Cantonese - Knowledge

3506:. To adapt the system to the needs of users in an era when there was no standard, but rather only a range of local variants—although the speech of the western suburbs (Xiguan 西關) of Guangzhou was the prestige variety—Williams suggested that users learn and follow their teacher's pronunciation of his chart of Cantonese syllables. It was apparently Bridgman's innovation to mark the tones with (for the upper-register ones) open circles vs. (for the lower-register tones) underlined open circles, in either case at the four corners of the romanized word in analogy with the traditional Chinese system of marking the tone of a character with a circle (lower left for "even", upper left for "rising", upper right for "going", and lower right for "entering" tones). 3641:

is primarily a spoken language, meaning that its speakers do not in most genres of writing use its own writing-system (instead, in most of their writing, despite having some Chinese characters unique to Cantonese, primarily following modern standard Chinese, which is closely tied to Mandarin), therefore, it is not taught in schools. As a result, locals do not learn any of these systems. In contrast to the general use of romanization in Mandarin-speaking areas of China, systems of romanization for Cantonese are excluded from the educational systems of both Hong Kong and the Province of Guangdong. In practice, Hong Kong follows a loose, unnamed romanization-scheme used by the

2474: 7886:. Sha Tin: New Asia-Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991; "first copublished edition", The Chinese University Press, The Chinese University of Hong; New Asia-Yale-in-China Language Center, 2000; second printing. Note that, in Yale-Romanization, tone 1 is marked by the (down-sloping =) grave accent even in the situation that it gets realised as its high flat variant, which occurs (automatically) in Canton-standard pronunciation wherever the tone 1 immediately precedes any syllable whose tone is or begins high, as within for example the 應當 that occurs in the sample text near the end of this article. 14108: 5515: 14114: 1246: 5687: 1724:. As a major economic center of China, there have been concerns that the use of Cantonese in Guangzhou is diminishing in favour of Mandarin, both through the continual influx of Mandarin-speaking migrants from impoverished areas and strict government policies. As a result, Cantonese is being given a more important status by the natives than ever before as a common identity of the local people. This has led to initiatives to revive the language such as its introduction into school curricula and locally produced programs on broadcast media. 8058: 8902: 5529: 3524:, where however, importantly, instead of the upper-register tones being marked by italics, the lower-register ones are marked by an 'h' (which comes after whatever letter spells the last vocalic element in the syllable). Another innovation of Chalmers in this dictionary was to eliminate acute/grave accents on top of vowels by adding more distinctions of vowel-spelling (e.g. a/aa, o/oh), so that the presence vs. absence of an accent over the vowel was no longer needed to distinguish different pronunciations of it. 2543:, which eventually dissuaded authorities from going forward with the proposal. Additionally, there are reports of students being punished for speaking other Chinese languages at school, resulting in a reluctance of younger children to communicate in their native languages, including Cantonese. Such actions have further provoked Cantonese speakers to cherish their linguistic identity in contrast to migrants who have generally arrived from poorer areas of China and largely speak Mandarin or other Chinese languages. 14102: 10921: 692:, largely because of phonological differences, but also due to the differences in grammar and vocabulary. Sentence structure, in particular the verb placement, sometimes differs between the two varieties. A notable difference between Cantonese and Mandarin is how the spoken word is written; both can be recorded verbatim, but very few Cantonese speakers are knowledgeable in the full Cantonese written vocabulary, so a non-verbatim formalized written form is adopted, which is more akin to the written 2151: 2422:(Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) following the conflicts and communist takeovers in the region during the 1970s. While a slight majority of ethnic Chinese from Indochina speak Teochew at home, knowledge of Cantonese is prevalent due to its historic prestige status in the region and is used for commercial and community purposes between the different Chinese variety groups. As in the United States, there is a divide between Cantonese-speakers and those speaking other mainland Chinese varieties. 1635: 696:. However, it is only non-verbatim with respect to vernacular Cantonese as it is possible to read Standard Chinese text verbatim in formal Cantonese, often with only slight changes in lexicon that are optional depending on the reader's choice of register. This results in the situation in which a Cantonese and a Mandarin text may look similar but are pronounced differently. Conversely, written (vernacular) Cantonese is mostly used in informal settings like social media and comic books. 8615: 2185:). It is a Yuehai variety much like Guangzhou Cantonese but has "flatter" tones. Chinese is the second most widely spoken non-English language in the United States when both Cantonese and Mandarin are combined, behind Spanish. Many institutes of higher education have traditionally had Chinese programs based on Cantonese, with some continuing to offer these programs despite the rise of Mandarin. The most popular romanization for learning Cantonese in the United States is 2476: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2481: 15455: 15137: 1970:, especially through drama series and popular music, Cantonese is widely understood by the Chinese in all parts of Malaysia, even though a large proportion of the Chinese Malaysian population is non-Cantonese. Television networks in Malaysia regularly broadcast Hong Kong television programmes in their original Cantonese audio and soundtrack. Cantonese radio is also available in the nation and Cantonese is prevalent in locally produced Chinese television. 5557: 5543: 5571: 3246: 11571: 2478: 8632: 8598: 8649: 2876:

with no problem, but adults who were brought up speaking non-tonal languages like English and most Western European languages may not be able to distinguish the tonal differences quick enough to optimally use the language. This difficulty also applies to tonal language speakers with fewer tones attempting to master languages with more tones such as Mandarin natives trying to learn spoken Cantonese as adults.

15467: 15149: 8581: 3516:(1859) simplified the tone-markings by using: a syllable-final acute accent to mark "rising" tones, a syllable-final grave one to mark the "going" tones, no diacritic for the "even" tones, and italics (or in hand-written work underlining) to mark tones as belonging to the upper register. "Entering" tones could be distinguished by the consonants with which they end (p/t/k). 2364:, there were 565,275 Canadian residents who reported Cantonese as their native language. Among the self-reported Cantonese speakers, 44% were born in Hong Kong, 27% were born in Guangdong Province in China, and 18% were Canadian-born. Cantonese-speakers can be found in every city with a Chinese community. The majority of Cantonese-speakers in Canada live in the 1999:(SMC) seeking to actively promote using Mandarin at the expense of other Chinese varieties. A little over 15% of Chinese households in Singapore speak Cantonese. Despite the government actively promoting SMC, the Cantonese-speaking Chinese community has been relatively successful in preserving its language from Mandarin compared with other dialect groups. 3420:, chiefly because it distinguishes between Mandarin's two series of stops while they, although the pronunciation of Standard Cantonese's two series is similar to the Mandarin, do not generally distinguish them, they thus rendering not only /pʰ/, /tʰ/, and so forth, but also /p/, /t/, and the remaining non-aspirates, by the simple spellings 3622:). An arguable advantage of it is that its particular use of J for instance (as at the beginning of its name) matches IPA in contrast to most other systems' using Y, resembling English. Some effort has been made to promote Jyutping, but it has yet to be examined how successfully this has caused use of it to proliferate in the region. 1776:, which numbers about one million people and constitutes one of the largest minority groups in the country. Over half of the ethnic Chinese population in Vietnam speaks Cantonese as a native language and the variety also serves as a lingua franca between the different Chinese dialect groups. Many speakers reflect their exposure to 3543:'s dictionary, (even more faithfully) by Cowles' dictionaries (of 1917 & 1965), by O'Melia's textbook, and by many other works in the first two thirds of the twentieth century. It reigned without serious challenge as the standard spelling until Yale's system was devised and became an important rival to it. 2099:. Nevertheless, within the Thai Chinese commercial sector, it serves as a common language alongside Teochew or Thai. Chinese-language schools in Thailand have also traditionally been conducted in Cantonese. Furthermore, Cantonese serves as the lingua franca with other Chinese communities in the region. 3640:

Those learning Cantonese may feel frustrated that, despite efforts to standardize Cantonese romanizations, most native Cantonese speakers, regardless of their level of education, are unfamiliar with any romanization beyond the conventional, Latin-letter spellings of Cantonese names. Because Cantonese

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While the Chinese government encourages the use of Standard Mandarin rather than local varieties of Chinese in broadcasts, Cantonese enjoys a relatively higher standing than other Chinese languages, with its own media and usage in public transportation in Guangdong province. Furthermore, it is also a

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into Cantonese and Mandarin, the use of the Xiguan accent of Guangzhou as a conservative prestige accent of standard Cantonese was maintained in mass media, with films from the 1930s making prominent use of it. However, during this time many phonological changes can be detected, indicating the change

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varieties of the region. With subsequent waves of migration into Hong Kong, even as late as the 1950s, the proportion of Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong had not yet surpassed 50%; nonetheless, this figure has risen to above 90% since the 1970s. On the other hand, the indigenous variety of Yue Chinese

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Systematic efforts to develop an alphabetic representation of Cantonese began with Protestant missionaries arriving in China early in the nineteenth century. Romanization was considered both a tool to help new missionaries learn the variety more easily and a quick route for the unlettered to achieve

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with six phonetic tones, two more than the four in Standard Chinese Mandarin. This makes Cantonese in general harder to master due to required ability of users to readily be able to process two additional phonetic tones. People who grew up using Cantonese tones can usually hear the tonal differences

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community since the first ethnic Chinese settlers arrived in the 1850s. It maintained this status until the mid-2000s, when a heavy increase in immigration from Mandarin-speakers largely from mainland China led to Mandarin surpassing Cantonese as the dominant Chinese dialect spoken. Cantonese is the

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dramas are unavailable in their untranslated form on free-to-air television, though drama series in non-Chinese languages are available in their original languages. Cantonese drama series on terrestrial TV channels are instead dubbed in Mandarin and broadcast without the original Cantonese audio and

1395:) ended. Large numbers of Cantonese people from the Pearl River Delta, especially merchants, subsequently migrated by boat to other parts of Guangdong and Guangxi. These migrants established enclaves of Cantonese in areas that primarily spoke other forms of Yue or even non-Sinitic languages such as 2740:

with the merge. Unlike the above two differences, this merge is alongside the standard pronunciation in Hong Kong rather than being replaced. Educated speakers often stick to the standard pronunciation but can exemplify the merged pronunciation in casual speech. In contrast, less educated speakers

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A similar identity issue exists in the United States, where conflicts have arisen among Chinese-speakers due to a large recent influx of Mandarin-speakers. While older Taiwanese immigrants have learned Cantonese to foster integration within the traditional Chinese American populations, more recent

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than their Mandarin analogues, such as M. /aɪ/ vs. C. /ɔːi/; M. /i/ vs. C. /ɐi/; M. /ɤ/ vs. C. /ɔː/; M. /ɑʊ/ vs. C. /ou/ etc. For consonants, some differences include M. /ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ/ vs. C. /h, k, kʰ/; M. /ʐ/ vs. C. /j/; and a greater syllable coda diversity in Cantonese (like syllables ending in

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communities, the use of Cantonese is quite widespread compared to the presence of its speakers residing in China. Cantonese is the predominant Chinese variety spoken in Hong Kong and Macau. In these areas, public discourse takes place almost exclusively in Cantonese, making it the only variety of

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for use in education, the media, and official communications. The proclamation of Mandarin as the official national language, however, was not fully accepted by the Cantonese authorities in the early 20th century, who argued for the "regional uniqueness" of their own local language and commercial

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While a number of more-established Taiwanese immigrants have learned Cantonese to foster relations with the traditional Cantonese-speaking Chinese American population, more recent arrivals and the larger number of mainland Chinese immigrants have largely continued to use Mandarin as the exclusive

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has been heavily promoted as the medium of instruction in schools and as the official language, especially after the communist takeover in 1949. Meanwhile, Cantonese has remained the official variety of Chinese in Hong Kong and Macau, both during and after the colonial period, under the policy of

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have become popular in Singaporean society, and non-dubbed original versions of the media became widely available. Consequently, the number of non-Cantonese Chinese Singaporeans being able to understand or speak Cantonese to some varying extent is growing, with a number of educational institutes

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As in the United States, the Chinese Canadian community traces its roots to early immigrants from Guangdong during the latter half of the 19th century. Later Chinese immigrants came from Hong Kong in two waves, first in the late 1960s to mid 1970s, and again in the 1980s to late 1990s on fears

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In contrast, formal literature, professional and government documents, television and movie subtitles, and news media continue to use standard written Chinese. Nevertheless, colloquial characters may be present in formal written communications such as legal testimonies and newspapers when an

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programs. The permitted usage of Cantonese in mainland China is largely a countermeasure against Hong Kong's influence, as the autonomous territory has the right to freedom of the press and speech and its Cantonese-language media have a substantial exposure and following in Guangdong.

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in 1887, the ethnic Chinese population of the two territories largely originated from the 19th and 20th century immigration from Guangzhou and surrounding areas, making Cantonese the predominant Chinese language in the territories. On the mainland, Cantonese continued to serve as the

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De facto spoken language—while no specific variety of Chinese is official in Hong Kong, Cantonese is the predominant spoken form and the de facto regional spoken standard. The Hong Kong government promotes trilingualism between Cantonese, Mandarin, and English, especially in public

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The increase of Mandarin-speaking communities has resulted in the rise of separate neighborhoods or enclaves segregated by the primary Chinese variety spoken. Socioeconomic statuses are also a factor. For example, in New York City, Cantonese still predominates in the city's

5463:/jɐn˨˩ jɐn˨˩ sɐŋ˥˧ ji:˨˩ tsiː˨ jɐuː˨˩, hɐi˧˥ tsy:n˥˧ jiːm˨˩ tʰʊŋ˨˩ ma:i˨˩ kʰyːn˨˩ lei˨ sœ:ŋ˨ jɐt˥ lɵt˨ pʰɪŋ˨˩ tɐŋ˧˥. kʰɵy˩˧ tei˨ jɐu˩˧ lei˩˧ sɪŋ˧ tʰʊŋ˨˩ ma:i˨˩ lœ:ŋ˨˩ sɐm˥˧, ji:˨˩ tsʰɛ:˧˥ jɪŋ˥ tɔ:ŋ˥˧ ji:˩˧ jy:˩˧ hɪŋ˥˧ tɐi˨ kʷaːn˥˧ hɐi˨ kɛ:˧ tsɪŋ˥˧ sɐn˨˩ sœ:ŋ˥˧ tɵy˧ tɔ:i˨./ 5648:

De facto spoken language—while no specific variety of Chinese is official in Macau, Cantonese is the predominant spoken form and the de facto regional spoken standard. The Macau government promotes each of Cantonese, Mandarin, Portuguese, and English, especially in public

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As a significant proportion of the entertainment industry in China migrated to Hong Kong in the early decades of the 20th century, the Hong Kong-based entertainment industry underwent a transformation to suit overseas as well as domestic audiences. With the bifurcation of

2071:, Cantonese is often used as a vernacular in commerce and with other Chinese variant groups in the nation. Chinese-language schools in Cambodia are conducted in both Cantonese and Mandarin, but schools may be conducted exclusively in one Chinese variant or the other. 3380:'s governments use systems of romanization for proper names and geographic locations, but they transcribe some sounds inconsistently. These systems are not taught in schools. Macau's system differs slightly from Hong Kong's in that the spellings are influenced by 1340:

As Guangzhou became China's key commercial center for foreign trade and exchange in the 1700s, Cantonese became the variety of Chinese interacting most with the Western world. Much of the sources for this period of early Cantonese, such as the 18th century

5847:, which the minister Wang-yew-poh , formerly over the salt revenue in Shen-See, had printed. This interpretation was written in the northern dialect, on the first and fifteenth of the each moon, they might proclaim the original text in the Canton dialect. 8182:. New Asia-Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991; "first copublished edition", The Chinese University Press, The Chinese University of Hong; New Asia-Yale-in-China Language Center, 2000; second printing. 2676:) and considered substandard to Guangzhou pronunciation, the phenomenon has been widespread in the territories since the early 20th century. The most notable difference between Hong Kong and Guangzhou pronunciation is substituting liquid nasal 14171: 2288:

in Queens are very diverse, with large numbers of Mandarin speakers from different regions of China and Taiwan. The Chinatowns of Queens comprise the primary cultural center for New York City's Chinese population and are more middle class.

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jan4 jan4 sang1 ji4 dzi6 jau4, hai2 dzyn1 jim4 tung4 maai4 kyn4 lei6 soeng6 jat7 loet9 ping4 dang2. koey5 dei6 jau5 lei5 sing3 tung4 maai4 loeng4 sam1, ji4 tse2 jing1 dong1 ji5 hing1 dai6 gwaan1 hai6 ge3 dzing1 san4 soeng1 doey3 doi6.

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jan4 jan4 sang1 ji4 zi6 jau4, hai2 zyun1 jim4 tung4 maai4 kyun4 lei6 soeng6 jat1 leot6 ping4 dang2. keoi5 dei2 jau5 lei5 sing3 tung4 maai4 loeng4 sam1, ji4 ce2 jing1 dong1 ji5 hing1 dai6 gwaan1 hai6 ge3 zing1 san4 soeng1 deoi3 doi6.

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and impending handover to the People's Republic of China. Chinese-speaking immigrants from conflict zones in Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam, arrived as well, beginning in the mid-1970s and were also largely Cantonese-speaking.

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Nevertheless, since the government restriction on media in non-Mandarin varieties was relaxed in the mid-1990s and 2000s, presence of Cantonese in Singapore has grown substantially. Forms of popular culture from Hong Kong, like

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third most-spoken language in Australia. In the 2011 census, the Australian Bureau of Statistics listed 336,410 and 263,673 speakers of Mandarin and Cantonese, respectively. By 2016, those numbers became 596,711 and 280,943.

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gospel-literacy. Earlier Catholic missionaries, mostly Portuguese, had developed romanization-schemes for the pronunciation current in the court and capital city of China but made few efforts to romanize other varieties.

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Systems of Cantonese romanization are based on the accents of Canton and Hong Kong and have helped define the concept of Standard Cantonese. The major systems are (in order of their invention from newest to oldest):

2442:. Since the late-20th century, however, Mandarin- and Wu-speaking migrants from mainland China have outnumbered those from Macau, although Cantonese is still retained among mainstream Chinese community associations. 1486:, respectively. The influx of such migrants into Hong Kong established Cantonese as the main language of the city, supplanting local Yue Chinese varieties, which were closer to the dialects of neighboring 5471:

yàhnyàhn sàng yìh jihyàuh, hái jyùnyìhm tùhngmàaih kyùhn leih seuhng yātleuht pìhngdáng. kéuihdeih yáuh léihsing tùhngmàaih lèuhngsàm, yìhché yìngdòng yíh hìngdaih gwàanhaih ge jìngsàhn sèung deui doih.

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variety of Yue is spoken), alone may be the origin of the vast majority of Chinese immigrants to the U.S. before 1965. As a result, Yue languages such as Cantonese and the closely related variety of

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arrivals from the mainland continue to use Mandarin exclusively. This has contributed to a segregation of communities based on linguistic cleavage. In particular, some Chinese Americans (including

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The overwhelming majority of Chinese speakers in the United Kingdom use Cantonese, with about 300,000 British people claiming it as their first language. This is largely due to the presence of

3363:. Jyutping and Yale are the two most used and taught systems today in the West, and they do not differ greatly from one another except in how they mark tones. Additionally, Hong Kong linguist 2597:, which is the predominant genre in Hong Kong. Many artists from the mainland and Taiwan have learned Cantonese to break into the market. Popular native Mandarin-speaking singers, including 2192:

The majority of Chinese emigrants have traditionally originated from Guangdong and Guangxi, as well as Hong Kong and Macau (beginning in the latter half of the 20th century and before the

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in the world, the vast majority of ethnic Chinese in the country speak Thai exclusively. Among Chinese-speaking Thai households, Cantonese is the fourth most-spoken Chinese variety after

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in the early 1900s. Cantonese remained a dominant and influential language in southeastern China until the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and its promotion of

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The Book of a Thousand Words: Translated, Annotated and Arranged So As to Indicate the Radical Number and Pronunciation (in Mandarin and Cantonese) of Each Character in the Text

3637:. Books and studies for teachers and students in primary and secondary schools usually use this scheme, but some teachers and students use S.L. Wong's system of transcription. 14216: 2174:

have been the major Chinese varieties traditionally spoken in the United States. In 2009, 458,840 Americans spoke Cantonese at home according to an American Community Survey.

9799: 5500:"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." 2280:, which is causing the city's growing Cantonese and Fuzhou enclaves to become increasingly distanced and isolated from both each other and other Chinese enclaves in Queens. 6687: 3480: 2196:) and Southeast Asia, with Cantonese as their native language. However, more recent immigrants are arriving from the rest of mainland China and Taiwan and most often speak 15210: 10344: 2177:

The Zhongshan variant of Cantonese, which originated from the western Pearl River Delta, is spoken by many Chinese immigrants in Hawaii, and some in San Francisco and the

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Chinese other than Mandarin to be used as an official language in the world. Because of their dominance in Chinese diaspora overseas, standard Cantonese and its dialect

2586:) of Cantonese background emphasise their non-mainland origins (e.g. Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, etc.) to assert their identity in the face of new waves of immigration. 2131:. However, it has a relatively minor presence compared to other Southeast Asian nations, being the fourth most spoken Chinese variety after Hokkien, Hakka and Teochew. 1062:

In English, the term "Cantonese" can be ambiguous. "Cantonese" as used to refer to the language native to the city of Canton, which is the traditional English name of

7540: 3517: 10306: 14595: 14261: 14489: 11046: 9828: 5203:. The "short a" can occur in elided syllables such as the 十 in 四十四 (sei3-a6-sei3), which the other systems would transcribe with same spelling as the "long a". 2512: 2162:

Over a period of 150 years (from 1850 to the 2000s), Guangdong has been the place-of-origin for most Chinese emigrants to Western nations; one coastal county,

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as the sole official language of the nation throughout the last half of the 20th century, although its influence still remains strong within the region.

1556:). Government and law still function predominantly in Cantonese in these jurisdictions, and officials speak Cantonese even at the most formal occasions. 7622: 6298: 7851: 1195:

In Hong Kong and Macau, as well as among overseas Chinese communities, the language is referred to as "Guangdong speech" or "Canton Province Speech" (

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region of southeastern China. Due to the city's long standing role as an important cultural center, Cantonese emerged as the prestige dialect of the

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Knodel, John; Ofstedal, Mary Beth; Hermalin, Albert I (2002). "The Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Context of the Four Study Countries".

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in the 1930s, Cantonese film production continued in Hong Kong which was then under British colonial rule. From the mid-1970s to the 1990s,

2348:) of Cantonese background defending the historic Chinese-American culture against the impacts of increasing Mandarin-speaking new arrivals. 1132:), although this term is now seldom used outside mainland China. In Guangdong and Guangxi, people also call it "provincial capital speech" ( 15280: 13894: 11605: 7280: 6429: 564: 7150: 6330: 3603:, used by many Chinese dictionaries later published in Hong Kong. Although Wong also devised a romanization-scheme, likewise known as the 2535:

Nevertheless, there have been recent attempts to minimize the use of Cantonese in China. The most notable has been the 2010 proposal that

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became the largest port in China, with a trade network stretching as far as Arabia. Specifically, the mutually intelligible speech of the

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romanization system. The B–C system was used in a handful of texts, including textbooks published by the Hong Kong government, such as

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used in everyday life and is thus the official form of Chinese used in the government. The Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong and Macau is

5609: 3471:(1841) were the progenitors of a long-lived lineage of related romanizations that with minor variations are embodied in the works of 1638:

Distribution of Yue Chinese languages in southeastern China. Standard Cantonese and closely related dialects are highlighted in pink.

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Zhang, Bennan; Yang, Robin R. (2004). "Putonghua Education and Language Policy in Postcolonial Hong Kong". In Zhou, Minglang (ed.).

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Kataoka, Shin; Lee, Cream (2008). "A System without a System: Cantonese Romanization Used in Hong Kong Place and Personal Names".

7235: 2372:. There are sufficient Cantonese-speakers in Canada that there exist locally produced Cantonese TV and radio programming, such as 14395: 13500: 11649: 10143: 9635: 7588: 6698: 3630: 3377: 2030:

in Singapore's English-language media, though this is largely a matter of style, and most Singaporeans will still refer to it as

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hosts a much larger Mandarin-speaking population, with Cantonese found in more historical Chinese communities such as that of

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that has also contributed to social conflicts between the two sides, with a growing number of Chinese Americans (including

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used Chalmers' romanization in his primer. This method of marking tones was in most of its details used later also by the

2511:. Most of these are rare outside their native areas, though they may be spoken outside of China. Many varieties also have 2268:, but mainly in Brooklyn's newer Chinatowns, the Cantonese speaking population in NYC is now increasingly concentrated in 14425: 14400: 13981: 11119: 8692: 8569: 7241:. The Newest New Yorkers: Characteristics of the City's Foreign-Born Population (Report) (2013 ed.). pp. 23–94. 5757: 2571: 2002:

Notably, all nationally produced non-Mandarin Chinese TV and radio programs were stopped after 1979. The prime minister,

3310: 1525: 1253:. Modern Cantonese pronunciation preserves almost all terminal consonants (-m, -n, -ng, -p, -t, -k) from Middle Chinese. 14405: 14298: 14176: 11794: 7756: 7729: 7572: 7534: 7493: 6495: 6483: 4699: 3216:

As Cantonese is used primarily in Hong Kong, Macau, and other overseas Chinese communities, it is usually written with

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The Hong Kong Observatory is one of the examples of the Hong Kong Government officially adopting the name "廣東話", see

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due to colonial history. For example, while many words in Macau's system are the same as Hong Kong's (e.g. surnames

14573: 14113: 14107: 13887: 11598: 8901: 8587: 7119: 7115: 3416:梁). Neither the spellings of Hong Kong's system nor of Macau's look very similar to mainland China's system called 1674: 557: 523: 6979: 15539: 15519: 14824: 14705: 14590: 14568: 14563: 11697: 11199: 9426: 7272: 4717: 4108: 3615: 3596: 3289: 3131: 1456: 649:. It is also the dominant and co-official language of Hong Kong and Macau. Cantonese is also widely spoken among 7447: 6726: 15534: 14829: 14638: 14558: 14161: 9906: 9549: 8685: 4100: 3352: 3267: 3224:

due to the presence of words that either are not in standard Chinese or correspond with spoken Cantonese. This

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soundtrack. However, originals may be available through other sources like cable television and online videos.

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However, "Cantonese" may also refer to the primary branch of Chinese that contains Cantonese proper as well as

1008: 896: 842: 716: 533: 497: 3494:, which was widely used and easily obtainable at the time and is still available today. Samuel Wells Willams' 2276:. The Fuzhou population of NYC is becoming increasingly concentrated in Brooklyn's Sunset Park, also known as 1337:

texts sounding more similar to modern Cantonese than other present-day Chinese varieties, including Mandarin.

398: 15529: 15247: 14385: 11515: 10969: 7635: 6309: 3600: 2525: 1963:, Cantonese is largely influential in the local Chinese media and is used in commerce by Chinese Malaysians. 1705: 730: 15425: 15180: 14713: 14420: 14318: 14313: 14286: 14186: 14101: 12730: 11790: 11574: 11485: 11009: 9484: 9431: 9087: 8426: 8020: 5614: 4708: 4682: 3448: 3296: 3228:

system often appears in colloquial contexts like entertainment magazines, social media and advertisements.

2438:, the most established Chinese community in the nation with a presence dating back to the 16th century and 1369: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5200: 5196: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4140: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3091: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2698: 2694: 2681: 2677: 1464: 1460: 1452: 15524: 15514: 15504: 15255: 14545: 14129: 13880: 11645: 11591: 11490: 11362: 11287: 10944: 9477: 9132: 9054: 8770: 6751: 4674: 4117: 3484: 2605:, and singers from Taiwan, have been trained in Cantonese to add "Hong Kong-ness" to their performances. 2524:

importance of the region. Unlike other non-Mandarin Chinese varieties, Cantonese persists in a few state

2415: 1591:, of which Cantonese is one. Given the traditional predominance of Cantonese within Hong Kong, it is the 1262: 550: 411: 311: 6168:

Zhang, Jingwei (13 June 2019). "Tone mergers in Cantonese: Evidence from Hong Kong, Macao, and Zhuhai".

1411:

to Southeast Asia, North and South America, and Western Europe. Such enclaves of Cantonese are found in

15509: 15331: 15298: 15153: 11532: 11505: 11382: 11294: 11041: 11021: 8289: 5834: 4082: 3717: 3509: 3490:

Their system of romanization embodied the phonological system of a local-dialect rhyme-dictionary, the

3370:

for his popular Cantonese-as-a-second-language course, and his variant is another system in use today.

3263: 3221: 2431: 2200:(Putonghua) as their native language, although some may also speak their native local variety, such as 2039: 1071: 31: 7381: 3648:

Google's Cantonese input uses Yale, Jyutping, or Cantonese Pinyin, the Yale being the first standard.

3535:

is associated with its particular variety that then was fixed upon by his missionary peers to become

3278: 1470:

Throughout the 19th century and continuing into the 1900s, the ancestors of most of the population of

15435: 15293: 14631: 14553: 14484: 14448: 14166: 14056: 12639: 11084: 9782: 9542: 9377: 8824: 8745: 6543: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4689: 4680: 4672: 4123: 4115: 4106: 4098: 4089: 4080: 3604: 3483:(1910). Bridgman and Williams based their system on the phonetic alphabet and diacritics proposed by 3232:

individual is being quoted, rather than paraphrasing spoken Cantonese into standard written Chinese.

2341: 2257: 1967: 6129:"Challenges in D2 and D3 Acquisition: Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 1924 Cantonese and Mandarin Audiorecordings" 5686: 1415:

across many of these major cities outside China. During the late 19th century, the pedagogical work

1258: 15471: 15009: 14256: 14244: 14144: 13120: 12659: 12624: 11725: 11458: 11443: 11433: 11147: 9458: 9061: 8874: 8621: 6660: 6656:"Why Cantonese Spoken in Malaysia Sounds Different to Hong Kong Cantonese, and No it's Not 'Wrong'" 6614: 6549:[A Review on Kuala Lumpur's Cantonese in Part of "The Three Chinese Dialects in Malaysia"] 4691: 2301: 2155: 1960: 1704:

medium of instruction in select academic curricula, including some university elective courses and

392: 7065: 3562:, published by the same Press). The system was then modified by K. M. A. Barnett in 1950 into the 2744:

Less prevalent, but still notable differences found among a number of Hong Kong speakers include:

1770:, Cantonese is the dominant language of the main ethnic Chinese community, usually referred to as 1736:

among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, who speak a variety of other forms of Chinese including

1720:

from Cantonese to Mandarin was abandoned following massive public protests, the largest since the

15415: 15173: 14939: 14464: 13974: 13821: 13515: 12773: 12684: 12566: 12561: 11470: 9709: 9452: 9238: 9122: 7027: 6847: 6400: 5913:

Cantonese program at Chinese University of Hong Kong, designating standard Cantonese as 廣東話, see

5719: 5240: 4091: 3642: 3460: 3367: 3256: 2508: 2487: 2329: 2321: 1996: 1596: 1423:

in 1883, articulated the provenance of the prestige accent of Cantonese: that of the district of

11463: 11312: 6076: 14375: 13544: 13361: 13043: 11868: 11863: 11834: 11822: 11404: 11247: 9845: 9498: 9491: 9271: 9205: 8708: 7596: 6963: 6338: 3348: 2888: 2317: 2297: 2277: 1990: 1799: 593: 538: 138: 7746: 7719: 7665: 7562: 7524: 6851: 6374: 3662:. Jyutping and Cantonese Pinyin recognize certain sounds used in a few colloquial words (like 2406:

also have origins in the former British colonies in Southeast Asia of Singapore and Malaysia.

15351: 15326: 14979: 14954: 14690: 14499: 14443: 14281: 14266: 13833: 13809: 13532: 13495: 11993: 11399: 11322: 11036: 11014: 9769: 9602: 9441: 9391: 8947: 8454: 8285: 8158: 7845: 7443: 6923: 5599: 3464: 2711:(not) ( in Guangzhou pronunciation). Hong Kong Cantonese pronounce both words as the latter. 2663:

has some minor phonology variations but is almost identical to standard Guangzhou Cantonese.

2583: 2567: 2539:

increase its broadcast in Mandarin at the expense of Cantonese programs. This however led to

2345: 2269: 2249: 2233: 2193: 2067:

and other urban areas. While Teochew speakers form the majority of the Chinese population in

1619: 1600: 689: 13707: 6246: 15341: 14969: 14899: 14884: 14857: 14695: 14410: 14234: 14068: 13480: 13341: 13160: 13140: 13125: 12861: 12826: 12634: 11167: 11135: 10964: 10089: 9584: 9253: 9099: 9045: 8045: 7630: 7254:"The Changing Chinatowns: Move Over Manhattan, Sunset Park Now Home to Most Chinese in NYC" 6460: 6304:[Code of Professional Ethics of Radio and Television Hosts of China] (in Chinese). 5803: 2536: 2468: 2365: 2325: 2225: 2216:, etc. As a result, Mandarin is becoming more common among the Chinese American community. 1986: 1615: 1588: 1407:

emerged. Many Cantonese migrants sailed overseas, bringing the Cantonese language with the

681: 589: 148: 6813: 6635:

Sim, Tze Wei (2012). "Why are the Native Languages of the Chinese Malaysians in Decline".

6587:

Sim, Tze Wei (2012). "Why are the Native Languages of the Chinese Malaysians in Decline".

5828: 2608:

Cantonese films date to the early days of Chinese cinema, and the first Cantonese talkie,

2570:, Cantonese has been used as a symbol of local identity in Hong Kong, largely through the 1959:

is the most natively spoken variety of Chinese and Mandarin is the medium of education at

8: 15075: 15004: 14994: 14974: 14904: 14504: 14078: 13917: 13793: 13773: 13537: 13464: 13165: 13115: 13110: 12521: 12088: 11672: 11411: 11377: 11212: 11179: 11026: 10954: 10871: 10712: 10707: 10461: 10271: 9777: 9436: 9026: 8853: 8784: 8408: 8354: 8125: 7010:"Top Languages Other than English Spoken in 1980 and Changes in Relative Rank, 1990–2010" 5838: 5589: 3381: 2701:

merging. This can be exemplified in the elimination of the contrast of sounds between 吳 (

2660: 2656: 2641: 2635: 2623: 2615: 2575: 2313: 2293: 2281: 2273: 2245: 2237: 1793: 1777: 1749: 1611: 1584: 1570: 1512: 1172:). In academic linguistic circles, it is also referred to as "Canton prefecture speech" ( 514: 236: 226: 197: 13150: 13135: 11750: 7981: 6444: 1626:, although there exist some minor differences in accent, pronunciation, and vocabulary. 15499: 15288: 15141: 14924: 14763: 14677: 14474: 14334: 14211: 14088: 14083: 14063: 14031: 13967: 13903: 13738: 13510: 13444: 13393: 13346: 13290: 13020: 12963: 12689: 11845: 11614: 11527: 11394: 11357: 11242: 11140: 11074: 11069: 10959: 10949: 10575: 10553: 10446: 10254: 10249: 10172: 10160: 10148: 10136: 10124: 9648: 9277: 8886: 8752: 8458: 8145: 7937: 7833: 7431: 7209: 6185: 6127:

Chan, Marjorie K.M. (2023). Lin, Chien-Jer Charles; Cherici, Alex; Chen, Bihua (eds.).

6102: 6009: 5604: 4665: 3702: 3476: 3303: 2451: 2361: 2305: 2163: 2116: 1044: 1036: 878: 870: 484: 447: 442: 419: 187: 13145: 11755: 7601: 7594:[Grandma and Granddaughter Can't Communicate Each Other Due to School Rules]. 3220:. However, it has extra characters as well as characters with different meanings from 1507:, and this has had an effect on the tonal phonology of the Cantonese spoken in Macau. 1245: 1074:. Before 1859, this variant was often referred to in English as "the Canton dialect". 384: 15384: 15316: 15260: 15080: 15050: 14867: 14790: 14753: 14745: 14726: 14519: 14514: 14344: 14339: 14275: 14046: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14006: 13717: 13377: 13251: 13196: 13088: 12996: 12991: 12948: 12870: 12601: 12581: 12506: 12483: 12256: 12138: 12108: 11950: 11941: 11893: 11883: 11730: 11662: 11438: 11428: 11307: 11272: 11127: 11079: 11031: 10798: 10651: 10585: 10441: 10426: 10097: 10074: 10028: 9953: 9879: 9759: 9727: 9681: 9620: 9610: 9575: 9385: 9345: 9323: 9288: 9282: 9247: 9185: 9179: 9159: 8953: 8941: 8924: 8832: 8778: 8758: 8464: 8442: 8387: 8360: 8331: 8312: 8293: 8257: 8236: 8210: 8206: 8198: 8183: 8164: 8111: 7837: 7752: 7725: 7698: 7568: 7530: 7489: 7439: 7435: 7351: 7331: 7009: 6927: 6916: 6894: 6859: 6491: 6479: 6211: 6189: 6106: 6092: 6013: 5999: 5725: 5584: 3722: 3225: 3211: 3207: 2771:

codas respectively, eliminating contrast between these pairs of finals (except after

2464: 2357: 2182: 2060: 2011: 1941: 1809: 1713: 1670: 1647: 1576: 1483: 1274: 1261:

period, Guangzhou became the cultural center of the region. Cantonese emerged as the

992: 984: 826: 818: 693: 685: 642: 607:

Cantonese is viewed as a vital and inseparable part of the cultural identity for its

601: 479: 459: 433: 268: 263: 143: 111: 8356:

Chinese and English Phrase Book: With the Chinese Pronunciation Indicated in English

5984:

de Sousa, Hilário (2022). "The Expansion of Cantonese over the Last Two Centuries".

15459: 15368: 15363: 15321: 15219: 14949: 14914: 14852: 14390: 14349: 14181: 14156: 14041: 14036: 14011: 13948: 13943: 13788: 13783: 13753: 13712: 13692: 13581: 13576: 13520: 13490: 13439: 13328: 13201: 13181: 13130: 13097: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13006: 13001: 12983: 12831: 12821: 12725: 12674: 12669: 12644: 12571: 12264: 12241: 12236: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12118: 12058: 11983: 11926: 11921: 11906: 11677: 11628: 11544: 11064: 10939: 10803: 10793: 10778: 10724: 10646: 10597: 10558: 10507: 10421: 10373: 10357: 10237: 10197: 10192: 10079: 10033: 9979: 9974: 9964: 9958: 9787: 9732: 9717: 9593: 9565: 9406: 9366: 9336: 9310: 9260: 9218: 9127: 9104: 8997: 8977: 8934: 8859: 8722: 8497: 8434: 8137: 7989: 7929: 7823: 7815: 7423: 7143:"Asian Boom in Brooklyn Along N-Lline Neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Census Data Shows" 6889: 6884: 6456: 6360: 6177: 6084: 5995: 5991: 5779: 5769: 5562: 5548: 3698: 3693: 3626: 3608: 3607:, the latter is not as widely used as his transcription. This system succeeded the 2555: 2520: 2439: 2419: 2285: 2197: 2178: 2088: 2043: 1829: 1825: 1697: 1520: 1408: 1400: 919: 753: 677: 650: 624: 608: 581: 492: 329: 231: 121: 60: 13336: 8984: 15430: 15270: 15122: 15014: 14929: 14909: 14872: 14847: 14600: 14540: 14354: 14271: 14051: 13938: 13768: 13758: 13748: 13697: 13687: 13561: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13313: 13303: 13298: 13266: 13256: 13241: 13231: 13221: 13191: 13155: 13105: 13068: 13033: 12973: 12953: 12933: 12898: 12883: 12878: 12801: 12740: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12654: 12546: 12516: 12465: 12440: 12425: 12399: 12394: 12374: 12359: 12304: 12246: 12231: 12226: 12211: 12206: 12151: 12083: 12063: 11998: 11973: 11901: 11878: 11780: 11745: 11740: 11715: 11687: 11682: 11495: 11475: 11372: 11332: 11317: 11056: 10906: 10896: 10876: 10833: 10828: 10694: 10658: 10641: 10631: 10570: 10388: 10324: 10266: 10214: 10209: 10111: 10007: 10002: 9911: 9858: 9853: 9833: 9818: 9813: 9754: 9749: 9739: 9722: 9694: 9666: 9643: 9398: 9352: 9211: 9093: 9032: 8866: 8813: 8804: 8790: 8521: 8472: 8414: 8395: 8368: 8328:

Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949

8251: 7694: 7589:"Xuéxiào yāoqiú xuéshēng jiǎng pǔtōnghuà zǔ sūn liǎ jìng biàn"jī tóng yā jiǎng"" 7485:

Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949

7483: 7308: 5985: 5864: 5594: 5576: 3712: 3551: 3472: 3356: 2734:. An example is in the word for country (國), pronounced in standard Guangzhou as 2529: 2435: 2403: 2369: 2022:

of certain terms which originated from southern Chinese varieties. For instance,

1995:

The Singapore government uses Mandarin as the official Chinese variety and has a

1853: 1741: 1420: 1396: 1376: 1342: 1333:. Additionally, a distinct classical literature was developed in Cantonese, with 1330: 970: 804: 273: 130: 8664: 7918:"A Transcription for Cantonese: Notes on Mr. Yuen Ren Chao's "Cantonese Primer"" 7413:"Immigrant's Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The Case of the Chinese in Portugal" 6088: 5915: 2563:

are among the most common Chinese languages that one may encounter in the West.

15440: 15265: 15024: 14919: 14894: 14806: 14479: 14191: 14139: 13778: 13722: 13702: 13505: 13470: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13356: 13308: 13246: 13216: 13211: 13073: 13063: 13028: 12938: 12903: 12888: 12836: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12735: 12679: 12649: 12629: 12619: 12614: 12591: 12511: 12496: 12491: 12460: 12435: 12420: 12415: 12384: 12379: 12369: 12364: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12294: 12269: 12216: 12128: 12113: 12078: 12048: 12043: 12023: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11931: 11916: 11858: 11853: 11760: 11720: 11705: 11549: 11539: 11510: 11500: 11217: 11189: 10901: 10886: 10788: 10739: 10734: 10719: 10663: 10602: 10484: 10456: 10436: 10383: 10352: 10329: 10319: 10314: 10276: 10259: 10204: 10069: 10051: 9969: 9943: 9884: 9804: 9792: 9744: 9699: 9689: 9615: 9468: 9446: 9360: 9329: 9265: 9225: 9199: 9173: 9150: 9073: 9019: 8991: 8960: 8838: 8764: 3592: 3521: 2880: 2872: 2847: 2619: 2309: 2213: 2010:

to prevent giving conflicting signals to the people. Hong Kong (Cantonese) and

1974: 1781: 1479: 1334: 1317:), came to be heralded as the standard. Cantonese was also used in the popular 1302: 954: 788: 628: 253: 221: 202: 100: 80: 11735: 10920: 8502: 8485: 7933: 7819: 6544:""Mǎláixīyà de sān gè hànyǔ fāngyán" zhōng zhī jílóngpō Guǎngdōnghuà yuè tán" 3078: 3071: 3058: 2707: 2686: 2150: 15493: 15336: 15117: 15055: 15029: 14877: 14839: 14796: 14685: 14585: 14494: 14435: 14303: 14206: 13763: 13637: 13613: 13556: 13385: 13318: 13276: 13261: 13186: 13038: 12943: 12816: 12811: 12664: 12576: 12556: 12551: 12541: 12531: 12526: 12501: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12430: 12389: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12299: 12289: 12284: 12274: 12221: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12123: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12073: 12053: 12038: 12033: 12028: 11988: 11978: 11963: 11958: 11911: 11873: 11775: 11765: 11350: 11162: 11157: 10729: 10673: 10668: 10636: 10623: 10499: 10451: 10378: 10334: 10224: 10061: 9984: 9823: 9671: 9658: 9192: 9114: 8880: 8845: 8797: 8438: 5674: 5534: 3547: 3532: 2241: 2092: 1977:

and other Chinese varieties spoken in the country, like Hokkien and Teochew.

1933: 1889: 1821: 1745: 1680: 1655: 1495: 1297:), the Three Counties of Guangzhou, namely the historical counties of Panyu ( 670: 633: 64: 9527:

indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

8476: 8446: 8418: 8372: 8364: 7922:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

5869: 5810:

Selected Cantonese Publications by Western Missionaries in China (1828–1927)

3502:, 1856) is an alphabetic rearrangement, translation, and annotation of this 2507:

Spoken Chinese has numerous regional and local varieties, many of which are

2300:, Cantonese has historically and continues to dominate in the Chinatowns of 1692:

even after Mandarin was made the official language of the government by the

15070: 15034: 15019: 14999: 14984: 14196: 13743: 13608: 13571: 13271: 13236: 13226: 13206: 13078: 12958: 12923: 12913: 12908: 12893: 12781: 12705: 12609: 12586: 12279: 12146: 12068: 12018: 11968: 11770: 11710: 11222: 11172: 10548: 10431: 10404: 9948: 9938: 9166: 9082: 9038: 8967: 8548: 8531: 8468: 8399: 8391: 7304: 6787: 6181: 5520: 5232: 3563: 2884: 2702: 2516: 2500: 2373: 2201: 2084: 2019: 2003: 1921: 1893: 1865: 1837: 1817: 1813: 1693: 1634: 1499: 1448: 1250: 1082: 926: 760: 528: 15232: 8604: 5885: 5774: 3611:

system as being the one used by the Hong Kong Government Language School.

2336:

in eastern Los Angeles County and other areas of the metropolitan region.

1973:

Cantonese spoken in Malaysia and Singapore often exhibits influences from

1716:

remains contentious, as with other non-Mandarin Chinese languages. A 2010

367: 15346: 15308: 15237: 15227: 14862: 14775: 14605: 14251: 14201: 13654: 13630: 13603: 13593: 13566: 13551: 13527: 13351: 12928: 12851: 12846: 12806: 12536: 11367: 11341: 11237: 11207: 11184: 11152: 10891: 10881: 10685: 10580: 10565: 10528: 10476: 10297: 10288: 10184: 10023: 9898: 9625: 9512: 8727: 7233: 6959: 5923:, Yale-China Chinese Language Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 5721:

Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular

3727: 3540: 3539:. This was the system used importantly: (with virtually no deviation) by 3086: 3026: 2221: 1857: 1658:

dynasty and its usage spread around most of what is now the provinces of

1651: 1266: 1240: 1086: 585: 426: 192: 153: 88: 8677: 8381: 7427: 7173:"With an Influx of Newcomers, Little Chinatowns Dot a Changing Brooklyn" 7058:"As Mandarin Language Becomes Standard, Chinatown Explores New Identity" 6815:

The Chinese Minority in Cambodia: Identity Construction and Contestation

6136:

Proceedings of the 34th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics

15090: 14989: 14780: 14229: 14149: 13682: 13620: 13598: 12968: 12841: 10783: 10757: 10523: 10489: 9994: 9921: 8537:

Hong Kong Government site on the HK Supplementary Character Set (HKSCS)

6987: 6881:

The Well-Being of the Elderly in Asia: A Four-Country Comparative Study

6774:

Life is Not Complete Without Shopping: Consumption Culture in Singapore

5784: 5679: 3674:夾) but have not been officially recognized in other systems like Yale. 3452: 3364: 3270: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2560: 2253: 2209: 2171: 2064: 1885: 1772: 1761: 1412: 1078: 612: 158: 8149: 7941: 7917: 7828: 7718:

Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Chan, Stephen Ching-kiu, eds. (2006).

2693:

Another key feature of Hong Kong Cantonese is the two syllabic nasals

1478:

arrived from Guangzhou and surrounding areas after they were ceded to

1447:) in the west of Guangzhou. It is known for its distinctive use of an 15399: 15107: 15060: 14964: 14664: 14654: 13990: 13872: 13647: 13642: 13586: 12918: 11583: 11232: 10974: 10592: 10244: 10232: 10043: 9874: 9505: 9146: 8911: 8718: 6077:"Cantonese Cameo: Pre-war Hong Kong Films and /ɿ/ Of Early Cantonese" 2918: 2902: 2666:

Hong Kong and Macau merge certain phoneme pairs. Although termed as "

2598: 2547: 2229: 2108: 2096: 1861: 1845: 1685: 1659: 1643: 1623: 1580: 1504: 1471: 1270: 1063: 662: 638: 616: 597: 377: 360: 323: 296: 96: 84: 52: 48: 6299:"Zhōngguó guǎngbò diànshì bòyīn yuán zhǔchí rén zhíyè dàodé zhǔnzé" 3245: 15420: 15389: 15112: 15065: 14889: 14785: 14721: 14623: 13625: 11522: 11108: 10749: 9930: 9534: 8141: 6719:"Use of Dialects Interfere with Learning of Mandarin & English" 6430:"Canton's Unease: As Mandarin Spreads, Locals Face Identity Crisis" 5570: 3707: 3619: 3527:

This new style of romanization still embodied the phonology of the

3344: 3022: 2898: 2626:

made in Hong Kong were very popular in the Chinese speaking world.

2602: 2594: 2261: 2124: 2119:

community, with speakers largely concentrated in major cities like

2080: 2068: 2047: 1937: 1929: 1913: 1869: 1833: 1805: 1547: 1491: 1487: 1022: 940: 856: 774: 666: 658: 502: 92: 11554: 8655: 5830:

The Sacred Edict: Containing Sixteen Maxims of the Emperor Kang-Hi

15356: 15206: 15196: 15165: 15100: 15095: 14959: 14934: 14739: 13664: 11421: 11101: 10988: 10817: 10413: 9007: 8638: 8542: 8180:

English-Cantonese Dictionary 英粵字典: Cantonese in Yale Romanization

7884:

English-Cantonese Dictionary 英粵字典: Cantonese in Yale Romanization

7801:"Variation and Merger of the Rising Tones in Hong Kong Cantonese" 7721:

Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema

3587:

A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton

2590: 2205: 2120: 2023: 2007: 1956: 1949: 1945: 1925: 1917: 1841: 1767: 1737: 1689: 1663: 654: 646: 8024: 5438:

The following is a sample text in Cantonese of Article 1 of the

15394: 15085: 14134: 11480: 11282: 8920: 8735: 8555: 3417: 2492: 2265: 1881: 1849: 1537: 1424: 1372:, were written in Guangzhou during this period of prosperity. 1310: 474: 72: 68: 14217:

Museum of the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum of the Nanyue King

8460:

Tonic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in The Canton Dialect

5758:"The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong" 3496:

Tonic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in the Canton Dialect

2059:

Cantonese is widely used as the inter-communal language among

1109:). In this article, "Cantonese" is used for Cantonese proper. 14944: 14733: 10993: 8916: 8731: 8563: 7469:

Language Professionals Australia Translation and Interpreting

6747: 6208:

Planet Hong Kong: popular cinema and the art of entertainment

6081:

Chinese Culture in the 21st Century and its Global Dimensions

5939: 5937: 2901:

tones in modern linguistics, which prefer to analyse them as

2684:

in many words. An example is manifested in the word for you (

2551: 2128: 1944:

in Pahang state, and they are also found in other areas like

1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1873: 1860:). The language is also widely spoken as well in the town of 1607: 1475: 620: 335: 301: 56: 13959: 7799:

Bauer, Robert S.; Cheung, Kwan-hin; Cheung, Pak-man (2003).

7782: 7780: 7658:"Say It Loud: Language and Identity in Taiwan and Hong Kong" 6027: 5195:

Jyutping recognizes the distinction between final "short a"

3618:(LSHK) has advocated the romanization it devised (and named 1748:. Additionally, Cantonese media and popular culture such as 1112:

Historically, speakers called this variety "Canton speech" (

8431:

Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect: Chinese Words and Phrases

8078:"OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Cantonese" 8018: 7303: 6883:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 38–39. 6555:

Xīnjìyuán xuéyuàn xuébào / New Era College Academic Journal

6229: 6227: 6149: 3459:(1828) with a rather unsystematic romanized pronunciation. 2496: 1877: 1718:

proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou television

76: 14172:

The Memorial Museum of Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen's Mansion

7481: 6918:

Alternate Identities: The Chinese of Contemporary Thailand

6854:. In Guan, Lee Hock; Suryadinata, Leo Suryadinata (eds.). 6051: 5934: 5861:

A Vocabulary with Colloquial Phrases of the Canton Dialect

5698: 5696: 2356:

Cantonese is the most common Chinese variety spoken among

7777: 7564:

Lost in Transition: Hong Kong Culture in the Age of China

7465:"What are the most common languages spoken in Australia?" 7086: 7084: 7082: 6267: 1595:

official spoken form of the Chinese language used in the

1041: 1027: 1013: 875: 861: 847: 8235:. trans. William W. Wang. China Intercontinental Press. 7765: 7567:. State University of New York Press. pp. 147–148. 7192:

Chinese Population by Census Tract – New York City, 2010

6776:. Singapore: Singapore University Press. pp. 89–90. 6224: 2450:

Cantonese has been the dominant Chinese language of the

2418:, Cantonese is spoken by immigrants who fled the former 1712:

Nevertheless, the place of local Cantonese language and

5693: 1614:. As in Hong Kong, Cantonese is the predominant spoken 14490:

Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Central Stadium

8160:

The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam

7079: 6878: 6279: 6210:. Cambridge (Mass.) London: Harvard university press. 3573: 2578:

practices to emphasise a separate Hong Kong identity.

2513:

literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters

2284:, which is now the largest Chinatown in the city, and 2018:

Furthermore, an offshoot of SMC is the translation to

7689:

Donald, Stephanie; Keane, Michael; Hong, Yin (2002).

6821:(Master's thesis). Concordia University. p. 34. 2690:), pronounced as in Guangzhou and as in Hong Kong. 1599:

and all courts and tribunals. It is also used as the

989: 975: 959: 945: 931: 823: 809: 793: 779: 765: 6940: 6039: 5954: 5952: 5510: 8550:粵語/廣東話參考資料 Yue References by wordshk – GitHub Pages 6980:"How Many People Speak "What Languages" in America" 6523: 6401:"Move to Limit Cantonese on Chinese TV Is Assailed" 2891:

convention, identifying Cantonese with nine tones (

2846:Cantonese vowels tend to be traced further back to 2051:offering Cantonese as an elective language course. 1463:) in some cases where modern Cantonese would use a 600:(historically known as Canton) and its surrounding 8527:(in Chinese). The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 7234:New York City Department of City Planning (2013). 6915: 6856:Language, Nation and Development in Southeast Asia 3629:, the only system of romanization accepted by the 1642:Cantonese first developed around the port city of 1622:with the Cantonese spoken in the mainland city of 1610:, where Chinese is an official language alongside 8669: 8490:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8309:Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese 7798: 7518: 7516: 7028:"Mandarin Use Up in Chinese American Communities" 6688:"Profile of the Singapore Chinese Dialect Groups" 5987:The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies 5949: 3656:Differences between the three main standards are 15491: 8330:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 143–161. 7236:"Immigrant Settlement Patterns in New York City" 6852:"The Position of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand" 2515:for newer standard reading sounds. Since a 1909 8014: 8012: 7691:Media in China: Consumption, Content and Crisis 7688: 7526:Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922–1943 7384:["Chinese from France" means nothing]. 7315:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 49–51. 7108:"In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin" 6476:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 6201: 6199: 3635:Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority 3396:under Hong Kong's system are often replaced by 2705:, a surname) ( in Guangzhou pronunciation) and 2554:, and the use of Cantonese in many established 1606:A similar situation also exists in neighboring 676:Although Cantonese shares much vocabulary with 604:, with over 82.4 million native speakers. 9376: 8823: 7850:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 7655: 7513: 6914:Tong, Chee Kiong; Chan, Kwok B., eds. (2001). 6248:Basic Law, Chapter I : General Principles 5816:. Chinese University of Hong Kong. p. 25. 5454:人人生而自由，喺尊嚴同埋權利上一律平等。佢哋有理性同埋良心，而且應當以兄弟關係嘅精神相對待。 15181: 14639: 13975: 13888: 11599: 9550: 8693: 8306: 8105: 7982:"Guǎngdōnghuà pīnyīn – Google sōuxún jiànyì" 7877: 7875: 7873: 7864: 7522: 6846: 6155: 6057: 6033: 5943: 5837:. 1817. pp. xxvii–xxviii. Archived from 3428:, etc. vs. it rendering the latter series by 2981: 2970: 2959: 2948: 2937: 2926: 2892: 2837: 2831: 2671: 2244:eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown and 1908:state, and also widely spoken in the eastern 901: 735: 721: 558: 11349: 9237: 8522:"Multi-function Chinese Character Database" 8383:A Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect 8106:Bauer, Robert S.; Benedict, Paul K. (1997). 8009: 7744: 7724:. Duke University Press Books. p. 193. 7717: 7623:"Yuèyǔ bòyīn xū bào zhǔn mín hōng 'ruòzhì'" 6196: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 8270: 8249: 8064: 7786: 7771: 7410: 7198:, New York City Department of City Planning 6070: 6068: 6066: 5802:Kataoka, Shin; Lee, Yin-Ping Cream (2022). 5702: 5668: 3580:Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation 1583:are Chinese and English, as defined in the 15188: 15174: 14646: 14632: 13982: 13968: 13895: 13881: 11821: 11606: 11592: 11570: 11340: 9557: 9543: 8700: 8686: 7896: 7870: 7656:McLean-Dreyfus, Marie-Alice (2014-11-06). 7529:. Stanford University Press. p. 184. 7210:"Mapping America: Every City, Every Block" 5852: 5801: 5724:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 48. 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 3469:Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect 2618:. Despite a ban on Cantonese films by the 2232:and in Brooklyn's small new Chinatowns in 1876:, especially in the state capital city of 1780:with a Vietnamese accent or a tendency to 1559: 1516:from Early Cantonese to Modern Cantonese. 1085:; this broader usage may be specified as " 1068:An English and Cantonese Pocket Dictionary 565: 551: 8707: 8501: 8483: 8359:. San Francisco: A. Roman & Company. 8325: 8271:Matthews, Stephen; Yip, Virginia (2011). 8250:Matthews, Stephen; Yip, Virginia (1994). 7827: 7748:Historical Dictionary of Hong Kong Cinema 7684: 7682: 6888: 6233: 5964: 5868: 5797: 5795: 5783: 5773: 5610:List of English words of Cantonese origin 3330:Learn how and when to remove this message 2572:development of democracy in the territory 2115:and is one of the variants spoken by the 14416:Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine 8453: 8425: 8379: 8163:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 8130:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7899:Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics 7634:(in Chinese). 2011-12-19. Archived from 7600:(in Chinese). 2010-07-09. Archived from 7411:de Oliveira, Catarina Reis (July 2003), 6913: 6205: 6063: 5983: 5755: 3550:developed a Cantonese adaptation of his 3439: 2897:). However, these are seldom counted as 2499:, recited and explained in Cantonese by 2472: 2270:Bensonhurst's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong 2149: 2006:, then, also stopped giving speeches in 1633: 1552: 1443: 1391: 1360: 1293: 1244: 1221: 1205: 1182: 1162: 1142: 1122: 1099: 14396:Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 11265: 8406: 8128:(2000). "A Brief History of Mandarin". 7915: 7382:""Chinois de France" ne veut rien dire" 7379: 7313:Chinese American Transnational Politics 7270: 7251: 7170: 7034:. Associated Press. December 29, 2003. 6501: 6291: 5917:Chinese as a FSL (Cantonese) Curriculum 5182: 3631:Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau 3595:, was published in 1941. He devised an 3514:English and Cantonese Pocket-Dictionary 2593:, Cantonese has its own popular music, 2332:. Mandarin predominates in much of the 2320:, and older Chinese ethnoburbs such as 1808:, Cantonese is widely spoken among the 1732:Cantonese has historically served as a 1070:(1859), a bestseller by the missionary 14: 15492: 14536:Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport 14371:Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center 13902: 11613: 8352: 8279: 8124: 7679: 7325: 7299: 7297: 7140: 7105: 6750:. Singapore Promote Mandarin Council. 6713: 6711: 6511:. General Statistics Office of Vietnam 6509:"Report on Results of the 2019 Census" 6306:Guojia guangbo dianying dianshì zongju 6285: 6273: 6045: 5858: 5792: 5713: 5711: 5620:Protection of the Varieties of Chinese 4664: 2646: 2340:variety of Chinese. This has led to a 2274:Homecrest's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong 1564: 1379:, centuries of maritime prohibitions ( 1043: 991: 877: 825: 342:Education and Youth Development Bureau 15169: 14627: 14470:Guangdong Provincial People's Stadium 13963: 13876: 12761: 11820: 11587: 9538: 8681: 8668: 8196: 8178:Kwaan, Choi Wah; et al. (2004). 8177: 8156: 8046:"粵音節表 (Table of Cantonese Syllables)" 7882:Kwaan, Choi Wah; et al. (2004). 7881: 7392:from the original on 15 February 2018 6946: 6529: 6167: 5440:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2741:pronounce the merge more frequently. 2146:Chinese language in the United States 891:'Canton speech' or 'Guangzhou speech' 699: 15466: 15148: 14653: 14510:Guangzhou International Sports Arena 14381:South China University of Technology 9564: 8570: 7997:from the original on 18 January 2018 7141:Nelson, Katie (September 15, 2011). 7095:. Taylor & Francis. p. 115. 6828:from the original on 11 October 2017 6811: 6771: 6473: 6461:10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20180304 6398: 6375:"The Slow Death of China's Dialects" 6335:South China University of Technology 6255:from the original on 29 January 2018 6126: 6074: 5717: 3599:-based system of transcription, the 3554:system. It was first used in Chao's 3268:adding citations to reliable sources 3239: 3201: 641:(being the majority language of the 14426:Guangdong Pharmaceutical University 14401:South China Agricultural University 12762: 8532:Cantonese-English Online Dictionary 8307:Yue-Hashimoto, Anne Oi-Kan (1972). 7560: 7482:Minglang Zhou, Hongkai Sun (2004). 7380:Laurent, Annabelle (28 June 2010). 7294: 7090: 6708: 6653: 6634: 6586: 6541: 6478:. Facts on File. pp. 289–290. 5708: 3574:Cantonese romanization in Hong Kong 2879:Historically, finals that end in a 2871:Generally speaking, Cantonese is a 1503:in Macau had been close to that of 653:in Southeast Asia (most notably in 24: 15195: 14581:Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway 14406:Guangdong University of Technology 8346: 8273:Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar 8253:Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar 8230: 8203:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 7962:from the original on 16 March 2018 7252:Beekman, Daniel (August 5, 2011). 7038:from the original on 16 March 2018 6958: 5958: 3584:An influential work on Cantonese, 2334:emergent Chinese American enclaves 2222:older, traditional western portion 2085:largest overseas Chinese community 1800:Malaysian Chinese § Cantonese 1784:between Cantonese and Vietnamese. 1752:is popular throughout the region. 25: 15551: 8514: 8380:Bridgman, Elijah Coleman (1841). 8019:Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. 7106:Semple, Kirk (October 21, 2009). 6858:. ISEAS Publishing. p. 191. 6442: 6083:. Vol. 2. pp. 123–139. 3455:missionary in China, published a 2546:Due to the linguistic history of 2393: 2388: 1816:and the surrounding areas in the 1812:community in the capital city of 1727: 1722:Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 1629: 645:) and neighbouring areas such as 15465: 15454: 15453: 15147: 15136: 15135: 14574:Guangzhou Baiyun railway station 14112: 14106: 14100: 11569: 11047:Literary and colloquial readings 10919: 8900: 8647: 8630: 8613: 8596: 8579: 7751:. Scarecrow Press. p. 427. 5685: 5569: 5555: 5541: 5527: 5513: 3457:Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect 3244: 2458: 2139: 2134: 2111:, Cantonese is locally known as 1868:located in the northern part of 1366:Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect 14569:Guangzhou North railway station 14564:Guangzhou South railway station 8486:"Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)" 8205:(15th ed.), Dallas, T.X.: 8070: 8038: 7974: 7948: 7909: 7890: 7858: 7792: 7738: 7711: 7649: 7615: 7581: 7554: 7543:from the original on 2016-05-10 7502:from the original on 2016-05-18 7475: 7457: 7404: 7373: 7362:from the original on 2012-01-19 7344: 7319: 7283:from the original on 2012-05-03 7264: 7245: 7227: 7202: 7183: 7171:Robbins, Liz (April 15, 2015). 7164: 7134: 7099: 7050: 7020: 7002: 6972: 6952: 6907: 6872: 6840: 6805: 6794:from the original on 2011-06-29 6780: 6765: 6754:from the original on 2012-04-03 6740: 6695:Statistics Singapore Newsletter 6685: 6679: 6668:from the original on 2018-11-15 6647: 6637:Journal of Taiwanese Vernacular 6628: 6599: 6589:Journal of Taiwanese Vernacular 6580: 6568:from the original on 2013-05-11 6535: 6467: 6436: 6422: 6411:from the original on 2018-09-24 6392: 6379:The McGill International Review 6367: 6345: 6323: 6239: 6170:Asia-Pacific Language Variation 6161: 6120: 5907: 5896:from the original on 2018-01-01 5877: 5859:Bonney, Samuel William (1854). 5738:from the original on 2016-04-24 3616:Linguistic Society of Hong Kong 3255:needs additional citations for 3235: 2659:is that of Canton (Guangzhou). 2246:Brooklyn's main large Chinatown 1872:state and also in the state of 1603:in schools, alongside English. 1227: 1211: 1188: 1168: 1148: 1128: 1105: 1042: 1028: 1014: 876: 862: 848: 371:(superset for all Yue dialects) 14559:Guangzhou East railway station 14162:Temple of the Six Banyan Trees 8463:. Canton: Chinese Repository. 8311:. Cambridge University Press. 8098: 7352:"Cantonese Speakers in the UK" 7093:Chinese Transnational Networks 5996:10.1007/978-981-13-6844-8_35-2 5845:Paraphrase on the Sacred Edict 5820: 5756:Lee, Kwai; Leung, Wai (2012). 5749: 5642: 5632: 5433: 3568:Cantonese Conversation Grammar 3218:traditional Chinese characters 2982: 2971: 2960: 2949: 2938: 2927: 2838: 2832: 2430:Cantonese is spoken by ethnic 2382:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 2166:(or Tóisàn, where the Sìyì or 1542: 1533: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1385: 1354: 1349: 1314: 1287: 1282: 1200: 1196: 1177: 1173: 1157: 1153: 1137: 1133: 1117: 1113: 1094: 1090: 990: 976: 960: 946: 932: 902: 824: 810: 794: 780: 766: 736: 722: 534:Proper Cantonese pronunciation 13: 1: 14386:South China Normal University 14309:Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall 13989: 8670:Articles related to Cantonese 7808:Language Variation and Change 7330:. Penguin. pp. 249–250. 7273:"Dragon Roars in San Gabriel" 7271:Pierson, David (2006-03-31). 6357:South China Normal University 5656: 3651: 1880:and its surrounding towns of 1706:Chinese as a foreign language 1399:, for example in the way the 596:originating from the city of 14421:Guangzhou Medical University 14314:South China Botanical Garden 14292:International Finance Center 14287:Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre 11575:List of varieties of Chinese 8488:. Illustrations of the IPA. 8386:. Macao: S. Wells Williams. 8197:Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2005), 7091:Tan, Chee-Beng, ed. (2007). 6725:. 2009-03-06. Archived from 6654:Wee, Kek Koon (2018-11-01). 6613:. 2014-05-27. Archived from 6331:"Chinese Language Programes" 6308:. 2005-02-07. Archived from 5661: 5615:List of varieties of Chinese 3392:陳), instances of the letter 2905:by the following consonant. 2887:" and treated separately by 2672: 2629: 2445: 2286:Elmhurst's smaller Chinatown 2102: 1980: 1904:in the southern part of the 1526:biliteracy and trilingualism 1329:folksong genres, as well as 1249:Chinese dictionary from the 669:to a lesser extent) and the 7: 7745:Odham Stokes, Lisa (2007). 7523:Yingjin Zhang, ed. (1999). 7014:United States Census Bureau 6399:Wong, Edward (2010-07-26). 6263:– via basiclaw.gov.hk 6089:10.1007/978-981-15-2743-2_8 5506: 3677: 3487:for South Asian languages. 3347:, the Chinese government's 2519:decree, China has promoted 2425: 2416:Chinese community in France 2074: 2054: 1787: 1587:. The Chinese language has 637:of the Chinese province of 10: 15556: 15332:Zhuang customs and culture 15299:Guangxi Medical University 14328:Culture & demographics 14222:Peasant Movement Institute 11533:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols 8413:. Stawell: Thomas Stubbs. 8290:Princeton University Press 8280:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). 8108:Modern Cantonese Phonology 7916:Barnett, K. M. A. (1950). 7865:Bauer & Benedict (1997 6075:Sham, Ricky Y. H. (2020). 5210: 4661: 4074: 3687: 3625:Another popular scheme is 3577: 3222:written vernacular Chinese 3205: 2830:Merging the rising tones ( 2639: 2633: 2614:, was made in 1932 by the 2462: 2143: 1984: 1797: 1791: 1759: 1755: 1568: 1455:, or in more conventional 1238: 1234: 1215:) or simply as "Chinese" ( 32:Cantonese (disambiguation) 29: 15449: 15426:Jingjiang Princes' Palace 15408: 15377: 15307: 15294:Guangxi Normal University 15279: 15246: 15218: 15204: 15131: 15043: 14838: 14815: 14704: 14676: 14662: 14554:Guangzhou railway station 14528: 14485:Guangdong Olympic Stadium 14457: 14434: 14363: 14327: 14122: 14097: 13997: 13931: 13910: 13844: 13817:Southern (Shanghai) Sign 13802: 13731: 13675: 13479: 13417: 13370: 13327: 13289: 13174: 13096: 13087: 13019: 12982: 12869: 12860: 12772: 12768: 12757: 12698: 12600: 12482: 12408: 12255: 12137: 11949: 11940: 11892: 11844: 11833: 11829: 11816: 11809: 11789: 11696: 11644: 11637: 11621: 11567: 11451: 11420: 11331: 11256: 11198: 11118: 11093: 11055: 11002: 10928: 10917: 10864: 10816: 10771: 10748: 10693: 10684: 10622: 10541: 10516: 10498: 10475: 10412: 10403: 10366: 10343: 10305: 10296: 10287: 10223: 10183: 10110: 10088: 10060: 10042: 10016: 9993: 9929: 9920: 9897: 9867: 9844: 9768: 9708: 9680: 9657: 9634: 9601: 9592: 9583: 9572: 9522: 9467: 9419: 9304: 9145: 9113: 9071: 9006: 8909: 8898: 8716: 8675: 8503:10.1017/S0025100300006058 8065:Matthews & Yip (1994) 7934:10.1017/S0041977X00140108 7820:10.1017/S0954394503152039 7787:Matthews & Yip (2011) 7772:Matthews & Yip (2011) 6868:– via Google Books. 6748:"Speak Mandarin Campaign" 6557:(in Simplified Chinese). 6474:West, Barbara A. (2009). 5703:Matthews & Yip (1994) 5231: 5228: 5225: 5220: 5217: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4688: 4671: 4658: 4114: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4071: 4064: 3726: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3697: 3692: 3684: 3077: 3070: 3057: 2913: 2893: 2752:initial into null initial 2706: 2685: 2409: 2351: 2342:linguistic discrimination 1968:Hong Kong popular culture 1966:Due to the popularity of 1896:region plus the towns of 1698:Standard Mandarin Chinese 1380: 1306: 1298: 1216: 1056: 1035: 1021: 1007: 1000: 983: 969: 953: 939: 925: 918: 913: 909: 895: 890: 869: 855: 841: 834: 817: 803: 787: 773: 759: 752: 747: 743: 729: 715: 711: 706: 391: 375: 358: 353: 310: 289:Official language in 287: 282: 250: 215: 180: 127: 117: 107: 44: 39: 15010:The Legend of Five Goats 14257:Whampoa Military Academy 14145:Chen Clan Ancestral Hall 13999:Administrative divisions 8549: 8523: 8353:Benoni, Lanctot (1867). 7983: 7970:– via Google Play. 7956:"Google Cantonese Input" 7624: 7590: 7062:Medill Reports – Chicago 6848:Luangthongkum, Theraphan 6788:"Cambodia – The Chinese" 6772:Chua, Beng Huat (2003). 6661:South China Morning Post 6546:《马来西亚的三个汉语方言》中之吉隆坡广东话阅谭 6545: 6300: 6206:Bordwell, David (2000). 5718:Snow, Donald B. (2004). 5625: 3481:Immanuel Gottlieb Genähr 3368:modified the Yale system 2866: 2668:lazy sound/pronunciation 2589:Along with Mandarin and 2252:are mostly populated by 2156:Chinatown, San Francisco 1961:Chinese-language schools 1916:as well as the towns of 1652:Yue varieties of Chinese 1589:many different varieties 897:Traditional Chinese 717:Traditional Chinese 410:This article is part of 15416:Longsheng Rice Terraces 14465:Guangzhou Football Park 13814:Northern (Beijing) Sign 7822:(inactive 2024-08-26). 7326:Berton, Pierre (1989). 6890:2027/mdp.39015060636282 6234:Zhang & Yang (2004) 3643:Government of Hong Kong 3518:Nicholas Belfeld Dennys 3461:Elijah Coleman Bridgman 2657:Cantonese pronunciation 2566:Increasingly since the 2509:mutually unintelligible 2402:and the fact that many 2034:when speaking English. 1997:Speak Mandarin Campaign 1669:Despite the cession of 1560:Geographic distribution 731:Simplified Chinese 611:across large swaths of 15540:Languages of Singapore 15520:Languages of Hong Kong 14376:Sun Yat-sen University 14177:Sacred Heart Cathedral 11823:Sino-Tibetan languages 8539:(archived 22 May 2011) 8455:Williams, Samuel Wells 8282:The Languages of China 7591:学校要求学生讲普通话祖孙俩竟变"鸡同鸭讲" 6812:Chan, Sambath (2005). 6182:10.1075/aplv.18007.zha 5762:Multilingual Education 5486:Jyutping romanisation 3349:Guangdong Romanization 2504: 2440:Portuguese colonialism 2318:Chinatown, Los Angeles 2298:San Francisco Bay Area 2159: 1991:Languages of Singapore 1639: 1553:loeng3 man4 saam1 jyu5 1269:when the port city of 1254: 594:Sino-Tibetan languages 524:Nasal-stop alternation 27:Variety of Yue Chinese 15535:Languages of Malaysia 15436:Ban Gioc–Detian Falls 15352:Southwestern Mandarin 15327:Cantonese nationalism 14955:Cantonese nationalism 14799:and the Vereker Banks 14596:Guangzhou Water Buses 14500:Huangpu Sports Center 14267:Guangzhou Opera House 14262:Nansha Tianhou Palace 9427:Central Tibeto-Burman 8286:Princeton, New Jersey 8256:. London: Routledge. 8110:. Walter de Gruyter. 7561:Chu, Yiu-Wai (2013). 6790:. Countrystudies.us. 6607:"Malaysian Cantonese" 5890:Hong Kong Observatory 5827:"Han-fung's Record". 5775:10.1186/2191-5059-2-2 5600:Cantonese nationalism 3570:, published in 1963. 3537:Standard Romanization 3500:Yinghua fenyun cuoyao 3465:Samuel Wells Williams 3440:Early Western efforts 3361:Standard Romanization 2714:Lastly, the initials 2584:American-born Chinese 2541:protests in Guangzhou 2484: 2346:American-born Chinese 2258:Outer Boroughs of NYC 2153: 1637: 1620:mutually intelligible 1601:medium of instruction 1248: 1152:) or "plain speech" ( 1066:, was popularized by 690:mutually intelligible 15530:Languages of Vietnam 15342:Varieties of Chinese 15091:Cantonese fried rice 15071:Roasted suckling pig 14980:Cantonese lion dance 14970:Lingnan Confucianism 14900:Cantonese embroidery 14885:Lingnan architecture 14858:Varieties of Chinese 14411:Guangzhou University 8407:Matthew, W. (1880). 8231:Li, Qingxin (2006). 8157:Khanh, Tran (1993). 6686:Lee, Edmond Eu Fah, 6542:Sin, Ka Lin (2009). 6156:Yue-Hashimoto (1972) 6058:Yue-Hashimoto (1972) 6034:Yue-Hashimoto (1972) 5944:Yue-Hashimoto (1972) 5843:bought with him the 5218:Romanization system 4659:Romanization system 4072:Romanization system 3685:Romanization system 3264:improve this article 2883:were considered as " 2537:Guangzhou Television 2469:Culture of Hong Kong 2436:originate from Macau 2400:British Hong Kongers 2366:Greater Toronto Area 2282:Flushing's Chinatown 2240:. The newly emerged 1987:Chinese Singaporeans 1671:Hong Kong to Britain 1597:Hong Kong Government 1361:Fan1 wan5 Cyut3 jiu3 682:varieties of Chinese 625:overseas communities 61:overseas communities 30:For other uses, see 15409:Visitor attractions 15005:Cantonese folktales 14995:Cantonese merchants 14905:Teochew woodcarving 14825:Guangzhou Education 14718:Metropolitan areas 14505:Guangzhou Gymnasium 13857:NM = Inner Mongolia 9485:Proto-Tibeto-Burman 7984:廣東話拼音 – Google 搜尋建議 7471:. 26 November 2018. 7428:10.2139/ssrn.464682 7420:FEEM Working Papers 7258:New York Daily News 7147:New York Daily News 6723:channelnewsasia.com 6432:. 10 November 2021. 6276:, pp. 549–550. 5863:. pp. 20, 47. 5805:晚清民初歐美傳教士書寫的廣東話文獻精選 5590:Cantonese profanity 5446: 3659:highlighted in bold 3546:The major linguist 3382:Portuguese language 2661:Hong Kong Cantonese 2647:Initials and finals 2642:Hong Kong Cantonese 2636:Cantonese phonology 2616:Tianyi Film Company 2432:Chinese in Portugal 2360:. According to the 2314:Southern California 2294:Northern California 2254:Fuzhounese speakers 1864:in the district of 1794:Malaysian Cantonese 1750:cinema of Hong Kong 1585:Hong Kong Basic Law 1571:Hong Kong Cantonese 1565:Hong Kong and Macau 1519:In mainland China, 1417:Cantonese made easy 580:is the traditional 198:Eastern Han Chinese 15525:Languages of Macau 15515:Languages of China 15505:Cantonese language 15289:Guangxi University 14830:Shenzhen Education 14475:Yuexiushan Stadium 14335:Cantonese language 14212:Chimelong Paradise 14075:Defunct divisions 13904:Languages of Macau 13394:Formosan languages 11615:Languages of China 11528:Cantonese Bopomofo 11395:Chinese characters 11323:Written Sichuanese 9907:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot 9478:Proto-Sino-Tibetan 9420:Proposed groupings 8484:Zee, Eric (1991). 8233:Maritime Silk Road 7958:. 28 August 2017. 7214:The New York Times 7177:The New York Times 7112:The New York Times 6922:. Brill. pp. 6405:The New York Times 6381:. 21 February 2019 6353:"Chinese Language" 6301:中国广播电视播音员主持人职业道德准则 5605:Languages of China 5468:Yale romanisation 5445: 4666:Syllabic consonant 3688:Initial consonant 3531:, and the name of 3477:Ernst Johann Eitel 2680:for nasal initial 2532:broadcasts today. 2505: 2452:Chinese Australian 2362:Canada 2016 census 2160: 2117:Chinese Indonesian 2061:Chinese Cambodians 2026:is often known as 1640: 1616:variety of Chinese 1577:official languages 1368:by the missionary 1255: 700:Names of Cantonese 613:southeastern China 420:Cantonese language 188:Proto-Sino-Tibetan 18:Standard Cantonese 15510:Cantonese culture 15487: 15486: 15481: 15480: 15385:Cantonese cuisine 15317:Cantonese culture 15261:Nanling Mountains 15163: 15162: 15081:Seafood birdsnest 15051:Cantonese cuisine 15000:Red cotton flower 14791:Nanling Mountains 14754:Pearl River Delta 14746:Leizhou Peninsula 14727:Pearl River Delta 14621: 14620: 14550:Railway stations 14520:Henry Fok Stadium 14515:Yanzigang Stadium 14345:Cantonese cuisine 14340:Cantonese culture 14276:Zhujiang New Town 13957: 13956: 13870: 13869: 13413: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13398: 13390: 13382: 13285: 13284: 13015: 13014: 12753: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12478: 12477: 12474: 12473: 11805: 11804: 11581: 11580: 11563: 11562: 11390: 11389: 11308:Written Cantonese 11303: 11302: 11085:Classical grammar 11080:Cantonese grammar 10915: 10914: 10812: 10811: 10618: 10617: 10537: 10536: 10399: 10398: 10106: 10105: 9893: 9892: 9783:Chengdu–Chongqing 9576:Sinitic languages 9532: 9531: 9415: 9414: 9300: 9299: 9141: 9140: 8896: 8895: 8639:Cantonese edition 8439:2027/uc1.b4496041 8337:978-1-4020-8038-8 8318:978-0-521-08442-0 8299:978-0-691-01468-5 8242:978-7-5085-0932-7 8216:978-1-55671-159-6 8207:SIL International 8170:978-981-3016-66-8 8117:978-3-11-014893-0 7704:978-0-7007-1614-2 7277:Los Angeles Times 6990:on April 29, 2017 6098:978-981-15-2742-5 6005:978-981-13-6844-8 5683:(23rd ed., 2020) 5585:Cantonese grammar 5504: 5503: 5496:English original: 5477:Cantonese Pinyin 5431: 5430: 5368:Cantonese Pinyin 5274:IPA Tone Letters 5241:Chao Tone Contour 5178: 5177: 4982:Cantonese Pinyin 4654: 4653: 4062: 4061: 3927:Cantonese Pinyin 3605:S. L. Wong system 3601:S. L. Wong system 3522:Yale romanization 3485:Sir William Jones 3434:⟨d⟩ 3430:⟨b⟩ 3426:⟨t⟩ 3422:⟨p⟩ 3400:in Macau's (e.g. 3398:⟨o⟩ 3394:⟨u⟩ 3340: 3339: 3332: 3314: 3226:written Cantonese 3212:Cantonese Braille 3208:Written Cantonese 3202:Written Cantonese 3199: 3198: 2730:when followed by 2722:are merging into 2620:Nanjing authority 2611:White Gold Dragon 2482: 2465:Cantonese culture 2380:arising from the 2358:Chinese Canadians 2296:, especially the 2198:Standard Mandarin 2187:Yale romanization 2183:Locke, California 2040:television series 1942:Cameron Highlands 1810:Malaysian Chinese 1675:Macau to Portugal 1648:Pearl River Delta 1521:Standard Mandarin 1513:the film industry 1494:, as well as the 1275:Pearl River Delta 1206:Gwong2 dung1 waa2 1143:Saang2 seng4 waa2 1060: 1059: 1052: 1051: 1009:Yale Romanization 920:Standard Mandarin 886: 885: 863:Gwong2 dung1 waa2 843:Yale Romanization 754:Standard Mandarin 694:Standard Mandarin 686:Sinitic languages 643:Pearl River Delta 602:Pearl River Delta 575: 574: 405: 404: 312:Regulated by 269:Cantonese Braille 264:Written Cantonese 112:Pearl River Delta 16:(Redirected from 15547: 15469: 15468: 15457: 15456: 15369:Mienic languages 15364:Zhuang languages 15322:Cantonese people 15190: 15183: 15176: 15167: 15166: 15151: 15150: 15139: 15138: 15076:Bird's nest soup 14950:Cantonese poetry 14915:Canton porcelain 14853:Cantonese people 14648: 14641: 14634: 14625: 14624: 14391:Jinan University 14364:Higher Education 14350:Cantonese people 14299:Haixinsha Island 14187:Guangxiao Temple 14182:Huaisheng Mosque 14157:Guangdong Museum 14116: 14110: 14104: 13984: 13977: 13970: 13961: 13960: 13949:Mandarin Chinese 13897: 13890: 13883: 13874: 13873: 13826: 13396: 13388: 13380: 13094: 13093: 12867: 12866: 12770: 12769: 12759: 12758: 11947: 11946: 11842: 11841: 11831: 11830: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11642: 11641: 11629:Standard Chinese 11608: 11601: 11594: 11585: 11584: 11573: 11572: 11545:Taiwanese Hangul 11434:Mainland Chinese 11347: 11346: 11338: 11337: 11263: 11262: 10940:Standard Chinese 10923: 10691: 10690: 10410: 10409: 10303: 10302: 10294: 10293: 10176: 10164: 10152: 10140: 10128: 9927: 9926: 9599: 9598: 9590: 9589: 9566:Chinese language 9559: 9552: 9545: 9536: 9535: 9374: 9373: 9235: 9234: 9069: 9068: 8904: 8821: 8820: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8679: 8678: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8643: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8609: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8592: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8572: 8560: 8528: 8507: 8505: 8480: 8450: 8433:. Macao: Steyn. 8427:Morrison, Robert 8422: 8403: 8376: 8341: 8322: 8303: 8276: 8267: 8246: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8193: 8174: 8153: 8126:Coblin, W. South 8121: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8023:. Archived from 8016: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7990:Google Hong Kong 7978: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7879: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7849: 7841: 7831: 7805: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7686: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7664:. Archived from 7653: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7597:Yángchéng wǎnbào 7585: 7579: 7578: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7520: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7446:, archived from 7417: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7149:. Archived from 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7118:. Archived from 7103: 7097: 7096: 7088: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7064:. Archived from 7054: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7032:HSK Tests Online 7024: 7018: 7017: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6986:. Archived from 6976: 6970: 6969: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6921: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6892: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6827: 6820: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6715: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6697:, archived from 6692: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6567: 6552: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6505: 6499: 6489: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6445:"广州人语言态度与粤语认同传承" 6440: 6434: 6433: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6359:. Archived from 6349: 6343: 6342: 6337:. Archived from 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6295: 6289: 6288:, pp. 3–15. 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6133: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6072: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 5981: 5962: 5956: 5947: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5922: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5886:"Audio Web Page" 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5833:. Translated by 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5777: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5715: 5706: 5700: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5672: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5565: 5563:Singapore portal 5560: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5549:Hong Kong portal 5546: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5447: 5444: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5215: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5193: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4695: 4686: 4678: 4656: 4655: 4424:Cantonese Pinyin 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4246: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4129: 4121: 4112: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4069: 4068: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3627:Cantonese Pinyin 3556:Cantonese Primer 3436:, and the like. 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3399: 3395: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3272: 3248: 3240: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3081: 3074: 3061: 2985: 2984: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2951: 2941: 2940: 2930: 2929: 2908: 2907: 2896: 2895: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2556:overseas Chinese 2483: 2420:French Indochina 2179:Sacramento River 2063:, especially in 1554: 1544: 1535: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1445: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1409:overseas Chinese 1393: 1387: 1382: 1362: 1356: 1351: 1316: 1308: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1284: 1263:prestige variety 1229: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1124: 1123:Gwong2 zau1 waa2 1119: 1115: 1107: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1031: 1030: 1029:Gwong2 zau1 waa2 1017: 1016: 996: 995: 994: 979: 978: 965: 964: 963: 949: 948: 935: 934: 911: 910: 905: 904: 882: 881: 880: 865: 864: 851: 850: 830: 829: 828: 813: 812: 799: 798: 797: 783: 782: 769: 768: 745: 744: 739: 738: 725: 724: 704: 703: 661:, as well as in 651:Overseas Chinese 623:, as well as in 582:prestige variety 567: 560: 553: 407: 406: 401: 387: 370: 363: 330:Education Bureau 256: 133: 122:Cantonese people 37: 36: 21: 15555: 15554: 15550: 15549: 15548: 15546: 15545: 15544: 15490: 15489: 15488: 15483: 15482: 15477: 15445: 15431:Yangshuo County 15404: 15373: 15303: 15275: 15271:Kitten Mountain 15242: 15214: 15200: 15194: 15164: 15159: 15127: 15123:Teochew cuisine 15039: 15015:Villain hitting 14940:Guangdong music 14930:Cantonese opera 14910:Lingnan penjing 14848:Lingnan culture 14834: 14811: 14700: 14672: 14658: 14652: 14622: 14617: 14613:Baiyun Cableway 14601:Guangzhou Trams 14591:Guangzhou Buses 14541:Guangzhou Metro 14524: 14453: 14430: 14359: 14355:Cantonese opera 14323: 14272:Huacheng Square 14226:Shopping malls 14130:Baiyun Mountain 14118: 14117: 14111: 14105: 14095: 14057:Free-Trade Zone 13993: 13988: 13958: 13953: 13939:Macanese Patois 13927: 13906: 13901: 13871: 13866: 13840: 13820: 13798: 13727: 13671: 13482: 13475: 13401: 13381:(Indo-European) 13366: 13323: 13281: 13170: 13083: 13011: 12978: 12856: 12764: 12763:Other languages 12745: 12694: 12625:Central Tibetan 12596: 12470: 12404: 12251: 12133: 11936: 11888: 11836: 11825: 11801: 11785: 11692: 11633: 11617: 11612: 11582: 11577: 11559: 11496:Tongyong Pinyin 11476:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 11464:Dungan Cyrillic 11447: 11416: 11386: 11327: 11318:Written Hokkien 11299: 11258: 11252: 11228:Middle Mandarin 11194: 11114: 11089: 11051: 10998: 10931: 10924: 10911: 10860: 10808: 10767: 10744: 10680: 10614: 10533: 10512: 10494: 10471: 10395: 10362: 10339: 10283: 10219: 10179: 10170: 10158: 10146: 10134: 10122: 10102: 10084: 10056: 10038: 10012: 9989: 9916: 9889: 9863: 9840: 9764: 9704: 9676: 9653: 9630: 9579: 9568: 9563: 9533: 9528: 9518: 9469:Proto-languages 9463: 9411: 9378:Greater Siangic 9372: 9309: 9296: 9233: 9137: 9109: 9067: 9011: 9002: 8914: 8905: 8892: 8825:Greater Magaric 8819: 8746:West Himalayish 8726: 8712: 8706: 8671: 8663: 8653: 8648: 8646: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8625:from Wikivoyage 8619: 8614: 8612: 8602: 8597: 8595: 8585: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8571:sister projects 8568:at Knowledge's 8551: 8547: 8543:Cantonese Tools 8525: 8520: 8517: 8511: 8349: 8347:Further reading 8344: 8338: 8319: 8300: 8275:(2nd ed.). 8264: 8243: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8190: 8171: 8118: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8086: 8084: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8030: 8028: 8017: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7985: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7963: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7914: 7910: 7895: 7891: 7880: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7843: 7842: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7778: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7697:. p. 113. 7695:RoutledgeCurzon 7687: 7680: 7671: 7669: 7662:Thinking Taiwan 7654: 7650: 7641: 7639: 7626: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7607: 7605: 7592: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7575: 7559: 7555: 7546: 7544: 7537: 7521: 7514: 7505: 7503: 7496: 7480: 7476: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7422:, no. 75, 7415: 7409: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7378: 7374: 7365: 7363: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7324: 7320: 7309:Madeline Y. Hsu 7302: 7295: 7286: 7284: 7269: 7265: 7250: 7246: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7219: 7217: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7169: 7165: 7156: 7154: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7104: 7100: 7089: 7080: 7071: 7069: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7008: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6965:Made in America 6957: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6797: 6795: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6770: 6766: 6757: 6755: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6732: 6730: 6717: 6716: 6709: 6701: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6671: 6669: 6652: 6648: 6633: 6629: 6620: 6618: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6585: 6581: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6550: 6547: 6540: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6486: 6472: 6468: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6414: 6412: 6397: 6393: 6384: 6382: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6315: 6313: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6204: 6197: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6111: 6109: 6099: 6073: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6036:, pp. 5–6. 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6006: 5990:. p. 487. 5982: 5965: 5957: 5950: 5942: 5935: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5899: 5897: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5857: 5853: 5841:on 2007-04-30. 5826: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5800: 5793: 5754: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5732: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5694: 5684: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5595:Cantonese slang 5577:Language portal 5575: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5455: 5436: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5194: 5183: 4067: 3680: 3657: 3654: 3582: 3576: 3560:Mandarin Primer 3552:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 3473:James Dyer Ball 3449:Robert Morrison 3442: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3397: 3393: 3336: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3273: 3271: 3261: 3249: 3238: 3214: 3206:Main articles: 3204: 3177:Yale diacritic 3025: 3006: 2995: 2979: 2978:light departing 2968: 2957: 2946: 2935: 2924: 2869: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2624:Cantonese films 2473: 2471: 2461: 2448: 2428: 2412: 2404:British Chinese 2396: 2391: 2370:Metro Vancouver 2354: 2312:. In contrast, 2148: 2142: 2137: 2105: 2083:is home to the 2077: 2057: 1993: 1983: 1948:, Sarawak, and 1802: 1796: 1790: 1764: 1758: 1730: 1632: 1573: 1567: 1562: 1421:James Dyer Ball 1377:First Opium War 1370:Robert Morrison 1364:) and the 1828 1343:rime dictionary 1331:Cantonese opera 1243: 1237: 1183:Gwong2 fu2 waa2 971:Tongyong Pinyin 961: 805:Tongyong Pinyin 795: 702: 609:native speakers 571: 507: 467: 397: 383: 366: 359: 349: 346: 340: 328: 306: 290: 283:Official status 278: 274:Written Chinese 257: 252: 211: 183: 176: 134: 131:Language family 129: 101:Southeast Asian 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15553: 15543: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15485: 15484: 15479: 15478: 15476: 15475: 15463: 15450: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15443: 15441:Weizhou Island 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15412: 15410: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15381: 15379: 15375: 15374: 15372: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15360: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15313: 15311: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15285: 15283: 15277: 15276: 15274: 15273: 15268: 15266:Gulf of Tonkin 15263: 15258: 15252: 15250: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15224: 15222: 15216: 15215: 15205: 15202: 15201: 15193: 15192: 15185: 15178: 15170: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15145: 15132: 15129: 15128: 15126: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15104: 15103: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15047: 15045: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15025:Teochew people 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14920:Lingnan School 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14895:Lingnan garden 14892: 14887: 14882: 14881: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14855: 14850: 14844: 14842: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14832: 14827: 14821: 14819: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14809: 14807:Shamian Island 14804: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14772: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14748: 14743: 14737: 14731: 14730: 14729: 14724: 14716: 14710: 14708: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14682: 14680: 14674: 14673: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14651: 14650: 14643: 14636: 14628: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14615: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14577: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14532: 14530: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14480:Tianhe Stadium 14477: 14472: 14467: 14461: 14459: 14455: 14454: 14452: 14451: 14446: 14440: 14438: 14432: 14431: 14429: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14367: 14365: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14331: 14329: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14289: 14279: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14248: 14247: 14242: 14240:Grandview Mall 14237: 14232: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14192:Chigang Pagoda 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14153: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14140:Shamian Island 14132: 14126: 14124: 14120: 14119: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14094: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14060: 14059: 14054: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14003: 14001: 13995: 13994: 13987: 13986: 13979: 13972: 13964: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13935: 13933: 13929: 13928: 13926: 13925: 13920: 13914: 13912: 13908: 13907: 13900: 13899: 13892: 13885: 13877: 13868: 13867: 13865: 13864: 13861: 13858: 13855: 13852: 13851:HK = Hong Kong 13849: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13839: 13838: 13831: 13830: 13829: 13828: 13827: 13822:Hong Kong Sign 13815: 13806: 13804: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13735: 13733: 13729: 13728: 13726: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13679: 13677: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13669: 13668: 13667: 13662: 13652: 13651: 13650: 13645: 13635: 13634: 13633: 13628: 13618: 13617: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13590: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13548: 13547: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13530: 13525: 13524: 13523: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13487: 13485: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13473: 13468: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13421: 13419: 13415: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13407: 13406: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13399: 13397:(Austronesian) 13391: 13389:(Austronesian) 13383: 13374: 13372: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13333: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13295: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13178: 13176: 13172: 13171: 13169: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13102: 13100: 13091: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13025: 13023: 13017: 13016: 13013: 13012: 13010: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12988: 12986: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12875: 12873: 12864: 12858: 12857: 12855: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12778: 12776: 12766: 12765: 12755: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12606: 12604: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12567:Southern Qiang 12564: 12562:Northern Qiang 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12488: 12486: 12480: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12472: 12471: 12469: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12412: 12410: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12261: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12143: 12141: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11955: 11953: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11898: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11850: 11848: 11839: 11827: 11826: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11702: 11700: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11654: 11652: 11639: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11631: 11625: 11623: 11619: 11618: 11611: 11610: 11603: 11596: 11588: 11579: 11578: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11540:Taiwanese kana 11537: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11513: 11511:Lessing-Othmer 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11455: 11453: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11414: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11402: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11353: 11344: 11335: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11313:Written Dungan 11310: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11269: 11267: 11260: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11218:Middle Chinese 11215: 11210: 11204: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11192: 11187: 11185:Wubi (Wang Ma) 11182: 11177: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11133: 11130: 11124: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11105: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11061: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11006: 11004: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10972: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10936: 10934: 10926: 10925: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10909: 10904: 10902:Xiangnan Tuhua 10899: 10894: 10889: 10887:Shaozhou Tuhua 10884: 10879: 10874: 10868: 10866: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10822: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10775: 10773: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10754: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10699: 10697: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10628: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10556: 10545: 10543: 10539: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10520: 10518: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10510: 10504: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10418: 10416: 10407: 10401: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10376: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10349: 10347: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10311: 10309: 10300: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10279: 10269: 10264: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10229: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10189: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10177: 10165: 10153: 10141: 10129: 10116: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10094: 10092: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10054: 10048: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10005: 9999: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9935: 9933: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9903: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9850: 9848: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9800:Renshou–Fushun 9797: 9796: 9795: 9785: 9774: 9772: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9725: 9720: 9714: 9712: 9710:Central Plains 9706: 9705: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9686: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9663: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9640: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9607: 9605: 9596: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9562: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9539: 9530: 9529: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9473: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9459:Tibeto-Kanauri 9456: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9432:Kuki-Chin–Naga 9429: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9395: 9382: 9380: 9371: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9333: 9320: 9318: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9292: 9285: 9280: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9243: 9241: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9177: 9170: 9163: 9155: 9153: 9151:Southeast Asia 9143: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9119: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9090: 9088:Angami–Pochuri 9085: 9079: 9077: 9066: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9042: 9030: 9023: 9015: 9013: 9012:Burmese border 9004: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8945: 8930: 8928: 8907: 8906: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8890: 8877: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8863: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8842: 8829: 8827: 8818: 8817: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8782: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8756: 8749: 8741: 8739: 8714: 8713: 8705: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8682: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8662: 8661: 8644: 8627: 8610: 8608:from Wikibooks 8593: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8529: 8516: 8515:External links 8513: 8509: 8508: 8481: 8451: 8423: 8404: 8377: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8336: 8323: 8317: 8304: 8298: 8277: 8268: 8262: 8247: 8241: 8228: 8215: 8194: 8188: 8175: 8169: 8154: 8142:10.2307/606615 8136:(4): 537–552. 8122: 8116: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8069: 8057: 8037: 8008: 7993:(in Chinese). 7973: 7947: 7928:(3): 725–745. 7908: 7889: 7869: 7857: 7814:(2): 211–225. 7791: 7776: 7764: 7758:978-0810855205 7757: 7737: 7731:978-1932643015 7730: 7710: 7703: 7678: 7648: 7625:粵語播音須報准民轟「弱智」 7614: 7580: 7574:978-1438446455 7573: 7553: 7536:978-0804735728 7535: 7512: 7495:978-1402080388 7494: 7474: 7456: 7403: 7372: 7356:Ethnologue.com 7343: 7336: 7328:The Last Spike 7318: 7293: 7263: 7244: 7226: 7201: 7182: 7163: 7133: 7098: 7078: 7049: 7019: 7001: 6971: 6951: 6949:, p. 391. 6939: 6932: 6906: 6899: 6871: 6864: 6839: 6804: 6779: 6764: 6739: 6707: 6678: 6646: 6627: 6598: 6579: 6534: 6522: 6500: 6496:978-1438119137 6485:978-0816071098 6484: 6466: 6443:侍, 建国 (2018). 6435: 6421: 6391: 6366: 6363:on 2016-03-04. 6344: 6341:on 2016-02-29. 6322: 6290: 6278: 6266: 6238: 6236:, p. 154. 6223: 6216: 6195: 6160: 6148: 6119: 6097: 6062: 6050: 6038: 6026: 6004: 5963: 5961:, p. 126. 5948: 5933: 5906: 5876: 5851: 5835:Milne, William 5819: 5791: 5748: 5730: 5707: 5692: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5566: 5552: 5538: 5524: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5442:with English. 5435: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5303: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 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4149: 4144: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4113: 4096: 4087: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3849: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3791: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3653: 3650: 3593:Wong Shik Ling 3575: 3572: 3441: 3438: 3338: 3337: 3252: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3135: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3007:very low level 3003: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2976: 2965: 2954: 2945:dark departing 2943: 2932: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2881:stop consonant 2873:tonal language 2868: 2865: 2848:Middle Chinese 2844: 2843: 2828: 2753: 2648: 2645: 2634:Main article: 2631: 2628: 2576:desinicization 2460: 2457: 2447: 2444: 2427: 2424: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2394:United Kingdom 2392: 2390: 2389:Western Europe 2387: 2353: 2350: 2310:Silicon Valley 2248:in and around 2144:Main article: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2104: 2101: 2076: 2073: 2056: 2053: 1982: 1979: 1792:Main article: 1789: 1786: 1757: 1754: 1729: 1728:Southeast Asia 1726: 1631: 1630:Mainland China 1628: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1543:liǎngwén sānyǔ 1335:Middle Chinese 1236: 1233: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1002:Yue: Cantonese 998: 997: 987: 981: 980: 973: 967: 966: 962:Kuang-chou-hua 957: 951: 950: 943: 937: 936: 929: 923: 922: 916: 915: 914:Transcriptions 907: 906: 899: 893: 892: 888: 887: 884: 883: 873: 867: 866: 859: 853: 852: 845: 839: 838: 836:Yue: Cantonese 832: 831: 821: 815: 814: 807: 801: 800: 796:Kuang-tung-hua 791: 785: 784: 777: 771: 770: 763: 757: 756: 750: 749: 748:Transcriptions 741: 740: 733: 727: 726: 719: 713: 712: 709: 708: 701: 698: 629:mainland China 592:branch of the 573: 572: 570: 569: 562: 555: 547: 544: 543: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 518: 517: 511: 510: 509: 508: 506: 505: 500: 495: 489: 487: 482: 477: 469: 468: 466: 465: 462: 456: 453: 452: 451: 450: 445: 437: 436: 430: 429: 423: 422: 416: 415: 403: 402: 395: 389: 388: 381: 373: 372: 364: 356: 355: 354:Language codes 351: 350: 348: 347: 345: 344: 332: 319: 316: 314: 308: 307: 305: 304: 299: 293: 291: 288: 285: 284: 280: 279: 277: 276: 271: 266: 260: 258: 254:Writing system 251: 248: 247: 246: 245: 242: 239: 234: 229: 224: 217: 213: 212: 210: 209: 208: 207: 206: 205: 203:Middle Chinese 186: 184: 181: 178: 177: 175: 174: 173: 172: 171: 170: 169: 168: 167: 166: 137: 135: 128: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 81:United Kingdom 46: 45:Native to 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15552: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15497: 15495: 15474: 15473: 15464: 15462: 15461: 15452: 15451: 15448: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15407: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15380: 15376: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15344: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15337:Zhuang people 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15314: 15312: 15310: 15306: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15286: 15284: 15282: 15278: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15249: 15245: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15225: 15223: 15221: 15217: 15212: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15191: 15186: 15184: 15179: 15177: 15172: 15171: 15168: 15156: 15155: 15146: 15144: 15143: 15134: 15133: 15130: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15118:Hakka cuisine 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15056:Beef chow fun 15054: 15052: 15049: 15048: 15046: 15042: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15030:Zhuang people 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14860: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14845: 14843: 14841: 14837: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14822: 14820: 14818: 14814: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14797:Pratas Island 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14741: 14738: 14735: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14707: 14703: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14679: 14675: 14670: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14649: 14644: 14642: 14637: 14635: 14630: 14629: 14626: 14614: 14611: 14607: 14604: 14603: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14586:Guangfo Metro 14584: 14582: 14579: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14546:Guangzhou BRT 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14527: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14495:Huadu Stadium 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14458:Sports venues 14456: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14437: 14433: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14368: 14366: 14362: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14332: 14330: 14326: 14320: 14319:People's Park 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14304:Haizhu Square 14302: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14283: 14280: 14277: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14227: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14207:Pazhou Pagoda 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14167:Zhenhai Tower 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14127: 14125: 14121: 14115: 14109: 14103: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14073: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14049: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13985: 13980: 13978: 13973: 13971: 13966: 13965: 13962: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13930: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13909: 13905: 13898: 13893: 13891: 13886: 13884: 13879: 13878: 13875: 13862: 13860:XJ = Xinjiang 13859: 13856: 13853: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13843: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13825: 13823: 13819: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13812: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13801: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13734: 13730: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13674: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13657: 13656: 13653: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13639: 13636: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13622: 13619: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13574: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13546: 13543: 13539: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13522: 13519: 13518: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13493: 13492: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13484: 13478: 13472: 13469: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13420: 13416: 13395: 13392: 13387: 13384: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13369: 13363: 13362:Western Yugur 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13326: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13292: 13288: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13099: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13086: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13044:Eastern Yugur 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13022: 13018: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12981: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12964:Small Flowery 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12872: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12859: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12775: 12774:Austroasiatic 12771: 12767: 12760: 12756: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12481: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12407: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12254: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12136: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11891: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11847: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11808: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11695: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11636: 11630: 11627: 11626: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11609: 11604: 11602: 11597: 11595: 11590: 11589: 11586: 11576: 11566: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11524: 11521: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11460: 11459:Cyrillization 11457: 11456: 11454: 11450: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11419: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11351:Script styles 11348: 11345: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11296: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11255: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11197: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11106: 11104: 11103: 11099: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11001: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10927: 10922: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10863: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10683: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10540: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10515: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10342: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10222: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10182: 10174: 10169: 10166: 10162: 10157: 10154: 10150: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10130: 10126: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9843: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9798: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9767: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9707: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9577: 9571: 9567: 9560: 9555: 9553: 9548: 9546: 9541: 9540: 9537: 9526: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9510: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9499:Proto-Karenic 9496: 9494: 9493: 9492:Proto-Loloish 9489: 9487: 9486: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9453:Tibeto-Burman 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9408: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9338: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9239:Burmo-Qiangic 9236: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9134: 9133:Jingpho–Luish 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9047: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8975: 8970: 8969: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8771:Baram–Thangmi 8769: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8703: 8698: 8696: 8691: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8674: 8667: 8659:from Wikidata 8658: 8657: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8628: 8624: 8623: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8567: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8519: 8518: 8512: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8339: 8333: 8329: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8265: 8263:9780203420843 8259: 8255: 8254: 8248: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8218: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8189:962-201-970-6 8185: 8181: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8113: 8109: 8104: 8103: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8066: 8061: 8047: 8041: 8027:on 2021-01-06 8026: 8022: 8021:"Jyutping 粵拼" 8015: 8013: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7986: 7977: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7904: 7900: 7893: 7885: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7866: 7861: 7853: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7789:, p. 37. 7788: 7783: 7781: 7773: 7768: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7741: 7733: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7714: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7683: 7668:on 2018-09-24 7667: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7638:on 2012-01-11 7637: 7633: 7632: 7631:Píngguǒ rìbào 7627: 7618: 7604:on 2010-07-12 7603: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7584: 7576: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7557: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7519: 7517: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7453:on 2019-12-20 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7391: 7388:(in French). 7387: 7383: 7376: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7339: 7337:0-14-011763-6 7333: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7237: 7230: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7194: 7193: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7153:on 2012-07-31 7152: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7122:on 2017-10-19 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7068:on 2012-01-20 7067: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7005: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6948: 6943: 6935: 6933:9789812101426 6929: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6910: 6902: 6900:0-472-11280-5 6896: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6867: 6865:9789812304827 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6824: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6775: 6768: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6729:on 2009-03-07 6728: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6704:on 2011-02-05 6700: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6617:on 2014-05-27 6616: 6612: 6611:IPS Community 6608: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6538: 6532:, p. 31. 6531: 6526: 6510: 6504: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6431: 6425: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6312:on 2011-07-18 6311: 6307: 6303: 6294: 6287: 6286:Ramsey (1987) 6282: 6275: 6274:Coblin (2000) 6270: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6219: 6217:0-674-00214-8 6213: 6209: 6202: 6200: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6158:, p. 70. 6157: 6152: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6054: 6048:, p. 99. 6047: 6046:Ramsey (1987) 6042: 6035: 6030: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5919: 5918: 5910: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5823: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5798: 5796: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5737: 5733: 5731:9789622097094 5727: 5723: 5722: 5714: 5712: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5645: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5567: 5564: 5553: 5550: 5539: 5536: 5535:Taiwan portal 5525: 5522: 5511: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5441: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5216: 5199:and "long a" 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4872: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4844: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4693: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4657: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4119: 4110: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4078: 4070: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3675: 3660: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3588: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3510:John Chalmers 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3492:Fenyun cuoyao 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3334: 3331: 3323: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3281: – 3280: 3276: 3275:Find sources: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3253:This section 3251: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3164: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3118: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3002:medium level 3001: 2999:medium rising 2998: 2994:high falling, 2993: 2990: 2989: 2977: 2966: 2955: 2944: 2933: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2911:Syllable type 2910: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2886: 2885:checked tones 2882: 2877: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2829: 2754: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2691: 2688: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2643: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568:1997 handover 2564: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2470: 2466: 2459:Cultural role 2456: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:San Francisco 2299: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278:Little Fuzhou 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:Little Fuzhou 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2140:United States 2135:North America 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822:Petaling Jaya 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734:lingua franca 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1681:lingua franca 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656:Southern Song 1653: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1557: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1426: 1422: 1419:, written by 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1355:Fēnyùn Cuòyào 1347: 1346:Fenyun Cuoyao 1344: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1304: 1296: 1290: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1259:Southern Song 1252: 1247: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1224: 1214: 1208: 1193: 1191: 1185: 1171: 1165: 1151: 1149:Sáangsèhng wá 1145: 1131: 1125: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1072:John Chalmers 1069: 1065: 1055: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1003: 999: 993: 988: 986: 982: 977:Guǎngjhou-huà 974: 972: 968: 958: 956: 952: 944: 942: 938: 930: 928: 924: 921: 917: 912: 908: 900: 898: 894: 889: 879: 874: 872: 868: 860: 858: 854: 846: 844: 840: 837: 833: 827: 822: 820: 816: 811:Guǎngdong-huà 808: 806: 802: 792: 790: 786: 781:ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄉㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˋ 778: 776: 772: 764: 762: 758: 755: 751: 746: 742: 734: 732: 728: 720: 718: 714: 710: 705: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 671:Western world 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635: 634:lingua franca 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 568: 563: 561: 556: 554: 549: 548: 546: 545: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 520: 519: 516: 513: 512: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 471: 470: 464:Transcription 463: 461: 458: 457: 455: 454: 449: 446: 444: 443:Measure words 441: 440: 439: 438: 435: 432: 431: 428: 425: 424: 421: 418: 417: 413: 409: 408: 400: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 380: 379: 374: 369: 365: 362: 357: 352: 343: 338: 337: 333: 331: 326: 325: 321: 320: 318: 317: 315: 313: 309: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 292: 286: 281: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 259: 255: 249: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 218: 214: 204: 201: 200: 199: 196: 195: 194: 191: 190: 189: 185: 179: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 155: 152: 151: 150: 147: 146: 145: 142: 141: 140: 136: 132: 126: 123: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 65:United States 62: 58: 54: 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 19: 15470: 15458: 15152: 15140: 15035:Chu Hua Yuan 15020:Hakka people 14985:Wong Tai Sin 14975:Flowermarket 14801: 14795: 14449:Bibliography 14245:Happy Valley 14197:Canton Tower 13922: 13848:GX = Guangxi 13836: 13834:Tibetan Sign 13824: 13810:Chinese Sign 13676:Creole/Mixed 13659: 13545:Southeastern 13533:Southwestern 13496:Northeastern 13481:Varieties of 11657: 11481:Hanyu Pinyin 11471:Romanization 11378:Semi-cursive 11223:Old Mandarin 11180:Stroke count 11107: 11100: 11022:Old National 10983: 10865:Unclassified 10702: 9770:Southwestern 9603:Northeastern 9585:Major groups 9574: 9524: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9451: 9397: 9390: 9365: 9351: 9344: 9335: 9328: 9287: 9272:Lolo-Burmese 9270: 9246: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9172: 9165: 9158: 9092: 9060: 9053: 9044: 9037: 9025: 9018: 8990: 8983: 8976: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8940: 8933: 8885: 8879: 8865: 8858: 8844: 8837: 8812: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8777: 8763: 8751: 8744: 8709:Sino-Tibetan 8654: 8642:of Knowledge 8637: 8620: 8603: 8591:from Commons 8586: 8565: 8554: 8510: 8496:(1): 46–48. 8493: 8489: 8459: 8430: 8409: 8382: 8355: 8327: 8308: 8281: 8272: 8252: 8232: 8220:, retrieved 8202: 8179: 8159: 8133: 8129: 8107: 8085:. Retrieved 8081: 8072: 8060: 8049:. Retrieved 8040: 8029:. Retrieved 8025:the original 7999:. Retrieved 7988: 7976: 7964:. Retrieved 7950: 7925: 7921: 7911: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7883: 7860: 7846:cite journal 7811: 7807: 7794: 7774:, p. 4. 7767: 7747: 7740: 7720: 7713: 7690: 7670:. Retrieved 7666:the original 7661: 7651: 7640:. Retrieved 7636:the original 7629: 7617: 7606:. Retrieved 7602:the original 7595: 7583: 7563: 7556: 7545:. Retrieved 7525: 7504:. Retrieved 7488:. Springer. 7484: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7448:the original 7419: 7406: 7394:. Retrieved 7385: 7375: 7364:. Retrieved 7355: 7346: 7327: 7321: 7312: 7305:Him Mark Lai 7285:. Retrieved 7276: 7266: 7257: 7247: 7229: 7218:. Retrieved 7216:. 2010-12-13 7213: 7204: 7191: 7185: 7176: 7166: 7155:. Retrieved 7151:the original 7146: 7136: 7124:. Retrieved 7120:the original 7111: 7101: 7092: 7070:. Retrieved 7066:the original 7061: 7052: 7040:. Retrieved 7031: 7022: 7016:. US Census. 7013: 7004: 6992:. Retrieved 6988:the original 6984:Mongabay.com 6983: 6974: 6964: 6960:Bryson, Bill 6954: 6947:Lewis (2005) 6942: 6917: 6909: 6880: 6874: 6855: 6842: 6830:. Retrieved 6814: 6807: 6796:. Retrieved 6782: 6773: 6767: 6756:. Retrieved 6742: 6731:. Retrieved 6727:the original 6722: 6699:the original 6694: 6681: 6670:. Retrieved 6659: 6649: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6619:. Retrieved 6615:the original 6610: 6601: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6570:. Retrieved 6558: 6554: 6537: 6530:Khanh (1993) 6525: 6513:. Retrieved 6503: 6475: 6469: 6455:(3): 34–41. 6452: 6448: 6438: 6424: 6413:. Retrieved 6404: 6394: 6383:. Retrieved 6378: 6369: 6361:the original 6356: 6347: 6339:the original 6334: 6325: 6314:. Retrieved 6310:the original 6293: 6281: 6269: 6257:, retrieved 6247: 6241: 6207: 6176:(1): 28–49. 6173: 6169: 6163: 6151: 6139:. Retrieved 6135: 6122: 6110:. Retrieved 6080: 6060:, p. 5. 6053: 6041: 6029: 6017:. Retrieved 5986: 5946:, p. 4. 5925:, retrieved 5916: 5909: 5898:. 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Retrieved 5720: 5705:, p. 5. 5678: 5670: 5644: 5634: 5521:China portal 5495: 5437: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4621: 4613: 4608: 4573: 4544: 4539: 4505: 4497: 4492: 4457: 4428: 4423: 4350: 4321: 4316: 4262: 4250: 4243: 4186: 4139: 4134: 4053: 4027: 4022: 3985: 3959: 3954: 3917: 3891: 3886: 3844: 3794: 3786: 3718:Labial–velar 3658: 3655: 3647: 3639: 3624: 3613: 3609:Barnett–Chao 3585: 3583: 3567: 3564:Barnett-Chao 3559: 3555: 3545: 3528: 3526: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3468: 3456: 3451:, the first 3447: 3443: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3389: 3385: 3372: 3341: 3326: 3317: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3274: 3262:Please help 3257:verification 3254: 3236:Romanization 3230: 3215: 3005:low falling, 2991:Description 2967:light rising 2878: 2870: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2713: 2692: 2665: 2652: 2650: 2609: 2607: 2588: 2580: 2565: 2545: 2534: 2517:Qing dynasty 2506: 2501:Jasper Tsang 2485: 2449: 2429: 2413: 2397: 2378: 2374:Fairchild TV 2355: 2338: 2291: 2218: 2202:Shanghainese 2191: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2112: 2106: 2078: 2058: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2020:Hanyu Pinyin 2017: 2004:Lee Kuan Yew 2001: 1994: 1972: 1965: 1954: 1894:Kinta Valley 1866:Sabak Bernam 1838:Sungai Buloh 1818:Klang Valley 1814:Kuala Lumpur 1803: 1771: 1765: 1733: 1731: 1711: 1702: 1694:Qing dynasty 1679: 1673:in 1842 and 1668: 1641: 1605: 1592: 1574: 1551: 1541: 1518: 1509: 1500:Southern Min 1469: 1449:apical vowel 1442: 1436: 1416: 1401:Yong–Xun Yue 1390: 1384: 1374: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1345: 1339: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1292: 1286: 1278: 1256: 1251:Tang dynasty 1226: 1220: 1212:Gwóngdùng wá 1210: 1204: 1194: 1187: 1181: 1167: 1161: 1147: 1141: 1127: 1121: 1111: 1104: 1098: 1076: 1067: 1061: 1001: 947:ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄓㄡㄏㄨㄚˋ 933:Guǎngzhōuhuà 927:Hanyu Pinyin 849:Gwóngdùng wá 835: 767:Guǎngdōnghuà 761:Hanyu Pinyin 675: 632: 631:, it is the 606: 577: 576: 529:Changed tone 393:Linguasphere 376: 334: 322: 163: 139:Sino-Tibetan 15347:Yue Chinese 14863:Yue Chinese 14776:Pearl River 14606:Haizhu Tram 14282:Twin Towers 14252:CITIC Plaza 14202:Canton Fair 14123:Attractions 13342:Fuyu Kyrgyz 13141:Tai Hongjin 12827:Muak Sa-aak 11550:Xiao'erjing 11412:Punctuation 11405:Traditional 11358:Oracle bone 11342:Logographic 11238:Proto-Hakka 11213:Eastern Han 11208:Old Chinese 11070:Classifiers 11037:Northern Wu 10965:Singaporean 10171: [ 10159: [ 10147: [ 10135: [ 10123: [ 9513:Proto-Hakka 9442:Mahakiranti 8948:East Bodish 8728:Uttarakhand 8199:"Indonesia" 8099:Works cited 8067:, p. . 5785:10397/98877 5434:Sample text 4662:Main vowel 4075:Main vowel 3728:Approximant 3591:written by 3541:Meyer-Wempe 3357:Meyer–Wempe 3279:"Cantonese" 3087:Tone letter 3027:tone number 2934:dark rising 2903:conditioned 2763:codas into 2488:the Emperor 2330:Temple City 2322:San Gabriel 2250:Sunset Park 2234:Bensonhurst 2181:Delta (see 1940:as well as 1858:Subang Jaya 1782:code-switch 1444:Sai1 Gwaan1 1403:dialect of 1267:Yue Chinese 1257:During the 1241:Yue Chinese 1129:Gwóngjàu wá 1015:Gwóngjàu wá 586:Yue Chinese 460:Orthography 427:Yue Chinese 193:Old Chinese 182:Early forms 89:New Zealand 63:(including 15494:Categories 14990:Hung Shing 14786:West River 14781:East River 14235:Taikoo Hui 14230:Teem Plaza 14150:Litchi Bay 13918:Portuguese 13863:XZ = Tibet 13854:MC = Macau 13794:Zhangzhung 13538:Sichuanese 13465:Vietnamese 12862:Hmong-Mien 12741:Waxianghua 12522:Khroskyabs 11810:Indigenous 11698:Prefecture 11673:Portuguese 11501:Wade–Giles 11400:Simplified 11295:Vernacular 11288:in Vietnam 11141:Simplified 11128:Biaoxingma 11075:Honorifics 11010:Historical 10955:Philippine 10945:Sichuanese 10872:Badong Yao 10576:Shao–Jiang 10447:Philippine 10255:Xiangxiang 10250:Shuangfeng 9995:Taizhou Wu 9778:Sichuanese 9407:Idu–Taraon 9361:Miju–Meyor 9254:Gyalrongic 9100:Tangkhulic 8875:Raji–Raute 8622:Phrasebook 8222:26 January 8087:2023-07-24 8051:2021-07-20 8031:2020-10-07 8001:29 January 7966:29 January 7829:10397/7632 7672:2018-09-24 7642:2012-01-06 7608:2010-07-27 7547:2015-11-09 7506:2015-11-09 7396:29 January 7366:2012-01-20 7287:2014-11-21 7220:2020-05-14 7157:2021-05-08 7114:. p. 7072:2012-01-20 7042:29 January 6832:29 January 6798:2016-04-22 6758:2010-10-07 6733:2012-01-20 6672:2018-11-15 6621:2019-08-01 6572:29 January 6561:: 83–131. 6415:2018-09-24 6385:2021-09-11 6316:2010-07-26 6259:29 January 6141:25 January 6112:25 January 6019:25 January 5927:29 January 5900:2021-05-08 5742:2015-11-09 5680:Ethnologue 5657:References 5649:education. 5639:education. 5450:Cantonese 5229:Light (陽) 3652:Comparison 3578:See also: 3548:Y. R. Chao 3453:Protestant 3365:Sidney Lau 3290:newspapers 3134:diacritic 3013:low level 3010:low rising 2996:high level 2956:light flat 2889:diachronic 2640:See also: 2561:Taishanese 2526:television 2486:Letter to 2463:See also: 2414:Among the 2260:, such as 2210:Fuzhounese 2172:Taishanese 2154:Street in 2065:Phnom Penh 1985:See also: 1886:Batu Gajah 1798:See also: 1778:Vietnamese 1762:Hoa people 1760:See also: 1612:Portuguese 1569:See also: 1413:Chinatowns 1375:After the 1239:See also: 1222:Zung1 man2 1189:Gwóngfú wá 1163:Baak6 waa2 1100:Jyut6 jyu5 1087:Yue speech 1079:Taishanese 955:Wade–Giles 789:Wade–Giles 680:and other 412:the series 103:countries) 99:and other 15500:Cantonese 15400:Tuotuorou 15281:Education 15248:Geography 15108:Leung cha 15061:Chow mein 14965:Wing Chun 14868:Hailufeng 14817:Education 14802:(claimed) 14736:(Sam Yup) 14706:Geography 14665:Guangzhou 14655:Guangdong 14529:Transport 14069:Zengcheng 13991:Guangzhou 13923:Cantonese 13774:Tocharian 13708:Qoqmončaq 13660:Cantonese 13614:Shaojiang 13587:Hainanese 13516:Zhongyuan 13511:Jiao-Liao 13445:Esperanto 13347:Ili Turki 13054:Khamnigan 12919:Kiong Nai 12690:Zitsadegu 11668:Mongolian 11658:Cantonese 11439:Taiwanese 11429:Cantonese 11273:Classical 11233:Proto-Min 11168:Microsoft 11027:Cantonese 11003:Phonology 10984:Cantonese 10975:Singdarin 10960:Malaysian 10950:Taiwanese 10854:Rongjiang 10844:Yongjiang 10840:Southern 10825:Northern 10799:Luo–Guang 10708:Hong Kong 10703:Guangzhou 10659:Taiwanese 10652:Changting 10586:Zhanjiang 10500:Zhongshan 10467:Malaysian 10462:Singapore 10427:Zhangzhou 10379:Zhongshan 10272:Yong–Quan 10168:Jing-Zhan 10098:Xuancheng 10075:Jiangshan 9954:Changzhou 9875:Junjiahua 9728:Guanzhong 9611:Changchun 9506:Proto-Min 9437:Macro-Bai 9315:Arunachal 9308:(possible 9123:Boro–Garo 9027:Kuki-Chin 9010:and Indo- 8925:Arunachal 8912:Himalayas 8887:Tandrange 8854:Chepangic 8785:Dhimalish 8719:Himalayas 8605:Textbooks 8566:Cantonese 8477:14002589M 8419:13996959M 8373:13999723M 7867::119–120) 7838:145563867 7436:152878194 7126:March 22, 6994:4 October 6190:197998897 6107:219427314 6014:244518738 5959:Li (2006) 5870:18035405W 5675:Cantonese 5662:Citations 5400:Jyutping 5226:Dark (陰) 5079:Jyutping 3995:Jyutping 3467:in their 3374:Hong Kong 2923:dark flat 2919:Tone name 2655:standard 2630:Phonology 2599:Faye Wong 2548:Hong Kong 2446:Australia 2238:Homecrest 2230:Manhattan 2226:Chinatown 2109:Indonesia 2103:Indonesia 2097:Hainanese 2048:pop music 2012:Taiwanese 1981:Singapore 1955:Although 1952:, Johor. 1862:Sekinchan 1846:Shah Alam 1686:Guangdong 1660:Guangdong 1644:Guangzhou 1624:Guangzhou 1581:Hong Kong 1505:Zhongshan 1472:Hong Kong 1392:hoi2 gam3 1294:Sam1 jap1 1271:Guangzhou 1064:Guangzhou 707:Cantonese 663:Singapore 639:Guangdong 617:Hong Kong 598:Guangzhou 578:Cantonese 515:Phonology 399:79-AAA-ma 378:Glottolog 361:ISO 639-3 324:Hong Kong 297:Hong Kong 237:Malaysian 227:Hong Kong 164:Cantonese 118:Ethnicity 97:Singapore 85:Australia 53:Hong Kong 49:Guangdong 40:Cantonese 15460:Category 15421:Li River 15390:Luosifen 15233:Politics 15142:Category 15113:Tong sui 15066:Char siu 14890:Tong lau 14750:Regions 14722:Chaoshan 14691:Politics 14444:Timeline 14079:Dongshan 14052:New Area 13911:Official 13718:Tangwang 13698:Macanese 13693:Lingling 13626:Northern 13609:Northern 13572:Southern 13491:Mandarin 13418:Minority 13378:Sarikoli 13291:Tungusic 13252:Naxi Yao 13197:Cao Miao 13121:Ningming 13021:Mongolic 12997:Dzao Min 12992:Biao Min 12949:Qo Xiong 12944:Pingtang 12640:Dongwang 12582:Tshobdun 12507:Guiqiong 12109:Sangkong 11884:Muangphe 11846:Mondzish 11800:numerous 11791:Counties 11638:Regional 11622:Official 11523:Bopomofo 11452:Phonetic 11444:Two-cell 11373:Clerical 11283:in Japan 11278:Adoption 11266:Official 11257:Literary 11132:Boshiamy 11109:Xiehouyu 11065:Numerals 11042:Mandarin 10970:Standard 10930:Standard 10804:Qin–Lian 10794:Yong–Xun 10779:Gao–Yang 10725:Jiujiang 10713:Malaysia 10647:Tingzhou 10598:Wenchang 10559:Jianyang 10549:Northern 10508:Sanxiang 10422:Quanzhou 10405:Southern 10374:Manjiang 10238:Changsha 10198:Nanchang 10193:Chang–Du 10090:Xuanzhou 10080:Qingtian 10034:Wencheng 9980:Jiangyin 9975:Jinxiang 9965:Shaoxing 9959:Hangzhou 9939:Shanghai 9880:Qinjiang 9788:Minjiang 9760:Xinjiang 9718:Dongping 9682:Jiaoliao 9621:Shenyang 9594:Mandarin 9311:isolates 9278:Mondzish 9206:Cai–Long 8954:Tshangla 8910:Eastern 8753:Tamangic 8723:Himachal 8717:Western 8711:branches 8457:(1856). 8447:17203540 8429:(1828). 8400:6542029M 8365:41220764 7995:Archived 7960:Archived 7905:: 83–84. 7541:Archived 7500:Archived 7390:Archived 7386:Slate.fr 7360:Archived 7311:(2010). 7281:Archived 7036:Archived 6850:(2007). 6823:Archived 6792:Archived 6752:Archived 6666:Archived 6643:(1): 74. 6595:(1): 75. 6563:Archived 6409:Archived 6253:archived 5894:Archived 5736:Archived 5507:See also 4540:Jyutping 3708:Sibilant 3703:Alveolar 3678:Initials 3668:/lɛːm˧˥/ 3620:Jyutping 3345:Jyutping 3320:May 2021 3051:Example 3023:Jyutping 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