Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

871: 867:

North Africa, only arrived the following year – the governor had not deigned to lead a mere raid, but hurried across once the unexpected triumph became clear. The historian Abd al-Wāḥid Dhannūn Ṭāhā mentions that several Arab-Muslim writers mention the fact that Tariq decided to cross the strait without informing his superior and wali Musa. The Chronicle of 754 states that many townspeople fled to the hills rather than defend their cities, which might support the view that this was expected to be a temporary raid rather than a permanent change of government.

1113: 759:

greatly that it was instilled into their nature, and became in after times a prominent feature in their character. On the other side, the Berbers having been made acquainted with this ill-will and hatred of the people of Andalus towards them, hated and envied them the more, this being in a certain measure the reason why even a long time afterwards a Berber could scarcely be found who did not most cordially hate an Andalusian , and vice versa, only that Berbers being more in want of Andalusians than these are of them

50: 885:. Roderic was believed to have been killed, and a crushing defeat would have left the Visigoths largely leaderless and disorganized, partly because the ruling Visigoth population is estimated to have been a mere 1 to 2% of the total population. While this isolation is said to have been "a reasonably strong and effective instrument of government"; it was highly "centralised to the extent that the defeat of the royal army left the entire land open to the invaders". The resulting 1054:) as before. In most of the towns, ethnic communities remained segregated, and newly arriving ethnic groups (Syrians, Yemenites, Berbers and others) would erect new boroughs outside existing urban areas. However, that would not apply to towns under direct Umayyad rule. In Cordova, the cathedral was partitioned and shared to provide for the religious needs of Christians and Muslims. The situation lasted some 40 years until Abd ar-Rahman's conquest of southern Spain (756). 181: 968: 3496: 747:'s first reconnaissance missions to Hispania returned with reports of "great splendor and beauty", which increased Muslim desires to invade Hispania. During one of the multiple raids in 710, the Muslims "made several inroads into the mainland, which produced a rich spoil and several captives, who were so handsome that Musa and his companions had never seen the like of them". 893: 1266:. In 720, the caliph even considered abandoning the territory. The conquest was followed by a period of several hundred years during which most of the Iberian peninsula was known as al-Andalus, dominated by Muslim rulers. Only a handful of new small Christian realms managed to reassert their authority across the distant mountainous north of the peninsula. 1022:) and to hand over any rebels plotting against Umayyad rule or the Islamic religion. In that way, the life of many inhabitants remained much the same as before Tariq's and Musa's campaigns. The treaty signed with Theudimer set a precedent for the whole of Iberia, and towns surrendering to Umayyad troops experienced a similar fate, including probably the 889:, which may have indeed caught Tariq completely by surprise, would have aided the Muslim conquest. It may have been equally welcome to the Hispano-Roman peasants who were probably – as D.W. Lomax claims – disillusioned by the prominent legal, linguistic and social divide between them and the "barbaric" and "decadent" Visigoth royal family. 699:, who had ruled for roughly 300 years. At the time of the conquest, the Visigothic upper class was beginning to fracture and had many problems with succession and maintaining power. That was partially because the Visigoths were only 1–2% of the population, which made it difficult to maintain control over a rebellious population. 1253:

units and some Berbers sided with Abd-ar-Rahman, who was probably born to a North African Berber mother himself. By 756, south and central al-Andalus (Cordova, Sevilla) were in the hands of Abd-ar-Rahman, but it took another 25 years for him to hold sway over the Upper Marches (Pamplona, Zaragoza and

1034:

Some towns (Cordova, Toledo, etc.) were stormed and captured unconditionally by the Umayyads to be governed by direct Arab rule. In the area thought to be part of King Roderic's territory, Mérida also staged a prolonged resistance to the Umayyad advance but was ultimately conquered in mid-summer 712.

1011:

O ye who believe! The non-Muslims are nothing but dirt. Allah has created them to be partisans of Satan; most treacherous in regard to all they do; whose whole endeavor in this nether life is useless, though they themselves imagine that they are doing fine work. Upon them rests the curse of Allah, of

785:

led a force of approximately 7,000 men from North Africa to southern Spain in 711. Ibn Abd al-Hakam reports, one and a half centuries later, that "the people of Andalus did not observe them, thinking that the vessels crossing and recrossing were similar to the trading vessels which for their benefit

958:

Scholars have emphasized that animosity against the Visigothic rule in some regions of the Visigothic Kingdom, including to a greater extent the deep disagreements and resentment involving the local Jewish communities and the ruling authorities, weakened the kingdom and played a pivotal role in the

862:, who had themselves only recently come under Muslim influence. It is probable that this army represented a continuation of a historic pattern of large-scale raids into Iberia dating to the pre-Islamic period, and hence it has been suggested that actual conquest was not originally planned. Both the 758:

Whenever some of the scattered tribes of Berbers inhabiting along the northern coast of Africa happened to approach the sea shore, the fears and consternation of the Greeks would increase, they would fly in all directions for fear of the threatened invasion, and their dread of the Berbers waxed so

880:

The Chronicle of 754 stated that "the entire army of the Goths, which had come with him fraudulently and in rivalry out of hopes of the Kingship, fled". This is the only contemporary account of the battle and the paucity of detail led many later historians to invent their own. The location of the

1311:

During the unification of al-Andalus in the reign of Abd ar-Rahman before his death in 788, al-Andalus underwent centralization and slow but steady homogenization. The autonomous status of many towns and regions negotiated in the first years of the conquest was reversed by 778, in some cases much

1303:

independent from the Abbasid Caliphate. Although this was not accepted outside al-Andalus and those North African territories with which it was affiliated, Abd al-Rahman, and especially his successors, considered that they were the legitimate continuation of the Umayyad caliphate, i.e. that their

866:

and later Muslim sources speak of raiding activity in previous years, and Tariq's army may have been present for some time before the decisive battle. It has been argued that this possibility is supported by the fact that the army was led by a Berber and that Musa, who was the Umayyad Governor of

1003:

that Abd al-Aziz, son of Musa the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya, installed over "a Visigothic potentate named Theodemir (Tudmir, in Arabic)". The treaty entailed that the local ruler, Theodemir, would remain in power as long as he recognized Muslim suzerainty, constituted in Abd al-Aziz, and paid

1373:) unable to stop the push of the expanding northern Christian kingdoms. The Almoravids (1086–1094) and the Almohads (1146–1173) occupied al-Andalus, followed by the Marinids in 1269, but that could not prevent the fragmentation of Muslim-ruled territory. The last Muslim emirate, 1159:

basin), but these lands remained unpleasant, humid and cold. The grievances resented by the Berbers under Arab rulers (attempts to impose a tax on Muslim Berbers, etc.) sparked rebellions in north Africa that expanded into Iberia. An early uprising took place in 730 when

2050: 955:. The Umayyad troops met little resistance. Considering that era's communication capabilities, three years was a reasonable time spent almost reaching the Pyrenees, after making the necessary arrangements for the towns' submissions and their future governance. 2629: 1218:(actually Yemeni Arabs). The Berber rebellions were quelled in blood, and the Arab commanders came up reinforced after 742. Different Arab factions reached an agreement to alternate in office, but this did not last long, since 1359:

because the latter was "imposed on everyone as part of a negotiated surrender, and thus lacked the element of personal conviction that modern ideas about religious faith would require", but the conquest of

936:, where a Berber governor was appointed with no recorded opposition. The northern areas of Iberia drew little attention from the conquerors and were hard to defend when taken. The high western and central 1148:

occupied the gentler plains of southern Iberia. Notable military leaders came to include Berbers in their ranks, such as Tariq Ziyad who is credited with much of the strategy of conquering Al-Andalus.

1066:, spread the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate up to the Ebro Valley and the northeastern borders of Iberia, pacifying most of the territory and initiating in 717 the first forays across the Pyrenees into 1171:

The internal frictions continually threatened (or sometimes may have spurred) the ever-expanding Umayyad military effort in al-Andalus during the conquest period. Around 739, on learning the news of

1077:

Moreover, al-Hurr restored lands to their previous Christian landowners, which may have added greatly to the revenue of the Umayyad governors and the caliph of Damascus, by increasingly imposing the

2683:

En resumen se puede considerar que el pueblo visigodo – sin diferenciar la población civil de la militar – representó de un uno a un dos por ciento sobre la totalidad de la población de Hispania.

2659: 1199:

and other north-western outposts gave up their positions, and some of them even embraced the Christian religion. The Muslim settlement was thereafter established permanently south of the

692:

from the 17th century, reflect later ideological influence. Roger Collins writes that the paucity of early sources means that detailed specific claims need to be regarded with caution.

1312:

earlier (Pamplona by 742, for example). The Hispanic Church based in Toledo, whose status remained largely undiminished under the new rulers, fell out with the Roman Church during the

754:’s chronicle, written 900 years later, the natives of Hispania viewed the Berbers in a similar way as the Byzantines viewed the Arabs, as barbarians, and feared an invasion by them. 1004:

monetary tribute. Furthermore, Abd al-Aziz agreed that his forces would not plunder or "harass" Theodemir's town or people, an agreement that extended to seven more towns as well.

1679:

As discussed above, much of the traditional narrative of the Conquest is more legend than reliable history. Some of the key events and the stories around them are outlined below.

663:

was through Hispania, "Only through Spain can Constantinople be conquered. If you conquer you will share the reward of those who conquer ". The conquest of Hispania followed the

2646:

The historian Abd al-Wāḥid Dhannūn Ṭāhā mentions that several Arab-Muslim writers mention the fact that Tariq has decided to cross the strait without informing his superior.

241: 2024: 1241:

In Yusuf's and Abd-ar-Rahman's fight for power in al-Andalus, the "Syrian" troops, a mainstay of the Umayyad Caliphate, split. For the most part, Arabs from the

730:

shows a clear hostility towards Oppa, bishop of Seville (or Toledo) and probably a brother of Wittiza, who appears in an unlikely heroic dialogue with Pelagius.

718:

evidence suggests a division of royal authority, with several coinages being struck, and that Achila II remained king of the Tarraconsense (the Ebro basin) and

1140:. These peoples, clustered around the banner of the Umayyads did not mix together, remaining in separate towns and boroughs. The Berbers, recently subdued and 619:

had quashed all rebellions and rivals and consolidated Umayyad rule over an almost wholly reunified Iberia, a presence that would remain until the intensified

688:, which ends that year and is regarded as reliable but often vague. There are no contemporary Muslim accounts, and later Muslim compilations, such as that of 951:

town submitted after a compromise was brokered with Arab commanders to respect the town and its inhabitants, a practice that was common in many towns of the

1144:, were usually in charge of the most difficult tasks and the most rugged terrains, similar to the ones found in their North African homeland, while the 3155: 2453:"The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain: Extracted from the Nafhu-t-tíb Min Ghosni-l-Andalusi-r-rattíb Wa Táríkh Lisánu-d-Dín Ibni-l-Khattíb" 1369:

Abd ar-Rahman I founded an independent dynasty that survived until the 11th century. That line was succeeded by a variety of short and small emirates (

992:

after the power vacuum after King Roderic's defeat. Theudimer then signed a conditional capitulation by which his lands were made into an autonomous

234: 2726: 2667: 313: 1666: 3538: 2227: 3548: 1304:

rule was more legitimate than that of the Abbasids. It seems that Abd ar-Rahman never considered establishing a separate principality. (See

3285: 227: 3523: 3376: 2029: 2119: 675:

was motivated by military, political and religious opportunities. He considers that it was not a shift in direction due to the Muslims

2508: 1366:

was motivated not by a goal of converting the population to Islam but by the belief that everyone was better off under Islamic rule.

1050:

Islamic laws did not apply to all the subjects of the new rulers. Christians continued to be ruled by their own Visigothic law code (

2051:"The Arab conquest of Spain, 710–797. By Roger Collins. (A History of Spain, Vol. III.) pp. xii, 239. Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989" 851:, quoted the same narration, pointing to a campaign led by Abd Allah bin Nafi al Husayn and Abd Allah bin Nafi al Abd al Qays in 32 3076:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

17: 1214:'s term as governor. Reinforcements were then called from the other end of the Mediterranean in a military capacity: the "Syrian" 2422:

and considers it to be "probably a legend", but he considers there may be more truth in the stories concerning Wittiza's family;

1070:. In addition, he laid out the foundations of Umayyad civil administration in Iberia, by sending civil administration officials ( 3148: 1846: 646: 916:, with no relevant or attested opposition. During the period of the second (or first, depending on the sources) Arab governor 3533: 3518: 3305: 3270: 3018: 2973: 2545: 2518: 2203: 948: 726:

describes Roderic as a usurper who earned the allegiance of other Goths by deception, and the less reliable late-9th-century

676: 1932: 1760: 1219: 1063: 920:(714–716), the principal urban centres of Catalonia surrendered. In 714, his father, Musa ibn Nusayr, advanced and overran 2493: 2146: 1659: 1320:(in war with the Cordovan emirs) to defend its political authority and possessions and went on to recognize the northern 682:

Precisely what happened in Iberia in the early 8th century is uncertain. There is one contemporary Christian source, the

3543: 3499: 3088: 2602: 356: 332: 3553: 3141: 3124: 3057: 2841: 2764: 2639: 2612: 2565: 2477: 2433: 2347: 2275: 2156: 2129: 2102: 714:. Later regnal lists, which cite Achila and omit Roderic, are consistent with the contemporary account of civil war. 3441: 3074: 1976:

756 – After refusing to compromise with Yusuf, Abd ar-Rahman I independent Umayyad emir of Córdova. Yusuf defeated.

609: 318: 270: 1262:

The Iberian Peninsula was the westernmost tip of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and was under the rule of the

1235: 1211: 371: 1089:. The task of establishing a civil administration in conquered al-Andalus was essentially completed by Governor 3573: 3528: 3295: 3280: 2731: 1652: 1016:

His government and the Christian beliefs of his subjects were respected; in exchange, he pledged to pay a tax (

664: 424: 308: 1771: 1567: 1249:

tribes sided with Yusuf, as did the indigenous (second- or third-generation) Arabs from northern Africa, but

1097: 897: 289: 3350: 3290: 3049: 1419: 480:

occurred between approximately 711 and the 720s. The conquest resulted in the destruction of the Christian

3568: 1980: 1850: 1741:'s conditional surrender, allowing him to remain lord of his south-eastern region around Murcia (Tudmir). 797:, who planned a second invasion, and within a few years both took control of more than two-thirds of the 791: 554: 366: 1463: 1335:

The population of al-Andalus, especially local nobles who aspired to a share in power, began to embrace

3558: 3300: 2267: 1812: 1525: 1100:'s tenure as wali. Narbonne fell (720), and no sooner had he garrisoned it than the Arab commander led 1096:

The period following al-Hurr's office saw the establishment of the Arabs in southern Septimania during

1074:) to conquered towns and lands guarded by garrisons established usually next to the population nuclei. 383: 299: 3315: 1007:

Abd Al-Aziz sent messages to the governors of the different Islamic provinces denouncing non-Muslims:

3481: 3429: 3209: 1398: 1090: 971:

Northeastern al-Andalus, the Pyrenees and southern Gaul at the time of the Berber rebellion (739–742)

833: 786:

plied backwards and forwards". They defeated the Visigothic army, led by King Roderic, in a decisive

689: 361: 351: 339: 328: 1439: 870: 3310: 2966:

Infidel kings and unholy warriors : faith, power, and violence in the age of crusade and jihad

2583: 1794: 1444: 1101: 585: 434: 418: 1273:, a survivor of the recently overthrown Umayyad dynasty, landed in al-Andalus and seized power in 3563: 3224: 3199: 2242:

The Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe, and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age

1839: 1488: 1263: 414: 388: 282: 1305: 410: 3459: 3401: 3330: 1394: 1352: 1329: 1231: 1044: 734: 462: 294: 275: 251: 41: 2261: 671:

says Tabari's tradition is dubious and argued that conquest of the far western reaches of the

3320: 3043: 1906: 1390: 1112: 790:

in July that year. In 712, Tariq's forces were then reinforced by those of his superior, the

346: 1898:

in northern Iberia (Galicia, Leon, Astorga, upper Ebro) give up their positions to join the

1274: 1227: 706:

but the manner of his ascent to the throne is unclear. There are accounts of a dispute with

3449: 3325: 3239: 2660:"Características generales del poblamiento y la arqueología funeraria visigoda de Hispania" 1801: 1745: 1738: 1609: 981: 917: 810: 573: 565: 398: 393: 303: 212: 175: 154: 1539: 1081:

on the former, a tax that was applied on a specific region or estate, not per capitation (

8: 3411: 2004:

779 – Abd ar-Rahman I campaigns to the Upper Marches and subdues its main city, Zaragoza.

1861: 1805: 1723: 1712: 1576: 1497: 1434: 1351:) remained the principal language until the 11th century. The historian Jessica Coope of 1321: 1313: 787: 545: 126: 912:

river to overrun the western Basque regions and the Cantabrian mountains all the way to

3345: 2813: 2221: 1693:

of Musa ibn Nusayr, lands with 400 men and 100 horses on the tiny peninsula now called

1589: 1530: 1374: 1348: 1180: 844: 529: 481: 264: 122: 2418:

Rucquoi notes that the tale of Count Julian's wife or daughter does not appear in the

3164: 3120: 3084: 3053: 3024: 3014: 2979: 2969: 2837: 2805: 2760: 2635: 2608: 2541: 2514: 2473: 2429: 2353: 2343: 2271: 2209: 2199: 2152: 2125: 2098: 2070: 1630: 1552: 1510: 1483: 1295:

Caliphs from the Friday prayers. In the wake of those events, southern Iberia became

1141: 1117: 952: 944: 798: 672: 477: 201: 117: 79: 3011:

Map of Knowledge: a thousand-year history of how classical ideas were lost and found

1775: 1704:, Governor of Ifriqiya in North Africa, dispatches Tariq into the Iberian Peninsula. 741:. However, these stories are not included in the earliest accounts of the conquest. 3469: 2419: 2062: 1378: 1356: 1165: 774: 751: 684: 323: 189: 167: 2007:

781 – Pamplona and the Basque lords south of the Pyrenean fringes subdued. All of

806: 180: 3371: 2858: 2831: 2535: 2467: 2452: 2257: 1984: 1958: 1869: 1701: 1684: 1478: 1449: 1386: 1340: 1270: 1223: 882: 814: 794: 782: 744: 616: 558: 517: 453: 150: 146: 142: 3045:

The Most Noble of People: Religious, Ethnic, and Gender Identity in Muslim Spain

1928:

agree on choosing alternately one of their numbers each year to rule Al–Andalus.

801:. The second invasion comprised 18,000 mostly Arab troops, who rapidly captured 600:

had also been captured. From 740 to 742, the invasion was then disrupted by the

3464: 3454: 3189: 1991: 1857: 1727: 1604: 1344: 1196: 1172: 822: 660: 642: 537: 528:, with a force of about 1,700 men, to launch a military expedition against the 3028: 2213: 2148:

Maroc et Espagne: une histoire commune publié par Fundación El Legado Andalusí

2066: 1192: 933: 818: 49: 3512: 3335: 3179: 2983: 2809: 2074: 1936: 1899: 1895: 1790: 1188: 1000: 601: 533: 2357: 1191:

in the south instead. The following year, the Berber garrisons stationed in

1164:(Munuza), master of the eastern Pyrenees (Cerretanya), allied with the duke 1085:). Only non-Muslims were subject to taxation, apart from a Muslim subject's 839:, Iberia was first invaded some sixty years earlier during the caliphate of 3275: 3133: 2833:

Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – and Why They Fall

2121:

The book of Islamic dynasties: a celebration of Islamic history and culture

1716: 1137: 993: 967: 886: 668: 630: 521: 1107: 3476: 3340: 3265: 3229: 1998: 1865: 1824: 1640: 1635: 1614: 1362: 1317: 1132:

from northern regions of North Africa, together with different groups of

715: 629:

of the mid-13th-century, which was aimed at reclaiming the peninsula for

625: 219: 1939:, refuses to give turn to the Yemenite candidate and rules autonomously. 1748:

announces first wali of Andalus and marries the widow of King Roderick,

1343:. However, the majority of the population remained Christians using the 980:

In 713, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa subdued the forces of the Visigothic count

3419: 3204: 2817: 2793: 2008: 1816: 1764: 1412: 1207: 1121: 1078: 1067: 1040: 852: 848: 737:, whose wife or daughter was raped by Roderic and who sought help from 719: 589: 577: 506: 499: 485: 138: 101: 3244: 3234: 1888: 1876: 1779: 1731: 1694: 1152: 1104:. During this Umayyad thrust or its aftermath, King Ardo died (721). 1043:

and probably the eastern Pyrenean threshold and coastal areas of the

1028: 913: 901: 836: 707: 696: 652: 593: 525: 185: 763: 3396: 3219: 3194: 3080: 2510:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

1951: 1943: 1835: 1783: 1726:

and both go on to attack towns and strongholds previously avoided.

1382: 1176: 1024: 937: 925: 826: 597: 929: 3214: 3184: 1970: 1966: 1947: 1884: 1753: 1749: 1708: 1454: 1292: 1278: 1129: 859: 802: 778: 738: 711: 703: 605: 581: 541: 494: 163: 55: 1222:(opposed to the Umayyads) remained in power up to his defeat by 3495: 3424: 3391: 3366: 3260: 1921: 1831: 1242: 1161: 1128:

In the first stage of the invasion, the armies were made up of

989: 840: 656: 569: 158: 855:(654 CE), but there is no solid evidence about this campaign. 847:

era). Another prominent Muslim historian of the 13th century,

3406: 3386: 3381: 1965:") lands on the southern coast, taking in a quick succession 1925: 1910: 1880: 1820: 1689: 1336: 1250: 1200: 1184: 1145: 1133: 1086: 1039:, took over from Achila II, with effective control over only 1018: 921: 896:

Roderic, second figure with no face, depicted as one of the "

549: 489: 197: 2697:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A political history of al-Andalus

2631:

The Muslim Conquest and Settlement of North Africa and Spain

2388: 2340:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: a political history of al-Andalus

2896: 2894: 1914: 1774:, 4th wali, transfers the seat of Governor from Seville to 1283: 1246: 1156: 1036: 988:), who had taken over southeastern Iberia from his base in 962: 909: 620: 208: 1697:(Jebel al Tarik : Mountain of Tariq), after his name. 1031:

based in the Ebro Valley and other counts and landowners.

1226:

in 756, and the establishment of the independent Umayyad

2906: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2664:

Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, S. I, Prehist. y Arqueol., t. 2

2400: 2376: 2308: 2025:

Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula

892: 813:. The following year the combined forces continued into 2337: 2263:

Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa

1355:

argues that the pre-modern Islamic conquest was unlike

1108:

Ethnic groups and rise of conflicting internal tensions

2990: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2773: 1990:

763 – Pro-Abbasid army defeated by Abd ar-Rahman I in

858:

The first expedition led by Tariq consisted mainly of

2364: 1789:

721 – An Umayyad army led by Al-Samh crushed by duke

1155:(possibly including Asturias) and the Upper Marches ( 2451:

Maqqarī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad; Al-Khaṭīb, Ibn (1840).

2296: 2284: 1316:(late 8th century). Rome relied on an alliance with 999:

The Treaty of Theodemir in 713 represents a form of

959:

ultimate success of the Umayyad Conquest of Iberia.

467: 27:

8th-century Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula

1946:quashed, and Yusuf's detachment annihilated by the 1401:of Spaniards of Muslim descent took place in 1614. 548:in July the same year, Tariq was reinforced by an 2196:Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain 1879:calls Umayyad forces on a military capacity into 1151:Consequently, the Berbers went on to stations in 908:In 714, Musa ibn Nusayr headed north-west up the 764:Establishment of the Umayyad Polity of Al-Andalus 612:landed to claim the territory from the Umayyads. 505:During the caliphate of the sixth Umayyad caliph 3510: 2963: 2469:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain 2450: 2193: 1763:starts the first military campaigns into Gothic 2759:. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. p. 116. 2256: 695:The Umayyads took control of Hispania from the 3008: 2494:"Taariq Ibn Ziyaad the Conqueror of Andalusia" 2092: 1035:As of 713 (or 714), the last Visigothic king, 3149: 3041: 2097:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 151. 1660: 1257: 235: 3163: 2657: 1722:712 – Musa ibn Nusayr joins Tariq after the 536:, which encompassed the former territory of 2794:"The Jews and the Muslim Conquest of Spain" 2030:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 2001:repelled in Zaragoza by Muslim local lords. 1856:October 732 – Al Ghafiqi totally routed by 1845:Spring 732 – An expedition led by the wali 1230:. It was in this period of unrest that the 1183:had to call off an expedition to the Lower 881:battle, though not clear, was probably the 805:and then defeated Roderick's supporters at 655:transmits a tradition attributed to Caliph 3156: 3142: 2465: 2426:Histoire médiéval de la Péninsule ibérique 2226:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1667: 1653: 975: 875:Bilingual Arabic–Latin dinar issued c. 716 249: 242: 228: 3119:. Oxford, UK / Cambridge, US: Blackwell. 2718: 2600: 1206:The Berber rebellions swept the whole of 722:until circa 713. The nearly-contemporary 484:and led to the establishment of a Muslim 202: 2857:Gottheil, Richard James Horatio (1921). 2856: 2724: 2533: 1111: 1062:An early governor (wali) of al-Andalus, 966: 963:New territorial and civil administration 891: 869: 450:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 35:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 3114: 2996: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2885: 2873: 2779: 2754: 2694: 2540:. Oxford University Press. p. 21. 2466:Al-Makkari, Ahmed ibn Mohammed (2002). 2446: 2444: 2423: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2252: 2250: 2234: 1909:raids the territory between the rivers 572:conditionally surrendered, and in 715, 14: 3511: 3072: 2506: 1819:, raids the Lower Rhone, and captures 1328:) as a kingdom apart from Cordova and 1124:just after its conquest by Pepin (760) 768: 647:Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman 3539:8th century in the Visigothic Kingdom 3137: 2959: 2957: 2709: 2559: 2557: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2048: 943:At this time, Umayyad troops reached 524:in early 711 to cross the Straits of 223: 3549:8th century in the Umayyad Caliphate 2836:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 2009. 2791: 2627: 2441: 2247: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2144: 2117: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2055:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2049:Breit, Michael (24 September 2009). 1800:722 – An Umayyad patrol defeated by 1761:Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi 1064:al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi 2628:Ṭāhā, Abd al-Wāḥid Dhannūn (1989). 2124:. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. p. 9. 1236:Narbonne from the Andalusians (759) 457: 24: 3524:Invasions by the Umayyad Caliphate 3117:The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797 2954: 2666:. pp. 389–418. Archived from 2554: 2320: 1012:the Angels and of man collectively 809:and met up with Tariq's troops at 773:According to the later chronicler 25: 3585: 2566:History of the Prophets and Kings 2472:. Psychology Press. p. 259. 2428:, Éditions du Seuil, p. 71, 2172: 2081: 1933:Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri 1872:("Balat Al Shuhada" of Poitiers). 1797:("Balat Al Shuhada" of Toulouse). 1220:Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri 677:failing to conquer Constantinople 588:to launch their first raids into 3494: 2604:The History of al-Tabari Vol. 15 2338:Kennedy, Hugh (Hugh N.) (1996). 2151:. Fundación El legado andalusì. 1377:, was defeated by the armies of 610:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri 576:was named the first governor of 179: 48: 3066: 3035: 3002: 2850: 2824: 2785: 2748: 2739: 2703: 2688: 2651: 2621: 2594: 2575: 2527: 2500: 2486: 2459: 2412: 2145:Andalusí, Fundación El Legado. 1935:, a Mudarite and descendant of 1291:, removing any mentions of the 1212:Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri 702:The ruler at the time was King 511: 3321:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab 3306:Second siege of Constantinople 3296:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 3281:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 2732:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2725:Williams, Betsy (2012-04-12). 2601:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1990). 2138: 2111: 2042: 1711:'s army utterly routed in the 940:valleys remained unconquered. 924:, the western Basque regions, 659:, who stated that the road to 13: 1: 3271:First siege of Constantinople 2968:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2658:Ripoll López, Gisela (1989). 2035: 1808:in the mountains of Asturias. 1772:Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani 1568:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1404: 1102:an offensive against Toulouse 1098:Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani 904:, modern-day Jordan (710–750) 817:and the northeast, capturing 636: 3534:8th-century military history 3519:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 3351:Umayyad rule in North Africa 3291:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 3050:University of Michigan Press 2507:Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). 2198:(First ed.). New York. 1234:king Pepin finally captured 584:as his capital. By 717, the 7: 3073:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). 2537:The Oxford History of Islam 2513:. Oxford University Press. 2018: 2014:788 – Abd ar-Rahman I dies. 1851:Battle of the River Garonne 1849:vanquishes duke Odo at the 1399:The last wave of expulsions 1168:and detached from Cordova. 1057: 482:Visigothic Kingdom of Spain 468: 10: 3590: 3326:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj 3301:Umayyad campaigns in India 3108: 2745:Drayson, "Ways of Seeing". 2714:. Longman. pp. 15–16. 2607:. SUNY Press. p. 22. 2534:Esposito, John L. (2000). 2268:Cambridge University Press 1813:Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi 1258:Aftermath and consequences 1175:'s second intervention in 900:" in an Umayyad fresco in 640: 568:, the Visigothic count of 552:force led by his superior 3544:8th century in al-Andalus 3492: 3482:Painting of the Six Kings 3440: 3359: 3253: 3172: 2964:Catlos, Brian A. (2015). 2699:. Longman. pp. 1–14. 2634:. Routledge. p. 85. 2194:Catlos, Brian A. (2018). 2168:– via Books google. 2067:10.1017/S1356186300000651 1281:, and proclaimed himself 1091:Yahya ibn Salama al-Kalbi 733:There is also a story of 710:, son of his predecessor 586:Umayyads had invaded Gaul 561:and continued northward. 261: 139:Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik 132: 111: 62: 47: 39: 34: 3554:Wars involving the Goths 3465:Great Mosque of Damascus 3311:Umayyad invasion of Gaul 3286:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath 2860:An Answer to the Dhimmis 2584:Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah 1464:Umayyad state of Córdoba 728:Chronicle of Alfonso III 18:Muslim conquest of Spain 3115:Collins, Roger (1989). 3009:Moller, Violet (2020). 2755:Collins, Roger (1990). 2712:The Reconquest of Spain 2424:Rucquoi, Adèle (1993), 2093:Collins, Roger (1983). 1959:Abd Al-Rahman Al Dakhel 1840:Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi 1793:Aquitanian army at the 1489:Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir 1314:Adoptionist controversy 1254:all of the northeast). 1142:superficially Islamized 976:Preference for treaties 665:conquest of the Maghreb 540:. After defeating king 532:-controlled Kingdom of 3460:Great Mosque of Aleppo 3316:Second Arab–Khazar War 3042:Jessica Coope (2017). 2695:Kennedy, Hugh (1996). 1917:but doesn't retain it. 1353:University of Nebraska 1125: 1087:compulsory alms-giving 1014: 972: 905: 877: 761: 735:Julian, count of Ceuta 604:, and in 755, when an 516:), military commander 474:Arab conquest of Spain 253:Early Muslim conquests 133:Commanders and leaders 42:early Muslim conquests 3574:Invasions of Portugal 3529:8th-century conflicts 3430:Arab–Sasanian coinage 3331:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali 2798:Jewish Social Studies 2792:Roth, Norman (1976). 2397:, pp. 17, 32–33. 2118:Nagy, Luqman (2008). 1983:by the Frankish king 1907:Alfonso I of Asturias 1707:711 (July 19) – King 1413:History of Al-Andalus 1322:Asturian principality 1116:Northeast of Iberia, 1115: 1009: 970: 928:, and as far west as 895: 873: 756: 472:), also known as the 58:Conquests of Hispania 3450:Umayyad architecture 2710:Lomax, D.W. (1978). 2095:Early Medieval Spain 1756:becomes the capital. 1746:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa 1610:Battle of the Strait 1306:Caliphate of Córdoba 1264:governor of Ifriqiya 996:under Umayyad rule. 918:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa 574:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa 155:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa 3412:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 2342:. London: Longman. 1942:755 – Rebellion in 1862:Mayor of the Palace 1806:Battle of Covadonga 1724:Battle of Guadalete 1713:Battle of Guadalete 1540:Second Taifa period 1435:Battle of Guadalete 788:battle at Guadalete 769:Conquest and Treaty 546:Battle of Guadalete 430:Visigothic Hispania 127:Kingdom of Asturias 3569:Invasions of Spain 3402:Qays–Yaman rivalry 3346:Abbasid Revolution 2673:on August 12, 2010 1795:Battle of Toulouse 1590:Emirate of Granada 1577:Third Taifa period 1531:Battle of Sagrajas 1498:First Taifa period 1445:Battle of Toulouse 1228:Emirate of Cordova 1181:Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj 1126: 973: 906: 878: 458:فَتْحُ الأَنْدَلُس 123:Visigothic Kingdom 3559:Islam in Portugal 3506: 3505: 3165:Umayyad Caliphate 3020:978-1-101-97406-3 2975:978-0-374-53532-2 2915:, pp. 49–50. 2903:, pp. 45–46. 2888:, pp. 42–43. 2876:, pp. 39–40. 2589:Tarikh ibn Kathir 2571:Tarikh al-Tabari) 2547:978-0-19-988041-6 2520:978-0-19-533403-6 2409:, pp. 31–32. 2385:, pp. 32–33. 2317:, pp. 25–26. 2240:Fromherz, Allen: 2205:978-0-465-05587-6 1981:Narbonne captured 1715:somewhere in the 1677: 1676: 1631:Iberian Peninsula 1484:Abd al-Rahman III 1187:to deal with the 1162:Uthman ibn Naissa 1118:Duchy of Vasconia 953:Iberian Peninsula 832:According to the 799:Iberian Peninsula 673:Mediterranean Sea 478:Umayyad Caliphate 466: 443: 442: 389:Caucasian Albania 218: 217: 159:Uthman ibn Naissa 118:Umayyad Caliphate 107: 106: 100:Establishment of 80:Iberian Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 3581: 3498: 3470:Dome of the Rock 3416:Umayyad coinage 3158: 3151: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2961: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2672: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2598: 2592: 2579: 2573: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2420:Chronicle of 754 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2335: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2254: 2245: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2217: 2191: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2090: 2079: 2078: 2046: 1669: 1662: 1655: 1623:Related articles 1597: 1596: 1584: 1583: 1560: 1559: 1547: 1546: 1518: 1517: 1505: 1504: 1471: 1470: 1440:Siege of Córdoba 1427: 1426: 1409: 1408: 1357:Christianization 1166:Odo of Aquitaine 1093:10 years later. 864:Chronicle of 754 834:Muslim historian 775:Ibn Abd al-Hakam 752:Ahmad al-Maqqari 724:Chronicle of 754 685:Chronicle of 754 515: 513: 471: 469:fataḥ al-andalus 461: 459: 399:Khazar Khaganate 394:Caucasian Iberia 283:Byzantine Empire 256: 254: 244: 237: 230: 221: 220: 204: 194: 183: 172: 64: 63: 52: 32: 31: 21: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3488: 3436: 3372:Umayyad dynasty 3355: 3249: 3168: 3162: 3127: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3083:. p. 208. 3071: 3067: 3060: 3040: 3036: 3021: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2976: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2723: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2693: 2689: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2599: 2595: 2580: 2576: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2505: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2464: 2460: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2350: 2336: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2270:. p. 260. 2258:Walter E. Kaegi 2255: 2248: 2239: 2235: 2219: 2218: 2206: 2192: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2091: 2082: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2021: 1985:Pepin the Short 1937:Uqbah ibn Nafia 1931:747 – Governor 1887:, and probably 1870:Battle of Tours 1702:Musa ibn Nusayr 1685:Tariq ibn Ziyad 1673: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1479:Abd al-Rahman I 1468: 1467: 1466: 1450:Battle of Tours 1424: 1423: 1422: 1420:Muslim conquest 1407: 1341:Arabic language 1271:Abd al-Rahman I 1260: 1224:Abd al-Rahman I 1110: 1060: 978: 965: 883:Guadalete River 876: 795:Musa ibn Nusayr 783:Tariq ibn Ziyad 771: 766: 745:Musa ibn Nusayr 649: 639: 617:Abd al-Rahman I 559:Musa ibn Nusayr 518:Tariq ibn Ziyad 510: 446: 445: 444: 439: 357:Northern Persia 340:Sassanid Persia 257: 252: 250: 248: 211: 207: 196: 190: 184: 174: 168: 157: 153: 151:Tarif ibn Malik 149: 147:Tariq ibn Ziyad 145: 143:Musa ibn Nusayr 141: 125: 96: 82: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3587: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3564:Islam in Spain 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3504: 3503: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3455:Desert castles 3446: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3125: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3090:978-1851096725 3089: 3065: 3058: 3052:. p. 32. 3034: 3019: 3001: 2999:, p. 174. 2989: 2974: 2953: 2951:, p. 127. 2941: 2939:, p. 180. 2929: 2927:, p. 158. 2917: 2905: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2849: 2842: 2823: 2804:(2): 145–158. 2784: 2782:, p. 116. 2772: 2765: 2747: 2738: 2727:"Qusayr 'Amra" 2717: 2702: 2687: 2650: 2640: 2620: 2613: 2593: 2574: 2553: 2546: 2526: 2519: 2499: 2485: 2478: 2458: 2440: 2434: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2348: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2283: 2276: 2246: 2233: 2204: 2171: 2157: 2137: 2130: 2110: 2103: 2080: 2061:(2): 273–276. 2040: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1995: 1988: 1977: 1974: 1955: 1940: 1929: 1918: 1903: 1900:Berber Revolts 1892: 1873: 1868:court) at the 1858:Charles Martel 1854: 1843: 1828: 1809: 1798: 1787: 1768: 1757: 1742: 1735: 1728:Abu Zora Tarif 1720: 1705: 1698: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1664: 1657: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1605:Nasrid dynasty 1599: 1598: 1586: 1585: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1549: 1548: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1511:Almoravid rule 1507: 1506: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1416: 1415: 1406: 1403: 1381:(successor to 1345:Mozarabic Rite 1259: 1256: 1173:Charles Martel 1109: 1106: 1059: 1056: 977: 974: 964: 961: 874: 770: 767: 765: 762: 661:Constantinople 651:The historian 643:Protofeudalism 638: 635: 538:Roman Hispania 520:departed from 514: 705–715 441: 440: 438: 437: 432: 427: 422: 411:Makurian Nubia 402: 401: 396: 391: 386: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 336: 335: 333:Southern Italy 326: 321: 319:Constantinople 316: 311: 306: 297: 292: 279: 278: 273: 262: 259: 258: 247: 246: 239: 232: 224: 216: 215: 161: 135: 134: 130: 129: 120: 114: 113: 109: 108: 105: 104: 98: 92: 91: 90:Muslim victory 88: 84: 83: 78: 76: 72: 71: 68: 60: 59: 45: 44: 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3586: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3336:Berber Revolt 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3128: 3126:0-631-19405-3 3122: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3092: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3069: 3061: 3059:9780472130283 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2845: 2843:9780307472458 2839: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2768: 2766:0-631-17565-2 2762: 2758: 2751: 2742: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2643: 2641:9780415004749 2637: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2616: 2614:9780791401545 2610: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2495: 2489: 2481: 2479:9780415297714 2475: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2454: 2447: 2445: 2437: 2435:2-02-012935-3 2431: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2373:, p. 33. 2372: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2349:0-582-49515-6 2345: 2341: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2305:, p. 31. 2304: 2299: 2293:, p. 28. 2292: 2287: 2279: 2277:9780521196772 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2229: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2160: 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