209:, who is thought to have played a role in his assassination. His tenure as governor did not last long and for a period of forty years following his assassination, Al-Andalus was filled with chaos and turmoil. Rival Arab factions continuously fought to gain power, and also to expand Islamic control in the area. Governors were appointed or chosen, but they were often deposed by rival groups or by the Umayyad caliph in Damascus. This pattern continued at least until 756, when an independent Umayyad emirate was established in
202:. The caliph feared that he wanted to establish his own personal monarchy in Al-Andalus, separate from the Umayyad caliphate based in Damascus. Dates of his assassination vary between the years 715, 716, and 718. ‘Abd al-Aziz was beheaded in the monastery of Santa Rufina, used during the time as a mosque. After his death, ‘Abd al-Aziz’s head was brought to Damascus and displayed publicly to an audience where the caliph knew that his father, Musa ibn Nusayr, was in attendance.
182:. These rumours even reached the Umayyad Caliph Sulaymān in Damascus. Troubled by these rumours, the caliph ordered ‘Abd al-Aziz to be killed. It is very likely, however, that these were rumours instigated at the behest of the hostile faction led by Habib ibn Abi Ubayda al-Fihri, which eventually killed ‘Abd al-Aziz. Certainly, ‘Abd al-Aziz had a reputation as a righteous Muslim before these rumours that did not support this theory.
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leaders. Egilona's influence over ‘Abd al-Aziz was not common. Some felt that she held too much influence and sway over ‘Abd al-Aziz . Egilona coaxed ‘Abd al-Aziz to wear a crown, and lower entrance ways to promote veneration of him and people bowing to him. Egilona even had ‘Abd al-Aziz make the
82:, did not want the glory of conquest to be claimed by a Berber. The conquest of the area was progressing smoothly under Tariq, Musa ibn Nusayr and ‘Abd al-Aziz. With the success of the conquest apparent, Tariq and Musa ibn Nusayr were called back to
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still found much resistance in Al-Andalus (Toledo, Zaragoza, Barcelona ... ) and had to struggle still 25 years for a total mastery over the territory. Islamic power remained in the region until 1492, when
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women, due to the absence of Arab and Berber women. This lack was because Arab and Berber women did not accompany the army into Al-Andalus at the beginning of the conquest of
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River. Under ‘Abd al-Aziz’s leadership after the departure of his father and Tariq, Islamic power, in what came to be known as Al-Andalus, expanded into modern day
447:, 1852 trans., Algiers, Ibn Khaldun reports that Habib ibn Abi Ubayda al-Fihri found ‘Abd al-Aziz in public prayer; when he began reciting the 69th Sura (
101:, fell into disfavour with the caliph and ended his days in Medina as an “old and broken man.” ‘Musa ibn Nusayr outlived his son, ‘Abd al-Aziz.
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Christians the right to continue to practise their religion, as long as they paid a special tax and remained loyal to their Muslim overlords.
453:, 'the inevitable event'), Habib burst out "You brought this event on yourself, you son of a whore!" and struck his head off with his sword.
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Holt, P.M., Anne K.S. Lambton, and
Bernard Lewis. The Cambridge History of Islam Vol.2. (London: Combridge University Press, 1970), 407.
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Ibn Abd-el-Hakem. “The
Islamic Conquest of Spain,” The Internet Islamic History Sourcebook. Home page online. Available from
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161:. Egilona took the name Umm ‘Asim upon her marriage. In his marriage to Egilona, ‘Abd al-Aziz set a trend of espousing local
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regions in the north. In one of the newly conquered lands, ‘Abd al-Aziz signed a peace treaty with the
Visigothic lord of
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Sources differ on the year, but ‘Abd al-Aziz was assassinated by Ziyad ibn ‘Udhra al-Balawi on order of the Caliph
97:, in 714. ‘Abd al-Aziz was given the governorship of Al-Andalus by his father. Musa ibn Nusayr, upon his return to
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Collins, Roger. The Arab
Conquest of Spain 710-797. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1999, p. 37
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Provencal, Levi. Encyclopedia of Islam New
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Fouracre, Paul. The New
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entrance to his audience chamber lower, so that upon entering, he would be bowing to her. These links to the
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royalty and the influence of
Egilona led to the misconception and rumors that ‘Abd al-Aziz had converted to
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Glubb, John Bagot. A Short
History of the Arab Peoples. (London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1969), 88.
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Hughes, Thomas
Patrick. A Dictionary of Islam. (Clifton, NJ: Reference Book Publishers, 1965), 29.
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169:. The practice of taking conquered women as wives almost became a general rule for conquering
58:. ‘Abd al-Aziz had a long history of political and military involvement along with his father.
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Microsoft
Student 2006 , "Guadalquivir." (Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005).
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137:. His name in Arabic is Tudmir. The treaty, known as the Treaty of Tudmir, gave
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Hitti, Philip K.. History of The Arabs. (New York: St. Martin, 1956), 503.
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Holt, Lambton, Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam Vol.2, 408.
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Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique
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Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique
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Provencal, Encyclopedia of Islam New Edition Vol. 1 A-B., 58.
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149:‘Abd al-Aziz remained in power and even married the widow
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Fouracre, The New Cambridge Medieval History Vol. 1, 370.
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