246:
37:
1309:): "This speech does not, however, preserve the actual words of Tarik; it only presents the tradition of them as preserved by the Moorish historian Al Maggari, who wrote in Africa long after the last of the Moors had been driven out of Spain. In Al Maggari's day the older Arabic traditions of exact service had quite faded. The Moors had become poets and dreamers instead of scientists and critical historians."
305:Ṭāriq's army contained about 7,000 soldiers, composed largely of Berber stock but also Arab troops. Roderic, to meet the threat of the Umayyads, assembled an army said to number 100,000, though the real number may well have been much lower. Most of the army was commanded by, and loyal to, the sons of
352:
in 714, where they spent the rest of their lives. The son of Musa, Abd al-Aziz, who took command of the troops of al-Andalus, was assassinated in 716. In the many Arabic histories written about the conquest of southern Spain, there is a definite division of opinion regarding the relationship between
970:, Yale University Press, 1932. Spanish translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African and Spanish parts of Torrey's Arabic text: "Conquista de Africa del Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966. This is to be preferred to the obsolete 19th-century English translation at:
287:, to the court of the Visigothic king for education. It is said that Roderic raped her, and that Julian was so incensed he resolved to have the Muslims bring down the Visigothic Kingdom. Accordingly, he entered into a treaty with Ṭāriq (Mūsā having returned to
340:
governor of
Hispania until the arrival of Mūsā a year later. Ṭāriq's success led Musa to assemble 12,000 (mostly Arab) troops to plan a second invasion. Within a few years, Ṭāriq and Musa had captured two-thirds of the Iberian peninsula from the Visigoths.
1305:, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia, pp. 241–242. Horne was the editor, the translator is not identified. NB: the online extract, often cited, does not include the warning on p. 238 (download
353:Ṭāriq and Musa bin Nusayr. Some relate episodes of anger and envy on the part of Mūsā that his freedman had conquered an entire country. Others do not mention, or play down, any such bad blood. On the other hand, another early historian,
536:
298:
converts to Islam, was landed on the
Iberian peninsula (in what is now Spain) by Julian. They debarked at the foothills of a mountain which was henceforth named after him, Gibraltar (
221:, Tariq Ibn Ziyad was from Morocco. Heinrich Barth mentions that Tariq Ibn Ziyad was a Berber from the tribe of the Ulhassa, a tribe native to the Tafna that currently inhabits the
705:
p. 269 of the
English translation, Wittiza's sons by prior arrangement with Ṭāriq deserted at a critical phase of the battle. Roger Collins takes an oblique reference in the
193:
Medieval Arabic historians give contradictory data about Ṭāriq's origins and ethnicity. Some conclusions about his personality and the circumstances of his entry into
405:
There is a legend that Ṭāriq ordered that the ships he arrived in be burnt, to prevent any cowardice. This is first mentioned over 400 years later by the geographer
538:
Travels and
Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken Under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855
291:) to secretly convoy the Muslim army across the Straits of Gibraltar, as he owned a number of merchant ships and had his own forts on the Spanish mainland.
553:"Approche Anthropo-biologique de la consanguinité sur les paramètres de fitness et de morbidité dans la population de Oulhaça dans l’Ouest Algérien."
843:
1377:
1372:
1004:
Géographie d'Édrisi traduite de l'arabe en français d'après deux manuscrits de la
Bibliothèque du roi et accompagnée de notes (2 Vols)
737:
1407:
388:(nights 272-273). He is referenced as having killed the king of the city of Labtayt (probably Toledo), in accordance to a prophesy.
1334:
1182:
1422:
1402:
617:
817:
1417:
1265:
1222:
1096:
827:
774:
747:
519:
357:, writing in the 9th century, merely states that Mūsā wrote Ṭāriq a "severe letter" and that the two were later reconciled.
233:. Additionally, as per David Nicolle, it is traditionally believed that he was born in Wadi Tafna (a region in present day
309:, whom Roderic had brutally deposed. Ṭāriq won a decisive victory when Roderic was defeated and killed on July 19 at the
1208:
1392:
1387:
1244:
1170:
1139:
1118:
1074:
798:
686:
552:
590:
860:
The Sacred Books and Early
Literature of the East: With Historical Surveys of the Chief Writings of Each Nation...
997:(ed. Bombaci, A. et al., 9 Fascicles, 1970–1978). Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples. French translation:
1382:
858:
1412:
919:
354:
101:
229:. According to David Nicolle, Tariq Ibn Ziyad is first mentioned in historical records as the governor of
1397:
1362:
383:
999:
905:
606:. Both explanations are given by Ibn Abd al-Hakam, p. 41 of Spanish translation, p. 204 of Arabic text.
1199:
366:
317:
150:
1018:. Partial French translation by E. Fagnan, "En-Nodjoum ez-Zâhîra. Extraits relatifs au Maghreb."
273:
577:
967:
924:
874:
565:
1306:
1286:
vol. 1. 1840. Authoritative
English translation of al-Maqqari available from Google eBooks
197:
are surrounded by uncertainty. The vast majority of modern sources state that Ṭāriq was a
8:
1367:
1044:
1020:
Recueil des
Notices et Mémoires de la Société Archéologique du Département de Constantine
310:
162:
106:
46:
268:
after its conquest in 710–711, but an unconquered
Visigothic outpost remained nearby at
1316:
1291:
1203:
986:
971:
837:
406:
329:
1261:
1240:
1218:
1166:
1135:
1114:
1092:
1070:
995:
Opus geographicum: sive "Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant."
823:
770:
743:
682:
515:
254:
170:
146:
91:
1312:
1191:
959:
952:
707:
284:
261:
174:
417:), vol. 2 p. 18 of French translation. Apart from a mention in the slightly later
373:, attributes a long speech by Ṭāriq to his troops before the Battle of Guadalete.
1344:
1281:
1255:
1187:
1160:
1156:
1129:
1064:
1050:
Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Espagne intitulée Kitāb al-Bayān al-Mughrib
1011:
764:
509:
410:
324:, and other places, while he remained at the head of the division which captured
207:
134:
1195:
333:
250:
1356:
1232:
1084:
1025:
929:
863:
Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia. Parke, Austin, and
Lipscomb. pp. 241–242.
325:
237:). He had also lived there with his wife prior to his governance of Tangier.
947:, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid, 1867.
1106:
294:
On or about April 26, 711, the army of Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad, composed of recent
166:
62:
602:
Alternatively, he was left as governor when Mūsā's son Marwan returned to
283:
came to power in Spain, Julian had, as was the custom, sent his daughter,
218:
943:. Arabic text edited with Spanish translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara,
222:
1298:
1039:
913:
702:
349:
194:
122:
316:Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad split his army into four divisions, which went on to
245:
41:
A depiction of Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād (right) and the last Visigothic king,
36:
739:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
603:
345:
288:
211:
185:(جبل طارق), meaning "mountain of Ṭāriq", which is named after him.
158:
77:
1045:
Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus wa'l-maghrib
328:. Afterwards, he continued advancing towards the north, reaching
321:
306:
295:
280:
265:
234:
230:
226:
198:
117:
42:
1036:, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1843.
979:
Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto, "Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa",
178:
169:
coast, consolidating his troops at what is today known as the
269:
202:
154:
81:
1162:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
1288:. This is the translation still cited by modern historians.
966:. Critical Arabic edition of the whole work published by
462:
460:
802:
Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades
344:
Both Ṭāriq and Musa were simultaneously ordered back to
141:Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād c. 670 – c. 720), also known simply as
719:
717:
447:
445:
443:
441:
264:(803–871), Musa ibn Nusayr appointed Ṭāriq governor of
1048:. Arabic text ed. G.S. Colin & E. Lévi-Provençal,
457:
856:
634:
618:"10 Interesting Facts About The Straits Of Gibraltar"
714:
681:. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. p. 141.
655:, p. 21 of Spanish translation, p. 6 of Arabic text.
484:
438:
941:
Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā
472:
1181:
815:
667:p. 8 of Arabic text, p. 22 of Spanish translation.
425:), this legend was not sustained by other authors.
376:
1303:The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East
1284:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain.
1113:(in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Beirut: دار الطليعة.
910:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain.
541:. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts.
1354:
1127:
423:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
421:(English translation in Appendix D of Gayangos,
161:) in 711–718 AD. He led an army and crossed the
514:. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. pp. 64–65.
503:
501:
499:
1292:Tarik's Address to His Soldiers, 711 CE, from
1066:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
993:(1154). Critical edition of the Arabic text:
816:McIntire, E. Burns, Suzanne, William (2009).
507:
272:, a stronghold commanded by a nobleman named
998:
842:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
496:
25:
16:Umayyad commander in Hispania (died c. 720)
1209:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
964:Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus
568:Encyclopédie berbère 36 (2013): 5975–5977.
35:
1315:, rather outdated English translation in
1062:
1016:Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira
850:
466:
1260:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1030:Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān
762:
244:
1231:
1155:
1083:
1034:Ibn Khallikan's Biographical dictionary
769:. Oxford University Press. p. 21.
676:
490:
478:
1355:
1301:'s work included in Charles F. Horne,
1253:
1237:The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750
1179:
1032:. English translation by M. De Slane,
789:p. 365 of Hitti's English translation.
735:
723:
640:
583:
511:The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750
451:
151:Muslim conquest of Visigothic Hispania
45:(left) in the 15th century manuscript
1105:
912:vol. 1. 1840. English translation of
615:
534:
1056:
875:"Burton Nights: The city of Labtayt"
799:
591:موسوعة اعلام وقادة الفتح الاسلامي.
578:الأدب العربي لغير الناطقين بالعربية.
419:Kitāb al-iktifa fī akhbār al-khulafā
1089:The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797
414:
138:
26:
13:
1378:8th-century people from al-Andalus
899:
593:دار أسامة للنشر والتوزيع, 2002.
382:Ṭāriq appears in one story of the
253:'s Tower of Homage, symbol of the
14:
1434:
1373:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
1275:
934:The Origins of, the Islamic State
701:According to some sources, e.g.,
409:, fasc. 5 p. 540 of Arabic text (
983:, no. 30 (1998) (not paginated).
1408:Umayyad governors of Al-Andalus
1307:the whole book from other sites
867:
809:
792:
783:
756:
729:
711:par. 52 to mean the same thing.
695:
670:
658:
646:
609:
596:
580:الجزء الأول. Al Manhal, 2014.
399:
377:Legends and cultural references
320:Córdoba under Mughith al-Rumi,
1069:. Cambridge University Press.
857:Charles Francis Horne (1917).
571:
558:
545:
528:
173:. The name "Gibraltar" is the
1:
1423:Al-Andalus military personnel
1403:Military history of Gibraltar
1319:The Islamic Conquest of Spain
1006:. Paris: L'imprimerie Royale.
974:The Islamic conquest of Spain
432:
72:
57:
1418:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
1282:Pascual de Gayangos y Arce,
1063:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1993).
736:Rogers, Clifford J. (2010).
149:commander who initiated the
7:
1254:Reilly, Bernard F. (2009).
766:The Oxford History of Islam
742:. Oxford University Press.
385:One Thousand and One Nights
365:The 16th-century historian
10:
1439:
1134:. Transaction Publishers.
906:Pascual de Gayangos y Arce
894:
879:Tales from the 1001 Nights
763:Esposito, John L. (2000).
616:Menon, Ajay (2021-04-17).
240:
210:, the Umayyad governor of
188:
1393:8th-century Berber people
1388:7th-century Berber people
1341:
1332:
1327:
1239:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1128:Ivan Van Sertima (1992).
928:, English translation by
819:Speeches in World History
367:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari
360:
112:
97:
87:
68:
53:
34:
21:
822:. Infobase. p. 85.
679:Visigothic Spain 409–711
535:Barth, Heinrich (1857).
392:
255:Muslim rule in Gibraltar
1217:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1022:, v. 40, 1907, 269–382.
991:Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq
677:Collins, Roger (2004).
564:Khelifa, Abderrahmane.
1335:Governor of Al-Andalus
1294:The Breath of Perfumes
1131:Golden Age of the Moor
1000:Jaubert, Pierre Amédée
508:David Nicolle (2014).
348:by the Umayyad Caliph
274:Julian, Count of Ceuta
257:
1317:Medieval Sourcebook:
972:Medieval Sourcebook:
925:Kitab Futuh al-Buldan
371:The Breath of Perfume
248:
1383:Berbers in Gibraltar
1111:تأسيس الغرب الإسلامي
800:Falk, Avner (2010).
551:Sidi Yakhlef, Adel.
102:Conquest of Hispania
1413:7th-century Muslims
1297:. A translation of
1257:The Medieval Spains
1180:Molina, L. (2000).
566:"Oulhassa (Tribu)."
415:فٱمر بإحراق المراكب
311:Battle of Guadalete
163:Strait of Gibraltar
145:in English, was an
107:Battle of Guadalete
47:Semblanzas de reyes
1398:Islam in Gibraltar
1363:7th-century births
987:Muhammad al-Idrisi
258:
177:derivation of the
105: •
1351:
1350:
1342:Succeeded by
1267:978-0-521-39741-4
1224:978-90-04-11211-7
1098:978-0-631-19405-7
1057:Secondary sources
953:Mozarab Chronicle
829:978-1-4381-2680-7
776:978-0-19-988041-6
749:978-0-19-533403-6
708:Mozarab Chronicle
521:978-1-4728-1034-2
171:Rock of Gibraltar
128:
127:
92:Umayyad Caliphate
1430:
1325:
1324:
1313:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
1271:
1250:
1228:
1204:Heinrichs, W. P.
1185:
1183:"Ṭāriḳ b. Ziyād"
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589:Shākir, Maḥmūd.
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556:
555:PhD diss., 2012.
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543:
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285:Florinda la Cava
262:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
140:
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39:
29:
28:
23:Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād
19:
18:
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1437:
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1345:Musa ibn Nusayr
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1196:Bosworth, C. E.
1173:
1146:
1144:
1142:
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1012:Ibn Taghribirdi
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208:Musa ibn Nusayr
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131:Tariq ibn Ziyad
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113:Other work
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49:
30:
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5:
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1276:External links
1274:
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1233:Nicolle, David
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1200:van Donzel, E.
1188:Bearman, P. J.
1177:
1172:978-1317870418
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1141:978-1412815369
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467:Abun-Nasr 1993
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1165:. Routledge.
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1002:(1836–1840).
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945:Ajbar Machmua
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936:(1916, 1924).
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804:. p. 47.
803:
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745:
741:
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732:
726:, p. 52.
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665:Akhbār majmūa
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98:Battles/wars
63:North Africa
27:طارق بن زياد
724:Reilly 2009
641:Molina 2000
452:Molina 2000
330:Guadalajara
300:Jabal Tariq
219:Ibn Khaldun
183:Jabal Ṭāriq
1368:720 deaths
1357:Categories
1299:al-Maqqari
1147:August 23,
1040:Ibn Idhari
914:al-Maqqari
884:2024-09-03
703:al-Maqqari
627:2023-01-12
433:References
350:Al-Walid I
225:region in
195:al-Andalus
123:Al-Andalus
88:Allegiance
1329:New title
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895:Sources
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318:capture
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231:Tangier
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