led by 2471:Kamerun 2423:in the 2283:Belgium 2148:Asquith 2005:grenade 1906:Prelude 1883:Albania 1868:Galicia 1721:and an 1597:Germany 1593:Balkans 1546:Prussia 1439:Before 1405:Finland 1347:signed 1318:Romania 1259:Balkans 1239:Germany 1162:or the 942:Balkans 930:Finland 925:Romania 699:Germany 405:Hungary 401:Austria 393:Estonia 351:changes 313:Pacific 22205:Baháʼí 22195:Bábism 22076:Shinto 22061:Taoism 21943:Values 21816:Korean 21735:Arabic 21720:Hangul 21325:CANZUK 21215:Speech 21143:Slavic 21121:Gothic 21096:Celtic 21091:Baltic 20990:Values 20791:Values 20351:Greece 20262:Second 20249:Second 20046:Events 19836:Trends 19752:Russia 19732:France 19615:Serbia 19477:Greece 19210:Doiran 19142:Bizani 19137:Şarköy 19132:Bulair 19127:Lemnos 19087:Himara 19082:Prilep 18958:& 18802:Sweden 18792:Serbia 18787:Russia 18772:Poland 18762:Norway 18727:Greece 18717:France 18675:Europe 18585:Canada 18580:Brazil 18524:Angola 18517:Africa 18224:Russia 18199:France 18027:Canada 17942:Serbia 17813:Canada 17770:Horses 17722:(1921) 17716:(1920) 17710:(1920) 17704:(1920) 17696:(1920) 17649:(1919) 17643:(1919) 17589:(1918) 17554:(1918) 17548:(1917) 17536:(1916) 17530:(1916) 17495:(1915) 16907:(1913) 16889:(1911) 16871:(1905) 16828:Darfur 16753:Serbia 16736:Russia 16699:Greece 16687:France 16677:Brazil 16523:Persia 16466:Serbia 16098: 16079: 16060: 16043: 16033: 16007: 15997: 15980: 15970: 15944: 15919: 15902:6 June 15888: 15869: 15859: 15766: 15742: 15725:5 July 15713: 15686: 15669: 15659: 15637: 15618: 15601: 15591: 15574: 15564: 15542: 15525: 15515: 15455: 15434:5 July 15420: 15399: 15380: 15351: 15322: 15312: 15268: 15197: 15164: 15154: 15137: 15114: 15097: 15087: 15067: 15061:173938 15059: 15028: 15009: 15001: 14970: 14951: 14911: 14901: 14880: 14863: 14830: 14811: 14760: 14743: 14733: 14716: 14708: 14698: 14673: 14663: 14643: 14635: 14606: 14596: 14577: 14558: 14538: 14528: 14511: 14501: 14484: 14453: 14405: 14365: 14348: 14323: 14306: 14296: 14277: 14246: 14227: 14205: 14178: 14168: 14149: 14117: 14098: 14079: 14062: 14052: 14033: 14012: 13995: 13985: 13966: 13921: 13902: 13885: 13875: 13844: 13824: 13814: 13794: 13784: 13765: 13717:5 July 13703: 13679: 13660: 13643:5 July 13629: 13610: 13600: 13581: 13562: 13543: 13495: 13459: 13438: 13419: 13400: 13378: 13358:5 July 13344: 13323: 13304: 13285: 13266: 13229: 13025:23 May 12995:8 June 12983: 12955:Nature 12934: 12906:Nature 12806: 12745: 12697: 12642: 12587: 12526: 12259: 12122:1 July 12044: 11968: 11896: 11861: 11853: 11802: 11751: 11743: 11692: 11665: 11548: 11451: 11426: 11293:14 May 11279: 11229:6 June 11198:5 July 11189: 11151: 11118: 11108: 11000: 10992: 10938: 10928: 10642:27 May 10525: 10399: 10186: 10161: 10053: 9727: 9692: 9682: 9583:13 May 9557:13 May 9529: 9506:13 May 9480: 9454: 9431: 9241: 8966: 8696: 8547: 8520: 8493: 8393: 8281: 8059: 7941:5 July 7568:rts.rs 7294: 7240: 7167: 7022: 7014: 6948: 6900: 6514:17 May 6335: 6302: 6177:Verdun 6139:Allies 6127:gender 6100:tropes 6077:, 1918 6010: 6008:. On 3 5991: 5930:, and 5926:, the 5922:, the 5882:, and 5834:Tønder 5477: 5431:Polish 5405:, 1915 5391:, and 5357: 5313: 5222:, 1917 5208:, and 5120:Greeks 5113: 5055:, and 4976:horses 4950:, 1918 4948:Kansas 4876:fought 4826:Poland 4824:, and 4818:Latvia 4734:diktat 4632: 4587:, the 4583:, the 4558: 4466: 4456:Count 4432:, 1918 4426:Trento 4408:, and 4386:Skopje 4333: 4066:, 1917 3942: 3902:, and 3844:and a 3571:Verdun 3479: 3440:Asiago 3369:Rijeka 3363:, the 3338:, and 3276:Medina 3094:, and 3082:, and 3010:Serbia 2995:Bitola 2948:Bosnia 2934:, 1914 2932:Styria 2916:, and 2889:blimps 2732:, 1917 2698:typhus 2553:, the 2511:, and 2385:, 1914 2345:Stavka 2166: 2162: 2115: 2100: 2079:, and 2014:Sophie 1984:) and 1870:. The 1856:Greece 1854:, and 1801:Serbia 1693:, 1910 1687:-class 1685:Nassau 1585:Russia 1566:avenge 1548:under 1536:, the 1516: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1419:. The 1415:, and 1407:, the 1401:Poland 1376: 1322:Greece 1290:France 1286:Russia 1282:Serbia 1269:named 1192:Africa 1184:Europe 1176:Allies 1116:U-boat 1015:Africa 993:Persia 957:Greece 947:Serbia 908:Europe 752: 737: 723: 710: 696: 674: 660: 643: 627: 616:Russia 596: 581: 567: 554: 540: 528:Ceylon 525: 514:Canada 499: 485:Empire 470: 458:France 455: 419:, and 413:Turkey 397:Latvia 383:, the 373:Poland 333:Result 308:Africa 298:Europe 183:, 1915 172:, 1916 165:, 1916 158:, 1918 136:, 1916 38:, 34:, 22342:SEATO 22332:SAARC 22287:CPTPP 22272:CAREC 22247:ASEAN 22212:Druze 22200:Azali 22125:Sunni 22115:Islam 22081:Muism 22056:Taoic 21838:Chant 21833:Music 21784:Hindu 21745:Latin 21725:Hanja 21710:Kanji 21705:Hanzi 21480:USMCA 21335:CEFTA 21290:AUKUS 21280:ANZUS 21275:ANZUK 21220:Press 21138:Roman 20803:Sport 20747:Chant 20742:Music 20730:Media 20723:Canon 20669:Dance 20599:Latin 20594:Greek 20440:early 20267:Third 20257:First 20244:First 19747:Japan 19742:Italy 19295:Other 19250:Pirot 19245:Vidin 18918:Greek 18821:Wales 18797:Spain 18742:Italy 18666:Yemen 18641:Japan 18626:India 18616:China 18534:Egypt 18421:Other 18214:Japan 18209:Italy 18036:camps 17880:Rugby 17430:] 16709:Japan 16704:Italy 16682:China 16576:North 15813:(PDF) 15804:(4). 15794:(PDF) 15441:Behr. 15378:S2CID 15349:S2CID 15195:JSTOR 15065:S2CID 15057:JSTOR 15007:S2CID 14999:JSTOR 14861:S2CID 14783:(4). 14641:S2CID 14633:JSTOR 14482:JSTOR 14430:(PDF) 14423:(PDF) 14275:JSTOR 13520:(PDF) 13513:(PDF) 12981:S2CID 12932:S2CID 11859:JSTOR 11546:S2CID 11424:S2CID 11376:(PDF) 11369:(PDF) 11331:(PDF) 11324:(PDF) 10998:S2CID 10914:Wiley 10912:(3). 10726:2 May 10609:(PDF) 10596:(PDF) 10571:(PDF) 10558:(PDF) 10461:(PDF) 10454:(PDF) 10346:(PDF) 10339:(PDF) 10024:(PDF) 10017:(PDF) 9961:(PDF) 9950:(PDF) 8917:Smele 7020:JSTOR 6181:Somme 5762:tanks 5714:Milan 5712:. In 5568:Fasci 5053:Sayfo 4984:mules 4853:unite 4803:Serbs 4683:Some 4486:Tyrol 4275:Reims 4137:First 4087:Arras 3804:Oituz 3761:Banat 3731:Oituz 3389:Libya 3240:Azeri 3170:Sinai 3096:Sayfo 3080:Greek 2806:U-155 2748:Emden 2413:Emden 2395:Samoa 2393:(now 2113:on 25 1435:Names 1310:Italy 1087:Samoa 1054:Libya 937:Italy 663:Japan 630:Italy 584:India 543:Egypt 421:Yemen 417:Hejaz 22327:RCEP 22302:EAEU 22282:CSTO 22232:APEC 22130:Shia 21843:Folk 21715:Kana 21549:and 21440:OSCE 21420:NATO 21365:EFTA 21330:CBSS 21315:BSEC 21205:Life 20757:Folk 20638:Diet 20450:late 20445:high 20361:Rome 20320:and 20182:Wars 19339:and 19117:Elli 18956:IMRO 18656:Siam 18636:Iraq 18631:Iran 18604:Asia 18001:POWs 17320:1918 17222:1917 17148:1916 17049:1915 16953:1914 16758:Siam 16561:East 16272:Link 16096:ISBN 16077:ISBN 16058:ISBN 16041:OCLC 16031:ISBN 16005:OCLC 15995:ISBN 15978:OCLC 15968:ISBN 15942:ISBN 15917:ISBN 15904:2020 15886:ISBN 15867:OCLC 15857:ISBN 15844:2009 15821:2022 15782:2013 15764:ISBN 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