1888:
2019:
2683:
4421:
6440:
1336:
1890:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1895:
7090:
1892:
1981:
75:
336:
1995:
When the
Chinese government removed the prohibition on emigration in the mid-19th century, many people from rural areas in the coastal regions of Fujian and Guangdong emigrated to Southeast Asia and North America. Until the late 20th century, the vast majority of Chinese immigrants to North America
1986:
1985:
1982:
2538:
register from voiced initials. Most
Mandarin dialects retain the register distinction only in the level tone, yielding the first and second tones of the standard language (corresponding to the first and fourth tones in Cantonese), but have merged several of the other categories. Most Yue dialects
2289:
While northern and central varieties have lost some of the Middle
Chinese final consonants, they are retained by most southern Chinese varieties, though sometimes affected by sound shifts. They are most faithfully preserved in Yue dialects. Final stops have disappeared entirely in most Mandarin
1952:
Cantonese is the de facto official language of Hong Kong (along with
English) and Macau (along with Portuguese), though legally the official language is just "Chinese". It is the oral language of instruction in Chinese schools in Hong Kong and Macau, and is used extensively in Cantonese-speaking
1268:
some 190 km (120 mi) upstream in
Guangxi is much more similar to that of Guangzhou than dialects of coastal districts that are closer but separated from the city by hilly terrain. One of these coastal languages, Taishanese, is the most common Yue variety among overseas communities. Yue
1891:
1159:
Large waves of
Chinese migration throughout succeeding Chinese dynasties assimilated huge numbers of Yue aborigines, with the result that today's Southern Han Chinese Yue-speaking population is descended from both groups. The colloquial layers of Yue varieties contain elements influenced by the
1987:
1957:), which exist in isolation from the other regions of China, local identity, and the non-Mandarin speaking Cantonese diaspora in Hong Kong and abroad give the language a unique identity. Colloquial Hong Kong Cantonese often incorporates English words due to historical British influences.
2050:. In the Guangfu, Siyi and Gao–Yang subgroups, these initials have yielded aspirated consonants in the level and rising tones, and unaspirated consonants in the departing and entering tones. These initials are uniformly unaspirated in Gou–Lou varieties and uniformly aspirated in Wu–Hua.
1240:
has since led to substantial exposure of
Cantonese to China and the rest of Asia. On the mainland, the national policy is to promote Standard Chinese, which is also the medium of instruction in schools. The place of local Cantonese language and culture remains contentious. In 2010, a
1984:
1192:
rivers, which all converge at the delta. It has been the economic centre of the
Lingnan region since Qin times, when it was an important shipbuilding centre. By 660, it was the largest port in China, part of a trade network stretching as far as Arabia. During the
2113:
Many
Mandarin varieties, including the Beijing dialect, have a third sibilant series, formed through a merger of palatalized alveolar sibilants and velars, but this is a recent innovation, which has not affected Yue and other Chinese varieties. For example,
1197:, it also became the cultural centre of the region. Like many other Chinese varieties it developed a distinct literary layer associated with the local tradition of reading the classics. The Guangzhou dialect (Cantonese) was used in the popular
1948:
of
Mandarin, is taught nearly universally as a supplement to local languages such as Cantonese. In Guangzhou, much of the distinctively Yue vocabulary have been replaced with Cantonese pronunciations of corresponding Standard Chinese terms.
2551:
While most Chinese varieties form compounds consisting of a qualifier followed by a qualified element, Yue dialects may use the reverse order. For example, the Standard Chinese, and widely used Cantonese word for "guest" is
996:"Cantonese" is prototypically used in English to refer to the variety of Yue in Guangzhou, but it is also to refer to Yue as a whole. To avoid confusion, academic texts may refer to the larger branch as "Yue", following the
2000:('four counties') to the southwest of Guangzhou. The speech of this region, particularly the Taishan dialect, is thus the most common Yue variety in these areas. It is only partially understood by speakers of Cantonese.
2034:, so that the rhymes of Tang poetry are clearer in Yue dialects than elsewhere. However they have lost several distinctions in the initial consonants and medial vowels that other Chinese varieties have retained.
2526:, where the fourth category, the entering tone, consists of syllables with final stops. Many modern Chinese varieties contain traces of a split of each of these four tones into two registers, an upper or
2539:
have retained all eight categories, with a further split of the upper entering tone conditioned by vowel length, as also found in neighbouring Tai dialects. A few dialects spoken in Guangxi, such as the
969:(Kongmoon) located southwest of Guangzhou, was the language of most of the 19th-century emigrants from Guangdong to Southeast Asia and North America. Most later migrants have been speakers of Cantonese.
1983:
2175:
in words where Late Middle Chinese shows a shift to a labiodental consonant, realized in most Northern varieties of Chinese as . Nasals can be independent syllables in Yue words, e.g. Cantonese
2042:
In addition to aspirated and unaspirated voiceless initials, Middle Chinese had a series of voiced initials, but voicing has been lost in Yue and most other modern Chinese varieties apart from
4833:
4824:
5318:
1257:
Yue languages are spoken in the southern provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, an area long dominated culturally and economically by the city of Guangzhou at the delta of the
5863:
1228:
in the city in 1715. The ancestors of most of the Han Chinese population of Hong Kong came from Guangzhou after the territory was ceded to Britain in 1842. As a result,
1213:. There was also a small amount of vernacular literature, written with Chinese characters extended with a number of non-traditional characters for Cantonese words.
5825:
2221:
Most Yue varieties have retained the Middle Chinese palatal medial, but in Cantonese it has also been lost to monophthongization, yielding a variety of vowels.
6565:
5347:
1148:
for about a century, before being incorporated into the Han empire in 111 BC. After the Tang dynasty collapsed, much of the area became part of the state of
6372:
6362:
1315:-speaking minority. Yue Chinese is spoken by 35% of the total population of Guangxi, being one of the two largest languages in that province, along with
6367:
6126:
5674:
6281:
4218:
7125:
1232:, the most widely spoken language in Hong Kong and Macau, is an offshoot of the Guangzhou dialect. The popularity of Cantonese-language media,
6448:
5686:
1004:, and either restrict "Cantonese" to the Guangzhou variety, or avoid the term altogether, distinguishing Yue from its Guangzhou dialect.
3667:
Skeldon, Ronald (2003), "The Chinese diaspora or the migration of Chinese peoples?", in Ma, Laurence J. C.; Cartier, Carolyn L. (eds.),
2167:, but Taishanese and most other Yue varieties preserve the distinction. Younger Cantonese speakers also tend not to distinguish between
5075:
1242:
3878:
Zhang, Bennan; Yang, Robin R. (2004), "Putonghua education and language policy in postcolonial Hong Kong", in Zhou, Minglang (ed.),
1097:
in 214 BC. Successive waves of immigration followed at times of upheaval in Northern and Central China, such as the collapse of the
5650:
5638:
2290:
dialects, including the Beijing-based standard, with the syllables distributed across the other tones. For example, the characters
1094:
7120:
5662:
5154:
6746:
1933:
of not only Guangdong, but also many overseas Cantonese emigrants, though in many areas abroad it is numerically second to the
3852:
Linguistic Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Pang-Hsin Ting on His 70th Birthday
5985:
3887:
3868:
3751:
3732:
3713:
3676:
3657:
3630:
3607:
3585:
3566:
3543:
3470:
3049:
2061:
has also changed to , for example, in the native name of the dialect, "Hoisan". In Siyi and eastern Gao–Yang, Middle Chinese
1264:
The influence of Guangzhou has spread westward along the Pearl River system, so that, for example, the speech of the city of
988:, but have lost several distinctions in the initial consonants and medial glides that other Chinese varieties have retained.
6796:
2148:. The earlier pronunciation is reflected in historical Mandarin romanizations, such as "Peking" for Beijing, "Kiangsi" for
6638:
4211:
2621:
1322:
In China, as of 2004, 60% of all Yue speakers lived in Guangdong, 28.3% lived in Guangxi, and 11.6% lived in Hong Kong.
4050:
4002:
1636:. Ngau–Lau is spoken by 17% of all Yue speakers, with two-thirds of them living in Guangxi and one-third in Guangdong.
4080:
3456:. Salaya, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. pp. 1806–1844.
4420:
2570:, in which modifiers normally follow nouns. But it is notable that the Standard Chinese word for 'married woman' (
1299:, spoken by slightly more than a half of its Han population. The other half is almost equally divided between the
1276:. Its native speakers constitute around a half (47%) of its population. The other half is equally divided between
6718:
4945:
2171:
and the zero initial, though this distinction is retained in most Yue dialects. Yue varieties retain the initial
1966:
films from Canton are filmed originally in Cantonese and then dubbed or subtitled in Mandarin, English, or both.
1153:
3617:——— (2003), "The Chinese dialects: phonology", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.),
1873:
is a variety displaying features of both Cantonese and Hakka, spoken by 3,000–5,500 people in Dapeng, Shenzhen.
1564:
group. The remaining Yue dialects are divided into seven groups. Three groups are found in the watershed of the
5425:
5068:
4204:
4072:
4028:
3976:
3950:
3924:
3480:
Bolton, Kingsley (2011), "Language policy and planning in Hong Kong: Colonial and post-colonial perspectives",
2574:) also follows the same structure. Gender markers for nouns are also suffixed, as in other southern varieties.
806:
675:
636:
544:
395:
356:
85:
7130:
7034:
6488:
3792:[Reconstruction of the Yue dialects II: initials], in Ho, D.-a.; Cheung, S.; Pan, W.; Wu, F. (eds.),
652:
372:
326:
89:
2273:; 'departing'. Syllables with final stops were traditionally treated as a fourth tone category, the
7093:
7004:
6528:
5003:
4950:
4606:
3041:
2646:
4087:
Kwok, Bit-Chee; Chin, Andy C.; Tsou, Benjamin K. (2016), "Grammatical diversity across the Yue dialects",
2404:
2400:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2211:
2203:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2062:
2058:
2054:
7009:
6881:
6806:
6463:
4996:
4651:
4573:
4289:
2066:
1922:
1632:
dialects are spoken in inland areas of western Guangdong and eastern Guangxi, and include the dialect of
958:
915:
1925:
of Guangdong province and social standard of Yue. It is the most widely spoken dialect of Yue and is an
7051:
7024:
6901:
6813:
6560:
6540:
3649:
3454:
Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, Pan-Asiatic Linguistics
2562:; 'guest-person', but the same morphemes may be reversed in Cantonese versus Taishanese , and
2215:
785:
523:
4178:
6603:
5301:
5061:
4896:
4343:
4264:
3595:
2786:
2733:
1926:
1735:
Anne Yue-Hashimoto has proposed an alternative classification based on a wider sampling of features:
2682:
6977:
6962:
6952:
6666:
4977:
4580:
4393:
1085:(roughly modern Guangxi and Guangdong), was originally home to peoples known to the Chinese as the
320:
3555:
Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"
6989:
5228:
4971:
4757:
4641:
3446:
2738:
2027:
1905:
1556:
1343:
981:
35:
6982:
6831:
6923:
6766:
5364:
5017:
5010:
4790:
4724:
4227:
2261:. Syllables with vocalic or nasal endings could occur with one of three tonal contours, called
1560:, some varieties spoken in western Guangxi formerly classified as Yue are placed in a separate
980:, and they are not mutually intelligible within the Yue family either. They are among the most
973:
834:
572:
158:
27:
1991:
A speaker of Siyi Yue Chinese providing examples of differences between Siyi Yue and Cantonese
6918:
6841:
6555:
6533:
5288:
5121:
4960:
4910:
4466:
3645:
2746:
2587:; 'which one', for both 'who' and 'which'. Other dialects, including Taishanese, use
1300:
1245:
from Cantonese to Mandarin was abandoned following widespread backlash accompanied by public
31:
2159:
Some Yue speakers, such as many Hong Kong Cantonese speakers born after World War II, merge
7115:
6686:
6654:
6483:
5608:
5103:
4772:
4618:
4564:
3520:
1696:
977:
222:
19:
This article is about the language group. For the Chinese people sometimes called Yue, see
659:
643:
8:
6930:
6896:
6731:
6698:
6545:
6473:
6390:
6231:
6226:
5980:
5790:
5296:
4955:
4545:
4372:
4303:
2073:
2009:
1779:
1565:
1258:
1237:
1229:
1225:
203:
2286:, because the stops were distributed in the same way as the corresponding final nasals.
7046:
6913:
6876:
6761:
6659:
6593:
6588:
6478:
6468:
6094:
6072:
5965:
5773:
5768:
5691:
5679:
5667:
5655:
5643:
5167:
4796:
4405:
4271:
4154:
Zhong-shan phonology: a synchronic and diachronic analysis of a Yue (Cantonese) dialect
4125:
4104:
3507:
2641:
2077:
1728:
1710:
1706:
1674:
1221:
1114:
1055:
1039:
1023:
906:
856:
848:
594:
586:
193:
3859:
Yue, Anne O. (2015), "The Yue language", in Wang, William S.-Y.; Sun, Chaofen (eds.),
3687:
2018:
875:
613:
312:
6957:
6947:
6826:
6791:
6646:
6598:
6550:
6317:
6170:
6104:
5960:
5945:
5616:
5593:
5547:
5472:
5398:
5278:
5246:
5200:
5139:
5129:
5094:
4904:
4864:
4842:
4807:
4801:
4766:
4704:
4698:
4678:
4472:
4460:
4443:
4351:
4297:
4277:
4133:
4108:
4076:
4068:
4046:
4024:
3998:
3972:
3946:
3920:
3883:
3864:
3747:
3728:
3709:
3672:
3653:
3626:
3603:
3581:
3562:
3558:
3539:
3511:
3466:
3045:
2727:
2631:
2616:
2081:
1591:
1521:
1185:
1078:
937:
is often used to refer to the whole branch, but linguists prefer to reserve the name
911:
769:
761:
507:
499:
274:
163:
131:
7063:
6583:
6458:
6322:
6312:
6297:
6243:
6165:
6116:
6077:
6026:
5940:
5892:
5876:
5756:
5716:
5711:
5598:
5552:
5498:
5493:
5483:
5477:
5306:
5251:
5236:
5112:
5084:
4925:
4885:
4855:
4829:
4779:
4737:
4646:
4623:
4516:
4496:
4453:
4378:
4241:
4165:
4157:
4096:
3497:
3489:
2104:
are distinguished in Mandarin, but in modern Cantonese they are both pronounced as
1941:
1647:
1402:
1316:
1008:
1001:
710:
434:
168:
127:
20:
4503:
7014:
6994:
6891:
6851:
6836:
6575:
6425:
6415:
6395:
6352:
6347:
6213:
6177:
6160:
6150:
6089:
5907:
5843:
5785:
5733:
5728:
5630:
5526:
5521:
5430:
5377:
5372:
5352:
5337:
5332:
5273:
5268:
5258:
5241:
5213:
5185:
5162:
4917:
4871:
4730:
4612:
4551:
4385:
4332:
4323:
4309:
3880:
Language policy in the People's Republic of China: theory and practice since 1949
3694:
2636:
2626:
1945:
1840:
1816:
1688:
1517:
1447:
1261:. Cantonese, also spoken in Hong Kong and Macau, is the prestige variety of Yue.
1210:
747:
485:
150:
3532:
3522:
Dapeng Dialect: An Undocumented Cantonese-Hakka Mixed Language in Southern China
2761:
379:
363:
7068:
7058:
7029:
7019:
6736:
6708:
6420:
6405:
6307:
6258:
6253:
6238:
6182:
6121:
6003:
5975:
5955:
5902:
5871:
5848:
5838:
5833:
5795:
5778:
5723:
5588:
5570:
5488:
5462:
5403:
5323:
5311:
5263:
5218:
5208:
5134:
4987:
4965:
4879:
4848:
4784:
4744:
4718:
4692:
4669:
4592:
4538:
4510:
4479:
4357:
4283:
2699:
2695:
2031:
1953:
households. Cantonese-language media (Hong Kong films, television serials, and
1870:
1633:
1243:
controversial proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou local television
985:
731:
469:
208:
6439:
3696:
Proceedings of ALS2k, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society
2195:; 'not', although Middle Chinese did not have syllables of this type.
7109:
6869:
6681:
6676:
6248:
6192:
6187:
6155:
6142:
6018:
5970:
5897:
5853:
5743:
5580:
5503:
5342:
5190:
5177:
4711:
4633:
4399:
4364:
4316:
4137:
4116:
Yue-Hashimoto, Anne (1991), "The Yue dialect", in Wang, William S.-Y. (ed.),
3493:
2567:
2540:
2408:
2407:, but the distinction is maintained in southern varieties of Chinese such as
2274:
1930:
1806:
1666:
1531:
1419:
1308:
1194:
1165:
1161:
1144:
After the fall of Qin, the Lingnan area was part of the independent state of
1134:
5046:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
2030:
of Chinese varieties regarding the final consonants and tonal categories of
1685:
before the 1970s. Sze-yap dialects are spoken by 6.5% of total Yue speakers.
6741:
6691:
6067:
5950:
5923:
5467:
5457:
4685:
4601:
4557:
4486:
4124:
Monograph Series, vol. 3, Chinese University Press, pp. 292–322,
1899:
1716:
1713:. Native speakers of this variety constitute only 2.1% of all Yue speakers.
1639:
1544:
1462:
1434:
1335:
1285:
1149:
1118:
1106:
1102:
865:
717:
603:
441:
264:
254:
249:
4100:
3854:], Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, pp. 75–170.
2670:
2084:, which have generally maintained the distinction. For example, the words
1341:
Pinghua and Yue dialect groups in Guangxi and Guangdong identified in the
1164:
formerly spoken widely in the area and still spoken by people such as the
296:
6886:
6860:
6756:
6726:
6703:
6671:
6410:
6400:
6099:
6084:
6047:
5995:
5816:
5807:
5703:
5542:
5417:
5144:
5031:
4246:
2563:
2412:
2207:
1629:
1510:
1377:
1289:
1281:
1216:
Guangzhou became the centre of rapidly expanding foreign trade after the
1138:
1110:
1098:
1086:
198:
4196:
4129:
1819:) as well as the coastal Guangxi dialects classified as Qin–Lian in the
6302:
6276:
6042:
6008:
5513:
5440:
4161:
3502:
3097:
2675:
2523:
2043:
2013:
1975:
1934:
1929:
and of Macau, alongside English and Portuguese respectively. It is the
1702:
1678:
1475:
1189:
1169:
962:
927:
778:
516:
335:
269:
259:
243:
229:
4169:
984:
varieties with regard to the final consonants and tonal categories of
6751:
6502:
6493:
6221:
6111:
5763:
5751:
5562:
5393:
5024:
4665:
4430:
4237:
3622:
2790:
2047:
1882:
1852:
1775:
1692:
1682:
1651:
1643:
1595:
1583:
1579:
1273:
1181:
1130:
1126:
950:
942:
938:
919:
799:
693:
672:
537:
392:
305:
289:
233:
113:
101:
3704:
Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987),
1626:. Almost a half of all Yue speakers speak Guangfu dialects natively.
1513:'s 1962 dialect manual, Yue dialects were divided into five groups:
7041:
6627:
6268:
5449:
5053:
2522:
Middle Chinese is described in contemporary dictionaries as having
2210:, except after velar initials. In most analyses velars followed by
2199:
1954:
1856:
1812:
1758:
Interior: western part of the Pearl River catchment, including the
1753:
1670:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1535:
1525:
1246:
1233:
1122:
966:
820:
558:
455:
413:
239:
7073:
3304:
1269:
varieties are not totally mutually intelligible with one another.
6940:
6620:
6507:
6336:
5932:
4526:
2153:
2149:
1997:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1763:
1724:
1655:
1561:
1363:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1093:). Large-scale Han Chinese migration to the area began after the
1082:
923:
872:
610:
105:
3580:, translated by Wang, William W., China Intercontinental Press,
3184:
6999:
6801:
4439:
4254:
3063:
3061:
2022:
Distribution of Yue and other subgroups of Chinese in East Asia
1910:
1749:
1720:
1691:
dialects are spoken in areas of southwestern Guangdong such as
1623:
1607:
1599:
1265:
1217:
1145:
997:
946:
417:
109:
74:
3411:
3409:
3316:
3174:
3172:
2577:
Some Yue dialects, including Cantonese, can use the same word
6512:
4435:
4250:
2877:
2875:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2336:
in Mandarin, but they are all distinct in Yue: in Cantonese,
1962:
1745:
1587:
1277:
954:
880:
618:
117:
3058:
2950:
2821:
2819:
3421:
3406:
3169:
2977:
2831:
2136:
in Mandarin, but in Cantonese the first pair is pronounced
2053:
In many Yue varieties, including Cantonese, Middle Chinese
3669:
The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility, and Identity
2938:
2899:
2887:
2872:
2860:
2843:
2762:"Cantonese language, pronunciation and special characters"
1133:
into eastern Guangdong. Yue-speakers were later joined by
3343:
3263:
2816:
2709:
2707:
2399:
Similarly, in Mandarin dialects the Middle Chinese final
1669:
or Siyi dialects are spoken in the coastal prefecture of
853:
839:
825:
811:
591:
577:
563:
549:
3360:
3358:
3333:
3331:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3220:
2989:
2785:
Ethnologue: "Yue Chinese"; "Yue" or older "Yüeh" in the
2607:) for 'who', and words meaning 'which one' for 'which'.
1272:
Yue Chinese is the most widely spoken local language in
790:
528:
3001:
2967:
2965:
3109:
3085:
3073:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2704:
1662:
The remaining four groups are found in coastal areas:
1590:, as well as the dialects of surrounding areas in the
1027:. In Guangdong and Guangxi, people also use the terms
4192:(2), Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaii.
3355:
3328:
3287:
3232:
3208:
3157:
1839:
Xin–En: Xinhui, Taishan, Enping and the neighbouring
1719:
dialects are spoken in the southern Guangxi areas of
1614:, and in southern parts of the inland prefectures of
766:
752:
736:
722:
504:
490:
474:
460:
446:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3121:
3013:
2962:
2928:
2926:
2566:. This has been hypothesized to be the influence of
1699:. They cover around 11% of all Yue Chinese speakers.
1654:
valley in Guangxi, including the provincial capital
1295:
Yue is also the most widespread Sinitic language in
2911:
2799:
2725:
1188:, with access to the interior via the Xi, Bei, and
3531:
3275:
3251:
3196:
3133:
2726:
2072:Most Yue varieties have merged the Middle Chinese
16:Primary branch of Chinese spoken in southern China
3744:Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese
2923:
1673:to the southwest of Guangzhou. They include the
1573:
7107:
3882:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 143–161,
3703:
3688:"Testing intelligibility among Sinitic dialects"
3145:
3067:
2532:register from voiceless initials and a lower or
1534:('four counties'), in the coastal prefecture of
26:"Yueyu" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2229:Middle Chinese syllables could end with glides
4895:
4342:
2206:has merged with the following vowel to form a
2057:has become or in most words; in Taishanese,
1811:Guan–Lian: dialects of the east delta region (
1731:. They are spoken by 6.5% of all Yue speakers.
1137:speakers following the North River route, and
1109:dynasties. The most popular route was via the
5069:
4212:
4156:(MA thesis), University of British Columbia,
3863:, Oxford University Press, pp. 173–188,
3741:
3460:
3447:"Identifying the Tai substratum in Cantonese"
3427:
3415:
3322:
3310:
3190:
3178:
3103:
3032:
3030:
3028:
2983:
2956:
2944:
2893:
2881:
2866:
2854:
2837:
2825:
2224:
1705:is spoken mainly in western Guangdong around
1011:abroad, generally refer to their language as
657:
641:
377:
361:
6868:
4756:
3671:, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 51–68,
3461:Bauer, Robert S.; Benedict, Paul K. (1997),
1658:. It is spoken by around 7% of Yue speakers.
1622:and in parts of Guangxi such as the city of
1349:
1007:People from Hong Kong and Macau, as well as
3693:, in Allan, Keith; Henderson, John (eds.),
2700:Mutual Intelligibility of Sinitic Languages
2543:, have also split the lower entering tone.
7089:
6859:
5076:
5062:
4219:
4205:
3861:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics
3529:
3025:
2713:
1252:
334:
73:
4226:
3877:
3501:
2995:
1152:, one of the longest-lived states of the
3552:
3091:
2017:
1979:
1886:
1334:
6784:
3666:
3214:
2037:
1578:) includes Cantonese proper, spoken in
7108:
4179:"A reconstruction of proto-Yue vowels"
3639:
3616:
3594:
3525:(Ph.D. thesis), Ohio State University.
3479:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3349:
3337:
3298:
3269:
3245:
3226:
3163:
3019:
3007:
2971:
2810:
2142:, while the second pair is pronounced
1054:
1038:
1022:
905:
855:
768:
593:
506:
5057:
4200:
3685:
3444:
3202:
3038:Language atlas of China (2nd edition)
2905:
1921:, usually called "Cantonese", is the
1113:, which the Qin had connected to the
5083:
3725:Introduction to Chinese Dialectology
3518:
3151:
2747:participating institution membership
2415:and Yue. For example, Cantonese has
1175:
3858:
3760:
3742:Yue-Hashimoto, Anne Oi-Kan (1972),
3722:
3281:
3257:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3079:
2622:Chinese input methods for computers
1681:, which was ubiquitous in American
1541:Gao–Lei, in southwestern Guangdong.
1069:means 'Nanning colloquial speech'.
918:, particularly in the provinces of
13:
3898:
3575:
2932:
2917:
2664:
2198:In most Yue varieties (except for
1917:The Guangzhou (Canton) dialect of
1121:, and then into the valley of the
14:
7142:
4145:
2026:Yue varieties are among the most
1826:Interior: Huazhou, Wuchuan, Yulin
1330:
1311:-speaking population and a small
1125:. A secondary route followed the
7088:
6566:Literary and colloquial readings
6438:
4419:
2759:
2681:
1550:Guinan, in southwestern Guangxi.
1353:
4118:Languages and Dialects of China
2593:
2583:
2509:
2499:
2483:
2473:
2457:
2447:
2431:
2421:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2191:
2181:
2144:
2138:
2106:
1785:Interior: Gao–Yang dialects of
1574:
1307:; there is also a considerable
1154:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
1077:The area of China south of the
1065:
1049:
1033:
1017:
881:
854:
840:
826:
812:
791:
619:
592:
578:
564:
550:
529:
80:
7121:Chinese languages in Singapore
4122:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
4089:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3795:
3784:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3746:, Cambridge University Press,
3602:, Cambridge University Press,
3437:
2779:
2753:
2719:
2689:
2603:
2558:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2489:
2463:
2437:
2332:
2282:
2132:
2100:
2090:
1927:official language of Hong Kong
1538:to the southwest of Guangzhou.
1059:; for example, the expression
991:
767:
753:
737:
723:
658:
642:
505:
491:
475:
461:
447:
378:
362:
66:
62:
58:
54:
1:
7126:Subject–verb–object languages
4186:Working Papers in Linguistics
3530:Killingley, Siew-Yue (1993),
2652:
2546:
1969:
1789:and the Yong–Xun dialects of
1220:was lifted, with the British
1021:; 'Guangdong speech'
7094:List of varieties of Chinese
4152:Chan, Marjorie K.M. (1980),
3042:City University of Hong Kong
2657:
2647:List of varieties of Chinese
2080:sibilants, in contrast with
2003:
1876:
1325:
1209:folksong genres, as well as
7:
3723:Yan, Margaret Mian (2006),
3323:Bauer & Benedict (1997)
3311:Bauer & Benedict (1997)
3191:Bauer & Benedict (1997)
3104:Bauer & Benedict (1997)
2610:
2067:voiceless lateral fricative
1846:Kai-He: Kaiping and Heshan.
965:, from the coastal area of
84:; 'Yue' written in
10:
7147:
7052:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
3650:Princeton University Press
3640:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987),
3482:Applied Linguistics Review
3463:Modern Cantonese Phonology
3106:, pp. xxxvii–xxxviii.
2225:Final consonants and tones
2007:
1973:
1880:
1141:speakers arriving by sea.
1095:Qin conquest of the region
1072:
25:
18:
7086:
6970:
6939:
6850:
6775:
6717:
6637:
6612:
6574:
6521:
6447:
6436:
6383:
6335:
6290:
6267:
6212:
6203:
6141:
6060:
6035:
6017:
5994:
5931:
5922:
5885:
5862:
5824:
5815:
5806:
5742:
5702:
5629:
5607:
5579:
5561:
5535:
5512:
5448:
5439:
5416:
5386:
5363:
5287:
5227:
5199:
5176:
5153:
5120:
5111:
5102:
5091:
5041:
4986:
4938:
4823:
4664:
4632:
4590:
4525:
4428:
4417:
4235:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3445:Bauer, Robert S. (1996).
2734:Oxford English Dictionary
2598:
2588:
2578:
2571:
2553:
2504:
2494:
2478:
2468:
2452:
2442:
2426:
2416:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2186:
2176:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2095:
2085:
1859:(the eastern part of the
1391: Guinan (S Pinghua)
1370:
1356:
1060:
1053:(plain/colloquial speech)
1044:
1037:; 'Yue language'
1028:
1012:
892:
871:
864:
847:
833:
819:
805:
798:
784:
777:
760:
746:
730:
716:
709:
704:
700:
688:
684:
671:
667:
651:
635:
630:
609:
602:
585:
571:
557:
543:
536:
522:
515:
498:
484:
468:
454:
440:
433:
428:
424:
408:
404:
391:
387:
371:
355:
351:
346:
333:
319:
303:
287:
282:
221:
186:
147:
137:
123:
97:
72:
53:
48:
43:
3847:
3789:
3553:Kurpaska, Maria (2010),
3494:10.1515/9783110239331.51
1642:is spoken mainly in the
1472:
1459:
1444:
1431:
1416:
1399:
1389:
1374:
1360:
941:for the variety used in
903:Cantonese pronunciation:
637:Traditional Chinese
357:Traditional Chinese
3706:Language Atlas of China
3686:Szeto, Cecilia (2001),
2996:Zhang & Yang (2004)
2739:Oxford University Press
2269:; 'rising', or
1762:s Gou–Lou and southern
1677:variety, also known as
1557:Language Atlas of China
1344:Language Atlas of China
1253:Geographic distribution
1156:, between 917 and 971.
1024:[kʷɔ̌ːŋtʊ́ŋwǎː]
926:(collectively known as
653:Simplified Chinese
462:ㄩㄝˋ ㄩˇ
373:Simplified Chinese
92:(right) character forms
3642:The Languages of China
3619:Sino-Tibetan Languages
2202:), the rounded medial
2185:; 'five', and
2130:are all pronounced as
2023:
1992:
1914:
1506:
1184:lies in the middle of
972:Yue varieties are not
143:86 million (2022)
4946:Central Tibeto-Burman
4177:Huang, Karen (2009),
4101:10.1353/jcl.2016.0002
3761:Yue, Oi-Kan (2006), "
3646:Princeton, New Jersey
3519:Chen, Litong (2016),
3465:, Walter de Gruyter,
3313:, pp. 24, 32–33.
2908:, pp. 1835–1836.
2152:, and "Tientsin" for
2021:
1990:
1898:
1805:Zhongshan, including
1338:
1301:Southwestern Mandarin
974:mutually intelligible
910:) is a branch of the
7131:Varieties of Chinese
3576:Li, Qingxin (2006),
3428:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
3416:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
3179:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2984:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2957:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2945:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2894:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2882:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2867:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2855:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2838:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2826:Yue-Hashimoto (1972)
2038:Initials and medials
1913:, 1058) in Cantonese
1547:in southern Guangxi.
1009:Cantonese immigrants
978:varieties of Chinese
914:primarily spoken in
5004:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
3352:, pp. 216–217.
3272:, pp. 100–101.
3193:, pp. 431–432.
3118:, pp. 195–196.
3082:, pp. 192–193.
2737:(Online ed.).
2330:are all pronounced
2265:; 'level',
2076:sibilants with the
2010:Cantonese phonology
1780:Hong Kong Cantonese
1778:proper (Guangzhou,
1238:Cinema of Hong Kong
1230:Hong Kong Cantonese
1226:chamber of commerce
835:Canton Romanization
573:Canton Romanization
204:Eastern Han Chinese
7047:Cantonese Bopomofo
6914:Chinese characters
6842:Written Sichuanese
5426:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
4997:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
4939:Proposed groupings
4162:10.14288/1.0100261
3625:, pp. 72–83,
3578:Maritime Silk Road
3229:, pp. 99–100.
3068:Wurm et al. (1987)
2642:Languages of China
2024:
1993:
1915:
1739:Pearl River Delta
1507:
1222:East India Company
1066:Nàahmnìhng baahkwá
631:Guangdong language
194:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
7100:
7099:
7082:
7081:
6909:
6908:
6827:Written Cantonese
6822:
6821:
6604:Classical grammar
6599:Cantonese grammar
6434:
6433:
6331:
6330:
6137:
6136:
6056:
6055:
5918:
5917:
5625:
5624:
5412:
5411:
5302:Chengdu–Chongqing
5095:Sinitic languages
5051:
5050:
4934:
4933:
4819:
4818:
4660:
4659:
4415:
4414:
3889:978-1-4020-8038-8
3870:978-0-19-985633-6
3848:山高水長:丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集
3753:978-0-521-08442-0
3734:978-3-89586-629-6
3727:, LINCOM Europa,
3715:978-962-359-085-3
3678:978-0-7425-1756-1
3659:978-0-691-01468-5
3632:978-0-7007-1129-1
3609:978-0-521-29653-3
3587:978-7-5085-0932-7
3568:978-3-11-021914-2
3559:Walter de Gruyter
3545:978-3-929075-12-0
3538:, Lincom Europa,
3472:978-3-11-014893-0
3325:, pp. 24–25.
3130:, pp. 76–77.
3051:978-7-10-007054-6
3010:, pp. 66–68.
2920:, pp. 19–20.
2745:(Subscription or
2714:Killingley (1993)
2679:(26th ed., 2023)
2632:Written Cantonese
2617:Cantonese grammar
2082:Mandarin dialects
1988:
1896:
1592:Pearl River Delta
1522:Pearl River Delta
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1186:Pearl River Delta
1180:The port city of
1176:Rise of Cantonese
1079:Nanling Mountains
1056:[pàːkwǎː]
1040:[jỳtjy̬ː]
912:Sinitic languages
896:
895:
888:
887:
827:gwong2 dung1 waa2
807:Yale Romanization
711:Standard Mandarin
626:
625:
545:Yale Romanization
435:Standard Mandarin
342:
341:
7138:
7092:
7091:
7064:Taiwanese Hangul
6953:Mainland Chinese
6866:
6865:
6857:
6856:
6782:
6781:
6459:Standard Chinese
6442:
6210:
6209:
5929:
5928:
5822:
5821:
5813:
5812:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5659:
5647:
5446:
5445:
5118:
5117:
5109:
5108:
5085:Chinese language
5078:
5071:
5064:
5055:
5054:
4893:
4892:
4754:
4753:
4588:
4587:
4423:
4340:
4339:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4173:
4141:
4112:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3893:
3874:
3855:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3797:
3786:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3757:
3738:
3719:
3700:
3692:
3682:
3663:
3636:
3613:
3591:
3572:
3549:
3537:
3526:
3515:
3505:
3476:
3457:
3451:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3034:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2668:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2560:
2555:
2536:
2530:
2517:
2513:versus Mandarin
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:versus Mandarin
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:versus Mandarin
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:versus Mandarin
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2406:
2403:has merged with
2402:
2396:, respectively.
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2213:
2205:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2064:
2060:
2056:
1989:
1942:Standard Chinese
1937:dialect of Yue.
1923:prestige dialect
1897:
1863:s Gao–Yang area)
1577:
1576:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1362: Guibei (N
1361:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1002:Standard Chinese
1000:system based on
959:prestige dialect
909:
907:[jyːt̚˨]
904:
884:
883:
860:
859:
858:
843:
842:
829:
828:
815:
814:
794:
793:
773:
772:
771:
756:
755:
742:
741:
740:
726:
725:
702:
701:
663:
662:
647:
646:
622:
621:
620:O̍at-gí, O̍at-gú
598:
597:
596:
581:
580:
567:
566:
553:
552:
532:
531:
511:
510:
509:
494:
493:
480:
479:
478:
464:
463:
450:
449:
426:
425:
383:
382:
367:
366:
344:
343:
338:
329:
315:
299:
292:
153:
82:
77:
68:
64:
60:
56:
41:
40:
21:Cantonese people
7146:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7078:
7015:Tongyong Pinyin
6995:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
6983:Dungan Cyrillic
6966:
6935:
6905:
6846:
6837:Written Hokkien
6818:
6777:
6771:
6747:Middle Mandarin
6713:
6633:
6608:
6570:
6517:
6450:
6443:
6430:
6379:
6327:
6286:
6263:
6199:
6133:
6052:
6031:
6013:
5990:
5914:
5881:
5858:
5802:
5738:
5698:
5689:
5677:
5665:
5653:
5641:
5621:
5603:
5575:
5557:
5531:
5508:
5435:
5408:
5382:
5359:
5283:
5223:
5195:
5172:
5149:
5098:
5087:
5082:
5052:
5047:
5037:
4988:Proto-languages
4982:
4930:
4897:Greater Siangic
4891:
4828:
4815:
4752:
4656:
4628:
4586:
4530:
4521:
4433:
4424:
4411:
4344:Greater Magaric
4338:
4265:West Himalayish
4245:
4231:
4225:
4181:
4176:
4151:
4148:
4115:
4086:
4061:广西通志: 汉语方言志(2册)
4057:广西壮族自治区地方志编纂委员会
3901:
3899:Further reading
3896:
3890:
3871:
3849:
3791:
3754:
3735:
3716:
3690:
3679:
3660:
3633:
3610:
3588:
3569:
3546:
3473:
3449:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3092:Kurpaska (2010)
3090:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3036:
3035:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2963:
2959:, pp. 5–6.
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2844:
2840:, pp. 2–3.
2836:
2832:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2800:
2794:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2705:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2637:Written Chinese
2627:Lingnan culture
2613:
2549:
2227:
2214:are treated as
2040:
2016:
2006:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1946:Beijing dialect
1944:, based on the
1887:
1885:
1879:
1841:Doumen District
1833:Wuyi–Liangyang
1817:New Territories
1520:, covering the
1471:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1255:
1224:establishing a
1211:Cantonese opera
1178:
1081:, known as the
1075:
994:
957:, which is the
902:
748:Tongyong Pinyin
738:
689:Literal meaning
486:Tongyong Pinyin
476:
409:Literal meaning
325:
311:
295:
288:
217:
189:
182:
154:
151:Language family
149:
140:
139:Native speakers
130:
93:
61:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7144:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7098:
7097:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7059:Taiwanese kana
7056:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7030:Lessing-Othmer
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6872:
6863:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6832:Written Dungan
6829:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6788:
6786:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6737:Middle Chinese
6734:
6729:
6723:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6704:Wubi (Wang Ma)
6701:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6652:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6624:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6455:
6453:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6421:Xiangnan Tuhua
6418:
6413:
6408:
6406:Shaozhou Tuhua
6403:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6341:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6218:
6216:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5819:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5684:
5672:
5660:
5648:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5613:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5319:Renshou–Fushun
5316:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5229:Central Plains
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4978:Tibeto-Kanauri
4975:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Kuki-Chin–Naga
4948:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4901:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4839:
4837:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4804:
4799:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4762:
4760:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4672:
4670:Southeast Asia
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4609:
4607:Angami–Pochuri
4604:
4598:
4596:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4532:
4531:Burmese border
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4449:
4447:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4348:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4301:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4258:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4174:
4147:
4146:External links
4144:
4143:
4142:
4113:
4095:(1): 109–152,
4084:
4054:
4051:978-7219059432
4032:
4006:
4003:978-7810293631
3980:
3954:
3928:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3875:
3869:
3856:
3758:
3752:
3739:
3733:
3720:
3714:
3701:
3683:
3677:
3664:
3658:
3637:
3631:
3614:
3608:
3592:
3586:
3573:
3567:
3550:
3544:
3527:
3516:
3477:
3471:
3458:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3367:, p. 217.
3354:
3342:
3340:, p. 101.
3327:
3315:
3303:
3301:, p. 193.
3286:
3284:, p. 204.
3274:
3262:
3260:, p. 193.
3250:
3248:, p. 216.
3231:
3219:
3215:Skeldon (2003)
3207:
3195:
3183:
3168:
3166:, p. 215.
3156:
3144:
3142:, p. 186.
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3057:
3050:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2998:, p. 154.
2988:
2976:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2935:, p. 126.
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2871:
2859:
2842:
2830:
2815:
2798:
2778:
2752:
2718:
2703:
2696:Victor H. Mair
2688:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2597:(cf. Mandarin
2548:
2545:
2226:
2223:
2039:
2036:
2032:Middle Chinese
2005:
2002:
1996:came from the
1974:Main article:
1971:
1968:
1881:Main article:
1878:
1875:
1871:Dapeng dialect
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1783:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1752:and southeast
1748:: dialects of
1746:Sanyi–Zhaoqing
1733:
1732:
1714:
1700:
1686:
1660:
1659:
1637:
1627:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1529:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1467:
1453:
1452:
1439:
1425:
1424:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1394:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1339:
1332:
1331:Classification
1329:
1327:
1324:
1254:
1251:
1177:
1174:
1074:
1071:
993:
990:
986:Middle Chinese
961:of the group.
916:Southern China
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
878:
869:
868:
862:
861:
851:
845:
844:
837:
831:
830:
823:
817:
816:
809:
803:
802:
800:Yue: Cantonese
796:
795:
788:
782:
781:
775:
774:
764:
758:
757:
750:
744:
743:
739:Kuang-tung Hua
734:
728:
727:
720:
714:
713:
707:
706:
705:Transcriptions
698:
697:
690:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
669:
668:
665:
664:
655:
649:
648:
639:
633:
632:
628:
627:
624:
623:
616:
607:
606:
600:
599:
589:
583:
582:
575:
569:
568:
561:
555:
554:
547:
541:
540:
538:Yue: Cantonese
534:
533:
526:
520:
519:
513:
512:
502:
496:
495:
488:
482:
481:
472:
466:
465:
458:
452:
451:
444:
438:
437:
431:
430:
429:Transcriptions
422:
421:
410:
406:
405:
402:
401:
398:
389:
388:
385:
384:
375:
369:
368:
359:
353:
352:
349:
348:
340:
339:
331:
330:
323:
317:
316:
309:
301:
300:
293:
285:
284:
283:Language codes
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
237:
225:
219:
218:
216:
215:
214:
213:
212:
211:
209:Middle Chinese
192:
190:
187:
184:
183:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
157:
155:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
125:
121:
120:
99:
95:
94:
78:
70:
69:
51:
50:
46:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7143:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7104:
7095:
7085:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6978:Cyrillization
6976:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6870:Script styles
6867:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6446:
6441:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5693:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5018:Proto-Karenic
5015:
5013:
5012:
5011:Proto-Loloish
5008:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4972:Tibeto-Burman
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4758:Burmo-Qiangic
4755:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4653:
4652:Jingpho–Luish
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4290:Baram–Thangmi
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4082:
4081:9787219037232
4078:
4074:
4070:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4019:. Guangzhou:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3993:. Guangzhou:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3967:. Guangzhou:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3941:. Guangzhou:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3915:. Guangzhou:
3903:
3902:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3798:
3787:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:Norman, Jerry
3593:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3430:, p. 48.
3429:
3424:
3418:, p. 20.
3417:
3412:
3410:
3403:, p. 80.
3402:
3401:Norman (2003)
3397:
3391:, p. 77.
3390:
3389:Norman (2003)
3385:
3379:, p. 52.
3378:
3377:Norman (1988)
3373:
3366:
3365:Norman (1988)
3361:
3359:
3351:
3350:Norman (1988)
3346:
3339:
3338:Ramsey (1987)
3334:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3299:Norman (1988)
3295:
3293:
3291:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3270:Ramsey (1987)
3266:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3246:Norman (1988)
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3227:Ramsey (1987)
3223:
3217:, p. 57.
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3181:, p. 10.
3180:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:Norman (1988)
3160:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3094:, p. 76.
3093:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3022:, p. 23.
3021:
3020:Ramsey (1987)
3016:
3009:
3008:Bolton (2011)
3004:
2997:
2992:
2986:, p. 70.
2985:
2980:
2974:, p. 99.
2973:
2972:Ramsey (1987)
2968:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2813:, p. 98.
2812:
2811:Ramsey (1987)
2807:
2805:
2803:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2767:
2763:
2760:Ager, Simon.
2756:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2586:
2575:
2569:
2568:Tai languages
2565:
2561:
2544:
2542:
2541:Bobai dialect
2537:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2502:
2492:
2486:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2410:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2275:entering tone
2222:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2184:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2065:has become a
2051:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:lingua franca
1928:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:Shiqi dialect
1804:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:Yulin (Bobai)
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1365:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:, Hakka, and
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Southern Song
1191:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:Tai languages
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:and then the
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1057:
1052:
1041:
1036:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
900:
891:
879:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
857:
852:
850:
846:
838:
836:
832:
824:
822:
818:
810:
808:
804:
801:
797:
789:
787:
783:
780:
776:
770:
765:
763:
759:
754:Guǎngdong-huà
751:
749:
745:
735:
733:
729:
721:
719:
715:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
677:
674:
670:
666:
661:
656:
654:
650:
645:
640:
638:
634:
629:
617:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
595:
590:
588:
584:
576:
574:
570:
562:
560:
556:
548:
546:
542:
539:
535:
527:
525:
521:
518:
514:
508:
503:
501:
497:
489:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
459:
457:
453:
445:
443:
439:
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
397:
394:
390:
386:
381:
376:
374:
370:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
337:
332:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
291:
286:
281:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
228:
227:
226:
224:
220:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
196:
195:
191:
185:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
161:
160:
156:
152:
146:
142:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
76:
71:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
29:
22:
7102:
7000:Hanyu Pinyin
6990:Romanization
6897:Semi-cursive
6742:Old Mandarin
6699:Stroke count
6626:
6619:
6541:Old National
6384:Unclassified
6204:
5289:Southwestern
5122:Northeastern
5104:Major groups
5093:
5043:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4970:
4916:
4909:
4884:
4870:
4863:
4854:
4847:
4806:
4791:Lolo-Burmese
4789:
4765:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4611:
4579:
4572:
4563:
4556:
4544:
4537:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4459:
4452:
4404:
4398:
4384:
4377:
4363:
4356:
4331:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4296:
4282:
4270:
4263:
4228:Sino-Tibetan
4189:
4185:
4153:
4121:
4117:
4092:
4088:
4017:粤西十县市粤方言调查报告
3991:粤北十县市粤方言调查报告
3879:
3860:
3851:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3743:
3724:
3705:
3695:
3668:
3641:
3618:
3599:
3577:
3554:
3533:
3521:
3488:(1): 51–74,
3485:
3481:
3462:
3453:
3423:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3345:
3318:
3306:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3222:
3210:
3205:, p. 4.
3203:Szeto (2001)
3198:
3186:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3037:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2952:
2947:, p. 5.
2940:
2913:
2906:Bauer (1996)
2901:
2896:, p. 6.
2889:
2884:, p. 4.
2869:, p. 3.
2862:
2857:, p. 2.
2833:
2828:, p. 1.
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2765:
2755:
2732:
2721:
2716:, p. 2.
2691:
2674:
2666:
2602:
2592:
2582:
2576:
2557:
2550:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2430:
2420:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2288:
2281:
2228:
2220:
2216:labio-velars
2197:
2190:
2180:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2071:
2052:
2041:
2028:conservative
2025:
1994:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1939:
1918:
1916:
1903:
1900:Jasper Tsang
1868:
1860:
1820:
1759:
1734:
1661:
1555:
1553:
1508:
1342:
1321:
1294:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1218:maritime ban
1215:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1179:
1158:
1150:Southern Han
1143:
1119:Lingqu Canal
1090:
1076:
1064:
1048:
1032:
1016:
1006:
995:
982:conservative
971:
934:
932:
898:
897:
866:Southern Min
841:Guongdung wa
813:Gwóngdūng wá
792:Kuaon ton ho
786:Romanization
724:Guǎngdōnghuà
718:Hanyu Pinyin
680:Gwóngdūng wá
604:Southern Min
524:Romanization
442:Hanyu Pinyin
347:Yue language
321:Linguasphere
304:
173:
159:Sino-Tibetan
79:
7116:Yue Chinese
7069:Xiao'erjing
6931:Punctuation
6924:Traditional
6877:Oracle bone
6861:Logographic
6757:Proto-Hakka
6732:Eastern Han
6727:Old Chinese
6589:Classifiers
6556:Northern Wu
6484:Singaporean
5690: [
5678: [
5666: [
5654: [
5642: [
5032:Proto-Hakka
4961:Mahakiranti
4467:East Bodish
4247:Uttarakhand
4063:. Nanning:
4041:. Nanning:
3939:珠江三角洲方言词汇对照
3913:珠江三角洲方言字音对照
3708:, Longman,
3503:10220/38780
3438:Works cited
3152:Chen (2016)
2728:"Cantonese"
2249:, or stops
2208:monophthong
1906:the Emperor
1851:Liangyang:
1566:Pearl River
1511:Yuan Jiahua
1290:Leizhounese
1288:, but also
1282:Min Chinese
1259:Pearl River
1111:Xiang River
1087:Hundred Yue
1018:Gwóngdūngwá
992:Terminology
976:with other
882:Kńg-tang-oē
199:Old Chinese
188:Early forms
88:(left) and
86:Traditional
7110:Categories
7020:Wade–Giles
6919:Simplified
6814:Vernacular
6807:in Vietnam
6660:Simplified
6647:Biaoxingma
6594:Honorifics
6529:Historical
6474:Philippine
6464:Sichuanese
6391:Badong Yao
6095:Shao–Jiang
5966:Philippine
5774:Xiangxiang
5769:Shuangfeng
5514:Taizhou Wu
5297:Sichuanese
4926:Idu–Taraon
4880:Miju–Meyor
4773:Gyalrongic
4619:Tangkhulic
4394:Raji–Raute
4170:2429/22089
4073:7219037236
4029:7810297252
3977:7540504854
3951:7540502606
3925:7540500565
3621:, London:
3282:Yan (2006)
3258:Yan (2006)
3140:Yue (2015)
3128:Yue (2006)
3116:Yan (2006)
3080:Yan (2006)
2749:required.)
2676:Ethnologue
2653:References
2547:Vocabulary
2524:four tones
2014:Taishanese
2008:See also:
1976:Taishanese
1970:Taishanese
1935:Taishanese
1904:Letter to
1683:Chinatowns
1679:Taishanese
1640:Yuhng–Cham
963:Taishanese
949:(Ngchow),
945:(Canton),
928:Liangguang
732:Wade–Giles
565:jyut6 jyu5
470:Wade–Giles
244:Taishanese
132:Taishanese
108:, western
90:Simplified
6958:Taiwanese
6948:Cantonese
6792:Classical
6752:Proto-Min
6687:Microsoft
6546:Cantonese
6522:Phonology
6503:Cantonese
6494:Singdarin
6479:Malaysian
6469:Taiwanese
6373:Rongjiang
6363:Yongjiang
6359:Southern
6344:Northern
6318:Luo–Guang
6227:Hong Kong
6222:Guangzhou
6178:Taiwanese
6171:Changting
6105:Zhanjiang
6019:Zhongshan
5986:Malaysian
5981:Singapore
5946:Zhangzhou
5898:Zhongshan
5791:Yong–Quan
5687:Jing-Zhan
5617:Xuancheng
5594:Jiangshan
5473:Changzhou
5394:Junjiahua
5247:Guanzhong
5130:Changchun
5025:Proto-Min
4956:Macro-Bai
4834:Arunachal
4827:(possible
4642:Boro–Garo
4546:Kuki-Chin
4529:and Indo-
4444:Arunachal
4431:Himalayas
4406:Tandrange
4373:Chepangic
4304:Dhimalish
4238:Himalayas
4138:600555701
4109:170745725
3965:珠江三角洲方言综述
3817:xiānshēng
3790:粵音構擬之二：聲母
3623:Routledge
3534:Cantonese
3512:154551337
2933:Li (2006)
2918:Li (2006)
2791:ISO 639-3
2658:Citations
2237:, nasals
2074:retroflex
2048:Old Xiang
2004:Phonology
1902:reciting
1883:Cantonese
1877:Cantonese
1853:Yangjiang
1802:Southern
1776:Cantonese
1766:dialects.
1742:Northern
1729:Fangcheng
1697:Lianjiang
1693:Yangjiang
1596:Zhongshan
1584:Hong Kong
1580:Guangzhou
1572:Guangfu (
1326:Varieties
1284:, mostly
1274:Guangdong
1182:Guangzhou
1131:Bei Jiang
1127:Gan River
951:Hong Kong
943:Guangzhou
939:Cantonese
935:Cantonese
933:The term
920:Guangdong
694:Guangdong
673:Cantonese
393:Cantonese
306:Glottolog
290:ISO 639-3
275:Luo–Guang
234:Cantonese
223:Varieties
128:Cantonese
124:Ethnicity
114:Hong Kong
102:Guangdong
49:Cantonese
7042:Bopomofo
6971:Phonetic
6963:Two-cell
6892:Clerical
6802:in Japan
6797:Adoption
6785:Official
6776:Literary
6651:Boshiamy
6628:Xiehouyu
6584:Numerals
6561:Mandarin
6489:Standard
6449:Standard
6323:Qin–Lian
6313:Yong–Xun
6298:Gao–Yang
6244:Jiujiang
6232:Malaysia
6166:Tingzhou
6117:Wenchang
6078:Jianyang
6068:Northern
6027:Sanxiang
5941:Quanzhou
5924:Southern
5893:Manjiang
5757:Changsha
5717:Nanchang
5712:Chang–Du
5609:Xuanzhou
5599:Qingtian
5553:Wencheng
5499:Jiangyin
5494:Jinxiang
5484:Shaoxing
5478:Hangzhou
5458:Shanghai
5399:Qinjiang
5307:Minjiang
5279:Xinjiang
5237:Dongping
5201:Jiaoliao
5140:Shenyang
5113:Mandarin
4830:isolates
4797:Mondzish
4725:Cai–Long
4473:Tshangla
4429:Eastern
4272:Tamangic
4242:Himachal
4236:Western
4230:branches
4130:23827041
4059:(1998).
4039:广西汉语方言研究
4037:(2007).
4015:(1998).
3989:(1994).
3963:(1990).
3937:(1988).
3911:(1987).
3598:(1988),
3044:, 2012,
2766:Omniglot
2698:(2009):
2611:See also
2564:Tengxian
2200:Tengxian
2078:alveolar
1955:Cantopop
1940:By law,
1857:Yangchun
1815:and the
1813:Dongguan
1771:Guangfu
1754:Zhaoqing
1717:Qin–Lian
1689:Gao–Yang
1671:Jiangmen
1630:Ngau–Lau
1620:Qingyuan
1616:Zhaoqing
1612:Shenzhen
1604:Dongguan
1594:such as
1536:Jiangmen
1526:Xi River
1463:Qin–Lian
1448:Gao–Yang
1435:Yong–Xun
1247:protests
1236:and the
1234:Cantopop
1123:Xi Jiang
1115:Li River
967:Jiangmen
821:Jyutping
559:Jyutping
530:Yoeh nyy
456:Bopomofo
414:Language
327:79-AAA-m
313:yuec1235
265:Qin–Lian
255:Yong–Xun
250:Gao–Yang
6941:Braille
6902:Cursive
6852:Scripts
6719:History
6709:ZhengMa
6655:Cangjie
6621:Chengyu
6576:Grammar
6551:Hokkien
6508:Hokkien
6416:Waxiang
6396:Danzhou
6368:Guandao
6353:Younian
6348:Tongdao
6337:Pinghua
6277:Taishan
6193:Raoping
6161:Huizhou
6151:Meixian
6127:Banqiao
6100:Leizhou
6090:Pu–Xian
6085:Central
6073:Jian'ou
6048:Longyan
5996:Teochew
5933:Hokkien
5908:Nanlang
5864:Fu–Ning
5844:Changle
5826:Houguan
5817:Eastern
5764:Loushao
5752:Changyi
5734:Da–Tong
5729:Ying–Yi
5675:Yanzhou
5543:Wenzhou
5536:Oujiang
5527:Tiantai
5522:Taizhou
5431:Zhi–Yan
5378:Nantong
5373:Nanjing
5348:Gui–Liu
5338:Nanping
5333:Kunming
5259:Luoyang
5214:Qingdao
5186:Tianjin
5163:Beijing
5155:Beijing
5044:Italics
4905:Siangic
4886:Songlin
4865:Kho-Bwa
4843:Hrusish
4825:Dubious
4808:Loloish
4802:Burmish
4767:Qiangic
4738:Longjia
4705:Karenic
4699:Nungish
4679:Sinitic
4565:Hkongso
4527:Myanmar
4497:Gongduk
4461:Tibetic
4379:Chepang
4352:Magaric
4298:Kiranti
4278:Newaric
4065:广西人民出版社
4043:广西人民出版社
4021:暨南大学出版社
3995:暨南大学出版社
3969:广东人民出版社
3943:广东人民出版社
3917:广东人民出版社
3812:Bāngxīn
3804:cháng:
3796:Shāngāo
3785:shēngmǔ
3600:Chinese
2771:5 March
2154:Tianjin
2150:Jiangxi
1795:Guiping
1791:Nanning
1787:Maoming
1764:Pinghua
1725:Qinzhou
1711:Huazhou
1707:Wuchuan
1675:Taishan
1667:Sze-yap
1656:Nanning
1562:Pinghua
1554:In the
1528:valley.
1403:Guangfu
1378:Gou–Lou
1364:Pinghua
1313:Hokkien
1305:Pinghua
1297:Guangxi
1286:Teochew
1117:by the
1083:Lingnan
1073:History
1050:baahkwá
1034:Yuhtyúh
924:Guangxi
873:Hokkien
696:speech'
611:Hokkien
551:Yuhtyúh
477:Yüeh-yü
400:Yuhtyúh
260:Gou–Lou
242:(incl.
232:(incl.
169:Chinese
164:Sinitic
106:Guangxi
81:Yuhtyúh
7010:Postal
7005:MPS II
6882:Bronze
6762:Ba–Shu
6682:Google
6677:Pinyin
6613:Idioms
6426:Yeheni
6308:Wu–Hua
6303:Goulou
6282:Xinhui
6259:Dapeng
6254:Weitou
6239:Xiguan
6214:Yuehai
6183:Sixian
6122:Haikou
6112:Hainan
6043:Zhenan
6009:Haklau
6004:Swatow
5976:Penang
5961:Taiwan
5956:Chawan
5903:Longdu
5872:Ningde
5849:Gutian
5839:Fuqing
5834:Fuzhou
5796:Qiyang
5779:Wugang
5724:Yi–Liu
5651:Xiu-Yi
5639:Ji-She
5589:Quzhou
5581:Chu–Qu
5571:Jinhua
5563:Wuzhou
5548:Rui'an
5489:Ningbo
5463:Suzhou
5353:Wuming
5324:Zigong
5312:Leshan
5274:Lanyin
5269:Dungan
5264:Xuzhou
5242:Gangou
5219:Weihai
5209:Dalian
5168:Taiwan
5135:Harbin
4918:Milang
4872:Puroik
4856:Mijiic
4780:Ersuic
4731:Caijia
4647:Konyak
4613:Meitei
4517:Chamdo
4454:Bodish
4440:Bhutan
4386:Bhujel
4333:Lepcha
4324:Lhokpu
4310:Dhimal
4255:Sikkim
4136:
4128:
4107:
4079:
4071:
4049:
4027:
4011:&
4001:
3985:&
3975:
3959:&
3949:
3933:&
3923:
3907:&
3886:
3867:
3842:lùnwén
3750:
3731:
3712:
3675:
3656:
3629:
3606:
3584:
3565:
3542:
3510:
3469:
3048:
2584:bīn-go
2493:, and
2390:, and
2326:, and
1919:Yuehai
1911:Su Xun
1861:Atlas'
1774:Core:
1760:Atlas'
1750:Foshan
1721:Beihai
1703:Wu–Hua
1624:Wuzhou
1608:Zhuhai
1600:Foshan
1545:Hamlim
1532:Seiyap
1518:Yuehai
1476:Wu–Hua
1474:
1461:
1446:
1433:
1418:
1401:
1376:
1317:Zhuang
1266:Wuzhou
1207:Nányīn
1166:Zhuang
1146:Nanyue
1091:Baiyue
998:pinyin
947:Wuzhou
492:Yuè-yǔ
270:Wu–Hua
230:Yuehai
110:Hainan
98:Region
36:Yueyue
7074:Nüshu
6778:forms
6692:Sogou
6639:Input
6513:Hakka
6451:forms
6291:Other
6249:Shiqi
6188:Hailu
6156:Wuhua
6143:Hakka
6061:Other
6036:Other
5971:Pedan
5886:Other
5877:Fu'an
5854:Matsu
5786:Ji–Xu
5744:Xiang
5694:]
5682:]
5670:]
5663:Qi-De
5658:]
5646:]
5504:Shadi
5450:Taihu
5404:Gyami
5387:Other
5343:Wuhan
5252:Xi'an
5191:Jinan
4849:Hruso
4745:Luren
4719:Kathu
4693:Tujia
4581:Taman
4552:Mruic
4539:Karbi
4480:Basum
4436:Tibet
4358:Magar
4284:Newar
4251:Nepal
4182:(PDF)
4126:JSTOR
4105:S2CID
3850:[
3774:gòunǐ
3691:(PDF)
3508:S2CID
3450:(PDF)
2793:code
2743:
2559:kèrén
2432:tàahn
2422:taahm
2409:Hakka
2351:ngaih
2345:ngaht
2339:yeuih
2163:with
2107:jēung
2101:zhāng
2091:jiāng
1963:wuxia
1960:Most
1836:Wuyi
1821:Atlas
1588:Macau
1309:Xiang
1278:Hakka
1199:Yuèōu
1135:Hakka
955:Macau
579:Yüdyü
448:Yuèyǔ
118:Macau
34:, or
28:Yuyue
7035:Yale
7025:EFEO
6887:Seal
6672:Dayi
6269:Siyi
5951:Amoy
5468:Wuxi
5365:Huai
5178:Jilu
4966:Rung
4911:Koro
4785:Naic
4712:Gong
4668:and
4666:East
4624:Zeme
4593:Naga
4511:Tani
4504:ʼOle
4400:Dura
4365:Kham
4317:Toto
4134:OCLC
4077:ISBN
4069:ISBN
4047:ISBN
4025:ISBN
3999:ISBN
3973:ISBN
3947:ISBN
3921:ISBN
3884:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3837:qìng
3832:shòu
3807:Dīng
3801:shuǐ
3782:èr:
3748:ISBN
3729:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3673:ISBN
3654:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3604:ISBN
3582:ISBN
3563:ISBN
3540:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3046:ISBN
2773:2017
2604:shéi
2535:yáng
2510:hòhn
2503:and
2500:hàhm
2490:tiān
2477:and
2458:yìhn
2451:and
2448:yìhm
2425:and
2393:yaht
2363:yihk
2145:gīng
2139:jīng
2133:jīng
2126:and
2094:and
2059:/tʰ/
2055:/kʰ/
2046:and
2012:and
1998:Siyi
1909:(by
1869:The
1855:and
1793:and
1727:and
1709:and
1695:and
1644:Yong
1618:and
1610:and
1586:and
1524:and
1420:Siyi
1280:and
1205:and
1203:Mùyú
1190:Dong
1170:Dong
1168:and
1107:Song
1105:and
1103:Tang
1089:(or
1061:南寧白話
1043:and
953:and
922:and
676:Yale
396:Yale
240:Siyi
116:and
32:Yuyu
6767:Gan
6667:CKC
6534:Old
6411:She
6401:Mai
6205:Yue
5808:Min
5704:Gan
5631:Hui
5480:(?)
5418:Jin
5145:Taz
4832:) (
4686:Bai
4634:Sal
4574:Pyu
4558:Mru
4487:Nam
4166:hdl
4158:doi
4097:doi
4035:谢建猷
4013:张日昇
4009:詹伯慧
3987:张日昇
3983:詹伯慧
3961:张日昇
3957:詹伯慧
3935:张日昇
3931:詹伯慧
3909:张日昇
3905:詹伯慧
3827:zhì
3779:zhī
3769:yīn
3764:Yuè
3498:hdl
3490:doi
2795:yue
2787:OED
2673:at
2671:Yue
2594:sŭe
2529:yīn
2516:hán
2484:tìn
2474:tìm
2464:yán
2438:tán
2413:Min
2405:/n/
2401:/m/
2387:yāp
2375:yih
2357:yīk
2259:/k/
2257:or
2255:/t/
2251:/p/
2247:/ŋ/
2245:or
2243:/n/
2239:/m/
2235:/w/
2233:or
2231:/j/
2212:/w/
2204:/w/
2192:m̀h
2182:ńgh
2173:/m/
2169:/ŋ/
2165:/l/
2161:/n/
2063:/s/
1652:Xun
1575:廣府話
1509:In
1139:Min
1099:Han
1013:廣東話
930:).
899:Yue
876:POJ
849:IPA
762:IPA
660:广东话
644:廣東話
614:POJ
587:IPA
500:IPA
418:Yue
416:of
297:yue
174:Yue
67:廣東話
63:广东话
44:Yue
7112::
5692:zh
5680:zh
5668:zh
5656:zh
5644:zh
5441:Wu
4602:Ao
4442:,
4438:,
4253:,
4249:,
4190:40
4188:,
4184:,
4164:,
4132:,
4120:,
4103:,
4093:44
4091:,
4075:,
4067:.
4045:.
4023:.
3997:.
3971:.
3945:.
3919:.
3845:jí
3822:qī
3788:"
3652:,
3648::
3644:,
3561:,
3557:,
3506:,
3496:,
3484:,
3452:.
3408:^
3357:^
3330:^
3289:^
3234:^
3171:^
3060:^
3040:,
3027:^
2964:^
2925:^
2874:^
2845:^
2818:^
2801:^
2789:;
2764:.
2731:.
2706:^
2601:;
2591:;
2581:;
2579:邊個
2572:人妻
2556:;
2554:客人
2519:.
2507:;
2497:;
2481:;
2471:;
2467:,
2455:;
2445:;
2441:,
2429:;
2419:;
2411:,
2384:,
2381:ai
2378:,
2372:,
2369:yi
2366:,
2360:,
2354:,
2348:,
2342:,
2333:yì
2322:,
2318:,
2314:,
2310:,
2306:,
2302:,
2298:,
2294:,
2283:rù
2280:;
2253:,
2241:,
2218:.
2189:;
2179:;
2156:.
2122:,
2118:,
2110:.
2098:;
2088:;
2069:.
2044:Wu
1723:,
1648:Yu
1606:,
1602:,
1598:,
1582:,
1568::
1366:)
1319:.
1292:.
1249:.
1201:,
1172:.
1101:,
1063:;
1047:;
1045:白話
1031:;
1029:粵語
1015:;
779:Wu
517:Wu
380:粤语
364:粵語
112:,
104:,
65:;
59:粵語
57:;
55:粤语
30:,
5077:e
5070:t
5063:v
4836:)
4595:"
4591:"
4490:?
4446:)
4434:(
4403:–
4257:)
4244:,
4240:(
4220:e
4213:t
4206:v
4172:.
4168::
4160::
4140:.
4111:.
4099::
4083:.
4053:.
4031:.
4005:.
3979:.
3953:.
3927:.
3892:.
3873:.
3756:.
3737:.
3718:.
3699:.
3681:.
3662:.
3635:.
3612:.
3590:.
3571:.
3548:.
3514:.
3500::
3492::
3486:2
3475:.
3154:.
3070:.
3054:.
2775:.
2741:.
2599:誰
2589:誰
2505:寒
2495:含
2479:天
2469:添
2453:言
2443:鹽
2427:壇
2417:譚
2328:佚
2324:邑
2320:翳
2316:肄
2312:懿
2308:譯
2304:憶
2300:藝
2296:屹
2292:裔
2278:入
2271:去
2267:上
2263:平
2187:唔
2177:五
2128:京
2124:經
2120:精
2116:晶
2096:張
2086:將
1843:.
1823:.
1797:.
1782:)
1650:–
1646:–
901:(
692:'
420:'
412:'
246:)
236:)
38:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
