1938:
colonial concessions) to the detriment of small individual farms. However, the colonial period was accompanied by movements fighting for independence: the
Menalamba, the Vy Vato Sakelika, the Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renovation (MDRM). In 1927, major demonstrations were organized in Antananarivo, notably on the initiative of the communist activist François Vittori, who was imprisoned as a result. The 1930s saw the Malagasy anti-colonial movement gain further momentum. Malagasy trade unionism began to appear underground and the Communist Party of the Madagascar region was formed. But in 1939, all the organizations were dissolved by the administration of the colony, which opted for the Vichy regime. The MDRM was accused by the colonial regime of being at the origin of the 1947 insurrection and was pursued by violent repression.
4732:
3009:
occasionally intervened to restore order during periods of political unrest. Under the socialist Second
Republic, Admiral Didier Ratsiraka instated mandatory national armed or civil service for all young citizens regardless of sex, a policy that remained in effect from 1976 to 1991. The armed forces are under the direction of the Minister of Defense and have remained largely neutral during times of political crisis, as during the protracted standoff between incumbent Ratsiraka and challenger Marc Ravalomanana in the disputed 2001 presidential elections, when the military refused to intervene in favor of either candidate. This tradition was broken in 2009, when a segment of the army defected to the side of Andry Rajoelina, then-mayor of Antananarivo, in support of his attempt to force President Ravalomanana from power.
4661:
addition to the high expense of medical care relative to the average
Malagasy income, the prevalence of trained medical professionals remains extremely low. In 2010, Madagascar had an average of three hospital beds per 10,000 people and a total of 3,150 doctors, 5,661 nurses, 385 community health workers, 175 pharmacists, and 57 dentists for a population of 22 million. Fifteen percent of government spending in 2008 was directed toward the health sector. Approximately 70 percent of spending on health was contributed by the government, while 30 percent originated with international donors and other private sources. The government provides at least one basic health center per commune. Private health centers are concentrated within urban areas and particularly those of the central highlands.
3517:. Starting in 2015, under the direction of and with assistance from the UN, the World Food Programme started the Madagascar Country Programme with the two main goals of long-term development and reconstruction efforts, and addressing the food insecurity issues in the southern regions of Madagascar. These goals plan to be accomplished by providing meals for specific schools in rural and urban priority areas and by developing national school feeding policies to increase consistency of nourishment throughout the country. Small and local farmers have also been assisted in increasing both the quantity and quality of their production, as well as improving their crop yield in unfavorable weather conditions. In 2017, Madagascar signed the UN
2978:. Religious, ethnic and sexual minorities are protected under the law. Freedom of association and assembly are also guaranteed under the law, although in practice the denial of permits for public assembly has occasionally been used to impede political demonstrations. Torture by security forces is rare and state repression is low relative to other countries with comparably few legal safeguards, although arbitrary arrests and the corruption of military and police officers remain problems. Ravalomanana's 2004 creation of BIANCO, an anti-corruption bureau, resulted in reduced corruption among Antananarivo's lower-level bureaucrats in particular, although high-level officials have not been prosecuted by the bureau. Accusations of media
217:
1466:
3604:
3020:, are presided over by elders and other respected figures and remain a key means by which justice is served in rural areas where state presence is weak. Historically, security has been relatively high across the island. Violent crime rates are low, and criminal activities are predominantly crimes of opportunity such as pickpocketing and petty theft, although child prostitution, human trafficking and the production and sale of marijuana and other illegal drugs are increasing. Budget cuts since 2009 have severely impacted the national police force, producing a steep increase in criminal activity in recent years.
3005:
Madagascar had brought much of the island under their control by mobilizing an army of trained and armed soldiers numbering as high as 30,000. French attacks on coastal towns in the later part of the century prompted then-Prime
Minister Rainilaiarivony to solicit British assistance to provide training to the Merina monarchy's army. Despite the training and leadership provided by British military advisers, the Malagasy army was unable to withstand French weaponry and was forced to surrender following an attack on the royal palace at Antananarivo. Madagascar was declared a colony of France in 1897.
3733:
3540:
15944:
3792:. Antananarivo is connected to Toamasina, Ambatondrazaka and Antsirabe by rail, and another rail line connects Fianarantsoa to Manakara. The most important seaport in Madagascar is located on the east coast at Toamasina. Ports at Mahajanga and Antsiranana are significantly less used because of their remoteness. Madagascar's government hopes to expand the ports of Antsiranana in the north and Taolagnaro in the south, connecting them to improved road networks, since many imports are every day necessities and Madagascar also relies on export money.
5024:
4358:
4766:, coincided with a severe economic downturn and a dramatic decline in the quality of education. Those schooled during this period generally failed to master the French language or many other subjects and struggled to find employment, forcing many to take low-paying jobs in the informal or black market that mired them in deepening poverty. Excepting the brief presidency of Albert Zafy, from 1992 to 1996, Ratsiraka remained in power from 1975 to 2001 and failed to achieve significant improvements in education throughout his tenure.
1331:
2364:
2469:
2924:
2889:. As Merina dominance expanded over neighboring Malagasy peoples in the early 19th century to establish the Kingdom of Madagascar, Antananarivo became the center of administration for virtually the entire island. In 1896 the French colonizers of Madagascar adopted the Merina capital as their center of colonial administration. The city remained the capital of Madagascar after regaining independence in 1960. In 2017, the capital's population was estimated at 1,391,433 inhabitants. The next largest cities are
4759:
post-colonial First
Republic, a continued reliance on French nationals as teachers, and French as the language of instruction, displeased those desiring a complete separation from the former colonial power. Consequently, under the socialist Second Republic, French instructors and other nationals were expelled, Malagasy was declared the language of instruction, and a large cadre of young Malagasy were rapidly trained to teach at remote rural schools under the mandatory two-year national service policy.
4458:
4922:
2680:
2669:
2608:
2021:
103:
117:
4444:
3741:
1654:
3050:
1616:
788:
3567:. During 2011–15, the average growth rate was 2.6% but was expected to have reached 4.1% in 2016, due to public works programs and a growth of the service sector. The agriculture sector constituted 29 percent of Malagasy GDP in 2011, while manufacturing formed 15 percent of GDP. Madagascar's other sources of growth are tourism, agriculture and the extractive industries. The fishing sector represents 800 millions USD or 6% of GNP with 200 000 direct jobs.
4782:
education standards for the recruitment of primary teachers from a middle school leaving certificate (BEPC) to a high school leaving certificate (BAC), and a reformed teacher training program to support the transition from traditional didactic instruction to student-centered teaching methods to boost student learning and participation in the classroom. Public expenditure on education was 2.8 percent of GDP in 2014. The literacy rate is estimated at 64.7%.
1922:
5227:
16159:
15011:
15187:
1849:
16171:
2113:
political policies, which encouraged investments in education and ecotourism, facilitated foreign direct investment, and cultivated trading partnerships both regionally and internationally. National GDP grew at an average rate of 7 percent per year under his administration. In the latter half of his second term, Ravalomanana was criticised by domestic and international observers who accused him of increasing authoritarianism and corruption.
2712:). As human population density rose on the island, deforestation accelerated beginning around 1,400 years ago. By the 16th century, the central highlands had been largely cleared of their original forests. More recent contributors to the loss of forest cover include the growth in cattle herd size since their introduction around 1,000 years ago, a continued reliance on charcoal as a fuel for cooking, and the increased prominence of coffee as a
3548:
16831:
16484:
4822:, a sacred life force that traditional communities believe imbues and thereby legitimates authority figures within the community or family. Other cultural elements commonly found throughout the island include the practice of male circumcision; strong kinship ties; a widespread belief in the power of magic, diviners, astrology and witch doctors; and a traditional division of social classes into nobles, commoners, and slaves.
2833:
14985:
3848:
765:
746:
713:
694:
813:
3825:
broadcasting. In addition to the state television channel, a variety of privately owned television stations broadcast local and international programming throughout
Madagascar. Several media outlets are owned by political partisans or politicians themselves, including the media groups MBS (owned by Ravalomanana) and Viva (owned by Rajoelina), contributing to political polarization in reporting.
2203:
2935:
detrimental effects on the local economy, international relations and
Malagasy living standards. The eight-month standoff between incumbent Ratsiraka and challenger Marc Ravalomanana following the 2001 presidential elections cost Madagascar millions of dollars in lost tourism and trade revenue as well as damage to infrastructure, such as bombed bridges and buildings damaged by arson.
1543:
2355:. Due to their lower population densities, Madagascar's dry deciduous forests have been better preserved than the eastern rain forests or the original woodlands of the central plateau. The western coast features many protected harbors, but silting is a major problem caused by sediment from the high levels of inland erosion carried by rivers crossing the broad western plains.
10993:
4677:
African average, are a contributing factor to rapid population growth. In 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 440 per 100,000 births, compared to 373.1 in 2008 and 484.4 in 1990, indicating a decline in perinatal care following the 2009 coup. The infant mortality rate in 2011 was 41 per 1,000 births, with an under-five mortality rate at 61 per 1,000 births.
2043:, was characterized by a continuation of strong economic and political ties to France. Many high-level technical positions were filled by French expatriates, and French teachers, textbooks and curricula continued to be used in schools around the country. Popular resentment over Tsiranana's tolerance for this "neo-colonial" arrangement inspired a
1918:
constructed in the capital city of
Antananarivo and the Rova palace compound was turned into a museum. Additional schools were built, particularly in rural and coastal areas where the schools of the Merina had not reached. Education became mandatory between the ages of 6 and 13 and focused primarily on the French language and practical skills.
11001:
3924:(6 percent each). Peoples along the east and southeastern coasts often have a roughly equal blend of Austronesian and Bantu ancestry; coastal peoples also usually show the largest genetic influence from the centuries of Arab, Somali, Gujarati, and Tamil traders and merchants of the area, compared to the inland highlander peoples.
3575:
exceeding 4% per year; almost all economic indicators are growing, the GDP per capita was around $ 1600 (PPP) for 2017, one of the lowest in the world, although growing since 2012; unemployment was also cut, which in 2016 was equal to 2.1% with a work force of 13.4 million as of 2017. The main economic resources of
Madagascar are
4570:, taboos that are respected during and after the lifetime of the person who establishes them. It is widely believed that by showing respect for ancestors in these ways, they may intervene on behalf of the living. Conversely, misfortunes are often attributed to ancestors whose memory or wishes have been neglected. The sacrifice of
4896:, originally a rite of passage for young men in the plains areas of Madagascar where the largest herds of cattle are kept, has become a dangerous and sometimes deadly criminal enterprise as herdsmen in the southwest attempt to defend their cattle with traditional spears against increasingly armed professional rustlers.
2752:
that the exploitation of natural resources since 2009 has had dire consequences for the island's wildlife: 90 percent of lemur species were found to be threatened with extinction, the highest proportion of any mammalian group. Of these, 23 species were classified as critically endangered. A 2023 study published in
2080:, resulted in the rapid collapse of Madagascar's economy and a sharp decline in living standards, and the country had become completely bankrupt by 1979. The Ratsiraka administration accepted the conditions of transparency, anti-corruption measures and free market policies imposed by the International Monetary Fund,
3571:
in 2010. However, the sector has been growing steadily for a few years. In 2016, 293,000 tourists landed in the
African island with an increase of 20% compared to 2015. For 2017 the country has the goal of reaching 366,000 visitors, while for 2018 government estimates are expected to reach 500,000 annual tourists.
5697:
1801:, the opportunity to rule, if she would accept a power-sharing arrangement with the Prime Minister: a new social contract that would be sealed by a political marriage between them. Queen Rasoherina accepted, first marrying Rainivoninahitriniony, then later deposing him and marrying his brother, Prime Minister
3016:) and the secret police. The police and gendarmerie are stationed and administered at the local level. However, in 2009 fewer than a third of all communes had access to the services of these security forces, with most lacking local-level headquarters for either corps. Traditional community tribunals, called
4770:
term, thousands of new primary schools and additional classrooms were constructed, older buildings were renovated, and tens of thousands of new primary teachers were recruited and trained. Primary school fees were eliminated, and kits containing basic school supplies were distributed to primary students.
12078:
There are also some Sulawesi loanwords, which Adelaar attributes to contact prior to the migration to Madagascar: See K. Alexander Adelaar, "The Indonesian Migrations to Madagascar: Making Sense of the Multidisciplinary Evidence", in Truman Simanjuntak, Ingrid Harriet Eileen Pojoh and Muhammad Hisyam
4421:
No official languages were mentioned in the Constitution of 1992, although Malagasy was identified as the national language. Nonetheless, many sources still claimed that Malagasy and French were official languages, eventually leading a citizen to initiate a legal case against the state in April 2000,
3864:
Approximately 39.3 percent of the population is younger than 15 years of age, while 57.3 percent are between the ages of 15 and 64. Those aged 65 and older form 3.4 percent of the total population. Only two general censuses, in 1975 and 1993, have been carried out after independence. The most densely
3814:
had access to water provided by Jirama, while 9.5 percent had access to its electricity services. Fifty-six percent of Madagascar's power is provided by hydroelectric power plants, with the remaining 44% provided by diesel engine generators. Mobile telephone and internet access are widespread in
3570:
Tourism focuses on the niche eco-tourism market, capitalizing on Madagascar's unique biodiversity, unspoiled natural habitats, national parks and lemur species. An estimated 365,000 tourists visited Madagascar in 2008, but the sector declined during the political crisis with 180,000 tourists visiting
2751:
species vanished with the arrival of human settlers to the island, while others became extinct over the course of the centuries as a growing human population put greater pressures on lemur habitats and, among some populations, increased the rate of lemur hunting for food. A July 2012 assessment found
2739:, a relative of a toad species that has severely harmed wildlife in Australia since the 1930s, researchers warned the toad could "wreak havoc on the country's unique fauna." Habitat destruction and hunting have threatened many of Madagascar's endemic species or driven them to extinction. The island's
5014:
have incorporated textile traditions of Madagascar directly into their work. A small but growing number of fine art galleries in Antananarivo, and several other urban areas, offer paintings by local artists, and annual art events, such as the Hosotra open-air exhibition in the capital, contribute to
2100:
established a multi-party democracy and a separation of powers that placed significant control in the hands of the National Assembly. The new constitution also emphasized human rights, social and political freedoms, and free trade. Zafy's term, however, was marred by economic decline, allegations of
1937:
Huge mining and forestry concessions were granted to large companies. Native chiefs loyal to the French administration were also granted part of the land. Forced labor was introduced in favor of the French companies and peasants were encouraged, through taxation, to work for wages (especially in the
1758:
ordeal caused about 3,000 deaths annually. In 1838, it was estimated that as many as 100,000 people in Imerina died as a result of the tangena ordeal, constituting roughly 20 percent of the population. The combination of regular warfare, disease, difficult forced labor, and harsh measures of justice
1253:
traveled to Madagascar with a fleet of around twenty-five thousand men in order to invade the wealthy islands of Taprobane and Sumatra. However, a tempest threw them off course and they landed on the coasts of Madagascar, conquering the island and signing a treaty with its inhabitants. They remained
4781:
As a result of increased educational access, enrollment rates more than doubled between 1996 and 2006. However, education quality is weak, producing high rates of grade repetition and dropout. Education policy in Ravalomanana's second term focused on quality issues, including an increase in minimum
4769:
Education was prioritized under the Ravalomanana administration (2002–09), and is currently free and compulsory from ages 6 to 13. The primary schooling cycle is five years, followed by four years at the lower secondary level and three years at the upper secondary level. During Ravalomanana's first
4689:
remain low relative to many countries in mainland Africa, at 0.2 percent of the adult population. The malaria mortality rate is also among the lowest in Africa at 8.5 deaths per 100,000 people, in part because of the highest frequency use of insecticide treated nets in Africa. Adult life expectancy
4660:
Medical centers, dispensaries, and hospitals are found throughout the island, although they are concentrated in urban areas and particularly in Antananarivo. Access to medical care remains beyond the reach of many Malagasy, especially in the rural areas, and many recourse to traditional healers. In
4383:
origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. The numerous dialects of Malagasy, which are generally mutually intelligible, can be clustered under one of two subgroups: eastern Malagasy, spoken along the eastern forests and highlands including the Merina dialect of Antananarivo, and western
1813:
in succession. Over the course of Rainilaiarivony's 31-year tenure as prime minister, numerous policies were adopted to modernize and consolidate the power of the central government. Schools were constructed throughout the island and attendance was made mandatory. Army organization was improved and
1109:
and agriculture, paired with greater investments in education, health and private enterprise, are key elements of its development strategy. Despite substantial economic growth since the early 2000s, income disparities have widened, and quality of life remains low for the majority of the population.
5172:
culinary traditions. The complexity of Malagasy meals can range from the simple, traditional preparations introduced by the earliest settlers, to the refined festival dishes prepared for the island's 19th-century monarchs. Throughout almost the entire island, the contemporary cuisine of Madagascar
4989:
and other local plant materials has been used to create a wide array of practical items such as floor mats, baskets, purses and hats. Wood carving is a highly developed art form, with distinct regional styles evident in the decoration of balcony railings and other architectural elements. Sculptors
3004:
The rise of centralized kingdoms among the Sakalava, Merina and other ethnic groups produced the island's first standing armies by the 16th century, initially equipped with spears but later with muskets, cannons and other firearms. By the early 19th century, the Merina sovereigns of the Kingdom of
2884:
Antananarivo is the administrative capital and largest city of Madagascar. It is located in the highlands region, near the geographic center of the island. King Andrianjaka founded Antananarivo as the capital of his Imerina Kingdom around 1610 or 1625 upon the site of a captured Vazimba capital on
2156:
the Rajoelina's won absolute majority of the seats of the National Assembly. It received 84 seats and the supporters of former president Ravalomana got only 16 seats of 151 seats of the National Assembly. 51 seats of deputies were independent or represented small parties. Rajoelina could rule as a
5189:
or include animal proteins, and typically feature a sauce flavored with such ingredients as ginger, onion, garlic, tomato, vanilla, coconut milk, salt, curry powder, green peppercorns or, less commonly, other spices or herbs. In parts of the arid south and west, pastoral families may replace rice
4878:
are likewise similar to those of southern Borneo in terms of symbolism and construction, featuring a rectangular layout with a peaked roof and central support pillar. Reflecting a widespread veneration of the ancestors, tombs are culturally significant in many regions and tend to be built of more
3771:
1,000,000,000 infrastructure project, which will connect Madagascar's capital to its largest seaport, is expected to take four years to complete. Another project meant to create 348 kilometers of roads and create better connections costs €235.5 million. This includes a €116 million grant from the
3696:
Exports formed 28 percent of GDP in 2009. Most of the country's export revenue is derived from the textiles industry, fish and shellfish, vanilla, cloves and other foodstuffs. France is the nation's main trading partner, although the United States, Japan and Germany also have strong economic
3008:
The political independence and sovereignty of the Malagasy armed forces, which comprises an army, navy and air force, was restored with independence from France in 1960. Since this time the Malagasy military has never engaged in armed conflict with another state or within its own borders, but has
2876:
At the local level, the island's 22 provinces are administered by a governor and provincial council. Provinces are further subdivided into regions and communes. The judiciary is modeled on the French system, with a High Constitutional Court, High Court of Justice, Supreme Court, Court of Appeals,
4777:
and one lower secondary school within each commune. At least one upper secondary school is located in each of the larger urban centers. The three branches of the national public university are located at Antananarivo, Mahajanga, and Fianarantsoa. These are complemented by public teacher-training
4758:
By the end of the 19th century, Madagascar had the most developed and modern school system in pre-colonial Sub-Saharan Africa. Access to schooling was expanded in coastal areas during the colonial period, with French language and basic work skills becoming the focus of the curriculum. During the
3574:
The island is still a very poor country in 2018; structural brakes remain in the development of the economy: corruption and the shackles of the public administration, lack of legal certainty, and backwardness of land legislation. The economy, however, has been growing since 2011, with GDP growth
1917:
was abolished in 1896 and approximately 500,000 slaves were freed; many remained in their former masters' homes as servants or as sharecroppers; in many parts of the island strong discriminatory views against slave descendants are still held today. Wide paved boulevards and gathering places were
1909:
The conquest was followed by ten years of civil war, due to the Menalamba insurrection. The "pacification" carried out by the French administration lasted more than fifteen years, in response to the rural guerrillas scattered throughout the country. In total, the repression of this resistance to
3828:
The media have historically come under varying degrees of pressure to censor their criticism of the government. Reporters are occasionally threatened or harassed, and media outlets are periodically forced to close. Accusations of media censorship have increased since 2009 because of the alleged
3594:
Poverty affects 92% of the population in 2017. The country ranks fourth in the world in terms of chronic malnutrition. Nearly one in two children under the age of five is stunted. In addition, Madagascar is among the five countries where access to water is the most difficult for the population.
2939:
led by Andry Rajoelina against Ravalomanana in early 2009 became violent, with more than 170 people killed. Modern politics in Madagascar are colored by the history of Merina subjugation of coastal communities under their rule in the 19th century. The consequent tension between the highland and
4803:
Each of the many ethnic subgroups in Madagascar adhere to their own set of beliefs, practices and ways of life that have historically contributed to their unique identities. However, there are a number of core cultural features that are common throughout the island, creating a strongly unified
4676:
increased an average of 60 percent in this period, indicating low but increasing availability of basic medical services and treatments. The Malagasy fertility rate in 2009 was 4.6 children per woman, declining from 6.3 in 1990. Teen pregnancy rates of 14.8 percent in 2011, much higher than the
205:
3824:
Radio broadcasts remain the principal means by which the Malagasy population access international, national, and local news. Only state radio broadcasts are transmitted across the entire island. Hundreds of public and private stations with local or regional range provide alternatives to state
2951:. Madagascar was not permitted to attend the first African Union summit because of a dispute over the results of the 2001 presidential election, but rejoined the African Union in July 2003 after a 14-month hiatus. Madagascar was again suspended by the African Union in March 2009 following the
2723:
According to a conservative estimate, about 40 percent of the island's original forest cover was lost from the 1950s to 2000, with a thinning of remaining forest areas by 80 percent. In addition to traditional agricultural practice, wildlife conservation is challenged by the illicit
2651:
Endemic fish of Madagascar include two families, 15 genera and over 100 species, primarily inhabiting the island's freshwater lakes and rivers. Although invertebrates remain poorly studied in Madagascar, researchers have found high rates of endemism among the known species. All 651 species of
2112:
in which then-mayor of Antananarivo, Marc Ravalomanana, eventually emerged victorious, caused a seven-month standoff in 2002 between supporters of Ravalomanana and Ratsiraka. The negative economic impact of the political crisis was gradually overcome by Ravalomanana's progressive economic and
2151:
was held on 7 November and the second round was held on 10 December. Three former presidents and the most recent president were the main candidates of the elections. Rajoelina won the second round of the elections. Ravalomana lost the second round and he did not accept the results because of
4094:) populace. Emigration in the late 20th century has reduced these minority populations, occasionally in abrupt waves, such as the exodus of Comorans in 1976, following anti-Comoran riots in Mahajanga. By comparison, there has been no significant emigration of Malagasy peoples. The number of
2934:
Since Madagascar gained independence from France in 1960, the island's political transitions have been marked by numerous popular protests, several disputed elections, an impeachment, two military coups and one assassination. The island's recurrent political crises are often prolonged, with
1747:
soldiers, whom she deployed to pacify outlying regions of the island and further expand the Kingdom of Merina to encompass most of Madagascar. Residents of Madagascar could accuse one another of various crimes, including theft, Christianity and especially witchcraft, for which the ordeal of
1554:
and by the Viceroy of India, including one in 1553 by Baltazar Lobo de Sousa. In that mission, according to detailed descriptions by chroniclers Diogo do Couto and João de Barros, emissaries reached the inland via rivers and bays, exchanging goods and even converting one of the local kings.
4892:, in which rice is consumed at every meal, typically accompanied by one of a variety of flavorful vegetable or meat dishes. African influence is reflected in the sacred importance of zebu cattle and their embodiment of their owner's wealth, traditions originating on the African mainland.
3705:
and Malagasy artisan producers to support the export of local handicrafts to foreign markets. Imports of such items as foodstuffs, fuel, capital goods, vehicles, consumer goods and electronics consume an estimated 52 percent of GDP. The main sources of Madagascar's imports include
206:
204:
203:
4589:
Muslim traders, who established several Islamic schools along the eastern coast. While the use of Arabic script and loan words, and the adoption of Islamic astrology, would spread across the island, Islam took hold in only a handful of southeastern coastal communities. In 2020,
2707:
agricultural practice imported to Madagascar by the earliest settlers. Malagasy farmers embrace and perpetuate the practice not only for its practical benefits as an agricultural technique, but for its cultural associations with prosperity, health and venerated ancestral custom
2628:, 39 of which were described by zoologists between 2000 and 2008. They are almost all classified as rare, vulnerable, or endangered. At least 17 species of lemur have become extinct since humans arrived on Madagascar, all of which were larger than the surviving lemur species.
1349:, possibly throughout the period between 350 BC and 550 AD, while others are cautious about dates earlier than AD 250. In either case, these dates make Madagascar one of the most recent major landmasses on Earth to be settled by humans, predating the settlement of
202:
6971:
Pierron, Denis; Heiske, Margit; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Rakoto, Ignace; Rabetokotany, Nelly; Ravololomanga, Bodo; Rakotozafy, Lucien M.-A.; Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy; Razafiarivony, Michel; Rasoarifetra, Bako; Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina (8 August 2017).
5689:
3829:
intensification of restrictions on political criticism. Access to the internet has grown dramatically over the past decade, with an estimated 352,000 residents of Madagascar accessing the internet from home or in one of the nation's many internet cafés in December 2011.
4475:
is the most widely professed religion in Madagascar. According to the most recent national census completed in 1993, a majority of the population (52 percent) adhered to indigenous beliefs, with Christianity being the largest single religion at 41 percent, followed by
4746:
Prior to the 19th century, all education in Madagascar was informal and typically served to teach practical skills as well as social and cultural values, including respect for ancestors and elders. The first formal European-style school was established in 1818 at
11704:
4422:
on the grounds that the publication of official documents only in the French language was unconstitutional. The High Constitutional Court observed in its decision that, in the absence of a language law, French still had the character of an official language.
4755:(LMS). The LMS was invited by King Radama I to expand its schools throughout Imerina to teach basic literacy and numeracy to aristocratic children. The schools were closed by Ranavalona I in 1835, but reopened and expanded in the decades after her death.
4957:, has been handed down over the centuries in several different forms across the island, and offers insight into the diverse mythologies and beliefs of traditional Malagasy communities. This tradition was continued in the 20th century by such artists as
2869:, although in reality these two latter bodies have very little power or legislative role. The constitution establishes independent executive, legislative and judicial branches and mandates a popularly elected president limited to three five-year terms.
4519:
different faith traditions. Christians integrate and combine their religious beliefs with the deeply rooted practice of honoring ancestors. For instance, they may bless their dead at church before proceeding with traditional burial rites or invite a
4410:
became the official language during the colonial period, when Madagascar came under the authority of France. In the first national Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic. Madagascar is a
2087:
Ratsiraka's dwindling popularity in the late 1980s reached a critical point in 1991 when presidential guards opened fire on unarmed protesters during a rally. Within two months, a transitional government had been established under the leadership of
12167:
4981:
that enliven village gatherings, local dance floors and national airwaves. Madagascar also has a growing culture of classical music fostered through youth academies, organizations and orchestras that promote youth involvement in classical music.
4557:
is an occasion to celebrate the beloved ancestor's memory, reunite with family and community, and enjoy a festive atmosphere. Residents of surrounding villages are often invited to attend the party, where food and rum are typically served, and a
3883:
ethnic group forms over 90 percent of Madagascar's population and is typically divided into 18 ethnic subgroups. Recent DNA research revealed that the genetic makeup of the average Malagasy person constitutes an approximately equal blend of
2619:
Like its flora, Madagascar's fauna is diverse and exhibits a high rate of endemism. Lemurs have been characterized as "Madagascar's flagship mammal species" by Conservation International. In the absence of monkeys and other competitors, these
11854:
2266:
period, around 185 million years ago. The Indo-Madagascar landmass separated from Antarctica and Australia around 125 million years ago and Madagascar separated from the Indian landmass about 84–92 million years ago during the Late
9553:
Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Williamson, E.A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Kierulff, M.C.M.; Yongcheng, Long; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Cortés-Ortiz, L.; Schwitzer, C., eds. (2009).
5087:, which is widely played in urban areas and throughout the Highlands. School athletics programs typically include soccer, track and field, judo, boxing, women's basketball and women's tennis. Madagascar sent its first competitors to the
4879:
durable material, typically stone, and display more elaborate decoration than the houses of the living. The production and weaving of silk can be traced back to the island's earliest settlers, and Madagascar's national dress, the woven
3558:
Madagascar's GDP in 2015 was estimated at US$ 9.98 billion, with a per capita GDP of $ 411.82. Approximately 69 percent of the population lives below the national poverty line threshold of one dollar per day. According to the
1902:—broke out in December 1895, and was not suppressed until the end of 1897. France annexed Madagascar in 1896 and declared the island a colony the following year, dissolving the Merina monarchy and sending the royal family into exile on
2872:
The public directly elects the president and the 151 members of the National Assembly to five-year terms. All 18 members of the Senate serve six-year terms, with 12 senators elected by local officials and 6 appointed by the president.
2698:
Madagascar's varied fauna and flora are endangered by human activity. Since the arrival of humans around 2,350 years ago, Madagascar has lost more than 90 percent of its original forest. This forest loss is largely fueled by
6049:
Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry (21 January 2014).
11763:
6433:
Madagascar Before the Conquest: The Island, the Country, and the People, with Chapters on Travel and Topography, Folk-lore, Strange Customs and Superstitions, the Animal Life of the Island, and Mission Work and Progress Among the
16202:
1021:
migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel from East Africa. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. Consequently, there are 18 or more classified
6525:
6438:
4804:
Malagasy cultural identity. In addition to a common language and shared traditional religious beliefs around a creator god and veneration of the ancestors, the traditional Malagasy worldview is shaped by values that emphasize
2809:. Local timber merchants are harvesting scarce species of rosewood trees from protected rainforests within Marojejy National Park and exporting the wood to China for the production of luxury furniture and musical instruments.
2261:
The prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana resulted in the separation of East Gondwana (comprising Madagascar, Antarctica, Australia and the Indian subcontinent) and West Gondwana (Africa–South America) during the
5206:
as well as other street foods are available across the island, as are diverse tropical and temperate-climate fruits. Locally produced beverages include fruit juices, coffee, herbal teas and teas, and alcoholic drinks such as
3512:
Madagascar became a member state of the United Nations on 20 September 1960, shortly after gaining its independence on 26 June 1960. As of January 2017, 34 police officers from Madagascar are deployed in Haiti as part of the
2105:, was appointed for the three months prior to the next presidential election. Ratsiraka was then voted back into power on a platform of decentralization and economic reforms for a second term which lasted from 1996 to 2001.
1759:
resulted in a high mortality rate among soldiers and civilians alike during her 33-year reign; the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833 and 1839.
2152:
allegations of fraud. Rajaonarimampianina received very modest support in the first round. In January 2019 the High Constitutional Court declared Rajoelina as the winner of the elections and the new president. In June 2019
1823:
and three European-style courts were established in the capital city. In his joint role as Commander-in-Chief, Rainilaiarivony also successfully ensured the defense of Madagascar against several French colonial incursions.
4098:
has declined since independence, reduced from 68,430 in 1958 to 17,000 three decades later. There were an estimated 25,000 Comorans, 18,000 Indians, and 9,000 Chinese living in Madagascar in the mid-1980s.
1894:. Upon reaching the city in September 1895, the column bombarded the royal palace with heavy artillery, causing heavy casualties and leading Queen Ranavalona III to surrender. Popular resistance to the French capture of
11696:
4825:
Although social castes are no longer legally recognized, ancestral caste affiliation often continues to affect social status, economic opportunity, and roles within the community. Malagasy people traditionally consult
6405:
12706:
5005:
Among the Antaimoro people, the production of paper embedded with flowers and other decorative natural materials is a long-established tradition that the community has begun to market to eco-tourists. Embroidery and
1818:
was outlawed and Christianity declared the official religion of the court in 1869, was adopted alongside traditional beliefs among a growing portion of the populace. Legal codes were reformed on the basis of British
4713:. Undernourishment and hunger rates were at 42% in 2018. According to the United Nations, more than one million people in southern Madagascar are struggling to get enough to eat, due to what could become the first
1050:, from which Madagascar gained independence in 1960. The country has since undergone four major constitutional periods, termed republics, and has been governed as a constitutional democracy since 1992. Following a
11821:
5479:
3815:
urban areas but remain limited in rural parts of the island. Approximately 30% of the districts are able to access the nations' several private telecommunications networks via mobile telephones or land lines. The
1433:
a century later. The rising intensity of land cultivation and the ever-increasing demand for zebu pasturage had largely transformed the central highlands from a forest ecosystem to grassland by the 17th century.
8983:
1558:
The French established trading posts along the east coast in the late 17th century. From about 1774 to 1824, Madagascar gained prominence among pirates and European traders, particularly those involved in the
12163:
2393:, and a relatively cooler dry season (May–October). Rain clouds originating over the Indian Ocean discharge much of their moisture over the island's eastern coast; the heavy precipitation supports the area's
16361:
200:
8279:
Torsvik, T.H.; Tucker, R.D.; Ashwal, L.D.; Carter, L.M.; Jamtveit, B.; Vidyadharan, K.T.; Venkataramana, P. (October 2000). "Late Cretaceous India-Madagascar fit and timing of break-up related magmatism".
7920:
3907:
of the central highlands, who form the largest Malagasy ethnic subgroup at approximately 26 percent of the population, while certain communities among the western coastal peoples (collectively called
1033:
Until the late 18th century, the island of Madagascar was ruled by a fragmented assortment of shifting sociopolitical alliances. Beginning in the early 19th century, most of it was united and ruled as the
17104:
2639:
that have reached Madagascar have diversified into more than 260 species, with over 90 percent of these being endemic (including one endemic family). The island is home to two-thirds of the world's
2635:, are endemic to Madagascar. Over 300 species of birds have been recorded on the island, of which over 60 percent (including four families and 42 genera) are endemic. The few families and genera of
2183:
amidst an opposition boycott and a controversy about his acquisition of French citizenship and subsequent eligibility. Turnout was 46.36%, the lowest in a presidential election in the country's history.
1665:
Upon its emergence in the early 17th century, the highland kingdom of Imerina was initially a minor power relative to the larger coastal kingdoms and grew even weaker in the early 18th century when King
201:
11246:
8114:
8531:
7849:
11846:
6492:
Warhafftige, gründliche und aussführliche, so wol historische als chorographische Beschreibung der ... Insul Madagascar. ... Samt ... angehengtem Dictionario und Dialogis der Madagascarischen Sprach
13481:
Adelaar, Alexander (2006). "The Indonesian migrations to Madagascar: Making sense of the multidisciplinary evidence". In Simanjuntak, Truman; Pojoh, Ingrid; Harriet Eileen; Hisyam, Muhamad (eds.).
13331:
2271:. This long history of separation from other continents has allowed plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation. Along the length of the eastern coast runs a narrow and steep
12537:
6467:
5723:
13350:
8562:
4834:, according to a traditional astrological system introduced by Arabs. Similarly, the nobles of many Malagasy communities in the pre-colonial period would commonly employ advisers known as the
3751:
In 2010, Madagascar had approximately 7,617 km (4,730 mi) of paved roads, 854 km (530 mi) of railways and 432 km (270 mi) of navigable waterways. The majority of
8928:"Total Synthesis of Vinblastine, Related Natural Products, and Key Analogues and Development of Inspired Methodology Suitable for the Systematic Study of Their Structure-Function Properties"
11756:
8500:
4528:
reburial. Christianity is predominant in the highlands. The Malagasy Council of Churches comprises the four oldest and most prominent Christian denominations of Madagascar (Roman Catholic,
1682:, this Merina king rapidly expanded his rule over neighbouring principalities. His ambition to bring the entire island under his control was largely achieved by his son and successor, King
3638:
and shrimp. Key mineral resources include various types of precious and semi-precious stones, and it currently provides half of the world's supply of sapphires, which were discovered near
2881:, lack the capacity to quickly and transparently try the cases in the judicial system, often forcing defendants to pass lengthy pretrial detentions in unsanitary and overcrowded prisons.
13090:
11907:
5670:
1976:
The occupation of France during the Second World War tarnished the prestige of the colonial administration in Madagascar and galvanized the growing independence movement, leading to the
16209:
12597:
8083:
5997:
1441:. Probably the descendants of an earlier and less technologically advanced Austronesian settlement wave, the Vazimba were assimilated or expelled from the highlands by the Merina kings
13293:
10945:
3819:
estimates that 17 million people in Madagascar's rural areas live more than two kilometres away from an all-season road. In Madagascar, 11% of the rural population has access to power.
2728:
from 2000 to 2009, the collection of small quantities of precious timber from national parks was re-authorized in January 2009 and dramatically intensified under the administration of
2411:
became the strongest cyclone ever recorded to hit Madagascar. The storm killed 172 people, left 214,260 homeless and caused more than US$ 250 million in damage. In February 2022,
16354:
11565:
5042:, a type of hand-to-hand combat, is a popular spectator sport in coastal regions. It is traditionally practiced by men, but women have recently begun to participate. The wrestling of
3698:
1406:, which have since become extinct because of hunting and habitat destruction. By 600 AD, groups of these early settlers had begun clearing the forests of the central highlands.
13112:
2565:
species, three times as many as on all of mainland Africa; 165 of them are endemic. Many native plant species are used as herbal remedies for a variety of afflictions. The drugs
2336:
is a chain of human-made and natural lakes connected by canals built by the French just inland from the east coast and running parallel to it for some 600 km (370 mi).
12511:
11091:
3861:
In 2024, the population of Madagascar was estimated at 32 million, up from 2.2 million in 1900. The annual population growth rate in Madagascar was approximately 2.4% in 2024.
2765:
to over 60,000 km (23,000 sq mi) or 10 percent of Madagascar's land surface. As of 2011, areas protected by the state included five Strict Nature Reserves (
3759:
connect the six largest regional towns to Antananarivo, with minor paved and unpaved routes providing access to other population centers in each district. Construction of the
1437:
The oral histories of the Merina people, who arrived in the central highlands between 600 and 1,000 years ago, describe encountering an established population they called the
12736:
6218:
3623:
are mainstays of the economy. In 2017 the top exports were vanilla (US$ 894M), nickel metal (US$ 414M), cloves (US$ 288M), knitted sweaters (US$ 184M) and cobalt (US$ 143M).
1582:
The wealth generated by maritime trade spurred the rise of organized kingdoms on the island, some of which had grown quite powerful by the 17th century. Among these were the
16347:
8005:
6557:
11537:
8031:
15647:
12630:"La formation du personnel enseignant de l'éducation de base à Madagascar: Une etude de cas. Quelques reflections intéressant la programmation de l'assistance de l'UNICEF"
10212:
7979:
11814:
5471:
8057:
3803:
services the island's many small regional airports, which offer the only practical means of access to many of the more remote regions during rainy season road washouts.
10967:
9330:
9562:
8443:
12260:
7895:
1254:
for eight months and erected at different points of the island eight pillars on which they engraved "Magadoxo", a name which later, by corruption became Madagascar.
7304:
1273:, is also historically attested. A British state paper in 1699 records the arrival of eighty to ninety passengers from "Malagaskar" to what would eventually become
10177:
8523:
5947:
Heiske, Margit; Alva, Omar; Pereda-Loth, Veronica; Van Schalkwyk, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Letellier, Thierry; Rakotarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Pierron, Denis (2021).
5756:
2053:, a major general in the army, was appointed interim president and prime minister that same year, but low public approval forced him to step down in 1975. Colonel
7928:
10038:
Harper, Grady J.; Steininger, Marc; Tucker, Compton; Juhn, Daniel; Hawkins, Frank (2007). "Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar".
9359:
9207:
8470:
6521:
The Voyage of John Huyghen Van Linschoten to the East Indies: From the Old English Translation of 1598. The First Book, Containing His Description of the East...
6496:
5798:
4664:
Despite these barriers to access, health services have shown a trend toward improvement over the past twenty years. Child immunizations against such diseases as
1871:
on the island, but French authority was not acknowledged by the government of Madagascar. To force capitulation, the French bombarded and occupied the harbor of
8596:
1153:
appears to have been used by the local population to refer to the island, although some communities had their name for part or all of the lands they inhabited.
11637:
11605:
10108:
9761:
Okajima Y, Kumazawa Y (2009). "Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of Madagascan oplurines".
9236:
4131:
11238:
8106:
1774:
signed a controversial trade agreement termed the Lambert Charter. Succeeding his mother, Radama II attempted to relax the queen's stringent policies but was
1721:(1828–61), responded to increasing political and cultural encroachment on the part of Britain and France by issuing a royal edict prohibiting the practice of
1262:
traveler who copied Portuguese works and maps, confirmed this event by saying "Madagascar has its name from 'makdishu' (Mogadishu)" whose "shayk" invaded it.
11734:
9888:
7859:
5106:
Because of its advanced sports facilities, Antananarivo gained the hosting rights for several of Africa's top international basketball events, including the
13935:
Frémigacci, Jean (1999). "Le Rova de Tananarive: Destruction d'un lieu saint ou constitution d'une référence identitaire?". In Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (ed.).
11792:
10651:
10235:
2963:. Eleven countries have established embassies in Madagascar, including France, the United Kingdom, the United States, China and India, while Madagascar has
1575:, whose journal is one of the few written depictions of life in southern Madagascar during the 18th century. European accounts until the early 20th century
16706:
9265:
9171:
3865:
populated regions of the island are the eastern highlands and the eastern coast, contrasting most dramatically with the sparsely populated western plains.
2747:, became extinct in the 17th century or earlier, most probably because of human hunting of adult birds and poaching of their large eggs for food. Numerous
13328:
12968:
10919:
2295:, are the most densely populated part of the island and are characterized by terraced, rice-growing valleys lying between grassy hills and patches of the
1945:
was continued under the French and used to construct a railway and roads linking key coastal cities to Antananarivo. Malagasy troops fought for France in
17119:
16920:
10807:
7277:
13347:
12533:
9800:"Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar"
9388:
8492:
1149:
by Europeans. If this is the case, it is unknown when the name was adopted by the inhabitants of the island. No single Malagasy-language name predating
17094:
16195:
10073:
9142:
6879:
Virah-Sawmy, M.; Willis, K. J.; Gillson, L. (2010). "Evidence for drought and forest declines during the recent megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar".
5719:
5671:
https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/450/start/2019/end/2026/table/pivotbylocation?df=e023316d-87af-4918-8ee3-fe083aa8d4b1
2724:
harvesting of protected forests, as well as the state-sanctioned harvesting of precious woods within national parks. Although banned by then-President
1005:
being endemic. The island has a subtropical to tropical maritime climate. Madagascar was first settled during or before the mid-first millennium AD by
11127:
10411:
8554:
5561:
4994:
funerary posts, and wooden sculptures, many of which are produced for the tourist market. The decorative and functional woodworking traditions of the
1531:. In 1508, settlers there built a tower, a small village, and a stone column. This settlement was established in 1513 at the behest of the viceroy of
216:
9410:
Foster, Steven (2010). "From Herbs to Medicines: The Madagascar Periwinkle's Impact on Childhood Leukemia: A Serendipitous Discovery for Treatment".
6027:
5861:
3649:(titanium ore), as well as important reserves of chromite, coal, iron, cobalt, copper and nickel. Several major projects are underway in the mining,
9301:
13240:
10330:
9574:
6157:
5591:
5123:
3657:
sectors that are anticipated to give a significant boost to the Malagasy economy. These include such projects as ilmenite and zircon mining at the
651:
9638:
2982:
have risen due to the alleged restrictions on the coverage of government opposition. Some journalists have been arrested for allegedly spreading
2101:
corruption, and his introduction of legislation to give himself greater powers. He was consequently impeached in 1996, and an interim president,
15027:
10700:
5925:
5010:
are done by hand to produce clothing, as well as tablecloths and other home textiles for sale in local crafts markets. Malagasy artists such as
2970:
Human rights in Madagascar are protected under the constitution and the state is a signatory to numerous international agreements including the
13082:
8769:
7140:
3892:
and East African genes, although the genetics of some communities show a predominance of Southeast Asian or East African origins or some Arab,
1076:
13290:
12589:
12230:
11507:
11481:
10766:"Presentation des resultats de la cartographie numerique en preparation du troisieme recensement generale de la population et de l'habitation"
8079:
6620:
6586:
5989:
4985:
The plastic arts are also widespread throughout the island. In addition to the tradition of silk weaving and lamba production, the weaving of
4425:
The Constitution of 2007 recognised three official languages, Malagasy, French, and English. A fourth Constitution, adopted in 2010 following
1686:(1810–28), who was recognized by the British government as King of Madagascar. Radama concluded a treaty in 1817 with the British governor of
17064:
15638:
12798:
12196:
11447:
10941:
10883:
10300:
3551:
3514:
769:
12403:
11572:
11194:
6857:
6739:
Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar".
1859:
Primarily on the basis that the Lambert Charter had not been respected, France invaded Madagascar in 1883 in what became known as the first
17114:
16017:
10707:
10588:
5127:
3518:
2494:. This distinctive ecology has led some ecologists to refer to Madagascar as the "eighth continent", and the island has been classified by
824:
14996:
14954:
8413:
8181:
7163:
1867:(Diego Suarez) to France and paid 560,000 francs to Lambert's heirs. In 1890, the British accepted the full formal imposition of a French
17109:
15062:
14974:
14705:
Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites
13367:
12287:
9106:
7761:
4574:
is a traditional method used to appease or honor the ancestors. In addition, the Malagasy traditionally believe in a creator god, called
4447:
14879:
11332:
11302:
11272:
11216:
10971:
9527:
9468:
6519:
6431:
1546:
Matatana, represented in a picture of 1613, regarding a settlement of the beginning of the 16th century, in the Book of Humberto Leitão"
1488:
of Madagascar began with the Arabs, who established trading posts along the northwest coast by at least the 10th century and introduced
17124:
15264:
13120:
12640:
8643:
6343:
4537:
4124:
2943:
Madagascar has historically been perceived as being on the margin of mainstream African affairs despite being a founding member of the
2778:
2455:
2211:
2035:
Since regaining independence, Madagascar has transitioned through four republics with corresponding revisions to its constitution. The
1514:
1477:
610:
11063:
7371:
4553:, whereby a deceased family member's remains are exhumed and re-wrapped in fresh silk shrouds, before being replaced in the tomb. The
13402:
13187:
12503:
11674:
11098:
9865:
8439:
5505:
4999:
2964:
717:
9608:
7041:"The genetic history of Mayotte and Madagascar cattle breeds mirrors the complex pattern of human exchanges in Western Indian Ocean"
5420:
2299:
that formerly covered the highland region. To the west of the highlands, the increasingly arid terrain gradually slopes down to the
16699:
15209:
15126:
13927:
A narrative of the persecution of the Christians in Madagascar: with details of the escape of six Christian refugees now in England
12451:
12321:
7397:
6210:
6183:
5131:
5100:
4849:
The diverse origins of Malagasy culture are evident in its tangible expressions. The most emblematic instrument of Madagascar, the
4694:
4426:
2133:
11971:
10145:
9973:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"
8001:
4415:
country, and French is mostly spoken as a second language among the educated population and used for international communication.
2886:
2136:, establishing a Fourth Republic, which sustained the democratic, multi-party structure established in the previous constitution.
15953:
15337:
15141:
12991:
11533:
10549:
8027:
7975:
6554:
5111:
4564:
troupe or other musical entertainment is commonly present. Consideration for ancestors is also demonstrated through adherence to
3760:
1690:
to abolish the lucrative slave trade in return for British military and financial assistance. Artisan missionary envoys from the
17020:
11358:
10463:
10437:
10204:
9637:; Rylands, A.; Hapke, A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Mayor, M.; Louis, E.; Rumpler, Y.; Schwitzer, C.; Rasoloarison, R. (December 2008).
7976:"Centre d'actualités de l'ONU – Madagascar : l'ONU salue le bon déroulement du deuxième tour des élections présidentielles"
17129:
6399:
5119:
5115:
1070:
14938:
12115:
11697:"Madagascar: Project to modernise the RN13 and RN6 national highways - €73.6 million disbursement from EIB and European Union"
11564:
Ashamu, Charlotte; Gomez-Pickering, Diego; Luke, Amanda; Morrison, Paul; Pedersen, Mark; Symes, Mara; Weyandt, Marthe (2005).
7887:
5649:
2600:
and endemic to the eastern rain forests, is highly iconic of Madagascar and is featured in the national emblem as well as the
2132:, an interim governing body responsible for moving the country toward presidential elections. In 2010, a new constitution was
1998:. A period of provisional government ended with the adoption of a constitution in 1959 and full independence on 26 June 1960.
16003:
14906:
14873:
14852:
14833:
14798:
14777:
14746:
14713:
14680:
14599:
14578:
14559:
14540:
14509:
14488:
14457:
14424:
14403:
14338:
14289:
14268:
14226:
14205:
14184:
14165:
14137:
14114:
14079:
14046:
14013:
13980:
13948:
13914:
13883:
13850:
13817:
13732:
13713:
13662:
13629:
13596:
13563:
13542:
13523:
13492:
13459:
13438:
12792:
12445:
10849:
10381:
9316:
8637:
8053:
7959:
7365:
7266:"Os dois descobrimentos da ilha de São Lourenço mandados fazer pelo vice-rei D. Jeronimio de Azevedo nos anos de 1613 à 1616"
5050:, is also practiced in many regions. In addition to sports, a wide variety of games are played. Among the most emblematic is
4634:
emerged on the island in the 21st century, as the common belief in a myth of Jewish origin for the Malagasy peoples inspired
4497:
4117:
3615:
Madagascar's natural resources include a variety of agricultural and mineral products. Agriculture (including the growing of
2975:
2971:
14912:
14804:
14752:
14719:
14686:
14605:
14515:
14463:
14430:
14378:
14295:
14243:
14085:
14052:
14019:
13986:
13889:
13856:
13823:
13635:
13602:
13569:
13498:
13465:
10621:
8257:
8214:"The development of the East African margin during Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous times: a perspective from global tectonics"
8144:
7506:
Campbell, Gwyn (October 1991). "The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth century Madagascar".
7479:
Campbell, Gwyn (October 1991). "The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth-century Madagascar".
6372:
1567:
off the northeastern coast of Madagascar has been proposed by some historians as the site of the legendary pirate utopia of
993:
around 90 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation; consequently, it is a
17149:
17079:
15578:
15075:
13668:
13060:
12252:
12137:
10527:
10497:
9566:
5752:
5240:
4937:
has developed in Madagascar. One of the island's foremost artistic traditions is its oratory, as expressed in the forms of
4529:
3560:
2153:
2109:
12567:
11416:
11023:
10771:(Press release) (in French). Institut nationale de la statistique (INSTAT), Government of Madagascar. 2010. Archived from
9674:
2490:
plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth. Approximately 90% of all plant and animal species found in Madagascar are
1198:, is thought to be the precursor of the modern name of the island. The name "Malay island" was later rendered in Latin as
17084:
16692:
16661:
15315:
13214:
12480:
12359:
10806:. Strengthening Emergency Needs Assessment Capacity (in French). Rome, Italy: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. p. 3.
9504:
7300:
6242:"'Malagasy' or 'Madagascan'? Which English term best reflects the people, the culture, and other things from Madagascar?"
5745:
2283:
in the center of the island ranging in altitude from 750 to 1,500 m (2,460 to 4,920 ft) above sea level. These
2180:
2148:
1743:(forced labor as tax payment) to complete public works projects and develop a standing army of between 20,000 and 30,000
17:
11995:"On the origins and admixture of Malagasy: new evidence from high-resolution analyses of paternal and maternal lineages"
11934:"The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages"
10181:
8368:
4731:
17099:
11161:
8466:
5802:
5445:
2735:
Invasive species have likewise been introduced by human populations. Following the 2014 discovery in Madagascar of the
1726:
1670:
divided it among his four sons. Following almost a century of warring and famine, Imerina was reunited in 1793 by King
1380:
agriculture to clear the coastal rainforests for cultivation. The first settlers encountered Madagascar's abundance of
750:
13312:
9345:
9193:
6490:
6052:"Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar"
2422:
A 2022 analysis found that the expected costs for Madagascar, to adapt to and avert the environmental consequences of
241:
16666:
15631:
15151:
13794:
13773:
10765:
10101:
9462:
9100:
8604:
7755:
5319:
3858:
Agriculture has long influenced settlement on the island. Almost 60% of the nation's population live in rural areas.
2066:
2011:
1576:
13161:
11627:
11597:
9222:
2076:
countries and a shift toward economic insularity. These policies, coupled with economic pressures stemming from the
17134:
16955:
15964:
15722:
15525:
15342:
12893:
Kus, Susan; Raharijaona, Victor (2000). "House to Palace, Village to State: Scaling up Architecture and Ideology".
12707:"Managing for results in primary education in Madagascar: Evaluating the impact of selected workflow interventions"
4706:
3727:
3723:
2861:, executive power is exercised by the government while legislative power is vested in the ministerial cabinet, the
2717:
2511:
2344:
2028:
452:
11876:
11726:
9896:
7238:
6240:
Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo G.; Raveloson, Andriamiranto; Barimalala, Rondrotiana; Razafindratsima, Onja H. (July 2019).
2624:
have adapted to a wide range of habitats and diversified into numerous species. As of 2012, there were officially
2368:
1373:
in their trading fleets to Madagascar. Dates earlier than the mid-first millennium AD are not strongly supported.
17089:
17074:
16910:
15396:
15300:
15254:
15176:
15171:
15055:
11788:
10643:
10269:
10239:
7659:
7448:
4714:
4710:
4493:
2914:
2866:
2165:
2141:
907:
517:
382:
9251:
9157:
8493:"Southern Africa: Cyclone Season Flash Update No. 6 (Tropical Cyclone Batsirai) (13 February 2022) - Madagascar"
4515:
The inconsistency in religious data reflects the common practice of alternating between religious identities or
17069:
16656:
16509:
15448:
15325:
15161:
14642:
12960:
10911:
4594:
constituted 2% of the population of Madagascar. They are largely concentrated in the northwestern provinces of
3707:
3564:
2952:
2523:
2284:
2121:
1111:
1051:
698:
10798:
7265:
7040:
5949:"Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population"
15542:
15406:
15310:
15234:
15229:
13274:
9374:
8932:
6121:
5107:
3756:
3588:
2999:
2944:
2782:
2762:
2463:
2179:
In November 2023, Rajoelina was re-elected to another term with 58.95% of the vote in the first round of the
931:
376:
15868:
15465:
9128:
5553:
5527:
5056:, a board game widespread throughout the Highland regions. According to folk legend, the succession of King
2061:
ruled after Ratsimandrava for four months before being replaced by another military appointee: Vice Admiral
1933:
on 29 March 1947. Between 11,000 and 90,000 Malagasy died during the uprising which lasted nearly two years.
176:
17144:
15624:
15552:
15520:
15434:
15347:
15249:
15214:
15156:
11123:
10403:
9038:
van der Heijden, Robert; Jacobs, Denise I.; Snoeijer, Wim; Hallard, Didier; Verpoorte, Robert (2004). "The
8827:"Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets"
4155:
4079:
3842:
3799:, will come under state control upon completion of the company's mining project near Tôlanaro around 2038.
3634:. The island supplies 80% of the world's natural vanilla. Other key agricultural resources include coffee,
2956:
2854:
2423:
2352:
2093:
2015:
1703:
1296:
1245:
is in a 1609 book on Madagascar by Jerome Megiser. Jerome Megiser describes an event in which the kings of
897:
467:
14623:"Clean people, unclean people: the essentialisation of 'slaves' among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar"
12432:
6798:
Cox, Murray P.; Nelson, Michael G.; Tumonggor, Meryanne K.; Ricaut, François-X.; Sudoyo, Herawati (2012).
6019:
5825:
1886:
then marched toward Antananarivo, losing many men to malaria and other diseases. Reinforcements came from
1225:
and an important medieval Indian Ocean port. This would have resulted from 13th-century Venetian explorer
15500:
15401:
15166:
14988:
14968:
11847:"Madagascar Set to Expand Access to Renewable Energy and Digital Services thanks to $ 400 Million Credit"
9287:
9044:
6781:
Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia's Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.),
5693:
4095:
3874:
3852:
2515:
2507:
2459:
2376:
2296:
2129:
1055:
341:
44:
10322:
9555:
6659:
Crowley, B.E. (2010). "A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna".
6146:
5583:
16339:
15490:
15475:
15391:
15352:
15305:
15290:
15186:
15131:
15048:
15035:
13786:
The martyr church: a narrative of the introduction, progress, and triumph of Christianity in Madagascar
9701:"Phalangeal curvature and positional behaviour in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)"
9570:
4875:
4485:
3838:
2918:
2858:
2736:
2503:
2495:
2486:
As a result of the island's long isolation from neighbouring continents, Madagascar is home to various
2276:
2097:
1843:
1722:
1695:
1341:
Traditionally, archaeologists have estimated that the earliest settlers arrived in successive waves in
1255:
875:
851:
638:
439:
364:
4705:
in 2017 (2575 cases, 221 deaths) and 2014 (263 confirmed cases, 71 deaths). In 2019, Madagascar had a
3810:, which is unable to service the entire population. As of 2009, only 6.8 percent of Madagascar's
1767:
1295:
traveler, refers to the island as "Malagaskar" when recounting his journeys, including as part of the
17154:
16985:
15515:
15378:
15024:
14374:
Madagascar: an historical and descriptive account of the island and its former dependencies, Volume 1
13696:
Madagascar of to-day: A sketch of the island, with chapters on its past history and present prospects
10711:
5889:
5072:
5064:
was partially the result of the obsession that Andrianjaka's older brother may have had with playing
4830:("Makers of the Days") to identify the most auspicious days for important events such as weddings or
4752:
3584:
2806:
2544:
2447:
1730:
1691:
1550:
Contacts continued from the 1550s. Several colonization and conversion missions were ordered by King
1528:
1102:
14898:
Volume 3 of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Indo-Islamic society, 14th–15th centuries
14360:
13247:
12858:
Blench, Roger (1982). "Evidence for the Indonesian origins of certain elements of African culture".
12826:
12222:
10292:
8746:
7132:
2732:
as a key source of state revenues to offset cuts in donor support following Ravalomanana's ousting.
1957:
that had identified the island as a potential site for the deportation of Europe's Jews. During the
1598:
on the west coast. The Kingdom of Imerina, located in the central highlands with its capital at the
15707:
15320:
15224:
15101:
15096:
11511:
11485:
10872:
7747:
Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945
6612:
6575:
4934:
4871:
4655:
4533:
3806:
Running water and electricity are supplied at the national level by a government service provider,
3789:
3777:
3603:
2878:
2847:
2844:
2823:
2802:
2794:
2519:
2451:
2348:
2215:
2137:
1913:
Under colonial rule, plantations were established for the production of a variety of export crops.
1699:
1518:
1039:
968:
487:
13723:
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
12774:
12757:
12665:
Mukonoweshuro, E.G. (1990). "State "resilience" and chronic political instability in Madagascar".
12192:
11439:
8213:
5826:"India-Madagascar Separation: Breakup Along a Pre-existing Mobile Belt and Chipping of the Craton"
2761:
In 2003, Ravalomanana announced the Durban Vision, an initiative to more than triple the island's
2758:
found that 120 of the 219 mammal species only found on Madagascar are threatened with extinction.
1241:
maps by Europeans. One of the first documents written that might explain why Marco Polo called it
16746:
16715:
16529:
15510:
15495:
15421:
15295:
15239:
15219:
15197:
14571:
The Political Crisis of March 2009 in Madagascar: A Case Study of Conflict and Conflict Mediation
12381:
11389:
11186:
9384:
9355:
9326:
9297:
9261:
9232:
9203:
9167:
9138:
7952:
The Political Crisis of March 2009 in Madagascar: A Case Study of Conflict and Conflict Mediation
6849:
6548:
Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698
4958:
4786:
4735:
4726:
4521:
4370:
3796:
3719:
3033:
2219:
2193:
2124:
in which Ravalomanana was pushed from power in an unconstitutional process widely condemned as a
1628:
964:
956:
802:
675:
597:
33:
10581:
8437:
2857:, who recommends candidates to the president to form his cabinet of ministers. According to the
2397:
ecosystem. The central highlands are both drier and cooler while the west is drier still, and a
1465:
1283:
referred to "Malagascar" as the name of the island, stating that it is etymologically a word of
1058:
its fourth and current republic, with constitutional governance being restored in January 2014.
116:
102:
16885:
16731:
15547:
15460:
15278:
15259:
14993:
14951:
14368:
8405:
8173:
7171:
5149:
5076:
4547:
has led to the widespread tradition of tomb building, as well as the highlands practice of the
4544:
4438:
3912:) have relatively stronger East African features. The largest coastal ethnic subgroups are the
3674:
2995:
2960:
2936:
2910:
2798:
2786:
2474:
2435:
1970:
1470:
1246:
1002:
725:
669:
433:
411:
37:
16483:
16124:
13375:
12140:. Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa. June 2010. Archived from
9080:
7745:
6555:
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol17/pp283-291
3732:
1766:, an entrepreneur who developed munitions and other industries on behalf of the monarchy, and
1536:
16890:
16807:
15727:
15571:
15480:
15429:
15411:
15366:
15244:
15116:
15083:
15004:
14863:
11324:
11294:
11268:
11208:
10067:
9531:
9446:
7782:
Jacques Tronchon. L'insurrection malgache de 1947. Essai d'interprétation historique, p 35-45
7680:
Jacques Tronchon. L'insurrection malgache de 1947. Essai d'interprétation historique, p 35–45
5409:
5245:
4798:
4160:
4083:
4040:
4006:
3893:
3576:
3534:
3530:
3404:
3386:
3368:
3346:
3328:
3183:
3165:
3147:
3129:
3054:
3029:
2827:
2790:
2754:
2692:) destruction of native forest habitat is widespread (top), causing massive erosion (bottom).
2625:
2499:
2197:
2102:
2054:
1833:
1779:
1572:
1403:
1381:
1320:
1162:
998:
582:
524:
16187:
13765:
Madagascar revisited, describing the events of a new reign and the revolution which followed
13654:
An economic history of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: the rise and fall of an island empire
12629:
8627:
8107:"Madagascar food crisis caused more by poverty, natural weather than climate change – study"
6317:
4709:, resulting in 118,000 cases and 1,688 deaths. In 2020, Madagascar was also affected by the
3783:
Since 2016, €100.4 million has been paid to the Republic of Madagascar through this project.
1627: with: information about the pre-Merina Betsileo and Sakalava kingdoms. You can help by
1602:
of Antananarivo, emerged at around the same time under the leadership of King Andriamanelo.
1413:-speaking migrants from southeastern Africa arrived around the year 1000. Around this time,
1145:. The origin of the name is uncertain, and is likely foreign, having been propagated in the
16817:
16628:
14318:
12283:
9984:
9811:
9712:
9092:
8992:
8344:
8289:
8225:
7345:
6985:
6888:
6748:
6668:
6253:
6063:
5837:
5088:
5071:
Western recreational activities were introduced to Madagascar over the past two centuries.
4393:
3978:
3952:
3913:
3768:
3111:
3093:
3012:
The Minister of Interior is responsible for the national police force, paramilitary force (
2862:
2850:
2527:
2332:
2304:
2158:
2084:
and various bilateral donors in exchange for their bailout of the nation's broken economy.
1980:
of 1947. This movement led the French to establish reformed institutions in 1956 under the
1962:
1679:
1671:
1658:
1599:
1583:
1560:
1551:
1370:
1337:
ancestry reflects a blend of Southeast Asian, Oceanian and Bantu (Southeast African) roots.
1207:
1167:
1006:
994:
867:
502:
393:
305:
14239:
Islands in the southern Indian Ocean, westward of longitude 80 ̊east, including Madagascar
13398:
13191:
11666:
11055:
9857:
9600:
7888:"Political change in Madagascar: populist democracy or neopatrimonialism by another name?"
5501:
4685:, and sexually transmitted diseases are common in Madagascar, although infection rates of
3539:
8:
17059:
16945:
16915:
15985:
15968:
15587:
15532:
15330:
10800:
Madagascar: profile des marches pour les evaluations d'urgence de la securite alimentaire
9630:
8875:
4966:
4916:
4905:
4818:
4613:
4591:
4481:
3752:
2534:
2443:
2439:
2322:
is the island's highest point, followed by Boby Peak 2,658 m (8,720 ft) in the
2227:
2223:
2058:
2050:
2040:
2024:
1899:
1524:
1399:
990:
405:
14659:
14322:
13959:
13925:
13784:
13763:
13752:
13694:
12328:
10137:
9988:
9815:
9716:
8996:
8348:
8293:
8229:
7854:
7393:
6989:
6892:
6752:
6672:
6257:
6187:
6067:
5841:
4773:
Government school construction initiatives have ensured at least one primary school per
3595:
Twelve million people do not have access to clean water, according to the NGO WaterAid.
1775:
1564:
17139:
16925:
15537:
15505:
15470:
14963:
14822:
14348:
14126:
14103:
13937:
12875:
12814:
12705:
Lassibille, Gerard; Tan, Jee-Peng; Jesse, Cornelia; Nguyen, Trang Van (6 August 2010).
12682:
11993:
Tofanelli S, Bertoncini S, Castrì L, Luiselli D, Calafell F, Donati G, Paoli G (2009).
11958:
11933:
10055:
10015:
9972:
9944:
9834:
9799:
9666:
8954:
8927:
8899:
8870:
8719:
8684:
8305:
8249:
8177:
7651:
7110:
7065:
7016:
6973:
6944:
6904:
6826:
6799:
6721:
6271:
6094:
6051:
5917:
5186:
4965:, an exemplar of the new wave of Malagasy poetry. Madagascar has also developed a rich
4867:
4643:
3992:
3970:
3310:
3292:
3274:
3256:
3238:
3220:
3202:
2478:), the flowers of this orchid have a very long spur and are pollinated by a species of
2323:
2319:
2300:
2235:
2231:
2210:
At 592,800 square kilometres (228,900 sq mi), Madagascar is the world's 46th
1891:
1667:
1453:
in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Today, the spirits of the Vazimba are revered as
1358:
1179:
1098:
399:
122:
108:
15616:
14330:
14149:
The Educated African: a Country-by-Country Survey of Educational Development in Africa
12995:
10553:
10519:
9015:
8978:
6318:"Histoire des noms anciens de Madagascar : réévaluations et nouvelles hypothèses"
5849:
1429:
Kingdom and were extended with terraced paddies throughout the neighboring Kingdom of
16812:
16170:
15743:
15592:
15146:
15136:
15121:
14902:
14869:
14848:
14829:
14794:
14773:
14742:
14709:
14676:
14595:
14574:
14555:
14536:
14505:
14484:
14453:
14420:
14399:
14334:
14285:
14264:
14222:
14201:
14180:
14161:
14133:
14110:
14075:
14042:
14009:
13976:
13944:
13910:
13879:
13846:
13813:
13790:
13769:
13728:
13709:
13658:
13625:
13592:
13559:
13538:
13519:
13488:
13455:
13434:
12788:
12441:
12016:
11963:
11354:
10942:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"
10459:
10433:
10020:
10002:
9839:
9798:
Glaw, F.; Köhler, J. R.; Townsend, T. M.; Vences, M. (2012). Salamin, Nicolas (ed.).
9780:
9740:
9735:
9700:
9458:
9427:
9096:
9061:
9020:
8959:
8904:
8848:
8724:
8706:
8633:
8438:
International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (25 February 2005).
8360:
8309:
8301:
8253:
8241:
7955:
7751:
7643:
7361:
7234:
7070:
7021:
7003:
6900:
6831:
6764:
6335:
6275:
6099:
6081:
5970:
5921:
5909:
5853:
5364:
5341:
5333:
5232:
5212:
5023:
5007:
4962:
4739:
4635:
4621:
4401:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4366:
3381:
3323:
3042:). The regions are further subdivided into 119 districts, 1,579 communes, and 17,485
2853:
republic, wherein the popularly elected president is the head of state and selects a
2725:
2612:
2407:
cause damage to infrastructure and local economies as well as loss of life. In 2004,
2398:
2128:. In March 2009, Rajoelina was declared by the Supreme Court as the President of the
2036:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1930:
1837:
1790:
1707:
1506:
1394:
1135:
1123:
1090:
1082:
1047:
568:
555:
276:
70:
10059:
9698:
9670:
8977:
Kuboyama, Takeshi; Yokoshima, Satoshi; Tokuyama, Hidetoshi; Fukuyama, Tohru (2004).
6908:
6725:
6680:
4602:. Muslims are divided between ethnic Malagasy and Indians, Pakistanis and Comorans.
1714:, translated the Bible, and introduced a variety of new technologies to the island.
1425:
found in East Africa. Irrigated paddy fields were developed in the central highland
1303:
was the way the island is referred to by its natives, who emphasized that they were
1097:
is the country's predominant religion, with a significant minority still practising
16970:
16900:
16777:
16684:
16519:
15485:
15111:
14935:
14634:
14326:
12902:
12867:
12780:
12726:
12718:
12674:
12393:
12112:"Haute Cour Constitutionnelle De Madagascar, Décision n°03-HCC/D2 Du 12 avril 2000"
12111:
12006:
11953:
11945:
10841:
10644:"Madagascar journalist Arphine Helisoa jailed on false news, incitement allegation"
10373:
10047:
10010:
9992:
9936:
9829:
9819:
9772:
9730:
9720:
9658:
9650:
9419:
9053:
9010:
9000:
8949:
8941:
8894:
8884:
8838:
8761:
8714:
8696:
8352:
8297:
8233:
7635:
7515:
7488:
7353:
7102:
7060:
7052:
7011:
6993:
6936:
6896:
6821:
6811:
6756:
6711:
6703:
6676:
6325:
6261:
6089:
6071:
5960:
5901:
5845:
5645:
5269:
5215:
is the most popular beer on the island and is considered emblematic of Madagascar.
5169:
5143:
4889:
4863:
4702:
4631:
4389:
4268:
4070:
4030:
3946:
3580:
3476:
3458:
3440:
3435:
3422:
2581:
2412:
2404:
2062:
1995:
1958:
1853:
1532:
1485:
1409:
Arab traders first reached the island between the 7th and 9th centuries. A wave of
1346:
1330:
1023:
857:
777:
329:
317:
14787:
Strakes, Jason (2006). "Armed Forces of the People". In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.).
14588:
Ratsimbazafy, Ernest (2010). "Moraingy". In Green, Thomas; Svinth, Joseph (eds.).
11727:"High prices in Southern Madagascar limit poor households' food access | FEWS NET"
9629:
6850:"Human expansion 1,000 years ago linked to Madagascar's loss of large vertebrates"
5905:
3847:
2615:
is one of over 100 known species and subspecies of lemur found only in Madagascar.
16766:
16163:
16072:
15659:
15383:
15031:
15000:
14958:
14942:
14896:
14788:
14736:
14703:
14670:
14589:
14499:
14447:
14414:
14372:
14312:
14279:
14237:
14216:
14195:
14158:
Isle of Fire: The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar, Issue 246
14069:
14036:
14003:
13970:
13873:
13840:
13805:
13652:
13619:
13586:
13553:
13482:
13449:
13354:
13335:
13316:
13297:
13278:
12042:
10613:
10133:
9824:
8136:
6760:
6643:
6561:
6461:
6366:
5890:"Settling Madagascar: When Did People First Colonize the World's Largest Island?"
5378:
5370:
5165:
5157:
5153:
4881:
4843:
4678:
4609:
4462:
4407:
4357:
4250:
4056:
4026:
4014:
3960:
3942:
3880:
3795:
The island's newest port at Ehoala, constructed in 2008 and privately managed by
3678:
3662:
3341:
3269:
2940:
coastal populations has periodically flared up into isolated events of violence.
2928:
2923:
2877:
criminal tribunals, and tribunals of first instance. The courts, which adhere to
2748:
2729:
2468:
2117:
2092:(1993–96), who went on to win the 1992 presidential elections and inaugurate the
2077:
1986:(Overseas Reform Act), and Madagascar moved peacefully towards independence. The
1954:
1860:
1802:
1571:. Many European sailors were shipwrecked on the coasts of the island, among them
1410:
1385:
1342:
1334:
1171:
1141:
1086:
835:
473:
458:
426:
323:
311:
280:
85:
15015:
13056:
12141:
12094:
10489:
10205:"Madagascar's unique wildlife faces imminent wave of extinction, say scientists"
8054:"Madagascar: Ravalomanana challenges results in court, Rajoelina calls for calm"
7301:"Cronica do mujto alto e poderoso Rey destes Reynos de Portugal, Dom João o III"
7093:
Gade, Daniel W. (1996). "Deforestation and its effects in Highland Madagascar".
7056:
6694:
Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar".
6266:
6241:
5449:
2363:
17000:
16990:
16905:
16836:
16109:
16093:
15091:
14738:
The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar
12559:
12069:, Egede-Instituttet Avhandlinger, no. 3 (Oslo: Egede-Instituttet, 1951), p. 13.
11412:
11239:"Business news: Fmi, economia del Madagascar manifesta segnali "incoraggianti""
11030:
9997:
9776:
9763:
8984:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8794:
Lavranos, John (2004). "Pachypodium makayense: A New Species From Madagascar".
8356:
5161:
4893:
4698:
4457:
4397:
4214:
3885:
3800:
3773:
3690:
3160:
2704:
2689:
2645:
2632:
2601:
2574:
2537:
are found nowhere else in the world, including five plant families. The family
2408:
2168:
which, due to a severe drought, caused hundreds of thousands of people to face
2057:, appointed to succeed him, was assassinated six days into his tenure. General
1810:
1711:
1648:
1377:
1284:
1250:
1062:
1035:
1010:
979:
952:
537:
14591:
Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, Volume 2
13484:
Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogeneses of people in Indonesian archipelago
13218:
12476:
12353:
12081:
Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago
11571:. United Nations Public-Private Alliance for Rural Development. Archived from
10051:
9654:
9500:
8889:
7519:
7492:
7357:
4921:
4418:
Among the upper class in large cities, French is spoken as a native language.
3755:
are unpaved, with many becoming impassable in the rainy season. Largely paved
2652:
terrestrial snail are endemic, as are a majority of the island's butterflies,
17053:
17035:
17022:
16995:
16960:
16772:
16751:
16325:
16301:
16175:
15783:
15019:
12906:
10797:
Ralison, Eliane; Goossens, Frans (January 2006). World Food Programme (ed.).
10006:
9725:
9057:
8923:
8765:
8710:
8524:"Cyclone kills at least 10 in Madagascar, destroying homes and cutting power"
8329:
8245:
7647:
7007:
6339:
6330:
6085:
5913:
5857:
5092:
4628:
at home, reflecting the faiths concentration among those of Indian ancestry.
4586:
4489:
4091:
4090:
minorities are present in Madagascar, as well as a small European (primarily
4000:
3904:
3666:
2948:
2740:
2288:
2169:
1883:
1806:
1595:
1493:
1389:
1274:
1229:
confusing the two locations in his memoirs, in which he mentions the land of
1066:
1027:
1018:
959:
and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of
924:
370:
299:
256:
243:
14638:
13516:
Distant lands and diverse cultures: the French experience in Asia, 1600–1700
12281:
12011:
11994:
11566:"Made in Madagascar: Exporting Handicrafts to the U.S. Market: Final Report"
11150:
10579:
9005:
8843:
8826:
8701:
6998:
6463:
Early Kingdoms in Madagascar and the Birth of the Sakalava Empire, 1500-1700
6239:
6076:
2947:, which was established in 1963 and dissolved in 2002 to be replaced by the
16895:
16880:
16797:
16787:
16603:
16463:
16371:
16219:
15893:
15883:
15687:
14416:
The political economy of poverty, equity, and growth: Malawi and Madagascar
13706:
Disease and empire: the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa
13451:
General history of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s
13309:
13246:. World Organization of the Scout Movement. 1 December 2010. Archived from
12871:
12560:"Madagascar: Severe drought could spur world's first climate change famine"
12020:
11967:
10024:
9843:
9784:
9744:
9634:
9431:
9423:
9089:
The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs
9065:
9024:
8963:
8908:
8852:
8728:
8364:
8237:
7074:
7025:
6835:
6816:
6768:
6103:
5974:
5084:
4566:
4472:
4466:
4304:
4286:
4245:
4173:
4022:
3764:
3305:
3196:
3088:
2836:
2653:
2589:
2539:
2292:
2073:
2020:
1966:
1950:
1895:
1868:
1794:(commoner) courtiers, who sought to end the absolute power of the monarch.
1763:
1718:
1527:
was the first Portuguese settlement on the south coast, 10 km west of
1442:
1422:
1288:
1094:
972:
971:
and the 46th largest country in the world. Its capital and largest city is
287:
235:
14005:
Africa and the Middle East: a continental overview of environmental issues
12722:
10772:
9927:
Campbell, Gwyn (1993). "The Structure of Trade in Madagascar, 1750–1810".
7850:"Élection présidentielle à Madagascar: les Ratsiraka, une famille divisée"
6927:
Campbell, Gwyn (1993). "The Structure of Trade in Madagascar, 1750–1810".
5965:
5948:
4443:
3740:
1653:
1457:(ancestral masters of the land) by many traditional Malagasy communities.
16980:
16965:
16950:
16935:
16067:
15898:
15788:
14317:. Vol. 6. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 195.
13165:
12398:
6716:
5057:
4986:
4859:
4665:
4599:
4582:
4509:
4412:
4322:
4281:
4060:
3964:
3938:
3745:
3654:
3631:
3106:
2570:
2566:
2554:
2549:
2416:
2389:
produces a hot rainy season (November–April) with frequently destructive
2382:
2340:
2315:
2089:
1946:
1864:
1814:
British consultants were employed to train and professionalize soldiers.
1675:
1450:
1418:
1354:
1279:
1259:
1238:
1146:
511:
496:
16369:
14179:. Textile Series. Los Angeles: Regents of the University of California.
12879:
12784:
8869:
Keglevich, Péter; Hazai, Laszlo; Kalaus, György; Szántay, Csaba (2012).
8555:"Climate adaptation bill for African countries to dwarf health spending"
8464:
5080:
4335:
3049:
1921:
1910:
colonial conquest caused several tens of thousands of Malagasy victims.
1615:
1496:(used to transcribe the Malagasy language in a form of writing known as
16870:
16736:
16650:
16623:
16503:
16457:
16446:
16441:
16275:
16265:
16260:
15974:
15878:
15843:
15828:
15768:
15702:
15106:
14483:. Langues INALCO (in French). Paris: Langues et mondes – l'Asiatheque.
13806:"Spitting into the wind: Multi-edged environmentalism in Malagasy song"
12382:"The place of healers-diviners (ombiasa) in Betsileo medical pluralism"
11632:
11269:"Madagascar – GDP – per capita (PPP) – Historical Data Graphs per Year"
11209:"Madagascar – GDP – real growth rate – Historical Data Graphs per Year"
9379:
9350:
9321:
9292:
9256:
9227:
9198:
9162:
9133:
7242:
7114:
6707:
4995:
4669:
4549:
4516:
4196:
4178:
3986:
3816:
3363:
3287:
3142:
2979:
2720:
mean score of 4.63/10, ranking it 119th globally out of 172 countries.
2668:
2657:
2479:
2394:
2272:
2268:
2255:
2081:
1820:
1798:
1568:
1510:
1473:
1226:
1106:
16418:
16317:
16051:
15040:
13875:
Vivre à Tananarive: géographie du changement dans la capitale malgache
13083:"Is Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, Africa's newest art hub?"
12731:
12686:
11815:"The World Bank Connectivity for Rural Livelihood Improvement Project"
10616:
Madagascar: Media Under Attack One Month After New President Installed
10261:
9948:
9662:
9556:"Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010"
8945:
8685:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"
8080:"Madagascar President assured of winning majority seats in parliament"
7655:
7624:"The Menalamba Revolt and Brigandry in Imperial Madagascar, 1820-1897"
7623:
6948:
4846:
ethnic group, who trace their ancestry back to early Somali settlers.
2239:
1903:
1848:
16673:
16613:
16608:
16543:
16436:
16255:
15833:
12504:"'It is a dangerous moment': Madagascar plague death toll reaches 74"
10842:"United Nations Member States | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"
9454:
8871:"Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine"
7440:
5690:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Madagascar)"
5407:
5103:
of three scouting clubs. Membership in 2011 was estimated at 14,905.
5011:
4748:
4595:
4501:
4451:
4227:
4209:
4191:
4052:
4018:
3917:
3744:
In many places oxcarts are an important medium of transport, like in
3686:
3682:
3670:
3650:
3233:
3178:
2983:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2713:
2679:
2641:
2562:
2558:
2553:
species are endemic to the island. Three-fourths of Madagascar's 860
2327:
2243:
1982:
1926:
1876:
1872:
1771:
1687:
1218:
1175:
1014:
335:
16930:
14622:
9037:
8137:"Andry Rajoelina: Madagascar president re-elected in contested poll"
7106:
4969:, embodied in dozens of regional musical genres such as the coastal
3547:
1942:
1863:. At the end of the war, Madagascar ceded the northern port town of
1739:
32:
This article is about the island nation. For the island itself, see
17105:
Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
16875:
16865:
16855:
16782:
16618:
16593:
16578:
16573:
16473:
16390:
16280:
16240:
15933:
15908:
15758:
15753:
15732:
15697:
15682:
15603:
14946:
13555:
The Arabian seas: the Indian Ocean world of the seventeenth century
12758:
Ministère de l'Education Secondaire et l'Education de Base (2005).
12678:
12590:"How climate change is turning once green Madagascar into a desert"
11949:
10323:"Liste des institutions gouvernementales de Madagascar (août 2021)"
9940:
9699:
Jungers, W.L.; Godfrey, L.R.; Simons, E.L.; Chatrath, P.S. (1997).
7639:
6940:
6878:
6800:"A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar"
6482:
5096:
5052:
5038:
5028:
4977:
4939:
4926:
4686:
4605:
4575:
4560:
4048:
3982:
3921:
3646:
3620:
3399:
3359:
2607:
2593:
2585:
2491:
2263:
1879:
on the west coast, in December 1894 and January 1895 respectively.
1815:
1784:
1683:
1587:
1426:
1292:
1043:
986:
982:
919:
839:
13271:
12762:(in French). Antananarivo, Madagascar: Government Printing Office.
11598:"Aperçu de la coopération économique entre la Chine et Madagascar"
11295:"Madagascar – Unemployment rate – Historical Data Graphs per Year"
8747:"The endemic and non-endemic vascular flora of Madagascar updated"
6394:
6392:
6390:
6117:
5946:
4778:
colleges and several private universities and technical colleges.
3899:
Southeast Asian features – specifically from the southern part of
2202:
16860:
16830:
16756:
16583:
16498:
16451:
16411:
16400:
16385:
16309:
16270:
16235:
16227:
16140:
16119:
16088:
16046:
15918:
15888:
15873:
15858:
15848:
15838:
15803:
15798:
15748:
15717:
15692:
15667:
11992:
11563:
10912:"Madagascar Country Programme (2015–2019) | World Food Programme"
8976:
6970:
6211:"Malagasy? Or is it Madagascan? Our research provides the answer"
6048:
5203:
5191:
5061:
4682:
4673:
4317:
4299:
4263:
4087:
3889:
3658:
3639:
3627:
2832:
2636:
2621:
2487:
2390:
2386:
2280:
2251:
2247:
2206:
Land coverage (left) and topographical (right) maps of Madagascar
2144:, which the international community deemed fair and transparent.
1914:
1887:
1750:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1366:
1350:
1234:
1222:
421:
14533:
La Royale: L'histoire illustrée de la Marine nationale française
14175:
Kusimba, Chapurukha; Odland, J. Claire; Bronson, Bennet (2004).
10434:"MADAGASCAR: Former president sentenced to five years in prison"
9552:
5531:
1735:
Three Visits to Madagascar during the years 1853, 1854, and 1856
16940:
16761:
16741:
16568:
16563:
16558:
16405:
16285:
15943:
15928:
15923:
15863:
15818:
15778:
15672:
15651:
14573:. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield.
11189:[Madagascar: Targeting 500 Thousand Visitors in 2018].
10552:(in French). AirMadagascar.com. 28 January 2012. Archived from
10265:
7954:. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield.
7444:
6387:
6154:
United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Reports
5412:
Projet de Constitution de la Quatrième République de Madagascar
4971:
4953:
4856:
4851:
4505:
4034:
3900:
3807:
3635:
3616:
3608:
3453:
3417:
3251:
2744:
2401:
prevails in the southwest and southern interior of the island.
2311:
2173:
2044:
1744:
1591:
1498:
1195:
1187:
1110:
As of 2021, 68.4 percent of the population is considered to be
960:
13727:. Vol. 8 (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
9451:
Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That Changed the World
5990:"In French-Tinied Madagascar, African and Asian Cultures Meet"
5302:
4638:
in Antananarivo to begin researching Judaism and studying the
3780:, and €4.8 million in finance from the Republic of Madagascar.
3554:
is one of the international tourism destinations in Madagascar
2498:
as a biodiversity hotspot. Madagascar is classed as one of 17
2310:
Madagascar's highest peaks rise from three prominent highland
2039:(1960–72), under the leadership of French-appointed President
1770:, a French adventurer and slave trader, with whom then-Prince
16975:
16802:
16633:
16598:
16538:
16468:
16426:
16395:
16245:
16217:
16114:
15903:
15853:
15808:
15793:
15773:
15763:
15737:
15677:
14311:
Oliver, Roland; Fage, John Donnelly; Sanderson, G.N. (1983).
13119:(in French). l'expressmada.com. 7 August 2009. Archived from
12083:, (Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 2006), pp. 8–9.
10580:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (8 April 2011).
5079:
is also popular. Madagascar has produced a world champion in
5036:
A number of traditional pastimes have emerged in Madagascar.
4639:
4625:
4617:
4477:
4340:
4232:
3702:
3471:
3215:
3124:
2557:
species are found here alone, as are six of the world's nine
1489:
912:
11325:"Madagascar – Labor force – Historical Data Graphs per Year"
10994:"World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer"
9525:
5311:
4951:(proverbs). An epic poem exemplifying these traditions, the
4581:
Islam was first brought to Madagascar in the Middle Ages by
3543:
Historical change in per capita GDP of Madagascar since 1950
2543:, composed of four genera and 11 species, is limited to the
1299:. In 1905, Charles Basset wrote in his doctoral thesis that
16792:
16588:
16553:
16548:
15913:
15823:
15712:
13190:. International Rugby Board. 23 August 2007. Archived from
12327:. Ministry of External Affairs, India. 2004. Archived from
12322:"Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora"
10460:"Madagascar: Appeal launched despite political uncertainty"
9633:; Ganzhorn, J.; Konstant, W.; Glander, K.; Tattersall, I.;
9317:"Chemotherapy for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Children"
8868:
8327:
8168:
7463:
6785:(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.
5284:
5199:
5195:
5043:
4571:
4064:
2777:). In 2007 six of the national parks were declared a joint
1542:
1414:
1362:
14001:
13878:(in French). Antananarivo, Madagascar: Karthala Editions.
12851:
12379:
11510:. Sherritt International Corporation. 2012. Archived from
10037:
8594:
8328:
Vences M, Wollenberg KC, Vieites DR, Lees DC (June 2009).
6738:
4998:
people of the central highlands was inscribed on UNESCO's
4888:
The Southeast Asian cultural influence is also evident in
4620:
in the late 19th century. Most Hindus in Madagascar speak
2959:
with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the
1797:
Following the coup, the courtiers offered Radama's queen,
1737:. The Queen made heavy use of the traditional practice of
13754:
Three visits to Madagascar during ... 1853-1854-1856
13624:. Jerusalem: Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.
11931:
10233:
8682:
8467:"Madagascar: Saving the children from Gafilo's aftermath"
8330:"Madagascar as a model region of species diversification"
8278:
8169:
5643:
5293:
5290:
5278:
5208:
936:
13842:
The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1790 to c. 1870
12704:
10138:"Asian relative of cane toad threatens Madagascar havoc"
9970:
9797:
8465:
Integrated Regional Information Networks (2 July 2004).
8440:"Madagascar: Cyclone Gafilo, Final Report, Appeal 08/04"
8028:"Madagascar court declares Rajoelina as election winner"
8002:"All you need to know about high-stakes Madagascar poll"
7270:
Caravelle. Cahiers du Monde Hispanique et Luso-Brésilien
6974:"Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar"
6797:
5408:
Le Comité Consultatif Constitutionnel (1 October 2010).
4488:, while just 4.5% exclusively practiced folk religions;
4384:
Malagasy, spoken across the western coastal plains. The
1694:
began arriving in 1818 and included such key figures as
15646:
14261:
Crime and Punishment Around the World: Volume 1, Africa
9929:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
8403:
7826:
7824:
7628:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
6929:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
6804:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5015:
the continuing development of fine arts in Madagascar.
2547:
of southwestern Madagascar. Four-fifths of the world's
2502:. The country is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions:
2326:, and Tsiafajavona 2,643 m (8,671 ft) in the
1733:
described his visits made during her reign in his book
1725:
and pressuring most foreigners to leave the territory.
15034:, (in French). Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The
14845:
Makers of modern Africa: profiles in history, Volume 1
11667:"Road projects to combat climate events in Madagascar"
6783:
Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past
3645:
Madagascar has one of the world's largest reserves of
2419:
killed 55 and displaced 130,000 people on the island.
2238:. Neighboring islands include the French territory of
12913:
12282:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2006).
12187:
12185:
11149:
Christie, Iain; Crompton, Elizabeth (November 2003).
8979:"Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (+)-vincristine"
6617:
St. Nicholas: An Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks
6299:
6297:
5320:
5308:
5299:
5296:
5272:
4690:
in 2009 was 63 years for men and 67 years for women.
1754:
was routinely obligatory. Between 1828 and 1861, the
16826:
16714:
14535:(in French). Maîtres du Vent – La Falaise: Babouji.
14174:
14002:
Hillstrom, Kevin; Collier Hillstrom, Laurie (2003).
12380:
Legrip-Randriambelo, Olivia; Regnier, Denis (2014).
12284:"International Religious Freedom Report: Madagascar"
11392:. Washington D.C.: International Trade Council. 2019
10178:"Lemurs Hunted, Eaten Amid Civil Unrest, Group Says"
10095:
10093:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10085:
10083:
8676:
7821:
5281:
5222:
5148:
Malagasy cuisine reflects the diverse influences of
4961:, who is considered Africa's first modern poet, and
2839:
is the political and economic capital of Madagascar.
1762:
Among those who continued to reside in Imerina were
1577:
identified Malagasy people as being of Jewish origin
1392:(including possibly the largest bird to ever exist,
14310:
14281:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
11932:Hurles ME, Sykes BC, Jobling MA, Forster P (2005).
11187:"Madagascar: obiettivo 500mila visitatori nel 2018"
9964:
9886:
9858:"Everglades, Madagascar Rain Forest on UNESCO List"
9705:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
8864:
8862:
5287:
5275:
4990:create a variety of furniture and household goods,
4508:, 39.2% practiced traditional faiths, and 0.6% was
4396:being its closest relative, incorporating numerous
3701:was formed in May 2003, as a collaboration between
2275:containing much of the island's remaining tropical
2172:and over one million people were on the verge of a
1017:. These were joined around the ninth century AD by
989:, around 180 million years ago, and split from the
14821:
14125:
14102:
13936:
13533:Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2008).
12182:
10831:, Institut National de la Statistique, Madagascar.
6294:
2116:Opposition leader and then-mayor of Antananarivo,
14861:
13532:
12067:Malgache et Maanjan: une comparaison linguistique
11089:
10944:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.
10080:
7239:"Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar"
6550:, ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), pp. 283-291.
6466:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 186.
6147:"Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Madagascar"
4540:) and has been influential in Malagasy politics.
2631:A number of other mammals, including the catlike
2533:More than 80 percent of Madagascar's 14,883
2339:The western and southern sides, which lie in the
2254:to the north west. The nearest mainland state is
17051:
14828:. San Francisco, CA: Stanford University Press.
14741:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
13968:
13348:2015 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women
13159:
13046:Heale & Abdul Latif (2008), pp. 108–111
12307:
12305:
11148:
10483:
10481:
9623:
9592:
9546:
8859:
8323:
8321:
8319:
7894:. Institute for Security Studies. Archived from
6546:'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', in
5124:2015 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women
5075:is considered the national sport of Madagascar.
5068:to the detriment of his other responsibilities.
4866:, and is very similar in form to those found in
4492:comprise a plurality of Christians, followed by
3626:Madagascar is the world's principal supplier of
3563:, as of 2021, 68.4 percent of the population is
2429:
1502:), Arab astrology, and other cultural elements.
1237:. This name would then have been popularized on
985:, Madagascar split from Africa during the Early
14793:. Vol. 1. New York: Taylor & Francis.
14675:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
14568:
14478:
14177:Unwrapping the textile traditions of Madagascar
13838:
13241:"Triennal review: Census as of 1 December 2010"
13144:
12700:
12698:
12696:
12536:(Report). World Food Programme. February 2021.
12479:. United Nations Population Fund. August 2011.
11559:
11557:
11555:
10796:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10099:
9920:
9760:
9526:Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre (24 August 2011).
8824:
8673:Hillstrom & Collier Hillstrom (2003), p. 50
8458:
7949:
7394:"Kingdoms of Madagascar: Maroserana and Merina"
6978:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6610:
6401:The Antananarvio Annual and Madagascar Magazine
6181:
6056:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5823:
2989:
2072:This period saw a political alignment with the
1513:sighted the island, while participating in the
1476:recorded the island while participating in the
1182:dating from the year 1154, the island is named
609:592,796 km (228,880 sq mi) (
14819:
14668:
14105:The Library of Congress World War II companion
13907:Hainteny: the traditional poetry of Madagascar
13871:
13839:Fage, J.D.; Flint, J.E.; Oliver, R.A. (1986).
12892:
12223:"Dead Join the Living in a Family Celebration"
12216:
12214:
11410:
11151:"Republic of Madagascar: Tourism Sector Study"
11142:
11029:. World Bank. 25 February 2011. Archived from
10870:
10102:"Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Madagascar"
10072:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
9530:. Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre. Archived from
9445:Cooper, Raymond; Deakin, Jeffrey John (2016).
8811:
8809:
7921:"Madagascar: La Crise a un Tournant Critique?"
7915:
7913:
6425:
6423:
5793:
5791:
3598:
2291:and the location of their historic capital at
1077:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie
174:
139:
62:
16700:
16355:
16203:
15632:
15056:
13782:
13761:
13708:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
13683:
12664:
12302:
11440:"The real price of Madagascar's vanilla boom"
10478:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10362:
9955:
9895:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
9346:"Chemotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer"
9194:"Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia"
9042:alkaloids: Pharmacognosy and biotechnology".
8629:Origin of the Malagasy Strepshirhine Primates
8590:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8316:
7794:
7126:
7124:
6202:
5894:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
5528:"Malagasy – National Geographic Style Manual"
5403:
5401:
5350:
4885:, has evolved into a varied and refined art.
4862:carried to Madagascar by early settlers from
4646:were formally converted to Orthodox Judaism.
4496:. In contrast, a 2020 study conducted by the
4484:in 2020, 85% of the population identified as
4125:
3515:United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
3507:
2716:over the past century. Madagascar had a 2019
2069:that ran under his tenure from 1975 to 1993.
1460:
222:Location of Madagascar (dark green)
16018:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
14820:Thompson, Virginia; Adloff, Richard (1965).
14587:
13923:
13909:. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.
13746:(in French). Ann Arbor, MI: Berger-Levrault.
13588:Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide
13233:
13075:
13042:
13040:
13028:
12839:Middleton (1999), pp. 259–262, 272, 309
12779:. World Intellectual Property Organization.
12693:
12138:"Madagascar: 2007 Constitutional referendum"
12095:"Linguistic policy challenges in Madagascar"
11883:, Central Intelligence Agency, 7 August 2024
11552:
11476:
11474:
11097:. AfricanEconomicOutlook.org. Archived from
10708:International Institute of Strategic Studies
10345:
9444:
8740:
8738:
8603:. Conservation International. Archived from
7579:
7570:
7567:Fage, Flint & Oliver (1986), pp. 522–524
7346:"Perspectives on French Colonial Madagascar"
7161:
7088:
7086:
7084:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
4842:, "man of much virtue") of the southeastern
3767:, began in December 2022. The approximately
3519:treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
2955:to Rajoelina. Madagascar is a member of the
2953:unconstitutional transfer of executive power
2222:. The country lies mostly between latitudes
2047:that overturned his administration in 1972.
1074:
186:
151:
77:
14767:
14549:
14445:
14396:Madagascar: a mineral and gemstone paradise
14218:Ancestors, Power, and History in Madagascar
14034:
13924:Freeman, Joseph John; Johns, David (1840).
13360:
13150:Kusimba, Odland & Bronson (2004), p. 87
12928:Kusimba, Odland & Bronson (2004), p. 12
12427:
12425:
12423:
12421:
12211:
11628:"Madagascar starts works on first motorway"
11534:"Madagascar's oil fortunes evolving slowly"
11092:"African Economic Outlook 2011: Madagascar"
11085:
11083:
11081:
10404:"Population of Cities in Madagascar (2017)"
10100:Bachelard, Jerome; Marcus, Richard (2011).
9756:
9754:
9223:"Chemotherapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia"
8806:
8619:
7910:
7612:Oliver, Fage & Sanderson (1985), p. 532
7603:Oliver, Fage & Sanderson (1985), p. 529
6732:
6693:
6420:
6287:
6285:
5788:
5032:is a traditional martial art of Madagascar.
3713:
3677:, and the development of the giant onshore
3023:
2588:, and other cancers, were derived from the
1706:, who established schools, transcribed the
1277:. An 1882 edition of the British newspaper
17120:States and territories established in 1960
16707:
16693:
16362:
16348:
16210:
16196:
15639:
15625:
15063:
15049:
14193:
13934:
13057:"Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry"
12961:"Origine Confuse des Vazimba du Betsiriry"
12776:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition
12760:Curriculum de formation des élèves-maîtres
12627:
12440:. Paris: World Health Organization. 2011.
11986:
11757:"Madagascar - COUNTRY ECONOMIC MEMORANDUM"
10760:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10359:
10293:"Shaky Rule in Madagascar Threatens Trees"
10180:. National Geographic News. Archived from
8921:
8744:
8625:
8577:
8433:
8431:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8196:
7719:
7121:
6687:
6645:Madagascar et l'oeuvre du Général Galliéni
6517:
6364:
6209:Raveloson, Andriamiranto (25 March 2020).
5781:
5779:
5777:
5398:
4738:access and quality were prioritized under
4132:
4118:
3038:Madagascar is subdivided into 22 regions (
2561:species. The island is home to around 170
2456:List of World Heritage Sites in Madagascar
1287:origin, and may be related to the name of
1052:political crisis and military coup in 2009
215:
17095:French-speaking countries and territories
14669:Rodd, Tony; Stackhouse, Jennifer (2008).
14398:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
14214:
13741:
13688:(in French). Paris: Editions Diloutremer.
13686:Un homme d'etat malgache: Rainilaiarivony
13447:
13037:
12952:
12936:
12934:
12730:
12612:
12397:
12010:
11957:
11908:"By Location | Pivot Table | Data Portal"
11661:
11659:
11657:
11655:
11536:. PennWell Corporation. 7 February 2012.
11471:
10014:
9996:
9833:
9823:
9734:
9724:
9014:
9004:
8953:
8898:
8888:
8842:
8735:
8718:
8700:
8597:"Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands"
7563:
7561:
7559:
7170:(in French). Madatana.com. Archived from
7081:
7064:
7015:
6997:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6825:
6815:
6715:
6404:. London Missionary Society Press. 1893.
6329:
6265:
6208:
6093:
6075:
5964:
5824:Raval, U.; Veeraswamy, K. (1 July 2003).
5675:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5202:milk. A wide variety of sweet and savory
5128:Madagascar's national 3x3 basketball team
3710:, France, Iran, Mauritius and Hong Kong.
1990:was proclaimed on 14 October 1958, as an
1505:European contact began in 1500, when the
978:Following the prehistoric breakup of the
787:
16370:Countries and territories bordering the
14994:Key Development Forecasts for Madagascar
14497:
14393:
14235:
14160:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14128:From Madagascar to the Malagasy Republic
14074:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
13969:Heale, Jay; Abdul Latif, Zawiah (2008).
13957:
13650:
13617:
13551:
13518:. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group.
12994:. University of Virginia. Archived from
12501:
12418:
12164:"Religions in Madagascar | PEW-GRF"
12114:(in French). Saflii.org. 12 April 2000.
12027:
11078:
10487:
10175:
9926:
9751:
9498:
8793:
8745:Callmander, Martin; et al. (2011).
7743:
7621:
7549:
7547:
7505:
7478:
7343:
6926:
6573:
6315:
6282:
5887:
5644:Bureau of African Affairs (3 May 2011).
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5022:
4920:
4730:
4480:at 7 percent. However, according to the
4456:
4442:
4356:
3846:
3739:
3731:
3602:
3546:
3538:
3048:
2922:
2831:
2606:
2467:
2362:
2201:
2019:
1920:
1847:
1652:
1605:
1541:
1464:
1329:
1046:. The monarchy was ended in 1897 by the
15070:
14842:
14824:The Malagasy Republic: Madagascar today
14786:
14657:
14620:
14530:
14504:(in French). Paris: Editions Karthala.
14481:Grammaire moderne de la langue malgache
14146:
14100:
13964:(in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette.
13943:(in French). Paris: Editions Karthala.
13692:
13480:
13428:
13396:
13390:
13291:2009 FIBA Africa Championship for Women
13215:"Madagascar won the World Championship"
13153:
13025:Auzias & Labourdette (2007), p. 142
12355:FACES OF AFRICA: The Jews of Madagascar
11437:
10873:"UN Mission's Contributions by Country"
10747:
10710:. pp. 314–315, 467. Archived from
10575:
10573:
10571:
10160:
10132:
9412:Alternative and Complementary Therapies
9158:"Chemotherapy for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma"
8552:
8428:
8386:
8164:
8162:
7588:
7417:
7415:
7298:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7130:
7038:
6658:
6488:
6368:Histoire de la géographie de Madagascar
6311:
6309:
6175:
5774:
5712:
5112:2009 FIBA Africa Championship for Women
4429:, recognised only Malagasy and French.
1421:were first brought, intermingling with
1376:Upon arrival, early settlers practiced
1361:were brought as laborers and slaves by
14:
17052:
14367:
14246:from the original on 29 September 2020
14067:
14035:Hobbes, Joseph; Dolan, Andrew (2008).
13845:. London: Cambridge University Press.
13722:
13703:
13699:. London: The Religious Tract Society.
13657:. London: Cambridge University Press.
13433:(in French). Berlin: Berger-Levrault.
13357:, FIBA.com, Retrieved 26 October 2015.
13338:, FIBA.com, Retrieved 26 October 2015.
13329:2013 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship
13319:, FIBA.com, Retrieved 26 October 2015.
13310:2014 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship
13300:, FIBA.com, Retrieved 26 October 2015.
13281:, FIBA.com, Retrieved 26 October 2015.
13162:"Antananarivo: Histoire de la commune"
12958:
12931:
12857:
12469:
12263:from the original on 29 September 2022
12220:
12092:
11901:
11899:
11897:
11652:
11450:from the original on 20 September 2018
10906:
10904:
10582:"2010 Human Rights Report: Madagascar"
10290:
10238:. parcs-madagascar.com. Archived from
10202:
9409:
9403:
9078:
8683:Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017).
8565:from the original on 12 September 2022
8521:
8211:
8104:
7885:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7556:
7553:Thompson & Adloff (1965), pp. 9–10
7424:
7263:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7189:
6915:
6793:
6791:
6641:
6429:
5365:[repuˈblikʲanʲmadaɡasʲˈkʲarə̥]
5173:typically consists of a base of rice (
5120:2013 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship
5116:2014 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship
5091:in 1964, and has also competed in the
2377:Geography of Madagascar § Climate
2343:of the central highlands, are home to
2065:, who ushered in the Marxist–Leninist
1827:
1674:(1787–1810). From his initial capital
1586:alliance of the eastern coast and the
1071:Southern African Development Community
16688:
16343:
16191:
15620:
15607:
15044:
14734:
14412:
14258:
14200:. New York: Other Places Publishing.
13975:. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish.
13803:
13750:
13605:from the original on 16 February 2017
13584:
13212:
12483:from the original on 25 December 2011
12457:from the original on 25 November 2011
12275:
12199:from the original on 27 December 2022
11906:Division, United Nations Population.
11640:from the original on 19 February 2023
11415:. Food and Agriculture Organization.
11361:from the original on 19 December 2021
11355:"Social policy and social protection"
11167:from the original on 10 February 2012
10922:from the original on 22 February 2017
10889:from the original on 23 February 2017
10675:
10303:from the original on 6 September 2012
10272:from the original on 3 September 2011
9971:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020).
9598:
9252:"Chemotherapy for Childhood Leukemia"
9109:from the original on 16 December 2019
8825:Baum DA, Small RL, Wendel JF (1998).
8503:from the original on 15 February 2022
8473:from the original on 26 February 2014
8416:from the original on 19 December 2011
8184:from the original on 14 February 2021
7544:
7472:
7155:
6141:
6139:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5864:from the original on 28 November 2022
5606:
5554:"The beginning of the Merina Kingdom"
5377:
5363:
5340:
4608:was introduced to Madagascar through
4498:Association of Religion Data Archives
4141:Largest cities or towns in Madagascar
3673:and its processing near Toamasina by
2976:Convention on the Rights of the Child
2972:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2246:to the east, as well as the state of
2164:Mid-2021 marked the beginning of the
2045:series of farmer and student protests
1134:
1126:, the island of Madagascar is called
623:5,501 km (2,124 sq mi)
17065:Island countries of the Indian Ocean
16725:(38,610 sq mi) and greater
15608:
14894:
14790:Encyclopedia of the developing world
14701:
14645:from the original on 25 October 2018
14452:. Pittsburgh, PA: Lascaux Editions.
14433:from the original on 10 January 2020
14277:
14155:
14123:
13572:from the original on 31 October 2015
13513:
13405:from the original on 6 November 2018
13399:"THB, star de la bière à Madagascar"
13113:"Des nouveaux talents mis en relief"
13063:from the original on 23 October 2012
13034:Randrianary (2001), pp. 109–137
12801:from the original on 22 October 2023
12772:
12600:from the original on 23 October 2022
12570:from the original on 8 February 2022
12477:"The State of the World's Midwifery"
12362:from the original on 13 January 2024
12290:from the original on 23 January 2012
12233:from the original on 27 January 2012
12170:from the original on 9 November 2019
12156:
11905:
11620:
11608:from the original on 4 December 2019
11540:from the original on 8 February 2013
11379:Rodd & Stackhouse (2008), p. 246
11130:from the original on 30 January 2024
11004:from the original on 29 October 2019
10974:from the original on 29 October 2019
10813:from the original on 7 February 2012
10624:from the original on 13 October 2012
10568:
10414:from the original on 15 October 2019
10333:from the original on 13 October 2021
9643:International Journal of Primatology
9580:from the original on 1 February 2014
9567:International Primatological Society
9375:"Chemotherapy for Testicular Cancer"
8534:from the original on 6 February 2022
8159:
8147:from the original on 5 December 2023
8117:from the original on 25 January 2022
8086:from the original on 30 October 2020
8060:from the original on 8 November 2020
8034:from the original on 21 January 2021
7412:
7233:
7092:
6955:
6860:from the original on 6 November 2022
6499:from the original on 14 January 2024
6459:
6316:Clockers, Alain (30 December 2014).
6306:
5987:
5928:from the original on 6 December 2021
5753:United Nations Development Programme
5746:"Human Development Report 2021/2022"
5700:from the original on 1 November 2023
5652:from the original on 26 October 2020
5258:
5241:Index of Madagascar-related articles
5099:is represented in Madagascar by its
5000:list of Intangible Cultural Heritage
4530:Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar
4073:; southern inland regions and coast
3561:United Nations Development Programme
2965:embassies in sixteen other countries
2482:with a proboscis of matching length.
2318:2,876 m (9,436 ft) in the
2287:, traditionally the homeland of the
2001:
1609:
1469:European contact began in 1500 when
1139:) and its people are referred to as
196:"Oh, land of our beloved ancestors!"
141:Fitiavana, Tanindrazana, Fandrosoana
17115:Member states of the United Nations
16662:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
14847:. Dearborne, MI: Africa Books Ltd.
14071:Symbolic and structural archaeology
13904:
13141:Ratsimbazafy (2010), pp. 14–18
12989:
12667:Canadian Journal of African Studies
12502:Beaumont, Peter (19 October 2017).
12406:from the original on 29 August 2016
12314:
11894:
11795:from the original on 16 August 2013
11197:from the original on 8 August 2017.
10901:
10690:Chapus & Mondain (1953), p. 377
10520:"Pressure grows on Madagascar coup"
10384:from the original on 16 August 2012
9362:from the original on 29 August 2017
9333:from the original on 29 August 2017
9304:from the original on 29 August 2017
9268:from the original on 29 August 2017
9239:from the original on 29 August 2017
9210:from the original on 29 August 2017
9174:from the original on 29 August 2017
9145:from the original on 29 August 2017
9129:"Chemotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma"
8775:from the original on 31 August 2013
8595:Conservation International (2007).
8522:Rabary, Lovasoa (6 February 2022).
8446:from the original on 30 August 2013
7874:
7662:from the original on 1 October 2023
7186:
6788:
6518:Linschoten, Jan Huygen van (1885).
6375:from the original on 21 August 2023
6371:(in French). Imprimerie nationale.
6124:from the original on 8 October 2014
5762:from the original on 9 October 2022
5738:
5564:from the original on 17 August 2015
5508:from the original on 21 August 2016
5502:"Demonyms – Names of Nationalities"
4933:A wide variety of oral and written
4785:Madagascar was ranked 107th in the
3761:Antananarivo–Toamasina toll highway
2626:103 species and subspecies of lemur
2279:. To the west of this ridge lies a
1929:commemorating the beginning of the
188:Ô Terre de nos ancêtres bien-aimés!
24:
17110:Member states of the African Union
15185:
14901:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
14882:from the original on 2 August 2020
14868:. New York: AEG Publishing Group.
14862:Van Den Boogaerde, Pierre (2008).
14722:from the original on 29 March 2017
14689:from the original on 30 March 2021
14479:Rajaonarimanana, Narivelo (2001).
14446:Rabearivelo, Jean-Joseph (2007) .
14132:. Ann Arbor, MI: Greenwood Press.
13989:from the original on 12 March 2021
13872:Fournet-Guérin, Catherine (2007).
13725:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
13684:Chapus, G.S.; Mondain, G. (1953).
13671:from the original on 19 March 2013
13487:. Jakarta, Indonesia: LIPI Press.
12540:from the original on 30 March 2021
12221:Bearak, Barry (5 September 2010).
11938:American Journal of Human Genetics
11857:from the original on 24 April 2023
11827:from the original on 24 April 2023
11769:from the original on 24 April 2023
11737:from the original on 24 April 2023
11707:from the original on 24 April 2023
11677:from the original on 24 April 2023
11249:from the original on 28 March 2017
11158:Africa Region Working Paper No. 63
10948:from the original on 6 August 2019
10871:United Nations (31 January 2017).
10594:from the original on 20 March 2020
10500:from the original on 26 March 2012
10488:Leithead, Alastair (14 May 2002).
10436:. Irinnews.org. 17 December 2003.
10234:Madagascar National Parks (2011).
10203:Weston, Phoebe (10 January 2023).
10176:Handwerk, Brian (21 August 2009).
9601:"Lemurs sliding toward extinction"
8212:Reeves, Colin V. (February 2018).
8105:Januta, Andrea (1 December 2021).
8008:from the original on 30 March 2021
7469:Ade Ajayi (1998), pp. 413–422
7386:
7374:from the original on 27 April 2024
7307:from the original on 30 March 2021
7280:from the original on 30 March 2021
7257:
6136:
6030:from the original on 18 April 2023
6000:from the original on 18 April 2023
5888:Mitchell, Peter (1 October 2020).
5876:
5594:from the original on 30 March 2021
5464:
4500:found 58.1% of the population was
1778:two years later by Prime Minister
1217:is a corrupted transliteration of
27:Island country in the Indian Ocean
25:
17166:
17125:1960 establishments in Madagascar
16667:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
14929:
14755:from the original on 14 July 2020
14608:from the original on 8 March 2017
14518:from the original on 15 July 2020
14466:from the original on 15 July 2020
14381:from the original on 26 July 2020
14298:from the original on 15 July 2020
14088:from the original on 15 July 2020
14041:. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
14022:from the original on 15 July 2020
13972:Cultures of the World: Madagascar
13859:from the original on 15 July 2020
13826:from the original on 15 July 2020
13638:from the original on 16 June 2016
13621:The Origins of the Final Solution
13618:Browning, Christopher R. (2004).
13501:from the original on 15 July 2020
13468:from the original on 16 July 2020
13374:(in French). 2015. Archived from
13093:from the original on 12 June 2023
12992:"Ibonia: the text in 17 sections"
12971:from the original on 14 July 2011
12257:United States Department of State
12118:from the original on 27 July 2011
11974:from the original on 3 March 2011
11508:"Metals – Ambatovy Joint Venture"
11484:. Rio Tinto. 2009. Archived from
11419:from the original on 13 July 2011
11335:from the original on 13 June 2018
11305:from the original on 13 June 2018
11275:from the original on 13 June 2018
11219:from the original on 13 June 2018
11066:from the original on 9 April 2020
10852:from the original on 5 March 2016
10681:Freeman & Johns (1840), p. 25
10530:from the original on 29 June 2011
10466:from the original on 13 June 2011
10440:from the original on 13 June 2011
10148:from the original on 10 July 2014
9887:World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001).
9611:from the original on 29 July 2012
9563:IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group
9507:from the original on 7 March 2011
9391:from the original on 28 July 2017
8664:Hobbes & Dolan (2008), p. 517
8646:from the original on 6 April 2017
8260:from the original on 3 March 2022
7764:from the original on 24 June 2021
7451:from the original on 29 June 2011
7400:from the original on 24 June 2011
7143:from the original on 14 July 2011
7095:Mountain Research and Development
6221:from the original on 13 June 2020
5988:Mohr, Charles (1 February 1971).
5426:from the original on 28 June 2011
5419:(in French). Madagascar Tribune.
5046:cattle, which is named savika or
4102:
3903:– are most predominant among the
2012:Democratic Republic of Madagascar
1961:, the island was the site of the
1953:political thinkers developed the
1805:, who would go on to marry Queen
16829:
16482:
16169:
16158:
16157:
15965:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
15942:
15723:Democratic Republic of the Congo
15009:
14983:
14915:from the original on 29 May 2016
14807:from the original on 19 May 2015
14569:Ratsimbaharison, Adrien (2017).
14552:Madagascar: les chants d'une île
14419:. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
14109:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
14055:from the original on 6 July 2020
13892:from the original on 6 July 2020
13742:Deschamps, Hubert Jules (1965).
13693:Cousins, William Edward (1895).
13537:(in French). Paris: Petit Futé.
13448:Ade Ajayi, Jacob Festus (1989).
13397:Marsaud, Olivia (12 July 2008).
13341:
13322:
13303:
13284:
13265:
13206:
13188:"Madagascar take Sevens honours"
13180:
13135:
13105:
13049:
13019:
13010:
12983:
12943:
12922:
12919:Acquier (1997), pp. 143–175
12886:
12842:
12833:
12766:
12751:
12658:
12646:from the original on 4 June 2012
12621:
12582:
12552:
12526:
12514:from the original on 19 May 2020
12495:
12373:
12346:
12245:
12130:
12104:
12086:
12072:
12059:
12050:
12036:
11925:
11869:
11839:
11807:
11781:
11749:
11719:
11689:
11590:
11526:
11500:
11462:
11431:
11404:
11390:"Madagascar Economic Statistics"
11382:
11373:
11347:
11317:
11287:
11261:
11231:
11201:
11193:(in Italian). 10 February 2017.
11179:
11116:
11090:AFDB, OECD, UNDP, UNECA (2011).
11048:
11016:
10986:
10960:
10934:
10864:
10834:
10825:
10790:
10738:
10729:
10693:
10684:
10666:
10648:Committee to Protect Journalists
10636:
10606:
10542:
10512:
10490:"Ethnic strife rocks Madagascar"
10452:
10426:
10396:
10315:
10284:
10254:
10227:
10215:from the original on 18 May 2024
10196:
10169:
10126:
10114:from the original on 8 June 2012
10031:
9911:
9880:
9868:from the original on 11 May 2011
9850:
9791:
9692:
9519:
9492:
9483:
9471:from the original on 21 May 2020
9438:
9288:"Chemotherapy for Neuroblastoma"
9280:
9186:
9121:
9072:
9031:
8970:
8915:
8818:
8787:
8667:
8658:
8553:Laville, Sandra (13 July 2022).
8546:
8515:
8485:
8404:Encyclopædia Britannica (2011).
8302:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00300.x
8272:
8205:
8129:
8098:
8072:
8046:
7982:from the original on 3 July 2017
7950:Ratsimbaharison, Adrien (2017).
7716:Fournet-Guérin (2007), pp. 45–54
6901:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02203.x
6623:from the original on 1 June 2023
6592:from the original on 1 June 2023
6528:from the original on 4 June 2023
6470:from the original on 5 June 2023
6441:from the original on 4 June 2023
6408:from the original on 4 June 2023
6346:from the original on 1 June 2023
6163:from the original on 21 May 2024
5801:. WorldAtlas.com. Archived from
5726:from the original on 7 July 2021
5482:from the original on 14 May 2021
5448:. Populstat.info. Archived from
5268:
5225:
5177:) served with an accompaniment (
4448:Our Lady of La Salette Cathedral
3955:; north and northwestern coasts
3868:
3728:List of newspapers in Madagascar
3724:Telecommunications in Madagascar
3699:Madagascar-U.S. Business Council
2718:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
2678:
2667:
2512:Madagascar dry deciduous forests
2381:The combination of southeastern
1614:
1190:. The inversion of this name to
1101:. Madagascar is classified as a
811:
786:
764:
763:
745:
744:
712:
711:
693:
692:
198:
115:
101:
16911:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
14770:Encyclopedia of African history
14594:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO.
14554:(in French). Paris: Actes Sud.
14314:The Cambridge History of Africa
14008:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
13958:Gallieni, Joseph-Simon (1908).
13591:. London: Bradt Travel Guides.
13421:
11999:Molecular Biology and Evolution
11912:Population Division Data Portal
10654:from the original on 1 May 2020
10262:"Rainforests of the Atsinanana"
9639:"Lemur diversity in Madagascar"
9599:Black, Richard (13 July 2012).
9499:McLendon, Chuck (16 May 2000).
8374:from the original on 9 May 2013
8337:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
8020:
7994:
7968:
7943:
7886:Marcus, Richard (August 2004).
7842:
7833:
7812:
7803:
7785:
7776:
7737:
7728:
7710:
7701:
7692:
7683:
7674:
7615:
7606:
7597:
7535:
7526:
7499:
7433:
7337:
7328:
7319:
7292:
7133:"Antehiroka et Royauté Vazimba"
7032:
6964:
6872:
6842:
6775:
6681:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030
6652:
6635:
6611:Saleh Bin Osman (August 1891).
6604:
6567:
6540:
6511:
6453:
6358:
6233:
6110:
6042:
6012:
5981:
5940:
5817:
5799:"Island Countries of the World"
3832:
3776:, a €110 million loan from the
2915:Foreign relations of Madagascar
2415:killed 121 people, weeks after
2147:In 2018 the first round of the
2140:was declared the winner of the
1943:taxes paid in the form of labor
1325:
16849:(7,722–38,610 sq mi)
16657:Australian Antarctic Territory
16510:British Indian Ocean Territory
14501:Madagascar et le christianisme
13217:. petanque.org. Archived from
13213:Vegar, Ness (4 October 1999).
12711:The World Bank Economic Review
12166:. Globalreligiousfutures.org.
11438:Pilling, David (5 June 2018).
10462:. Irinnews.org. 7 April 2009.
7725:Frémigacci (1999), pp. 421–444
7576:Van Den Boogaerde (2008), p. 7
6020:"MADAGASCAR: Aepyornis Island"
5664:
5576:
5546:
5520:
5494:
5438:
5379:[ʁepyblikdəmadagaskaʁ]
4642:. In 2016, 121 members of the
3665:, extraction of nickel by the
2767:Réserves Naturelles Intégrales
2524:Madagascar succulent woodlands
1941:The Merina royal tradition of
1291:. In 1891, Saleh bin Osman, a
1061:Madagascar is a member of the
1026:, the most numerous being the
812:
36:. For the film franchise, see
13:
1:
17130:1960 establishments in Africa
16218:Countries and regions in the
14989:Wikimedia Atlas of Madagascar
14658:Reinsch, Paul Samuel (1905).
14331:10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31535-0
13272:2011 FIBA Africa Championship
12093:Øyvind, Dahl (19 June 2024).
10291:Bearak, Barry (24 May 2010).
9889:"Madagascar subhumid forests"
8933:Accounts of Chemical Research
6574:W. M. C. (16 December 1882).
6495:(in German). pp. 58–60.
5906:10.1080/15564894.2019.1582567
5850:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70999-0
5646:"Background Note: Madagascar"
5391:
5108:2011 FIBA Africa Championship
3851:The regional distribution of
3000:Law enforcement in Madagascar
2945:Organisation of African Unity
2812:
2783:Rainforests of the Atsinanana
2464:Illegal logging in Madagascar
2430:Biodiversity and conservation
2369:Köppen climate classification
1056:protracted transition towards
969:second-largest island country
543:
14708:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
14550:Randrianary, Victor (2001).
14197:Madagascar: Travel Companion
14151:. Washington, D.C.: Praeger.
13757:. London: Oxford University.
13429:Acquier, Jean-Louis (1997).
12534:WFP Madagascar Country Brief
12434:World Health Statistics 2011
12311:Bradt (2011), pp. 13–20
12286:. U.S. Department of State.
12056:Rajaonarimanana (2001), p. 8
11160:. Antananarivo: World Bank.
10672:Barendse (2002), pp. 259–274
10587:. U.S. Department of State.
9825:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314
9561:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash.
9447:"Africa's gift to the world"
8796:Cactus and Succulent Journal
7978:. Un.org. 20 December 2013.
7734:Gallieni (1908), pp. 341–343
7164:"Vazimba: Mythe ou Realité?"
7045:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
6761:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005
6489:Megiser, Hieronymus (1609).
5648:. U.S. Department of State.
4720:
4512:or adhered to other faiths.
4352:
4145:According to the 2018 Census
3916:(14.9 percent) and the
3843:List of cities in Madagascar
3736:A news stand in Antananarivo
3062:Regions and former provinces
2990:Military and law enforcement
2957:International Criminal Court
2817:
2743:, a family of endemic giant
2660:, spiders, and dragonflies.
2353:deserts and xeric shrublands
2250:and the French territory of
2187:
2016:Third Republic of Madagascar
1478:2nd Portuguese India Armadas
1297:Emin Pasha Relief Expedition
1117:
162:"Love, Fatherland, Progress"
7:
17150:Former monarchies of Africa
17080:Southeast African countries
15014:Geographic data related to
14969:Central Intelligence Agency
14768:Shillington, Kevin (2005).
14413:Pryor, Frederic L. (1990).
14394:Pezzotta, Federico (2001).
13535:Petit Futé: Madagascar 2008
13514:Ames, Glenn Joseph (2003).
13431:Architectures de Madagascar
13164:(in French). Archived from
12967:(in French). Madatana.com.
12628:Ranaivoson, Samuel (1980).
12386:Health, Culture and Society
12033:Adelaar (2006), pp. 205–235
11791:(in French). Jirama. 2011.
10701:"The Military Balance 2010"
10374:"Madagascar Profile: Media"
10054:(inactive 26 August 2024).
9893:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile
9501:"Ravenala madagascariensis"
9045:Current Medicinal Chemistry
8754:Plant Ecology and Evolution
8170:Central Intelligence Agency
7927:(in French). Archived from
7858:(in French). Archived from
7809:Kennedy (2007), pp. 511–512
7707:Regnier (2015), pp. 152–154
7441:"Royal Hill of Ambohimanga"
7334:Kent (1976), pp. 65–71
7299:Andrada, Francisco (1613).
7139:(in French). Madatana.com.
6696:Journal of World Prehistory
6365:Grandidier, Alfred (1885).
6267:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00091
5694:International Monetary Fund
5218:
5083:, a French game similar to
4432:
4388:derives from the Southeast
3875:Ethnic groups of Madagascar
3599:Natural resources and trade
3500:
3497:
3483:
3480:
3465:
3462:
3447:
3444:
3429:
3426:
3411:
3408:
3393:
3390:
3375:
3372:
3353:
3350:
3335:
3332:
3317:
3314:
3299:
3296:
3281:
3278:
3263:
3260:
3245:
3242:
3227:
3224:
3209:
3206:
3190:
3187:
3172:
3169:
3154:
3151:
3136:
3133:
3118:
3115:
3100:
3097:
2904:
2516:Madagascar ericoid thickets
2508:Madagascar subhumid forests
2460:Deforestation in Madagascar
2166:2021–2022 Madagascar famine
2130:High Transitional Authority
2110:2001 presidential elections
1213:Another hypothesis is that
1210:as the name of Madagascar.
583:Declaration of independence
45:Madagascar (disambiguation)
10:
17171:
17085:Southern African countries
15036:National Library of Israel
14147:Kitchen, Helen A. (1962).
13704:Curtin, Philip D. (1998).
10040:Environmental Conservation
9998:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
9777:10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011
9571:Conservation International
8632:. Springer. pp. 1–6.
8357:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.011
7925:International Crisis Group
7800:Browning (2004), pp. 81–89
7750:. Routledge. p. 138.
7698:Shillington (2005), p. 878
7532:Oliver (1886), pp. 124–126
7508:Journal of African History
7481:Journal of African History
7344:Jennings, Eric T. (2017).
6741:Journal of Human Evolution
6661:Quaternary Science Reviews
5446:"MADAGASCAR: general data"
5141:
5137:
5130:won the gold medal at the
4914:
4903:
4796:
4792:
4724:
4717:caused by climate change.
4653:
4436:
4364:
4110:
3872:
3839:Demographics of Madagascar
3836:
3717:
3528:
3524:
3508:United Nations involvement
3027:
2993:
2919:Human rights in Madagascar
2908:
2821:
2504:Madagascar lowland forests
2496:Conservation International
2433:
2374:
2358:
2191:
2142:2013 presidential election
2005:
1852:A French poster about the
1844:Madagascar in World War II
1841:
1831:
1723:Christianity in Madagascar
1717:Radama's successor, Queen
1646:
1561:trans-Atlantic slave trade
1461:Arab and European contacts
1384:, including 17 species of
1318:
1314:
1256:Jan Huyghen van Linschoten
1030:of the central highlands.
997:and one of the world's 17
440:semi-presidential republic
177:Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!
31:
17100:Least developed countries
16846:
16824:
16722:
16642:
16491:
16480:
16378:
16294:
16226:
16153:
16133:
16102:
16081:
16060:
16039:
16028:
16012:
15996:
15983:
15951:
15940:
15658:
15648:Countries and territories
15614:
15565:
15456:
15447:
15420:
15374:
15365:
15286:
15277:
15205:
15196:
15183:
15082:
14498:Ralibera, Daniel (1993).
14449:Translated from the Night
14263:. Los Angeles: ABC-CLIO.
14215:Middleton, Karen (1999).
14194:Lehoullier, Sara (2010).
10408:worldpopulationreview.com
10356:Nalla (2010), pp. 122–128
10166:Davies (2003), pp. 99–101
10052:10.1017/S0376892907004262
9655:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y
8890:10.3390/molecules17055893
7839:Pryor (1990), pp. 209–210
7818:Lehoullier (2010), p. 107
7744:Hannibal, Travis (2013).
7520:10.1017/S0021853700031534
7493:10.1017/S0021853700031534
7358:10.1057/978-1-137-55967-8
7264:Leitão, Humberto (1971).
7162:Razafimahazo, S. (2011).
7057:10.1093/g3journal/jkac029
7039:Magnier, Jessica (2022).
6648:(in French). A. Rousseau.
6460:Kent, Raymond K. (1967).
6291:Cousins (1895), pp. 11–12
5361:Repoblikan'i Madagasikara
5181:). The many varieties of
4753:London Missionary Society
4649:
4644:Malagasy Jewish community
3930:Malagasy ethnic subgroups
3853:Malagasy ethnic subgroups
2848:representative democratic
2773:) and 21 National Parks (
2769:), 21 Wildlife Reserves (
2448:Agriculture in Madagascar
2330:Massif. To the east, the
1731:London Missionary Society
1692:London Missionary Society
1402:, and several species of
1202:, an abbreviated form of
1194:, as it was known by the
1136:[madaɡasʲˈkʲarə̥]
1054:, Madagascar underwent a
1009:, presumably arriving on
930:
918:
906:
896:
888:
864:
846:
831:
801:
776:
757:
738:
724:
705:
686:
668:
658:
644:
637:
627:
617:
603:
596:
592:
579:
565:
552:
534:
530:
523:
508:
493:
483:
479:
464:
449:
445:
432:
420:
350:
286:
272:
228:
214:
169:
131:
97:
64:Repoblikan'i Madagasikara
54:
15708:Central African Republic
15102:Indian Ocean slave trade
14999:19 November 2020 at the
14957:14 February 2021 at the
14865:Shipwrecks of Madagascar
14242:. London: J. D. Potter.
14156:Kull, Christian (2004).
14038:World Regional Geography
13808:. In Dawe, Kevin (ed.).
13401:(in French). Afrik.com.
13016:Rabearivelo (2007), p. x
12907:10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.98
11789:"Production Electricité"
11701:European Investment Bank
11671:European Investment Bank
11024:"Madagascar at a glance"
9726:10.1073/pnas.94.22.11998
9079:Raviña, Enrique (2011).
9058:10.2174/0929867043455846
8766:10.5091/plecevo.2011.513
8626:Tattersall, Ian (2006).
8202:Moriarty (1891), pp. 1–2
6642:Basset, Charles (1903).
6560:16 February 2023 at the
6331:10.4000/oceanindien.1704
5953:Human Molecular Genetics
5720:"Gini Index coefficient"
5476:Global Religious Futures
5375:République de Madagascar
5251:
5018:
4899:
4656:Healthcare in Madagascar
3896:, or European ancestry.
3790:rail lines in Madagascar
3778:European Investment Bank
3714:Infrastructure and media
3024:Administrative divisions
2824:Government of Madagascar
2520:Madagascar spiny forests
2452:Ecoregions of Madagascar
2426:, are going to be high.
2138:Hery Rajaonarimampianina
1519:Portuguese India Armadas
957:the island of Madagascar
664:55/km (142.4/sq mi)
79:République de Madagascar
17135:Physiographic provinces
16716:World's largest islands
16530:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
15030:3 February 2021 at the
15025:Map of Madagascar, 1666
14772:. New York: CRC Press.
14661:Colonial Administration
14639:10.1111/1469-8676.12107
14621:Regnier, Denis (2015).
14369:Oliver, Samuel Pasfield
14278:Ogot, Bethwell (1992).
14236:Moriarty, H.A. (1891).
14101:Kennedy, David (2007).
13751:Ellis, William (1859).
13651:Campbell, Gwyn (2005).
13558:. Berlin: M.E. Sharpe.
13552:Barendse, R.J. (2002).
13353:30 January 2016 at the
13334:21 October 2013 at the
13296:8 February 2015 at the
13117:L'Express de Madagascar
12895:American Anthropologist
12618:Ralibera (1993), p. 196
11411:United Nations (2013).
9961:Emoff (2004), pp. 51–62
9385:American Cancer Society
9356:American Cancer Society
9327:American Cancer Society
9298:American Cancer Society
9262:American Cancer Society
9233:American Cancer Society
9204:American Cancer Society
9168:American Cancer Society
9139:American Cancer Society
9006:10.1073/pnas.0401323101
8844:10.1080/106351598260879
8410:Encyclopædia Britannica
7892:Occasional Paper No. 89
7689:Campbell (2005), p. 107
7622:Campbell, Gwyn (1991).
7168:Revue de l'Océan Indien
6999:10.1073/pnas.1704906114
6881:Journal of Biogeography
6077:10.1073/pnas.1321860111
5504:. Geography.about.com.
5478:. Pew Research Center.
5342:[madaɡasikʲara]
4959:Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo
4947:(public discourse) and
4910:
4787:Global Innovation Index
4727:Education in Madagascar
4545:veneration of ancestors
4371:Languages of Madagascar
3933:Regional concentration
3720:Transport in Madagascar
3619:), mining, fishing and
3565:multidimensionally poor
3034:Districts of Madagascar
2927:Madagascar's President
2763:protected natural areas
2703:("fat"), a traditional
2644:species, including the
2258:, located to the west.
2194:Geography of Madagascar
2154:parliamentary elections
2098:Madagascar constitution
2029:president of Madagascar
1875:on the east coast, and
1768:Joseph-François Lambert
1388:, the large flightless
1186:, or "Malay island" in
1156:One hypothesis relates
1132:Malagasy pronunciation:
1112:multidimensionally poor
1103:least developed country
273:Official languages
34:Geography of Madagascar
17090:Former French colonies
17075:East African countries
16956:Prince of Wales Island
15190:
15167:Transitional Authority
14843:Uwechue, Raph (1981).
14735:Sharp, Leslie (2002).
14664:. New York: Macmillan.
14531:Randier, Jean (2006).
14259:Nalla, Mahesh (2010).
14221:. Los Angeles: Brill.
14124:Kent, Raymond (1976).
13783:William Ellis (1870).
13762:William Ellis (1867).
13744:Histoire de Madagascar
13585:Bradt, Hilary (2011).
13315:12 August 2014 at the
13277:28 August 2011 at the
13160:City of Antananarivo.
12872:10.21504/amj.v6i2.1118
11468:Pezzotta (2001), p. 32
9528:"Nature of Madagascar"
9424:10.1089/act.2010.16609
8238:10.1144/petgeo2017-021
7830:Kitchen (1962), p. 256
7791:Reinsch (1905), p. 377
7585:Randier (2006), p. 400
7541:Uwechue (1981), p. 473
6817:10.1098/rspb.2012.0012
6613:"The Story of My Life"
6552:British History Online
6430:Sibree, James (1896).
5374:
5360:
5337:
5033:
4930:
4762:This policy, known as
4743:
4469:
4454:
4439:Religion in Madagascar
4362:
3855:
3763:, the country's first
3748:
3737:
3675:Sherritt International
3612:
3607:Toy animals made from
3555:
3544:
3057:
2996:Military of Madagascar
2961:United States military
2931:
2911:Politics of Madagascar
2840:
2616:
2483:
2475:Angraecum sesquipedale
2436:Wildlife of Madagascar
2372:
2207:
2122:movement in early 2009
2032:
1934:
1856:
1662:
1563:. The small island of
1547:
1481:
1357:. It is proposed that
1338:
1075:
949:Republic of Madagascar
749:$ 15.763 billion (
697:$ 56.754 billion (
187:
175:
153:Amour, Patrie, Progrès
152:
140:
78:
63:
56:Republic of Madagascar
43:. For other uses, see
17070:Islands of Madagascar
16847:20,000–99,999 km
15869:São Tomé and Príncipe
15728:Republic of the Congo
15189:
15162:2009 political crisis
15117:Malagasy Protectorate
15005:International Futures
14979:UCB Libraries GovPubs
14702:Room, Adrian (2006).
14672:Trees: A Visual Guide
14377:. London: Macmillan.
13961:Neuf ans à Madagascar
13905:Fox, Leonard (1990).
12012:10.1093/molbev/msp120
11056:"Madagascar Overview"
10744:Strakes (2006), p. 86
9977:Nature Communications
9093:John Wiley & Sons
8702:10.1093/biosci/bix014
8601:Biodiversity Hotspots
7594:Curtin (1998), p. 186
7137:Express de Madagascar
6324:(in French) (51–52).
6182:National Geographic.
5246:Outline of Madagascar
5026:
4924:
4799:Culture of Madagascar
4734:
4612:immigrating from the
4460:
4446:
4360:
4043:; southeastern coast
4041:Fianarantsoa Province
4007:Antananarivo Province
3850:
3743:
3735:
3606:
3550:
3542:
3535:Tourism in Madagascar
3531:Economy of Madagascar
3052:
3030:Regions of Madagascar
2926:
2835:
2828:Cabinet of Madagascar
2755:Nature Communications
2610:
2590:Madagascar periwinkle
2500:megadiverse countries
2471:
2366:
2345:dry deciduous forests
2220:fourth-largest island
2214:, the second-largest
2205:
2198:Geology of Madagascar
2149:presidential election
2134:adopted by referendum
2103:Norbert Ratsirahonana
2096:(1992–2010). The new
2055:Richard Ratsimandrava
2023:
1973:expeditionary force.
1925:National monument in
1924:
1851:
1834:Malagasy Protectorate
1780:Rainivoninahitriniony
1678:, and later from the
1656:
1606:Kingdom of Madagascar
1545:
1468:
1404:Malagasy hippopotamus
1333:
1321:History of Madagascar
1036:Kingdom of Madagascar
1024:peoples of Madagascar
999:megadiverse countries
965:fourth largest island
629:• Water (%)
16629:United Arab Emirates
15265:World Heritage Sites
14941:29 July 2018 at the
14895:Wink, André (2004).
14068:Hodder, Ian (1982).
12940:Bradt (2011), p. 312
12639:(in French). Paris.
12399:10.5195/hcs.2014.188
12358:, 27 February 2017,
9489:Ellis (1859), p. 302
9387:. 12 February 2016.
9235:. 22 February 2016.
9206:. 18 February 2016.
9095:. pp. 157–159.
8499:. 15 February 2022.
8218:Petroleum Geoscience
8143:. 25 November 2023.
8056:. 28 December 2018.
7430:Hodder (1982), p. 59
7325:Oliver (1886), p. 16
6667:(19–20): 2591–2603.
5755:. 8 September 2022.
5198:made from fermented
5101:own local federation
4876:houses in Madagascar
4009:; central highlands
3953:Antsiranana Province
3055:Madagascar's regions
2937:A series of protests
2528:Madagascar mangroves
2333:Canal des Pangalanes
1963:Battle of Madagascar
1680:Rova of Antananarivo
1672:Andrianampoinimerina
1659:Andrianampoinimerina
1208:Hereford Mappa Mundi
1048:annexation by France
1007:Austronesian peoples
995:biodiversity hotspot
963:, it is the world's
866:• Summer (
646:• 2024 estimate
17145:Countries in Africa
17032: /
16916:Axel Heiberg Island
16125:Plazas de soberanía
16029:African territories
15969:unclear sovereignty
15954:States with limited
15152:Democratic Republic
14627:Social Anthropology
14323:1983JArEn...6..195S
13804:Emoff, Ron (2004).
13168:on 23 February 2010
13087:theartnewspaper.com
12848:Ames (2003), p. 101
12785:10.34667/tind.46596
12739:on 11 February 2012
12723:10.1093/wber/lhq009
12566:. 21 October 2021.
12193:"National Profiles"
11636:. 5 December 2022.
11126:. 27 January 2024.
10735:Sharp (2002), p. 87
10556:on 26 December 2011
9989:2020NatCo..11.5978G
9917:Kull (2004), p. 153
9816:2012PLoSO...731314G
9717:1997PNAS...9411998J
9680:on 15 February 2021
9534:on 13 December 2011
9329:. 21 January 2016.
9300:. 22 January 2016.
9264:. 3 February 2016.
8997:2004PNAS..10111966K
8991:(33): 11966–11970.
8815:Bradt (2011), p. 38
8349:2009TEcoE..24..456V
8294:2000TeNov..12..220T
8230:2018PetGe..24...41R
7898:on 7 September 2004
7421:Ogot (1992), p. 418
6990:2017PNAS..114E6498P
6984:(32): E6498–E6506.
6961:Wink (2004), p. 185
6893:2010JBiog..37..506V
6856:. 4 November 2022.
6810:(1739): 2761–2768.
6753:2004JHumE..47...25B
6673:2010QSRv...29.2591C
6322:Études Océan Indien
6303:Room (2006), p. 230
6258:2019SciAf...400091V
6215:theconversation.com
6068:2014PNAS..111..936P
5966:10.1093/hmg/ddab018
5842:2003GondR...6..467R
5785:Bradt (2011), p. 2.
5696:. 10 October 2023.
5534:on 27 December 2017
4917:Music of Madagascar
4906:Media of Madagascar
4874:today. Traditional
4482:Pew Research Center
3753:roads in Madagascar
3642:in the late 1990s.
3064:
2779:World Heritage Site
2596:, known locally as
2444:Fauna of Madagascar
2440:Flora of Madagascar
2242:and the country of
2059:Gilles Andriamahazo
2051:Gabriel Ramanantsoa
2041:Philibert Tsiranana
2025:Philibert Tsiranana
1900:Menalamba rebellion
1828:French colonization
1782:and an alliance of
1537:Jeronimo de Azevedo
1471:Portuguese explorer
1166:, referring to the
1001:, with over 90% of
991:Indian subcontinent
253: /
18:Sport in Madagascar
16926:Southampton Island
16033:non-African states
15210:Biosphere reserves
15191:
15127:Colonial governors
14964:The World Factbook
13939:Histoire d'Afrique
13930:. London: J. Snow.
13812:. New York: Berg.
13194:on 24 October 2012
11881:The World Factbook
11329:www.indexmundi.com
11213:www.indexmundi.com
11124:"La filiere Peche"
11104:on 9 November 2011
10778:on 26 January 2012
10236:"The Conservation"
9711:(22): 11998–2001.
9457:. pp. 46–51.
8922:Sears, Justin E.;
8831:Systematic Biology
8178:The World Factbook
7245:on 9 November 2005
7235:Metz, Helen Chapin
7131:Domenichini, J.P.
6708:10.1007/bf00997802
6246:Scientific African
5994:The New York Times
5805:on 7 December 2017
5452:on 9 February 2014
5211:, wine, and beer.
5132:2019 African Games
5034:
4931:
4751:by members of the
4744:
4578:or Andriamanitra.
4522:Christian minister
4470:
4455:
4363:
3993:Toamasina Province
3971:Mahajanga Province
3856:
3788:There are several
3749:
3738:
3613:
3556:
3545:
3060:
3058:
2932:
2841:
2785:. These parks are
2771:Réserves Spéciales
2617:
2484:
2373:
2324:Andringitra Massif
2320:Tsaratanana Massif
2301:Mozambique Channel
2208:
2033:
1935:
1892:Sub-Saharan Africa
1882:A French military
1857:
1668:Andriamasinavalona
1663:
1548:
1482:
1339:
1206:, in the medieval
1180:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1099:traditional faiths
1091:official languages
734:2023 estimate
682:2023 estimate
400:traditional faiths
288:Ethnic groups
279: •
17015:
17014:
17009:
17008:
16682:
16681:
16337:
16336:
16185:
16184:
16149:
16148:
16024:
16023:
15744:Equatorial Guinea
15601:
15600:
15561:
15560:
15443:
15442:
15361:
15360:
15338:Political parties
15326:National Assembly
15301:Foreign relations
15273:
15272:
15172:COVID-19 pandemic
15147:Malagasy Republic
15137:Malagasy Uprising
15122:French Madagascar
14908:978-90-04-13561-1
14875:978-1-60693-494-4
14854:978-0-903274-14-2
14835:978-0-8047-0279-9
14800:978-1-57958-388-0
14779:978-1-57958-453-5
14748:978-0-520-22951-8
14715:978-0-7864-2248-7
14682:978-0-520-25650-7
14601:978-1-59884-243-2
14580:978-1-4422-7235-4
14561:978-2-7427-3556-3
14542:978-2-35261-022-9
14511:978-92-9028-211-2
14490:978-2-911053-79-5
14459:978-1-60461-552-4
14426:978-0-19-520823-8
14405:978-0-9715371-0-1
14340:978-0-521-22803-9
14291:978-92-3-101711-7
14284:. Paris: UNESCO.
14270:978-0-313-35133-4
14228:978-90-04-11289-6
14207:978-0-9822619-5-8
14186:978-0-930741-95-2
14167:978-0-226-46141-0
14139:978-0-8371-8421-0
14116:978-0-7432-5219-5
14081:978-0-521-24406-0
14048:978-0-495-38950-7
14015:978-1-57607-688-0
13982:978-0-7614-3036-0
13950:978-2-86537-904-0
13916:978-0-8387-5175-6
13885:978-2-84586-869-4
13852:978-0-521-20413-2
13819:978-1-85973-703-3
13734:978-0-7876-5784-0
13715:978-0-521-59835-4
13664:978-0-521-83935-8
13631:978-3-540-63293-1
13598:978-1-84162-341-2
13565:978-0-7656-0729-4
13544:978-2-7469-1982-2
13525:978-0-313-30864-2
13494:978-979-26-2436-6
13461:978-0-520-03917-9
13454:. Paris: UNESCO.
13440:978-2-7003-1169-3
12949:Fox (1990), p. 39
12794:978-92-805-3432-0
12596:. 20 March 2022.
12447:978-92-4-156419-9
12144:on 28 August 2008
11060:www.worldbank.org
10650:. 22 April 2020.
10526:. 20 March 2009.
10107:. Freedom House.
9573:. pp. 1–92.
9503:. Floridata.com.
9141:. 29 March 2017.
8946:10.1021/ar500400w
8639:978-0-387-34585-7
8607:on 24 August 2011
7961:978-1-4422-7235-4
7862:on 26 August 2023
7396:. Metmuseum.org.
7367:978-1-137-59690-1
6524:Hakluyt society.
6026:. 23 March 1942.
5830:Gondwana Research
5560:. 4 August 2015.
5328:-kər, -kar
5233:Madagascar portal
5213:Three Horses Beer
5060:after his father
5008:drawn thread work
4963:Elie Rajaonarison
4711:COVID-19 pandemic
4394:Ma'anyan language
4386:Malagasy language
4381:Malayo-Polynesian
4377:Malagasy language
4367:Malagasy language
4349:
4348:
4077:
4076:
3505:
3504:
3382:Atsimo-Atsinanana
2867:National Assembly
2845:semi-presidential
2737:Asian common toad
2726:Marc Ravalomanana
2613:ring-tailed lemur
2405:Tropical cyclones
2399:semi-arid climate
2385:and northwestern
2371:map of Madagascar
2307:along the coast.
2285:central highlands
2230:, and longitudes
2008:Malagasy Republic
2002:Independent state
1994:state within the
1988:Malagasy Republic
1978:Malagasy Uprising
1931:Malagasy Uprising
1906:and to Algeria.
1838:French Madagascar
1708:Malagasy language
1645:
1644:
1395:Aepyornis maximus
1221:, the capital of
1124:Malagasy language
1013:from present-day
947:, officially the
942:
941:
795:medium inequality
759:• Per capita
707:• Per capita
518:National Assembly
257:18.917°S 47.517°E
207:
16:(Redirected from
17162:
17155:Island countries
17047:
17046:
17044:
17043:
17042:
17037:
17033:
17030:
17029:
17028:
17025:
16971:Vancouver Island
16901:Alexander Island
16839:
16834:
16833:
16778:Ellesmere Island
16709:
16702:
16695:
16686:
16685:
16535:
16525:
16520:Christmas Island
16514:
16486:
16364:
16357:
16350:
16341:
16340:
16330:
16322:
16314:
16306:
16212:
16205:
16198:
16189:
16188:
16173:
16161:
16160:
16037:
16036:
15994:
15993:
15946:
15740:(partly in Asia)
15660:Sovereign states
15641:
15634:
15627:
15618:
15617:
15609:Related articles
15605:
15604:
15581:
15574:
15454:
15453:
15387:
15372:
15371:
15284:
15283:
15203:
15202:
15177:2021–2022 famine
15112:Franco-Hova Wars
15065:
15058:
15051:
15042:
15041:
15013:
15012:
14987:
14986:
14924:
14922:
14920:
14891:
14889:
14887:
14858:
14839:
14827:
14816:
14814:
14812:
14783:
14764:
14762:
14760:
14731:
14729:
14727:
14698:
14696:
14694:
14665:
14654:
14652:
14650:
14617:
14615:
14613:
14584:
14565:
14546:
14527:
14525:
14523:
14494:
14475:
14473:
14471:
14442:
14440:
14438:
14409:
14390:
14388:
14386:
14364:
14358:
14354:
14352:
14344:
14307:
14305:
14303:
14274:
14255:
14253:
14251:
14232:
14211:
14190:
14171:
14152:
14143:
14131:
14120:
14108:
14097:
14095:
14093:
14064:
14062:
14060:
14031:
14029:
14027:
13998:
13996:
13994:
13965:
13954:
13942:
13931:
13920:
13901:
13899:
13897:
13868:
13866:
13864:
13835:
13833:
13831:
13800:
13779:
13758:
13747:
13738:
13719:
13700:
13689:
13680:
13678:
13676:
13647:
13645:
13643:
13614:
13612:
13610:
13581:
13579:
13577:
13548:
13529:
13510:
13508:
13506:
13477:
13475:
13473:
13444:
13415:
13414:
13412:
13410:
13394:
13388:
13387:
13385:
13383:
13364:
13358:
13345:
13339:
13326:
13320:
13307:
13301:
13288:
13282:
13269:
13263:
13262:
13260:
13258:
13252:
13245:
13237:
13231:
13230:
13228:
13226:
13221:on 17 March 2011
13210:
13204:
13203:
13201:
13199:
13184:
13178:
13177:
13175:
13173:
13157:
13151:
13148:
13142:
13139:
13133:
13132:
13130:
13128:
13109:
13103:
13102:
13100:
13098:
13079:
13073:
13072:
13070:
13068:
13053:
13047:
13044:
13035:
13032:
13026:
13023:
13017:
13014:
13008:
13007:
13005:
13003:
12987:
12981:
12980:
12978:
12976:
12956:
12950:
12947:
12941:
12938:
12929:
12926:
12920:
12917:
12911:
12910:
12890:
12884:
12883:
12855:
12849:
12846:
12840:
12837:
12831:
12830:
12824:
12820:
12818:
12810:
12808:
12806:
12770:
12764:
12763:
12755:
12749:
12748:
12746:
12744:
12735:. Archived from
12734:
12702:
12691:
12690:
12662:
12656:
12655:
12653:
12651:
12645:
12634:
12625:
12619:
12616:
12610:
12609:
12607:
12605:
12586:
12580:
12579:
12577:
12575:
12556:
12550:
12549:
12547:
12545:
12530:
12524:
12523:
12521:
12519:
12499:
12493:
12492:
12490:
12488:
12473:
12467:
12466:
12464:
12462:
12456:
12439:
12429:
12416:
12415:
12413:
12411:
12401:
12377:
12371:
12370:
12369:
12367:
12350:
12344:
12343:
12341:
12339:
12333:
12326:
12318:
12312:
12309:
12300:
12299:
12297:
12295:
12279:
12273:
12272:
12270:
12268:
12249:
12243:
12242:
12240:
12238:
12218:
12209:
12208:
12206:
12204:
12189:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12175:
12160:
12154:
12153:
12151:
12149:
12134:
12128:
12127:
12125:
12123:
12108:
12102:
12101:
12099:
12090:
12084:
12076:
12070:
12065:Otto Chr. Dahl,
12063:
12057:
12054:
12048:
12040:
12034:
12031:
12025:
12024:
12014:
12005:(9): 2109–2124.
11990:
11984:
11983:
11981:
11979:
11961:
11929:
11923:
11922:
11920:
11918:
11903:
11892:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11873:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11862:
11843:
11837:
11836:
11834:
11832:
11826:
11819:
11811:
11805:
11804:
11802:
11800:
11785:
11779:
11778:
11776:
11774:
11768:
11761:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11723:
11717:
11716:
11714:
11712:
11693:
11687:
11686:
11684:
11682:
11663:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11645:
11624:
11618:
11617:
11615:
11613:
11594:
11588:
11587:
11585:
11583:
11578:on 20 March 2012
11577:
11570:
11561:
11550:
11549:
11547:
11545:
11530:
11524:
11523:
11521:
11519:
11504:
11498:
11497:
11495:
11493:
11478:
11469:
11466:
11460:
11459:
11457:
11455:
11435:
11429:
11428:
11426:
11424:
11408:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11397:
11386:
11380:
11377:
11371:
11370:
11368:
11366:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11321:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11310:
11291:
11285:
11284:
11282:
11280:
11265:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11254:
11235:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11224:
11205:
11199:
11198:
11183:
11177:
11176:
11174:
11172:
11166:
11155:
11146:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11135:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11109:
11103:
11096:
11087:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11071:
11052:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11036:on 13 March 2012
11035:
11028:
11020:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11009:
10990:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10964:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10953:
10938:
10932:
10931:
10929:
10927:
10908:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10894:
10888:
10877:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10838:
10832:
10829:
10823:
10822:
10820:
10818:
10812:
10805:
10794:
10788:
10787:
10785:
10783:
10777:
10770:
10762:
10745:
10742:
10736:
10733:
10727:
10726:
10724:
10722:
10716:
10705:
10697:
10691:
10688:
10682:
10679:
10673:
10670:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10640:
10634:
10633:
10631:
10629:
10618:, allafrica.com"
10610:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10593:
10586:
10577:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10561:
10550:"Numéros utiles"
10546:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10516:
10510:
10509:
10507:
10505:
10485:
10476:
10475:
10473:
10471:
10456:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10445:
10430:
10424:
10423:
10421:
10419:
10400:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10380:. 20 June 2012.
10370:
10357:
10354:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10338:
10319:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10308:
10288:
10282:
10281:
10279:
10277:
10258:
10252:
10251:
10249:
10247:
10231:
10225:
10224:
10222:
10220:
10200:
10194:
10193:
10191:
10189:
10173:
10167:
10164:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10153:
10134:Morelle, Rebecca
10130:
10124:
10123:
10121:
10119:
10113:
10106:
10097:
10078:
10077:
10071:
10063:
10035:
10029:
10028:
10018:
10000:
9968:
9962:
9959:
9953:
9952:
9924:
9918:
9915:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9884:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9864:. 30 July 2010.
9854:
9848:
9847:
9837:
9827:
9795:
9789:
9788:
9758:
9749:
9748:
9738:
9728:
9696:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9685:
9679:
9673:. Archived from
9649:(6): 1607–1656.
9627:
9621:
9620:
9618:
9616:
9596:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9579:
9560:
9550:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9496:
9490:
9487:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9407:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9396:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9219:
9217:
9215:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9154:
9152:
9150:
9125:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9076:
9070:
9069:
9035:
9029:
9028:
9018:
9008:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8957:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8902:
8892:
8883:(5): 5893–5914.
8866:
8857:
8856:
8846:
8822:
8816:
8813:
8804:
8803:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8774:
8751:
8742:
8733:
8732:
8722:
8704:
8680:
8674:
8671:
8665:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8623:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8592:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8435:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8401:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8373:
8334:
8325:
8314:
8313:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8209:
8203:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8166:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8082:. 15 June 2019.
8076:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7987:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7917:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7883:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7846:
7840:
7837:
7831:
7828:
7819:
7816:
7810:
7807:
7801:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7783:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7741:
7735:
7732:
7726:
7723:
7717:
7714:
7708:
7705:
7699:
7696:
7690:
7687:
7681:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7619:
7613:
7610:
7604:
7601:
7595:
7592:
7586:
7583:
7577:
7574:
7568:
7565:
7554:
7551:
7542:
7539:
7533:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7476:
7470:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7437:
7431:
7428:
7422:
7419:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7341:
7335:
7332:
7326:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7241:. Archived from
7231:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7128:
7119:
7118:
7090:
7079:
7078:
7068:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7019:
7001:
6968:
6962:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6924:
6913:
6912:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6819:
6795:
6786:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6719:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6591:
6585:. No. 681.
6580:
6571:
6565:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6427:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6396:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6333:
6313:
6304:
6301:
6292:
6289:
6280:
6279:
6269:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6186:. Archived from
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6162:
6151:
6143:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6097:
6079:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5968:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5885:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5795:
5786:
5783:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5750:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5722:. CIA Factbook.
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5686:
5673:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5641:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5530:. Archived from
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5418:
5405:
5385:
5381:
5367:
5354:
5348:
5344:
5327:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5262:
5235:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5144:Malagasy cuisine
4967:musical heritage
4890:Malagasy cuisine
4707:measles outbreak
4703:pneumonic plague
4632:Rabbinic Judaism
4524:to consecrate a
4390:Barito languages
4361:A Malagasy child
4269:Atsimo-Andrefana
4142:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4108:
4107:
4071:Toliara Province
3995:; eastern coast
3973:; western coast
3927:
3926:
3436:Atsimo-Andrefana
3065:
3059:
2843:Madagascar is a
2682:
2671:
2582:Hodgkin lymphoma
2580:, used to treat
2413:Cyclone Batsirai
2297:subhumid forests
2063:Didier Ratsiraka
1996:French Community
1959:Second World War
1949:. In the 1930s,
1640:
1637:
1618:
1610:
1533:Portuguese India
1343:outrigger canoes
1233:to the south of
1138:
1133:
1080:
1073:(SADC), and the
1011:outrigger canoes
883:
879:
855:
822:
821:
815:
814:
808:
797:
796:
790:
789:
783:
767:
766:
748:
747:
731:
715:
714:
696:
695:
679:
650:31,964,956 (
548:
545:
268:
267:
265:
264:
263:
258:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
231:and largest city
219:
209:
208:
194:
190:
184:
180:
159:
155:
148:
147:
143:
119:
105:
89:
81:
74:
66:
52:
51:
21:
17170:
17169:
17165:
17164:
17163:
17161:
17160:
17159:
17050:
17049:
17040:
17038:
17034:
17031:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17019:
17018:
17016:
17011:
17010:
17005:
16986:Somerset Island
16921:Melville Island
16848:
16842:
16835:
16828:
16822:
16767:Victoria Island
16724:
16723:100,000 km
16718:
16713:
16683:
16678:
16638:
16533:
16523:
16512:
16487:
16478:
16374:
16368:
16338:
16333:
16328:
16320:
16312:
16304:
16290:
16222:
16216:
16186:
16181:
16145:
16129:
16098:
16077:
16073:Pelagie Islands
16056:
16032:
16030:
16020:
16008:
15990:
15987:
15979:
15958:
15955:
15947:
15938:
15654:
15645:
15610:
15602:
15597:
15584:
15577:
15570:
15557:
15543:Public holidays
15439:
15416:
15407:Illegal logging
15385:
15357:
15311:Law enforcement
15269:
15235:Protected areas
15192:
15181:
15078:
15069:
15032:Wayback Machine
15010:
15001:Wayback Machine
14984:
14959:Wayback Machine
14943:Wayback Machine
14936:Country Profile
14932:
14927:
14918:
14916:
14909:
14885:
14883:
14876:
14855:
14836:
14810:
14808:
14801:
14780:
14758:
14756:
14749:
14725:
14723:
14716:
14692:
14690:
14683:
14648:
14646:
14611:
14609:
14602:
14581:
14562:
14543:
14521:
14519:
14512:
14491:
14469:
14467:
14460:
14436:
14434:
14427:
14406:
14384:
14382:
14356:
14355:
14346:
14345:
14341:
14301:
14299:
14292:
14271:
14249:
14247:
14229:
14208:
14187:
14168:
14140:
14117:
14091:
14089:
14082:
14058:
14056:
14049:
14025:
14023:
14016:
13992:
13990:
13983:
13951:
13917:
13895:
13893:
13886:
13862:
13860:
13853:
13829:
13827:
13820:
13797:
13776:
13768:. John Murray.
13735:
13716:
13674:
13672:
13665:
13641:
13639:
13632:
13608:
13606:
13599:
13575:
13573:
13566:
13545:
13526:
13504:
13502:
13495:
13471:
13469:
13462:
13441:
13424:
13419:
13418:
13408:
13406:
13395:
13391:
13381:
13379:
13372:Brasseries Star
13366:
13365:
13361:
13355:Wayback Machine
13346:
13342:
13336:Wayback Machine
13327:
13323:
13317:Wayback Machine
13308:
13304:
13298:Wayback Machine
13289:
13285:
13279:Wayback Machine
13270:
13266:
13256:
13254:
13250:
13243:
13239:
13238:
13234:
13224:
13222:
13211:
13207:
13197:
13195:
13186:
13185:
13181:
13171:
13169:
13158:
13154:
13149:
13145:
13140:
13136:
13126:
13124:
13111:
13110:
13106:
13096:
13094:
13081:
13080:
13076:
13066:
13064:
13055:
13054:
13050:
13045:
13038:
13033:
13029:
13024:
13020:
13015:
13011:
13001:
12999:
12988:
12984:
12974:
12972:
12965:Journal Express
12959:Ravalitera, P.
12957:
12953:
12948:
12944:
12939:
12932:
12927:
12923:
12918:
12914:
12901:(102): 98–113.
12891:
12887:
12856:
12852:
12847:
12843:
12838:
12834:
12822:
12821:
12812:
12811:
12804:
12802:
12795:
12771:
12767:
12756:
12752:
12742:
12740:
12703:
12694:
12663:
12659:
12649:
12647:
12643:
12632:
12626:
12622:
12617:
12613:
12603:
12601:
12588:
12587:
12583:
12573:
12571:
12558:
12557:
12553:
12543:
12541:
12532:
12531:
12527:
12517:
12515:
12500:
12496:
12486:
12484:
12475:
12474:
12470:
12460:
12458:
12454:
12448:
12437:
12431:
12430:
12419:
12409:
12407:
12378:
12374:
12365:
12363:
12352:
12351:
12347:
12337:
12335:
12334:on 29 June 2003
12331:
12324:
12320:
12319:
12315:
12310:
12303:
12293:
12291:
12280:
12276:
12266:
12264:
12251:
12250:
12246:
12236:
12234:
12219:
12212:
12202:
12200:
12191:
12190:
12183:
12173:
12171:
12162:
12161:
12157:
12147:
12145:
12136:
12135:
12131:
12121:
12119:
12110:
12109:
12105:
12097:
12091:
12087:
12077:
12073:
12064:
12060:
12055:
12051:
12046:City Population
12041:
12037:
12032:
12028:
11991:
11987:
11977:
11975:
11930:
11926:
11916:
11914:
11904:
11895:
11886:
11884:
11875:
11874:
11870:
11860:
11858:
11845:
11844:
11840:
11830:
11828:
11824:
11817:
11813:
11812:
11808:
11798:
11796:
11787:
11786:
11782:
11772:
11770:
11766:
11759:
11755:
11754:
11750:
11740:
11738:
11725:
11724:
11720:
11710:
11708:
11695:
11694:
11690:
11680:
11678:
11665:
11664:
11653:
11643:
11641:
11626:
11625:
11621:
11611:
11609:
11596:
11595:
11591:
11581:
11579:
11575:
11568:
11562:
11553:
11543:
11541:
11532:
11531:
11527:
11517:
11515:
11506:
11505:
11501:
11491:
11489:
11480:
11479:
11472:
11467:
11463:
11453:
11451:
11444:Financial Times
11436:
11432:
11422:
11420:
11409:
11405:
11395:
11393:
11388:
11387:
11383:
11378:
11374:
11364:
11362:
11353:
11352:
11348:
11338:
11336:
11323:
11322:
11318:
11308:
11306:
11293:
11292:
11288:
11278:
11276:
11267:
11266:
11262:
11252:
11250:
11237:
11236:
11232:
11222:
11220:
11207:
11206:
11202:
11185:
11184:
11180:
11170:
11168:
11164:
11153:
11147:
11143:
11133:
11131:
11122:
11121:
11117:
11107:
11105:
11101:
11094:
11088:
11079:
11069:
11067:
11054:
11053:
11049:
11039:
11037:
11033:
11026:
11022:
11021:
11017:
11007:
11005:
10992:
10991:
10987:
10977:
10975:
10966:
10965:
10961:
10951:
10949:
10940:
10939:
10935:
10925:
10923:
10910:
10909:
10902:
10892:
10890:
10886:
10875:
10869:
10865:
10855:
10853:
10840:
10839:
10835:
10830:
10826:
10816:
10814:
10810:
10803:
10795:
10791:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10768:
10764:
10763:
10748:
10743:
10739:
10734:
10730:
10720:
10718:
10714:
10703:
10699:
10698:
10694:
10689:
10685:
10680:
10676:
10671:
10667:
10657:
10655:
10642:
10641:
10637:
10627:
10625:
10612:
10611:
10607:
10597:
10595:
10591:
10584:
10578:
10569:
10559:
10557:
10548:
10547:
10543:
10533:
10531:
10518:
10517:
10513:
10503:
10501:
10486:
10479:
10469:
10467:
10458:
10457:
10453:
10443:
10441:
10432:
10431:
10427:
10417:
10415:
10402:
10401:
10397:
10387:
10385:
10372:
10371:
10360:
10355:
10346:
10336:
10334:
10321:
10320:
10316:
10306:
10304:
10289:
10285:
10275:
10273:
10260:
10259:
10255:
10245:
10243:
10242:on 31 July 2011
10232:
10228:
10218:
10216:
10201:
10197:
10187:
10185:
10174:
10170:
10165:
10161:
10151:
10149:
10136:(29 May 2014).
10131:
10127:
10117:
10115:
10111:
10104:
10098:
10081:
10065:
10064:
10036:
10032:
9969:
9965:
9960:
9956:
9925:
9921:
9916:
9912:
9902:
9900:
9899:on 8 March 2010
9885:
9881:
9871:
9869:
9856:
9855:
9851:
9796:
9792:
9759:
9752:
9697:
9693:
9683:
9681:
9677:
9631:Mittermeier, R.
9628:
9624:
9614:
9612:
9597:
9593:
9583:
9581:
9577:
9558:
9551:
9547:
9537:
9535:
9524:
9520:
9510:
9508:
9497:
9493:
9488:
9484:
9474:
9472:
9465:
9443:
9439:
9408:
9404:
9394:
9392:
9373:
9372:
9365:
9363:
9358:. 16 May 2016.
9344:
9343:
9336:
9334:
9315:
9314:
9307:
9305:
9286:
9285:
9281:
9271:
9269:
9250:
9249:
9242:
9240:
9221:
9220:
9213:
9211:
9192:
9191:
9187:
9177:
9175:
9170:. 31 May 2016.
9156:
9155:
9148:
9146:
9127:
9126:
9122:
9112:
9110:
9103:
9077:
9073:
9036:
9032:
8975:
8971:
8920:
8916:
8867:
8860:
8823:
8819:
8814:
8807:
8792:
8788:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8749:
8743:
8736:
8681:
8677:
8672:
8668:
8663:
8659:
8649:
8647:
8640:
8624:
8620:
8610:
8608:
8593:
8578:
8568:
8566:
8551:
8547:
8537:
8535:
8520:
8516:
8506:
8504:
8491:
8490:
8486:
8476:
8474:
8463:
8459:
8449:
8447:
8436:
8429:
8419:
8417:
8402:
8387:
8377:
8375:
8371:
8332:
8326:
8317:
8277:
8273:
8263:
8261:
8210:
8206:
8201:
8197:
8187:
8185:
8167:
8160:
8150:
8148:
8135:
8134:
8130:
8120:
8118:
8103:
8099:
8089:
8087:
8078:
8077:
8073:
8063:
8061:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8037:
8035:
8026:
8025:
8021:
8011:
8009:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7985:
7983:
7974:
7973:
7969:
7962:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7932:
7931:on 25 July 2011
7919:
7918:
7911:
7901:
7899:
7884:
7875:
7865:
7863:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7838:
7834:
7829:
7822:
7817:
7813:
7808:
7804:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7777:
7767:
7765:
7758:
7742:
7738:
7733:
7729:
7724:
7720:
7715:
7711:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7693:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7675:
7665:
7663:
7620:
7616:
7611:
7607:
7602:
7598:
7593:
7589:
7584:
7580:
7575:
7571:
7566:
7557:
7552:
7545:
7540:
7536:
7531:
7527:
7504:
7500:
7477:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7454:
7452:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7429:
7425:
7420:
7413:
7403:
7401:
7392:
7391:
7387:
7377:
7375:
7368:
7342:
7338:
7333:
7329:
7324:
7320:
7310:
7308:
7297:
7293:
7283:
7281:
7262:
7258:
7248:
7246:
7232:
7187:
7177:
7175:
7174:on 14 July 2011
7160:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7129:
7122:
7107:10.2307/3674005
7091:
7082:
7037:
7033:
6969:
6965:
6960:
6956:
6925:
6916:
6877:
6873:
6863:
6861:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6796:
6789:
6780:
6776:
6737:
6733:
6692:
6688:
6657:
6653:
6640:
6636:
6626:
6624:
6609:
6605:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6578:
6572:
6568:
6562:Wayback Machine
6545:
6541:
6531:
6529:
6516:
6512:
6502:
6500:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6471:
6458:
6454:
6444:
6442:
6428:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6398:
6397:
6388:
6378:
6376:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6314:
6307:
6302:
6295:
6290:
6283:
6238:
6234:
6224:
6222:
6207:
6203:
6193:
6191:
6180:
6176:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6137:
6127:
6125:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5986:
5982:
5959:(R1): R72–R78.
5945:
5941:
5931:
5929:
5886:
5877:
5867:
5865:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5806:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5784:
5775:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5701:
5688:
5687:
5676:
5669:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5642:
5607:
5597:
5595:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5406:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5325:
5321:
5307:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5231:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5150:Southeast Asian
5146:
5140:
5021:
4919:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4894:Cattle rustling
4864:southern Borneo
4840:olona-be-hasina
4801:
4795:
4729:
4723:
4693:Madagascar had
4679:Schistosomiasis
4658:
4652:
4610:Gujarati people
4494:Roman Catholics
4441:
4435:
4373:
4365:Main articles:
4355:
4350:
4251:Haute Matsiatra
4147:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4113:
4105:
4057:Antanosy people
3886:Southeast Asian
3877:
3871:
3845:
3837:Main articles:
3835:
3757:national routes
3730:
3718:Main articles:
3716:
3611:, a native palm
3601:
3537:
3529:Main articles:
3527:
3510:
3342:Haute-Matsiatra
3270:Alaotra Mangoro
3082:
3077:
3072:
3036:
3028:Main articles:
3026:
3002:
2994:Main articles:
2992:
2929:Andry Rajoelina
2921:
2909:Main articles:
2907:
2885:the hilltop of
2830:
2822:Main articles:
2820:
2815:
2781:under the name
2775:Parcs Nationaux
2730:Andry Rajoelina
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2594:traveler's palm
2466:
2434:Main articles:
2432:
2379:
2361:
2305:mangrove swamps
2212:largest country
2200:
2192:Main articles:
2190:
2170:food insecurity
2118:Andry Rajoelina
2078:1973 oil crisis
2067:Second Republic
2018:
2006:Main articles:
2004:
1955:Madagascar Plan
1861:Franco-Hova War
1854:Franco-Hova War
1846:
1840:
1832:Main articles:
1830:
1803:Rainilaiarivony
1704:David Griffiths
1651:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1625:needs expansion
1619:
1608:
1486:written history
1463:
1359:Ma'anyan people
1328:
1323:
1317:
1172:Malagasy people
1131:
1120:
881:
874:
871:
850:
819:
818:
817:
806:
794:
793:
792:
781:
760:
741:
729:
708:
689:
673:
661:
647:
630:
620:
606:
585:
575:14 October 1958
572:
558:
546:
540:
514:
499:
474:Christian Ntsay
470:
459:Andry Rajoelina
455:
416:
389:
354:
346:
292:
262:-18.917; 47.517
261:
259:
255:
252:
247:
244:
242:
240:
239:
238:
232:
224:
223:
210:
199:
195:
192:
185:
182:
165:
157:
145:
138:
127:
126:
125:
120:
112:
111:
106:
93:
92:
83:
68:
57:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17168:
17158:
17157:
17152:
17147:
17142:
17137:
17132:
17127:
17122:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17087:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17013:
17012:
17007:
17006:
17004:
17003:
16998:
16993:
16991:Kotelny Island
16988:
16983:
16978:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16958:
16953:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16906:Severny Island
16903:
16898:
16893:
16888:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16852:
16850:
16844:
16843:
16841:
16840:
16837:Islands portal
16825:
16823:
16821:
16820:
16815:
16810:
16805:
16800:
16795:
16790:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16764:
16759:
16754:
16749:
16744:
16739:
16734:
16728:
16726:
16720:
16719:
16712:
16711:
16704:
16697:
16689:
16680:
16679:
16677:
16676:
16671:
16670:
16669:
16664:
16659:
16646:
16644:
16640:
16639:
16637:
16636:
16631:
16626:
16621:
16616:
16611:
16606:
16601:
16596:
16591:
16586:
16581:
16576:
16571:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16541:
16536:
16526:
16516:
16513:United Kingdom
16506:
16501:
16495:
16493:
16489:
16488:
16481:
16479:
16477:
16476:
16471:
16466:
16461:
16454:
16449:
16444:
16439:
16434:
16429:
16424:
16423:
16422:
16415:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16388:
16382:
16380:
16376:
16375:
16367:
16366:
16359:
16352:
16344:
16335:
16334:
16332:
16331:
16323:
16315:
16307:
16305:(South Africa)
16298:
16296:
16292:
16291:
16289:
16288:
16283:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16263:
16258:
16253:
16248:
16243:
16238:
16232:
16230:
16224:
16223:
16215:
16214:
16207:
16200:
16192:
16183:
16182:
16180:
16179:
16167:
16154:
16151:
16150:
16147:
16146:
16144:
16143:
16137:
16135:
16131:
16130:
16128:
16127:
16122:
16117:
16112:
16110:Canary Islands
16106:
16104:
16100:
16099:
16097:
16096:
16094:Savage Islands
16091:
16085:
16083:
16079:
16078:
16076:
16075:
16070:
16064:
16062:
16058:
16057:
16055:
16054:
16049:
16043:
16041:
16034:
16026:
16025:
16022:
16021:
16016:
16014:
16013:United Kingdom
16010:
16009:
16007:
16006:
16000:
15998:
15991:
15984:
15981:
15980:
15978:
15977:
15972:
15961:
15959:
15952:
15949:
15948:
15941:
15939:
15937:
15936:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15901:
15896:
15891:
15886:
15881:
15876:
15871:
15866:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15806:
15801:
15796:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15741:
15735:
15730:
15725:
15720:
15715:
15710:
15705:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15664:
15662:
15656:
15655:
15644:
15643:
15636:
15629:
15621:
15615:
15612:
15611:
15599:
15598:
15596:
15595:
15590:
15583:
15582:
15575:
15567:
15566:
15563:
15562:
15559:
15558:
15556:
15555:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15529:
15528:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15457:
15451:
15445:
15444:
15441:
15440:
15438:
15437:
15432:
15426:
15424:
15418:
15417:
15415:
15414:
15409:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15389:
15381:
15375:
15369:
15363:
15362:
15359:
15358:
15356:
15355:
15350:
15348:Prime Minister
15345:
15340:
15335:
15334:
15333:
15328:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15287:
15281:
15275:
15274:
15271:
15270:
15268:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15206:
15200:
15194:
15193:
15184:
15182:
15180:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15157:Third Republic
15154:
15149:
15144:
15139:
15134:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15114:
15109:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15092:Merina Kingdom
15088:
15086:
15080:
15079:
15068:
15067:
15060:
15053:
15045:
15039:
15038:
15022:
15007:
14991:
14981:
14972:
14949:
14931:
14930:External links
14928:
14926:
14925:
14907:
14892:
14874:
14859:
14853:
14840:
14834:
14817:
14799:
14784:
14778:
14765:
14747:
14732:
14714:
14699:
14681:
14666:
14655:
14633:(2): 152–158.
14618:
14600:
14585:
14579:
14566:
14560:
14547:
14541:
14528:
14510:
14495:
14489:
14476:
14458:
14443:
14425:
14410:
14404:
14391:
14365:
14357:|journal=
14339:
14308:
14290:
14275:
14269:
14256:
14233:
14227:
14212:
14206:
14191:
14185:
14172:
14166:
14153:
14144:
14138:
14121:
14115:
14098:
14080:
14065:
14047:
14032:
14014:
13999:
13981:
13966:
13955:
13949:
13932:
13921:
13915:
13902:
13884:
13869:
13851:
13836:
13818:
13801:
13795:
13780:
13774:
13759:
13748:
13739:
13733:
13720:
13714:
13701:
13690:
13681:
13663:
13648:
13630:
13615:
13597:
13582:
13564:
13549:
13543:
13530:
13524:
13511:
13493:
13478:
13460:
13445:
13439:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13417:
13416:
13389:
13378:on 5 June 2015
13368:"THB Pilsener"
13359:
13340:
13321:
13302:
13283:
13264:
13232:
13205:
13179:
13152:
13143:
13134:
13104:
13089:. 4 May 2023.
13074:
13048:
13036:
13027:
13018:
13009:
12998:on 5 June 2011
12982:
12951:
12942:
12930:
12921:
12912:
12897:. New Series.
12885:
12850:
12841:
12832:
12823:|website=
12793:
12765:
12750:
12717:(2): 303–329.
12692:
12679:10.2307/485627
12673:(3): 376–398.
12657:
12620:
12611:
12581:
12551:
12525:
12494:
12468:
12446:
12417:
12372:
12345:
12313:
12301:
12274:
12244:
12229:. p. A7.
12227:New York Times
12210:
12181:
12155:
12129:
12103:
12085:
12071:
12058:
12049:
12035:
12026:
11985:
11950:10.1086/430051
11944:(5): 894–901.
11924:
11893:
11868:
11838:
11806:
11780:
11748:
11718:
11688:
11651:
11619:
11589:
11551:
11525:
11514:on 2 July 2012
11499:
11488:on 2 July 2012
11470:
11461:
11430:
11403:
11381:
11372:
11346:
11316:
11299:indexmundi.com
11286:
11260:
11230:
11200:
11178:
11141:
11115:
11077:
11047:
11015:
10998:www.google.com
10985:
10959:
10933:
10900:
10863:
10833:
10824:
10789:
10746:
10737:
10728:
10717:on 11 May 2011
10692:
10683:
10674:
10665:
10635:
10605:
10567:
10541:
10511:
10477:
10451:
10425:
10395:
10358:
10344:
10314:
10297:New York Times
10283:
10253:
10226:
10195:
10184:on 10 May 2011
10168:
10159:
10125:
10079:
10046:(4): 325–333.
10030:
9963:
9954:
9941:10.2307/219188
9935:(1): 111–148.
9919:
9910:
9879:
9849:
9790:
9771:(1–2): 28–35.
9750:
9691:
9622:
9591:
9545:
9518:
9491:
9482:
9463:
9437:
9418:(6): 347–350.
9402:
9279:
9185:
9120:
9101:
9071:
9052:(5): 607–628.
9030:
8969:
8940:(3): 653–662.
8924:Boger, Dale L.
8914:
8858:
8837:(2): 181–207.
8817:
8805:
8786:
8760:(2): 121–125.
8734:
8695:(6): 534–545.
8675:
8666:
8657:
8638:
8618:
8576:
8545:
8514:
8484:
8457:
8427:
8385:
8343:(8): 456–465.
8315:
8288:(5): 220–224.
8271:
8204:
8195:
8158:
8128:
8097:
8071:
8045:
8019:
7993:
7967:
7960:
7942:
7909:
7873:
7841:
7832:
7820:
7811:
7802:
7793:
7784:
7775:
7756:
7736:
7727:
7718:
7709:
7700:
7691:
7682:
7673:
7640:10.2307/219791
7634:(2): 259–291.
7614:
7605:
7596:
7587:
7578:
7569:
7555:
7543:
7534:
7525:
7514:(3): 415–445.
7498:
7487:(3): 415–445.
7471:
7462:
7432:
7423:
7411:
7385:
7366:
7336:
7327:
7318:
7291:
7256:
7185:
7154:
7120:
7101:(2): 101–116.
7080:
7031:
6963:
6954:
6941:10.2307/219188
6935:(1): 111–148.
6914:
6887:(3): 506–519.
6871:
6841:
6787:
6774:
6747:(1–2): 25–63.
6731:
6702:(4): 417–466.
6686:
6651:
6634:
6603:
6576:"The Malagasy"
6566:
6539:
6510:
6481:
6452:
6419:
6386:
6357:
6305:
6293:
6281:
6232:
6201:
6190:on 25 May 2013
6184:"Style Manual"
6174:
6135:
6109:
6062:(3): 936–941.
6041:
6011:
5980:
5939:
5900:(4): 576–595.
5875:
5836:(3): 467–485.
5816:
5787:
5773:
5737:
5711:
5674:
5663:
5605:
5575:
5545:
5519:
5493:
5463:
5437:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5368:
5356:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5331:
5264:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5220:
5217:
5142:Main article:
5139:
5136:
5020:
5017:
4915:Main article:
4912:
4909:
4904:Main article:
4901:
4898:
4808:(solidarity),
4797:Main article:
4794:
4791:
4764:malgachization
4725:Main article:
4722:
4719:
4699:bubonic plague
4654:Main article:
4651:
4648:
4636:Messianic Jews
4437:Main article:
4434:
4431:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4215:Vakinankaratra
4212:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4103:Largest cities
4101:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3989:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3873:Main article:
3870:
3867:
3834:
3831:
3801:Air Madagascar
3774:European Union
3715:
3712:
3691:Madagascar Oil
3600:
3597:
3526:
3523:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3324:Amoron'i Mania
3320:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3161:Vakinankaratra
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3025:
3022:
2991:
2988:
2906:
2903:
2897:(450,000) and
2855:prime minister
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2741:elephant birds
2710:fomba malagasy
2705:slash-and-burn
2690:slash-and-burn
2687:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2654:scarab beetles
2646:smallest known
2602:Air Madagascar
2472:Comet orchid (
2431:
2428:
2424:climate change
2409:Cyclone Gafilo
2360:
2357:
2277:lowland forest
2216:island country
2189:
2186:
2108:The contested
2094:Third Republic
2037:First Republic
2003:
2000:
1904:Réunion Island
1898:—known as the
1829:
1826:
1811:Ranavalona III
1712:Roman alphabet
1649:Merina Kingdom
1647:Main article:
1643:
1642:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1462:
1459:
1390:elephant birds
1378:slash-and-burn
1327:
1324:
1319:Main article:
1316:
1313:
1178:. In a map by
1174:in modern-day
1170:origin of the
1119:
1116:
1093:of the state.
1063:United Nations
980:supercontinent
953:island country
940:
939:
934:
928:
927:
922:
916:
915:
910:
904:
903:
900:
894:
893:
890:
886:
885:
872:
865:
862:
861:
848:
844:
843:
833:
829:
828:
809:
799:
798:
784:
774:
773:
761:
758:
755:
754:
742:
739:
736:
735:
732:
722:
721:
709:
706:
703:
702:
690:
687:
684:
683:
680:
666:
665:
662:
660:• Density
659:
656:
655:
648:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:
607:
604:
601:
600:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
580:
577:
576:
573:
566:
563:
562:
559:
553:
550:
549:
541:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
521:
520:
515:
509:
506:
505:
500:
494:
491:
490:
485:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
468:Prime Minister
465:
462:
461:
456:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
436:
430:
429:
424:
418:
417:
415:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
388:
387:
386:
385:
379:
373:
360:
357:
355:
352:
348:
347:
345:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
295:
293:
290:
284:
283:
274:
270:
269:
233:
230:
226:
225:
221:
220:
212:
211:
197:
167:
166:
164:
163:
160:
149:
135:
129:
128:
121:
114:
113:
107:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
75:
59:
58:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17167:
17156:
17153:
17151:
17148:
17146:
17143:
17141:
17138:
17136:
17133:
17131:
17128:
17126:
17123:
17121:
17118:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17057:
17055:
17048:
17045:
17002:
16999:
16997:
16994:
16992:
16989:
16987:
16984:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16961:Yuzhny Island
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16851:
16845:
16838:
16832:
16827:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16773:Great Britain
16771:
16768:
16765:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16753:
16752:Baffin Island
16750:
16748:
16745:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16735:
16733:
16730:
16729:
16727:
16721:
16717:
16710:
16705:
16703:
16698:
16696:
16691:
16690:
16687:
16675:
16672:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16654:
16653:
16652:
16648:
16647:
16645:
16641:
16635:
16632:
16630:
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16615:
16612:
16610:
16607:
16605:
16602:
16600:
16597:
16595:
16592:
16590:
16587:
16585:
16582:
16580:
16577:
16575:
16572:
16570:
16567:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16557:
16555:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16532:
16531:
16527:
16522:
16521:
16517:
16515:
16511:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16497:
16496:
16494:
16490:
16485:
16475:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16462:
16460:
16459:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16443:
16440:
16438:
16435:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16421:
16420:
16416:
16414:
16413:
16409:
16408:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16383:
16381:
16377:
16373:
16365:
16360:
16358:
16353:
16351:
16346:
16345:
16342:
16327:
16326:Somali Region
16324:
16319:
16316:
16311:
16308:
16303:
16302:KwaZulu-Natal
16300:
16299:
16297:
16293:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16257:
16254:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16233:
16231:
16229:
16225:
16221:
16213:
16208:
16206:
16201:
16199:
16194:
16193:
16190:
16178:
16177:
16176:Africa portal
16172:
16168:
16166:
16165:
16156:
16155:
16152:
16142:
16139:
16138:
16136:
16132:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16116:
16113:
16111:
16108:
16107:
16105:
16101:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16086:
16084:
16080:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16065:
16063:
16059:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16044:
16042:
16038:
16035:
16031:fully part of
16027:
16019:
16015:
16011:
16005:
16002:
16001:
15999:
15995:
15992:
15989:
15982:
15976:
15973:
15970:
15966:
15963:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15950:
15945:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15927:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15915:
15912:
15910:
15907:
15905:
15902:
15900:
15897:
15895:
15892:
15890:
15887:
15885:
15882:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15784:Guinea-Bissau
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15739:
15736:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15665:
15663:
15661:
15657:
15653:
15649:
15642:
15637:
15635:
15630:
15628:
15623:
15622:
15619:
15613:
15606:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15585:
15580:
15576:
15573:
15569:
15568:
15564:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15527:
15524:
15523:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15501:Ethnic groups
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15458:
15455:
15452:
15450:
15446:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15427:
15425:
15423:
15419:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15402:Food security
15400:
15398:
15395:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15376:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15364:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15323:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15288:
15285:
15282:
15280:
15276:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15207:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15195:
15188:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15138:
15135:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15089:
15087:
15085:
15081:
15077:
15073:
15066:
15061:
15059:
15054:
15052:
15047:
15046:
15043:
15037:
15033:
15029:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15020:OpenStreetMap
15017:
15008:
15006:
15002:
14998:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14982:
14980:
14976:
14973:
14970:
14966:
14965:
14960:
14956:
14953:
14950:
14948:
14944:
14940:
14937:
14934:
14933:
14914:
14910:
14904:
14900:
14899:
14893:
14881:
14877:
14871:
14867:
14866:
14860:
14856:
14850:
14846:
14841:
14837:
14831:
14826:
14825:
14818:
14806:
14802:
14796:
14792:
14791:
14785:
14781:
14775:
14771:
14766:
14754:
14750:
14744:
14740:
14739:
14733:
14721:
14717:
14711:
14707:
14706:
14700:
14688:
14684:
14678:
14674:
14673:
14667:
14663:
14662:
14656:
14644:
14640:
14636:
14632:
14628:
14624:
14619:
14607:
14603:
14597:
14593:
14592:
14586:
14582:
14576:
14572:
14567:
14563:
14557:
14553:
14548:
14544:
14538:
14534:
14529:
14517:
14513:
14507:
14503:
14502:
14496:
14492:
14486:
14482:
14477:
14465:
14461:
14455:
14451:
14450:
14444:
14432:
14428:
14422:
14418:
14417:
14411:
14407:
14401:
14397:
14392:
14380:
14376:
14375:
14370:
14366:
14362:
14350:
14342:
14336:
14332:
14328:
14324:
14320:
14316:
14315:
14309:
14297:
14293:
14287:
14283:
14282:
14276:
14272:
14266:
14262:
14257:
14245:
14241:
14240:
14234:
14230:
14224:
14220:
14219:
14213:
14209:
14203:
14199:
14198:
14192:
14188:
14182:
14178:
14173:
14169:
14163:
14159:
14154:
14150:
14145:
14141:
14135:
14130:
14129:
14122:
14118:
14112:
14107:
14106:
14099:
14087:
14083:
14077:
14073:
14072:
14066:
14054:
14050:
14044:
14040:
14039:
14033:
14021:
14017:
14011:
14007:
14006:
14000:
13988:
13984:
13978:
13974:
13973:
13967:
13963:
13962:
13956:
13952:
13946:
13941:
13940:
13933:
13929:
13928:
13922:
13918:
13912:
13908:
13903:
13891:
13887:
13881:
13877:
13876:
13870:
13858:
13854:
13848:
13844:
13843:
13837:
13825:
13821:
13815:
13811:
13810:Island Musics
13807:
13802:
13798:
13796:0-8370-0407-1
13792:
13788:
13787:
13781:
13777:
13775:0-548-22734-9
13771:
13767:
13766:
13760:
13756:
13755:
13749:
13745:
13740:
13736:
13730:
13726:
13721:
13717:
13711:
13707:
13702:
13698:
13697:
13691:
13687:
13682:
13670:
13666:
13660:
13656:
13655:
13649:
13637:
13633:
13627:
13623:
13622:
13616:
13604:
13600:
13594:
13590:
13589:
13583:
13571:
13567:
13561:
13557:
13556:
13550:
13546:
13540:
13536:
13531:
13527:
13521:
13517:
13512:
13500:
13496:
13490:
13486:
13485:
13479:
13467:
13463:
13457:
13453:
13452:
13446:
13442:
13436:
13432:
13427:
13426:
13404:
13400:
13393:
13377:
13373:
13369:
13363:
13356:
13352:
13349:
13344:
13337:
13333:
13330:
13325:
13318:
13314:
13311:
13306:
13299:
13295:
13292:
13287:
13280:
13276:
13273:
13268:
13253:on 8 May 2012
13249:
13242:
13236:
13220:
13216:
13209:
13193:
13189:
13183:
13167:
13163:
13156:
13147:
13138:
13123:on 9 May 2013
13122:
13118:
13114:
13108:
13092:
13088:
13084:
13078:
13062:
13058:
13052:
13043:
13041:
13031:
13022:
13013:
12997:
12993:
12986:
12970:
12966:
12962:
12955:
12946:
12937:
12935:
12925:
12916:
12908:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12889:
12881:
12877:
12873:
12869:
12865:
12861:
12860:African Music
12854:
12845:
12836:
12828:
12816:
12800:
12796:
12790:
12786:
12782:
12778:
12777:
12773:WIPO (2022).
12769:
12761:
12754:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12724:
12720:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12701:
12699:
12697:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12676:
12672:
12668:
12661:
12642:
12638:
12631:
12624:
12615:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12585:
12569:
12565:
12561:
12555:
12539:
12535:
12529:
12513:
12509:
12505:
12498:
12482:
12478:
12472:
12453:
12449:
12443:
12436:
12435:
12428:
12426:
12424:
12422:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12391:
12387:
12383:
12376:
12361:
12357:
12356:
12349:
12330:
12323:
12317:
12308:
12306:
12289:
12285:
12278:
12262:
12258:
12254:
12248:
12232:
12228:
12224:
12217:
12215:
12198:
12194:
12188:
12186:
12169:
12165:
12159:
12143:
12139:
12133:
12117:
12113:
12107:
12096:
12089:
12082:
12075:
12068:
12062:
12053:
12047:
12044:
12039:
12030:
12022:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11996:
11989:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11939:
11935:
11928:
11913:
11909:
11902:
11900:
11898:
11882:
11878:
11872:
11856:
11852:
11848:
11842:
11823:
11816:
11810:
11794:
11790:
11784:
11765:
11758:
11752:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11722:
11706:
11702:
11698:
11692:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11662:
11660:
11658:
11656:
11639:
11635:
11634:
11629:
11623:
11607:
11603:
11602:mofcom.gov.cn
11599:
11593:
11574:
11567:
11560:
11558:
11556:
11539:
11535:
11529:
11513:
11509:
11503:
11487:
11483:
11477:
11475:
11465:
11449:
11445:
11441:
11434:
11418:
11414:
11407:
11391:
11385:
11376:
11360:
11356:
11350:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11320:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11290:
11274:
11270:
11264:
11248:
11244:
11240:
11234:
11218:
11214:
11210:
11204:
11196:
11192:
11188:
11182:
11163:
11159:
11152:
11145:
11129:
11125:
11119:
11100:
11093:
11086:
11084:
11082:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11051:
11032:
11025:
11019:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10989:
10973:
10969:
10963:
10947:
10943:
10937:
10921:
10917:
10913:
10907:
10905:
10885:
10881:
10874:
10867:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10837:
10828:
10809:
10802:
10801:
10793:
10774:
10767:
10761:
10759:
10757:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10741:
10732:
10713:
10709:
10702:
10696:
10687:
10678:
10669:
10653:
10649:
10645:
10639:
10623:
10619:
10617:
10609:
10590:
10583:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10555:
10551:
10545:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10515:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10484:
10482:
10465:
10461:
10455:
10439:
10435:
10429:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10399:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10369:
10367:
10365:
10363:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10332:
10328:
10327:mofcom.gov.cn
10324:
10318:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10287:
10271:
10267:
10263:
10257:
10241:
10237:
10230:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10199:
10183:
10179:
10172:
10163:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10129:
10110:
10103:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10090:
10088:
10086:
10084:
10075:
10069:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10034:
10026:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10008:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9967:
9958:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9923:
9914:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9883:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9853:
9845:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9810:(2): e31314.
9809:
9805:
9801:
9794:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9765:
9757:
9755:
9746:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9695:
9676:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9626:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9595:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9557:
9549:
9533:
9529:
9522:
9506:
9502:
9495:
9486:
9470:
9466:
9464:9781498704304
9460:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9441:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9406:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9381:
9376:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9323:
9318:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9283:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9229:
9224:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9200:
9195:
9189:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9124:
9108:
9104:
9102:9783527326693
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9084:
9075:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9046:
9041:
9034:
9026:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8985:
8980:
8973:
8965:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8925:
8918:
8910:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8865:
8863:
8854:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8821:
8812:
8810:
8801:
8797:
8790:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8748:
8741:
8739:
8730:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8679:
8670:
8661:
8645:
8641:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8622:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8581:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8549:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8518:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8488:
8472:
8469:. ReliefWeb.
8468:
8461:
8445:
8442:. ReliefWeb.
8441:
8434:
8432:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8322:
8320:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8275:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8208:
8199:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8165:
8163:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8132:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8101:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8059:
8055:
8049:
8033:
8029:
8023:
8007:
8003:
7997:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7963:
7957:
7953:
7946:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7916:
7914:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7855:L'Écho du Sud
7851:
7845:
7836:
7827:
7825:
7815:
7806:
7797:
7788:
7779:
7763:
7759:
7757:9780415531252
7753:
7749:
7748:
7740:
7731:
7722:
7713:
7704:
7695:
7686:
7677:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7609:
7600:
7591:
7582:
7573:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7550:
7548:
7538:
7529:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7502:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7475:
7466:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7436:
7427:
7418:
7416:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7340:
7331:
7322:
7306:
7302:
7295:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7260:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7158:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7127:
7125:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7076:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7035:
7027:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6967:
6958:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6875:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6837:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6794:
6792:
6784:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6717:2027.42/45256
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6690:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6655:
6647:
6646:
6638:
6622:
6619:(18): 795–8.
6618:
6614:
6607:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6527:
6523:
6522:
6514:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6485:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6456:
6440:
6437:. Macmillan.
6436:
6435:
6426:
6424:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6361:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6310:
6300:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6189:
6185:
6178:
6159:
6155:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6123:
6120:. UN-OHRLLS.
6119:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6045:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6015:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5976:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5758:
5754:
5747:
5741:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5672:
5667:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5593:
5589:
5588:Lonely Planet
5585:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5558:Mada Magazine
5555:
5549:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5422:
5415:
5413:
5404:
5402:
5397:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5316:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5223:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5093:African Games
5090:
5089:Olympic Games
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4816:(karma), and
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4368:
4359:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3979:Betsimisaraka
3977:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3914:Betsimisaraka
3911:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3869:Ethnic groups
3866:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3742:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:Ambatovy mine
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3630:, cloves and
3629:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2949:African Union
2946:
2941:
2938:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2691:
2681:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:spiny forests
2542:
2541:
2536:
2535:plant species
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:spiny forests
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:Merina people
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:flying column
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1807:Ranavalona II
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:William Ellis
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:James Cameron
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1623:This section
1621:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:chiefdoms of
1589:
1585:
1584:Betsimisaraka
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:Arabic script
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:New York City
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1067:African Union
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
981:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
938:
935:
933:
929:
926:
923:
921:
920:ISO 3166 code
917:
914:
911:
909:
905:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
877:
873:
869:
863:
859:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
810:
804:
800:
785:
779:
775:
771:
762:
756:
752:
743:
737:
733:
727:
723:
719:
716:$ 1,906 (
710:
704:
700:
691:
685:
681:
677:
671:
667:
663:
657:
653:
649:
643:
640:
636:
632:
626:
622:
616:
612:
608:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
578:
574:
570:
564:
561:6 August 1896
560:
557:
556:French colony
551:
542:
539:
533:
529:
526:
522:
519:
516:
513:
507:
504:
501:
498:
492:
489:
486:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
463:
460:
457:
454:
448:
444:
441:
437:
435:
431:
428:
425:
423:
419:
413:
409:
407:
403:
401:
397:
395:
391:
384:
380:
378:
374:
372:
371:Protestantism
368:
367:
366:
362:
361:
359:
358:
356:
349:
343:
339:
337:
333:
331:
327:
325:
321:
319:
315:
313:
309:
307:
306:Betsimisaraka
303:
301:
297:
296:
294:
289:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
266:
237:
234:
227:
218:
213:
189:
179:
178:
172:
168:
161:
154:
150:
142:
137:
136:
134:
130:
124:
118:
110:
104:
96:
87:
80:
76:
72:
65:
61:
60:
53:
50:
46:
42:
40:
35:
30:
19:
17017:
16896:Devon Island
16881:Banks Island
16808:Newfoundland
16798:North Island
16788:South Island
16649:
16604:Saudi Arabia
16528:
16518:
16508:
16464:South Africa
16456:
16431:
16417:
16410:
16372:Indian Ocean
16250:
16220:Somali Plate
16174:
16162:
16004:Îles Éparses
15894:South Africa
15884:Sierra Leone
15813:
15688:Burkina Faso
15491:Demographics
15476:Architecture
15392:Central bank
15353:Subdivisions
15306:Human rights
15291:Constitution
15142:Independence
15132:World War II
15071:
14978:
14962:
14917:. Retrieved
14897:
14884:. Retrieved
14864:
14844:
14823:
14809:. Retrieved
14789:
14769:
14757:. Retrieved
14737:
14724:. Retrieved
14704:
14691:. Retrieved
14671:
14660:
14647:. Retrieved
14630:
14626:
14610:. Retrieved
14590:
14570:
14551:
14532:
14520:. Retrieved
14500:
14480:
14468:. Retrieved
14448:
14435:. Retrieved
14415:
14395:
14383:. Retrieved
14373:
14313:
14300:. Retrieved
14280:
14260:
14248:. Retrieved
14238:
14217:
14196:
14176:
14157:
14148:
14127:
14104:
14090:. Retrieved
14070:
14057:. Retrieved
14037:
14024:. Retrieved
14004:
13991:. Retrieved
13971:
13960:
13938:
13926:
13906:
13894:. Retrieved
13874:
13861:. Retrieved
13841:
13828:. Retrieved
13809:
13785:
13764:
13753:
13743:
13724:
13705:
13695:
13685:
13673:. Retrieved
13653:
13640:. Retrieved
13620:
13607:. Retrieved
13587:
13574:. Retrieved
13554:
13534:
13515:
13503:. Retrieved
13483:
13470:. Retrieved
13450:
13430:
13422:Bibliography
13407:. Retrieved
13392:
13380:. Retrieved
13376:the original
13371:
13362:
13343:
13324:
13305:
13286:
13267:
13255:. Retrieved
13248:the original
13235:
13223:. Retrieved
13219:the original
13208:
13196:. Retrieved
13192:the original
13182:
13170:. Retrieved
13166:the original
13155:
13146:
13137:
13125:. Retrieved
13121:the original
13116:
13107:
13095:. Retrieved
13086:
13077:
13065:. Retrieved
13051:
13030:
13021:
13012:
13000:. Retrieved
12996:the original
12985:
12973:. Retrieved
12964:
12954:
12945:
12924:
12915:
12898:
12894:
12888:
12866:(2): 81–93.
12863:
12859:
12853:
12844:
12835:
12803:. Retrieved
12775:
12768:
12759:
12753:
12741:. Retrieved
12737:the original
12714:
12710:
12670:
12666:
12660:
12648:. Retrieved
12636:
12623:
12614:
12602:. Retrieved
12593:
12584:
12572:. Retrieved
12563:
12554:
12542:. Retrieved
12528:
12516:. Retrieved
12508:The Guardian
12507:
12497:
12485:. Retrieved
12471:
12459:. Retrieved
12433:
12408:. Retrieved
12392:(1): 28–37.
12389:
12385:
12375:
12364:, retrieved
12354:
12348:
12336:. Retrieved
12329:the original
12316:
12292:. Retrieved
12277:
12265:. Retrieved
12256:
12253:"Madagascar"
12247:
12235:. Retrieved
12226:
12203:29 September
12201:. Retrieved
12174:20 September
12172:. Retrieved
12158:
12146:. Retrieved
12142:the original
12132:
12120:. Retrieved
12106:
12088:
12080:
12074:
12066:
12061:
12052:
12045:
12038:
12029:
12002:
11998:
11988:
11976:. Retrieved
11941:
11937:
11927:
11915:. Retrieved
11911:
11885:, retrieved
11880:
11877:"Madagascar"
11871:
11859:. Retrieved
11850:
11841:
11829:. Retrieved
11809:
11797:. Retrieved
11783:
11771:. Retrieved
11751:
11739:. Retrieved
11730:
11721:
11709:. Retrieved
11700:
11691:
11679:. Retrieved
11670:
11642:. Retrieved
11631:
11622:
11610:. Retrieved
11601:
11592:
11580:. Retrieved
11573:the original
11544:19 September
11542:. Retrieved
11528:
11518:19 September
11516:. Retrieved
11512:the original
11502:
11492:19 September
11490:. Retrieved
11486:the original
11464:
11454:20 September
11452:. Retrieved
11443:
11433:
11421:. Retrieved
11406:
11394:. Retrieved
11384:
11375:
11363:. Retrieved
11349:
11337:. Retrieved
11328:
11319:
11307:. Retrieved
11298:
11289:
11277:. Retrieved
11263:
11251:. Retrieved
11243:Agenzia Nova
11242:
11233:
11221:. Retrieved
11212:
11203:
11191:Guida Viaggi
11190:
11181:
11169:. Retrieved
11157:
11144:
11132:. Retrieved
11118:
11106:. Retrieved
11099:the original
11068:. Retrieved
11059:
11050:
11038:. Retrieved
11031:the original
11018:
11006:. Retrieved
10997:
10988:
10976:. Retrieved
10968:"World Bank"
10962:
10950:. Retrieved
10936:
10924:. Retrieved
10916:www1.wfp.org
10915:
10891:. Retrieved
10879:
10866:
10854:. Retrieved
10845:
10836:
10827:
10815:. Retrieved
10799:
10792:
10780:. Retrieved
10773:the original
10740:
10731:
10719:. Retrieved
10712:the original
10695:
10686:
10677:
10668:
10656:. Retrieved
10647:
10638:
10626:. Retrieved
10615:
10608:
10596:. Retrieved
10558:. Retrieved
10554:the original
10544:
10532:. Retrieved
10523:
10514:
10502:. Retrieved
10493:
10468:. Retrieved
10454:
10442:. Retrieved
10428:
10416:. Retrieved
10407:
10398:
10386:. Retrieved
10377:
10335:. Retrieved
10326:
10317:
10305:. Retrieved
10296:
10286:
10274:. Retrieved
10256:
10244:. Retrieved
10240:the original
10229:
10217:. Retrieved
10209:The Guardian
10208:
10198:
10186:. Retrieved
10182:the original
10171:
10162:
10150:. Retrieved
10141:
10128:
10116:. Retrieved
10068:cite journal
10043:
10039:
10033:
9980:
9976:
9966:
9957:
9932:
9928:
9922:
9913:
9901:. Retrieved
9897:the original
9892:
9882:
9870:. Retrieved
9861:
9852:
9807:
9803:
9793:
9768:
9762:
9708:
9704:
9694:
9684:24 September
9682:. Retrieved
9675:the original
9646:
9642:
9625:
9613:. Retrieved
9604:
9594:
9582:. Retrieved
9548:
9536:. Retrieved
9532:the original
9521:
9511:14 September
9509:. Retrieved
9494:
9485:
9473:. Retrieved
9450:
9440:
9415:
9411:
9405:
9393:. Retrieved
9378:
9364:. Retrieved
9349:
9335:. Retrieved
9320:
9306:. Retrieved
9291:
9282:
9270:. Retrieved
9255:
9241:. Retrieved
9226:
9212:. Retrieved
9197:
9188:
9176:. Retrieved
9161:
9147:. Retrieved
9132:
9123:
9111:. Retrieved
9088:
9082:
9074:
9049:
9043:
9040:Catharanthus
9039:
9033:
8988:
8982:
8972:
8937:
8931:
8917:
8880:
8874:
8834:
8830:
8820:
8799:
8795:
8789:
8777:. Retrieved
8757:
8753:
8692:
8688:
8678:
8669:
8660:
8648:. Retrieved
8628:
8621:
8609:. Retrieved
8605:the original
8600:
8567:. Retrieved
8559:The Guardian
8558:
8548:
8536:. Retrieved
8527:
8517:
8505:. Retrieved
8496:
8487:
8475:. Retrieved
8460:
8448:. Retrieved
8418:. Retrieved
8409:
8406:"Madagascar"
8376:. Retrieved
8340:
8336:
8285:
8281:
8274:
8262:. Retrieved
8224:(1): 41–56.
8221:
8217:
8207:
8198:
8186:. Retrieved
8174:"Madagascar"
8149:. Retrieved
8140:
8131:
8119:. Retrieved
8110:
8100:
8088:. Retrieved
8074:
8062:. Retrieved
8048:
8036:. Retrieved
8022:
8010:. Retrieved
7996:
7984:. Retrieved
7970:
7951:
7945:
7933:. Retrieved
7929:the original
7924:
7900:. Retrieved
7896:the original
7891:
7864:. Retrieved
7860:the original
7853:
7844:
7835:
7814:
7805:
7796:
7787:
7778:
7766:. Retrieved
7746:
7739:
7730:
7721:
7712:
7703:
7694:
7685:
7676:
7664:. Retrieved
7631:
7627:
7617:
7608:
7599:
7590:
7581:
7572:
7537:
7528:
7511:
7507:
7501:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7465:
7453:. Retrieved
7435:
7426:
7402:. Retrieved
7388:
7376:. Retrieved
7350:SpringerLink
7349:
7339:
7330:
7321:
7309:. Retrieved
7294:
7282:. Retrieved
7273:
7269:
7259:
7247:. Retrieved
7243:the original
7176:. Retrieved
7172:the original
7167:
7157:
7145:. Retrieved
7136:
7098:
7094:
7048:
7044:
7034:
6981:
6977:
6966:
6957:
6932:
6928:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6862:. Retrieved
6854:ScienceDaily
6853:
6844:
6807:
6803:
6782:
6777:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6644:
6637:
6625:. Retrieved
6616:
6606:
6594:. Retrieved
6582:
6569:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6530:. Retrieved
6520:
6513:
6501:. Retrieved
6491:
6484:
6472:. Retrieved
6462:
6455:
6443:. Retrieved
6432:
6410:. Retrieved
6400:
6377:. Retrieved
6367:
6360:
6348:. Retrieved
6321:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6223:. Retrieved
6214:
6204:
6192:. Retrieved
6188:the original
6177:
6165:. Retrieved
6153:
6126:. Retrieved
6118:"About LDCs"
6112:
6059:
6055:
6044:
6032:. Retrieved
6023:
6014:
6002:. Retrieved
5993:
5983:
5956:
5952:
5942:
5930:. Retrieved
5897:
5893:
5866:. Retrieved
5833:
5829:
5819:
5807:. Retrieved
5803:the original
5764:. Retrieved
5740:
5728:. Retrieved
5714:
5702:. Retrieved
5666:
5654:. Retrieved
5596:. Retrieved
5587:
5584:"Madagascar"
5578:
5566:. Retrieved
5557:
5548:
5536:. Retrieved
5532:the original
5522:
5510:. Retrieved
5496:
5484:. Retrieved
5475:
5472:"Madagascar"
5466:
5454:. Retrieved
5450:the original
5440:
5428:. Retrieved
5411:
5352:
5338:Madagasikara
5260:
5190:with maize,
5182:
5178:
5174:
5147:
5105:
5085:lawn bowling
5070:
5065:
5051:
5047:
5037:
5035:
5027:
5004:
4991:
4984:
4976:
4975:or highland
4970:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4887:
4880:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4745:
4740:Ravalomanana
4692:
4663:
4659:
4630:
4604:
4580:
4565:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4525:
4517:syncretizing
4514:
4510:nonreligious
4473:Christianity
4471:
4467:Antananarivo
4461:Faravohitra
4427:a referendum
4424:
4420:
4417:
4406:
4374:
4246:Fianarantsoa
4174:Antananarivo
4078:
4023:Antambahoaka
3909:
3898:
3878:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3833:Demographics
3827:
3823:
3820:
3811:
3805:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3765:toll highway
3750:
3695:
3681:deposits at
3644:
3625:
3614:
3593:
3573:
3569:
3557:
3511:
3490:
3489:
3405:Fianarantsoa
3387:Fianarantsoa
3369:Fianarantsoa
3347:Fianarantsoa
3329:Fianarantsoa
3306:Analanjirofo
3184:Antananarivo
3166:Antananarivo
3148:Antananarivo
3130:Antananarivo
3061:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2969:
2942:
2933:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2859:constitution
2842:
2837:Antananarivo
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2734:
2722:
2709:
2700:
2697:
2650:
2630:
2618:
2597:
2575:
2548:
2540:Didiereaceae
2538:
2532:
2485:
2473:
2421:
2403:
2380:
2338:
2331:
2309:
2293:Antananarivo
2260:
2209:
2178:
2163:
2146:
2125:
2115:
2107:
2086:
2074:Eastern Bloc
2071:
2049:
2034:
2027:, the first
1981:
1975:
1967:Vichy French
1965:between the
1940:
1936:
1912:
1908:
1896:Antananarivo
1881:
1869:protectorate
1858:
1796:
1789:
1788:(noble) and
1783:
1764:Jean Laborde
1761:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1734:
1719:Ranavalona I
1716:
1664:
1633:
1629:adding to it
1624:
1600:royal palace
1581:
1573:Robert Drury
1557:
1549:
1529:Fort Dauphin
1523:
1509:sea captain
1504:
1497:
1483:
1454:
1443:Andriamanelo
1436:
1408:
1393:
1386:giant lemurs
1375:
1347:South Borneo
1340:
1326:Early period
1308:
1304:
1301:Malagasikara
1300:
1278:
1270:
1267:Malagasikara
1266:
1264:
1242:
1230:
1214:
1212:
1204:Malai Insula
1203:
1199:
1192:Malai Gesira
1191:
1184:Gesira Malai
1183:
1168:Austronesian
1161:
1160:to the word
1157:
1155:
1151:Madagasikara
1150:
1140:
1128:Madagasikara
1127:
1121:
1095:Christianity
1060:
1032:
977:
973:Antananarivo
948:
944:
943:
932:Internet TLD
908:Calling code
882:not observed
740:• Total
688:• Total
619:• Water
605:• Total
588:26 June 1960
365:Christianity
236:Antananarivo
170:
133:Motto:
132:
49:
38:
29:
17039: /
16951:New Britain
16936:Spitsbergen
16624:Timor-Leste
16534:(Australia)
16524:(Australia)
16068:Pantelleria
15988:territories
15956:recognition
15899:South Sudan
15789:Ivory Coast
15516:LGBT rights
15379:Agriculture
13789:. J. Snow.
13002:15 November
12975:11 November
12743:10 February
11917:8 September
11887:8 September
11644:19 February
11612:30 November
11482:"About QMM"
11365:19 December
11279:24 November
11070:22 February
11008:22 February
10978:27 February
10926:22 February
10893:27 February
10418:27 February
9983:(1): 5978.
9872:11 February
9475:4 September
9113:4 September
8802:(2): 85–88.
8779:11 February
8507:15 February
8477:9 September
8378:11 February
8151:26 November
7935:25 November
7902:15 February
6583:The Graphic
6434:Inhabitants
6128:22 February
5868:28 November
5766:8 September
5538:27 February
5073:Rugby union
5058:Andrianjaka
4872:Philippines
4860:tube zither
4812:(destiny),
4666:hepatitis B
4600:Antsiranana
4490:Protestants
4413:francophone
4404:loanwords.
4392:, with the
4282:Antsiranana
3939:Antankarana
3746:Ambatolampy
3632:ylang-ylang
3585:agriculture
3552:Nosy Iranja
3501:25,674,196
3112:Antsiranana
3094:Antsiranana
3068:New regions
3014:gendarmerie
2901:(400,000).
2893:(500,000),
2851:multi-party
2807:Andringitra
2749:giant lemur
2571:vincristine
2567:vinblastine
2550:Pachypodium
2417:Cyclone Ana
2383:trade winds
2341:rain shadow
2316:Maromokotro
2126:coup d'état
2090:Albert Zafy
2031:(1960–1972)
1947:World War I
1865:Antsiranana
1700:David Jones
1676:Ambohimanga
1661:(1787–1810)
1565:Nosy Boroha
1451:Andrianjaka
1419:South India
1400:giant fossa
1355:New Zealand
1280:The Graphic
1239:Renaissance
1231:Madageiscar
1147:Middle Ages
1105:by the UN.
955:comprising
889:Date format
816: 0.487
768:$ 529 (
571:proclaimed
547: 1540
512:Lower house
497:Upper house
484:Legislature
394:no religion
381:0.8% other
377:Catholicism
260: /
41:(franchise)
17060:Madagascar
17054:Categories
16871:Hispaniola
16747:Madagascar
16737:New Guinea
16651:Antarctica
16504:Bangladesh
16458:Somaliland
16447:Seychelles
16442:Mozambique
16432:Madagascar
16329:(Ethiopia)
16276:Somaliland
16266:Seychelles
16261:Mozambique
16251:Madagascar
15975:Somaliland
15879:Seychelles
15844:Mozambique
15829:Mauritania
15814:Madagascar
15769:The Gambia
15703:Cape Verde
15526:newspapers
15386:(currency)
15321:Parliament
15225:Ecoregions
15107:Libertatia
15072:Madagascar
15016:Madagascar
14975:Madagascar
14952:Madagascar
14919:14 October
14811:14 October
14759:14 October
14726:14 October
14649:24 October
14612:14 October
14522:14 October
14470:14 October
14437:14 October
14385:14 October
14302:14 October
14250:14 October
14092:14 October
14059:14 October
14026:14 October
13993:14 October
13896:14 October
13863:14 October
13675:14 October
13642:14 October
13609:14 October
13576:14 October
13505:14 October
13472:14 October
13257:13 January
13225:14 January
13059:. UNESCO.
12805:29 October
12732:10986/4523
12604:23 October
12574:9 February
12518:21 October
12487:22 January
12461:21 January
12366:13 January
12338:22 January
12294:22 January
12267:15 October
12237:13 January
12148:22 January
12043:Madagascar
11851:World Bank
11633:Africanews
11413:"FAO Stat"
11171:28 January
11134:30 January
11108:28 January
11040:4 February
10880:www.un.org
10856:2 February
10846:www.un.org
10817:14 January
10782:15 January
10560:28 January
10504:22 January
10337:13 October
10219:16 January
9663:10161/6237
9635:Groves, C.
9380:cancer.org
9351:cancer.org
9322:cancer.org
9293:cancer.org
9257:cancer.org
9228:cancer.org
9199:cancer.org
9163:cancer.org
9134:cancer.org
9085:alkaloids"
8689:BioScience
8650:14 October
8538:7 February
8412:. Eb.com.
8282:Terra Nova
8264:6 December
8121:25 January
7311:27 October
7276:(1): 261.
7249:1 February
7178:8 November
7147:5 November
6864:6 November
6503:14 January
6252:: e00091.
5932:6 December
5704:17 October
5392:References
5359:Malagasy:
5187:vegetarian
5122:, and the
5048:tolon-omby
4996:Zafimaniry
4943:(poetry),
4935:literature
4832:famadihana
4806:fihavanana
4670:diphtheria
4616:region of
4614:Saurashtra
4555:famadihana
4550:famadihana
4526:famadihana
4465:Church in
4336:Taolagnaro
4300:Hell-Ville
4197:Atsinanana
4183:1,275,207
4179:Analamanga
3987:Bezanozano
3817:World Bank
3697:ties. The
3448:1,797,894
3394:1,030,404
3376:1,440,657
3364:Fitovinany
3354:1,444,587
3318:1,150,089
3300:1,478,472
3288:Atsinanana
3282:1,249,931
3210:1,507,591
3173:2,079,659
3155:3,623,925
3143:Analamanga
3119:1,123,772
3081:Population
2980:censorship
2887:Analamanga
2813:Government
2803:Andohahela
2795:Ranomafana
2395:rainforest
2375:See also:
2273:escarpment
2269:Cretaceous
2256:Mozambique
2082:World Bank
1992:autonomous
1842:See also:
1821:common law
1809:and Queen
1799:Rasoherina
1776:overthrown
1740:fanompoana
1710:using the
1636:March 2024
1569:Libertalia
1515:2nd Armada
1511:Diogo Dias
1507:Portuguese
1474:Diogo Dias
1455:tompontany
1307:, and not
1271:Malagascar
1243:Madagascar
1227:Marco Polo
1215:Madagascar
1158:Madagascar
1107:Ecotourism
1069:(AU), the
1065:(UN), the
1042:of Merina
945:Madagascar
892:dd/mm/yyyy
791: 42.6
639:Population
488:Parliament
434:Government
422:Demonym(s)
183:(Malagasy)
146:(Malagasy)
39:Madagascar
17140:Republics
17036:20°S 47°E
16886:Sri Lanka
16732:Greenland
16674:Australia
16614:Sri Lanka
16609:Singapore
16544:Indonesia
16437:Mauritius
16256:Mauritius
16228:Countries
15986:Dependent
15834:Mauritius
15538:Mythology
15511:Languages
15496:Education
15422:Transport
15397:Companies
15343:President
15296:Elections
15255:Volcanoes
15240:Provinces
15220:Districts
15198:Geography
14359:ignored (
14349:cite book
13127:24 August
13067:24 August
12990:Unknown.
12825:ignored (
12815:cite book
11799:28 August
10952:16 August
10388:25 August
10246:25 August
10118:25 August
10007:2041-1723
9615:26 August
9584:27 August
9538:24 August
9455:CRC Press
8876:Molecules
8711:0006-3568
8611:24 August
8497:ReliefWeb
8420:25 August
8310:128896193
8254:133869410
8246:1354-0793
8188:24 August
7866:26 August
7648:0361-7882
7008:0027-8424
6340:0246-0092
6276:187807236
6225:20 August
6194:31 August
6086:0027-8424
5922:195555955
5914:1556-4894
5858:1342-937X
5809:10 August
5656:24 August
5430:24 August
5012:Madame Zo
5002:in 2008.
4949:ohabolana
4868:Indonesia
4828:Mpanandro
4789:in 2023.
4775:fokontany
4749:Toamasina
4736:Education
4721:Education
4695:outbreaks
4596:Mahajanga
4502:Christian
4486:Christian
4452:Antsirabe
4353:Languages
4228:Mahajanga
4210:Antsirabe
4192:Toamasina
4096:Europeans
4053:Antandroy
4031:Antaisaka
4027:Antaimoro
4019:Antaifasy
3947:Tsimihety
3918:Tsimihety
3812:fokontany
3797:Rio Tinto
3687:Bemolanga
3683:Tsimiroro
3679:heavy oil
3671:Moramanga
3663:Rio Tinto
3311:Toamasina
3293:Toamasina
3275:Toamasina
3257:Mahajanga
3239:Mahajanga
3234:Betsiboka
3221:Mahajanga
3203:Mahajanga
3179:Bongolava
3073:provinces
3053:A map of
3044:fokontany
2984:fake news
2899:Mahajanga
2895:Toamasina
2891:Antsirabe
2879:civil law
2818:Structure
2714:cash crop
2658:lacewings
2642:chameleon
2578:alkaloids
2328:Ankaratra
2244:Mauritius
2188:Geography
2159:strongman
1983:Loi Cadre
1927:Moramanga
1877:Mahajanga
1873:Toamasina
1772:Radama II
1688:Mauritius
1382:megafauna
1293:Zanzibari
1265:The name
1247:Mogadishu
1219:Mogadishu
1176:Indonesia
1118:Etymology
1089:are both
1015:Indonesia
898:Drives on
847:Time zone
730:(nominal)
525:Formation
453:President
383:Christian
351:Religion
336:Antandroy
330:Antaisaka
318:Tsimihety
16996:Sardinia
16891:Tasmania
16876:Sakhalin
16866:Hokkaido
16856:Mindanao
16783:Sulawesi
16769:(Canada)
16619:Thailand
16594:Pakistan
16579:Maldives
16574:Malaysia
16474:Tanzania
16391:Djibouti
16321:(France)
16313:(France)
16281:Tanzania
16241:Eswatini
16164:Category
16082:Portugal
15934:Zimbabwe
15909:Tanzania
15759:Ethiopia
15754:Eswatini
15733:Djibouti
15698:Cameroon
15683:Botswana
15588:Category
15548:Religion
15461:Abortion
15435:Railways
15316:Military
15279:Politics
15260:Wildlife
15097:Monarchs
15076:articles
15028:Archived
14997:Archived
14955:Archived
14947:BBC News
14939:Archived
14913:Archived
14880:Archived
14805:Archived
14753:Archived
14720:Archived
14687:Archived
14643:Archived
14606:Archived
14516:Archived
14464:Archived
14431:Archived
14379:Archived
14371:(1886).
14296:Archived
14244:Archived
14086:Archived
14053:Archived
14020:Archived
13987:Archived
13890:Archived
13857:Archived
13824:Archived
13669:Archived
13636:Archived
13603:Archived
13570:Archived
13499:Archived
13466:Archived
13403:Archived
13351:Archived
13332:Archived
13313:Archived
13294:Archived
13275:Archived
13172:2 August
13091:Archived
13061:Archived
12969:Archived
12880:30249759
12799:Archived
12641:Archived
12598:Archived
12594:Euronews
12568:Archived
12544:23 March
12538:Archived
12512:Archived
12481:Archived
12452:Archived
12404:Archived
12360:archived
12288:Archived
12261:Archived
12231:Archived
12197:Archived
12168:Archived
12122:25 April
12116:Archived
12079:(eds.),
12021:19535740
11978:30 April
11972:Archived
11968:15793703
11861:24 April
11855:Archived
11831:24 April
11822:Archived
11793:Archived
11773:24 April
11764:Archived
11741:24 April
11735:Archived
11731:fews.net
11711:24 April
11705:Archived
11681:24 April
11675:Archived
11638:Archived
11606:Archived
11538:Archived
11448:Archived
11423:13 April
11417:Archived
11396:16 April
11359:Archived
11333:Archived
11303:Archived
11273:Archived
11247:Archived
11217:Archived
11195:Archived
11162:Archived
11128:Archived
11064:Archived
11002:Archived
10972:Archived
10946:Archived
10920:Archived
10884:Archived
10850:Archived
10808:Archived
10652:Archived
10622:Archived
10589:Archived
10534:30 March
10528:Archived
10524:BBC News
10498:Archived
10494:BBC News
10470:25 April
10464:Archived
10444:25 April
10438:Archived
10412:Archived
10382:Archived
10378:BBC News
10331:Archived
10307:20 March
10301:Archived
10276:30 April
10270:Archived
10213:Archived
10188:15 March
10146:Archived
10142:BBC News
10109:Archived
10060:86120326
10025:33293507
9903:30 April
9866:Archived
9862:ABC News
9844:22348069
9804:PLOS ONE
9785:18598742
9745:11038588
9671:17614597
9609:Archived
9605:BBC News
9575:Archived
9505:Archived
9469:Archived
9432:20423206
9389:Archived
9360:Archived
9331:Archived
9302:Archived
9266:Archived
9237:Archived
9208:Archived
9172:Archived
9143:Archived
9107:Archived
9066:15032608
9025:15141084
8964:25586069
8926:(2015).
8909:22609781
8853:12064226
8770:Archived
8729:28608869
8644:Archived
8563:Archived
8532:Archived
8501:Archived
8471:Archived
8450:31 March
8444:Archived
8414:Archived
8369:Archived
8365:19500874
8258:Archived
8182:Archived
8172:(2011).
8145:Archived
8141:BBC News
8115:Archived
8090:30 March
8084:Archived
8064:30 March
8058:Archived
8038:30 March
8032:Archived
8012:30 March
8006:Archived
7980:Archived
7762:Archived
7660:Archived
7455:30 April
7449:Archived
7404:25 April
7398:Archived
7372:Archived
7305:Archived
7284:9 August
7278:Archived
7237:(1994).
7141:Archived
7075:35137043
7026:28716916
6909:84382916
6858:Archived
6836:22438500
6769:15288523
6726:21753825
6621:Archived
6587:Archived
6558:Archived
6526:Archived
6497:Archived
6468:Archived
6439:Archived
6406:Archived
6373:Archived
6344:Archived
6219:Archived
6158:Archived
6156:. 2023.
6122:Archived
6104:24395773
6034:17 April
6028:Archived
6004:17 April
5998:Archived
5975:33481023
5926:Archived
5862:Archived
5757:Archived
5724:Archived
5698:Archived
5650:Archived
5598:30 March
5592:Archived
5568:30 March
5562:Archived
5506:Archived
5480:Archived
5421:Archived
5334:Malagasy
5219:See also
5204:fritters
5170:European
5097:Scouting
5081:pétanque
5066:fanorona
5053:fanorona
5039:Moraingy
5029:Moraingy
4978:hiragasy
4940:hainteny
4927:Hiragasy
4870:and the
4844:Antemoro
4622:Gujarati
4606:Hinduism
4576:Zanahary
4561:hiragasy
4538:Anglican
4534:Lutheran
4463:Catholic
4433:Religion
4402:Javanese
4309:109,365
4291:131,165
4273:169,760
4255:189,879
4237:244,722
4219:245,592
4201:326,286
4049:Mahafaly
4015:Betsileo
3983:Sihanaka
3961:Sakalava
3943:Sakalava
3922:Sakalava
3890:Oceanian
3881:Malagasy
3661:mine by
3647:ilmenite
3621:forestry
3581:textiles
3484:809,051
3466:900,235
3430:692,463
3412:418,520
3400:Ihorombe
3360:Vatovavy
3336:837,116
3264:308,944
3246:393,278
3228:929,312
3191:670,993
3137:898,549
3101:889,962
2974:and the
2905:Politics
2865:and the
2799:Zahamena
2787:Marojejy
2637:reptiles
2622:primates
2598:ravinala
2586:leukemia
2480:hawkmoth
2391:cyclones
2387:monsoons
2264:Jurassic
2218:and the
2181:election
2120:, led a
1816:Polygamy
1785:Andriana
1684:Radama I
1588:Sakalava
1552:João III
1525:Matatana
1427:Betsileo
1367:Sumatran
1335:Malagasy
1309:Madagasy
1305:Malagasy
1142:Malagasy
1083:Malagasy
1003:wildlife
987:Jurassic
983:Gondwana
951:, is an
832:Currency
569:Republic
438:Unitary
427:Malagasy
324:Sakalava
312:Betsileo
277:Malagasy
193:(French)
158:(French)
71:Malagasy
17041:-20; 47
17001:Bananal
16861:Ireland
16818:Iceland
16757:Sumatra
16584:Myanmar
16499:Bahrain
16452:Somalia
16419:Réunion
16412:Mayotte
16401:Eritrea
16386:Comoros
16318:Réunion
16310:Mayotte
16295:Regions
16271:Somalia
16236:Comoros
16141:Socotra
16120:Melilla
16089:Madeira
16052:Réunion
16047:Mayotte
15919:Tunisia
15889:Somalia
15874:Senegal
15859:Nigeria
15849:Namibia
15839:Morocco
15804:Liberia
15799:Lesotho
15749:Eritrea
15718:Comoros
15693:Burundi
15668:Algeria
15572:Outline
15486:Cuisine
15481:Culture
15449:Society
15430:Driving
15412:Tourism
15384:Ariary
15367:Economy
15245:Regions
15230:Islands
15084:History
14319:Bibcode
13198:24 July
12650:10 July
12564:UN News
12410:21 July
11959:1199379
11582:10 July
11339:16 June
11309:16 June
11253:16 June
11223:16 June
10721:1 April
10598:10 July
10152:29 July
10016:7723057
9985:Bibcode
9835:3279364
9812:Bibcode
9713:Bibcode
9395:22 June
9366:22 June
9337:22 June
9308:22 June
9272:22 June
9243:22 June
9214:22 June
9178:22 June
9149:22 June
8993:Bibcode
8955:4363169
8900:6268133
8720:5451287
8569:14 July
8528:Reuters
8345:Bibcode
8290:Bibcode
8226:Bibcode
8111:Reuters
7986:28 June
7768:23 June
7378:6 March
7115:3674005
7066:8982424
7017:5559028
6986:Bibcode
6889:Bibcode
6827:3367776
6749:Bibcode
6669:Bibcode
6379:23 June
6254:Bibcode
6095:3903192
6064:Bibcode
5838:Bibcode
5730:16 July
5512:15 July
5486:14 July
5456:15 July
5192:cassava
5185:may be
5166:Chinese
5158:Oceania
5154:African
5138:Cuisine
5062:Ralambo
4929:dancer.
4855:, is a
4836:ombiasy
4810:vintana
4793:Culture
4697:of the
4683:malaria
4674:measles
4592:Muslims
4504:, 2.1%
4345:67,188
4327:85,659
4318:Sambava
4264:Toliara
4088:Comoran
4080:Chinese
4069:Former
4039:Former
4005:Former
3991:Former
3969:Former
3951:Former
3910:côtiers
3659:Mandena
3640:Ilakaka
3636:lychees
3628:vanilla
3577:tourism
3525:Economy
3498:591,896
3477:Toliara
3459:Toliara
3441:Toliara
3423:Toliara
3076:Area in
3040:faritra
2791:Masoala
2745:ratites
2492:endemic
2488:endemic
2359:Climate
2312:massifs
2281:plateau
2252:Mayotte
2248:Comoros
2240:Réunion
1969:and an
1915:Slavery
1888:Algeria
1756:tangena
1751:tangena
1729:of the
1517:of the
1447:Ralambo
1439:Vazimba
1431:Imerina
1398:), the
1351:Iceland
1315:History
1289:Malacca
1235:Socotra
1223:Somalia
1200:Malichu
1122:In the
823: (
581:•
567:•
554:•
538:Kingdom
536:•
510:•
495:•
466:•
451:•
248:47°31′E
245:18°55′S
229:Capital
171:Anthem:
16981:Sicily
16966:Hainan
16946:Taiwan
16941:Kyushu
16931:Marajó
16762:Honshu
16742:Borneo
16569:Kuwait
16564:Jordan
16559:Israel
16406:France
16379:Africa
16286:Uganda
16040:France
15997:France
15929:Zambia
15924:Uganda
15864:Rwanda
15819:Malawi
15779:Guinea
15673:Angola
15652:Africa
15593:Portal
15553:Sports
15466:Anthem
15331:Senate
15250:Rivers
15215:Cities
15074:
14905:
14886:4 July
14872:
14851:
14832:
14797:
14776:
14745:
14712:
14693:4 July
14679:
14598:
14577:
14558:
14539:
14508:
14487:
14456:
14423:
14402:
14337:
14288:
14267:
14225:
14204:
14183:
14164:
14136:
14113:
14078:
14045:
14012:
13979:
13947:
13913:
13882:
13849:
13830:4 July
13816:
13793:
13772:
13731:
13712:
13661:
13628:
13595:
13562:
13541:
13522:
13491:
13458:
13437:
13409:5 June
13382:5 June
13097:9 July
12878:
12791:
12687:485627
12685:
12637:UNESCO
12444:
12019:
11966:
11956:
10266:UNESCO
10058:
10023:
10013:
10005:
9949:219188
9947:
9842:
9832:
9783:
9743:
9733:
9669:
9569:, and
9461:
9430:
9099:
9064:
9023:
9016:514417
9013:
8962:
8952:
8907:
8897:
8851:
8727:
8717:
8709:
8636:
8363:
8308:
8252:
8244:
7958:
7754:
7666:6 June
7656:219791
7654:
7646:
7445:UNESCO
7364:
7113:
7073:
7063:
7024:
7014:
7006:
6949:219188
6947:
6907:
6834:
6824:
6767:
6724:
6627:1 June
6596:1 June
6532:4 June
6474:5 June
6445:4 June
6412:4 June
6350:1 June
6338:
6274:
6167:28 May
6102:
6092:
6084:
5973:
5920:
5912:
5856:
5371:French
5168:, and
5162:Indian
5118:, the
5114:, the
5110:, the
5077:Soccer
4992:aloalo
4987:raffia
4972:salegy
4954:Ibonia
4945:kabary
4857:bamboo
4852:valiha
4838:(from
4819:hasina
4715:famine
4672:, and
4650:Health
4587:Somali
4536:, and
4506:Muslim
4408:French
4379:is of
4161:Region
4112:
4092:French
4084:Indian
4035:Tanala
4001:Merina
3905:Merina
3901:Borneo
3894:Indian
3808:Jirama
3726:, and
3617:raffia
3609:raffia
3589:mining
3587:, and
3491:Totals
3481:29,505
3463:18,949
3454:Androy
3445:66,627
3427:48,814
3418:Menabe
3409:26,046
3391:16,632
3373:20,740
3351:20,820
3333:16,480
3315:21,666
3297:22,031
3279:27,846
3261:40,863
3252:Melaky
3243:28,964
3225:31,250
3207:50,973
3188:18,096
3170:17,884
3152:17,346
3116:23,794
3098:19,993
3071:Former
2917:, and
2863:Senate
2688:Tavy (
2604:logo.
2592:. The
2559:baobab
2555:orchid
2526:, and
2462:, and
2351:, and
2174:famine
2014:, and
1971:Allied
1745:Merina
1592:Menabe
1499:sorabe
1492:, the
1449:, and
1371:Malays
1196:Greeks
1188:Arabic
1087:French
1044:nobles
1040:series
1028:Merina
967:, the
961:Africa
836:Ariary
807:(2022)
805:
782:(2012)
780:
728:
672:
503:Senate
412:others
375:38.1%
369:45.8%
363:84.7%
353:(2020)
342:others
300:Merina
291:(2017)
281:French
191:
181:
173:
156:
144:
86:French
82:
67:
16976:Timor
16803:Luzon
16643:Other
16634:Yemen
16599:Qatar
16539:India
16469:Sudan
16427:Kenya
16396:Egypt
16246:Kenya
16134:Yemen
16115:Ceuta
16103:Spain
16061:Italy
15904:Sudan
15854:Niger
15809:Libya
15794:Kenya
15774:Ghana
15764:Gabon
15738:Egypt
15678:Benin
15579:Index
15533:Music
15521:Media
15003:from
14977:from
14945:from
13251:(PDF)
13244:(PDF)
12876:JSTOR
12683:JSTOR
12644:(PDF)
12633:(PDF)
12455:(PDF)
12438:(PDF)
12332:(PDF)
12325:(PDF)
12098:(PDF)
11825:(PDF)
11818:(PDF)
11767:(PDF)
11760:(PDF)
11576:(PDF)
11569:(PDF)
11165:(PDF)
11154:(PDF)
11102:(PDF)
11095:(PDF)
11034:(PDF)
11027:(PDF)
10887:(PDF)
10876:(PDF)
10811:(PDF)
10804:(PDF)
10776:(PDF)
10769:(PDF)
10715:(PDF)
10704:(PDF)
10658:2 May
10628:2 May
10592:(PDF)
10585:(PDF)
10112:(PDF)
10105:(PDF)
10056:S2CID
9945:JSTOR
9736:23681
9678:(PDF)
9667:S2CID
9578:(PDF)
9559:(PDF)
9083:Vinca
8773:(PDF)
8750:(PDF)
8372:(PDF)
8333:(PDF)
8306:S2CID
8250:S2CID
7652:JSTOR
7111:JSTOR
7051:(4).
6945:JSTOR
6905:S2CID
6722:S2CID
6590:(PDF)
6579:(PDF)
6272:S2CID
6161:(PDF)
6150:(PDF)
5918:S2CID
5760:(PDF)
5749:(PDF)
5424:(PDF)
5417:(PDF)
5252:Notes
5196:curds
5194:, or
5183:laoka
5179:laoka
5019:Sport
4900:Media
4882:lamba
4640:Torah
4626:Hindi
4618:India
4478:Islam
4398:Malay
4341:Anosy
4305:Diana
4287:Diana
4233:Boeny
4165:Pop.
4152:Rank
3708:China
3703:USAID
3669:near
3472:Anosy
3216:Boeny
3197:Sofia
3134:6,579
3125:Itasy
3089:Diana
3083:2018
2633:fossa
2576:vinca
1657:King
1596:Boina
1490:Islam
1423:sanga
1417:from
1411:Bantu
1363:Javan
1345:from
1285:Malay
1269:, or
1260:Dutch
1163:Malay
1038:by a
1019:Bantu
902:right
825:177th
770:188th
751:139th
718:182nd
699:117th
598:Area
410:0.3%
406:Islam
404:3.1%
398:4.7%
392:7.3%
17027:47°E
17024:20°S
16813:Cuba
16793:Java
16589:Oman
16554:Iraq
16549:Iran
16492:Asia
15914:Togo
15824:Mali
15713:Chad
15506:Flag
15471:Seal
14921:2015
14903:ISBN
14888:2020
14870:ISBN
14849:ISBN
14830:ISBN
14813:2015
14795:ISBN
14774:ISBN
14761:2015
14743:ISBN
14728:2015
14710:ISBN
14695:2020
14677:ISBN
14651:2018
14614:2015
14596:ISBN
14575:ISBN
14556:ISBN
14537:ISBN
14524:2015
14506:ISBN
14485:ISBN
14472:2015
14454:ISBN
14439:2015
14421:ISBN
14400:ISBN
14387:2015
14361:help
14335:ISBN
14304:2015
14286:ISBN
14265:ISBN
14252:2015
14223:ISBN
14202:ISBN
14181:ISBN
14162:ISBN
14134:ISBN
14111:ISBN
14094:2015
14076:ISBN
14061:2015
14043:ISBN
14028:2015
14010:ISBN
13995:2015
13977:ISBN
13945:ISBN
13911:ISBN
13898:2015
13880:ISBN
13865:2015
13847:ISBN
13832:2020
13814:ISBN
13791:ISBN
13770:ISBN
13729:ISBN
13710:ISBN
13677:2015
13659:ISBN
13644:2015
13626:ISBN
13611:2015
13593:ISBN
13578:2015
13560:ISBN
13539:ISBN
13520:ISBN
13507:2015
13489:ISBN
13474:2015
13456:ISBN
13435:ISBN
13411:2015
13384:2015
13259:2011
13227:2011
13200:2012
13174:2010
13129:2012
13099:2023
13069:2012
13004:2010
12977:2010
12827:help
12807:2023
12789:ISBN
12745:2012
12652:2011
12606:2022
12576:2022
12546:2021
12520:2017
12489:2012
12463:2012
12442:ISBN
12412:2016
12368:2024
12340:2012
12296:2012
12269:2022
12239:2012
12205:2022
12176:2017
12150:2012
12124:2010
12017:PMID
11980:2011
11964:PMID
11919:2024
11889:2024
11863:2023
11833:2023
11801:2013
11775:2023
11743:2023
11713:2023
11683:2023
11646:2023
11614:2019
11584:2011
11546:2012
11520:2012
11494:2012
11456:2018
11425:2013
11398:2020
11367:2021
11341:2018
11311:2018
11281:2018
11255:2018
11225:2018
11173:2012
11136:2024
11110:2012
11072:2017
11042:2012
11010:2017
10980:2017
10954:2019
10928:2017
10895:2017
10858:2017
10819:2012
10784:2012
10723:2011
10660:2020
10630:2020
10600:2011
10562:2012
10536:2009
10506:2012
10472:2010
10446:2010
10420:2017
10390:2012
10339:2021
10309:2011
10278:2011
10248:2011
10221:2023
10190:2011
10154:2014
10120:2012
10074:link
10021:PMID
10003:ISSN
9905:2006
9874:2011
9840:PMID
9781:PMID
9764:Gene
9741:PMID
9686:2019
9617:2012
9586:2012
9540:2011
9513:2009
9477:2017
9459:ISBN
9428:PMID
9397:2017
9368:2017
9339:2017
9310:2017
9274:2017
9245:2017
9216:2017
9180:2017
9151:2017
9115:2017
9097:ISBN
9062:PMID
9021:PMID
8960:PMID
8905:PMID
8849:PMID
8781:2012
8725:PMID
8707:ISSN
8652:2015
8634:ISBN
8613:2011
8571:2022
8540:2022
8509:2022
8479:2012
8452:2011
8422:2011
8380:2012
8361:PMID
8266:2021
8242:ISSN
8190:2011
8153:2023
8123:2022
8092:2021
8066:2021
8040:2021
8014:2021
7988:2017
7956:ISBN
7937:2010
7904:2012
7868:2023
7770:2021
7752:ISBN
7668:2024
7644:ISSN
7457:2011
7406:2010
7380:2024
7362:ISBN
7313:2020
7286:2020
7251:2011
7180:2010
7149:2010
7071:PMID
7022:PMID
7004:ISSN
6866:2022
6832:PMID
6765:PMID
6629:2023
6598:2023
6534:2023
6505:2024
6476:2023
6447:2023
6414:2023
6381:2023
6352:2023
6336:ISSN
6227:2020
6196:2012
6169:2024
6130:2017
6100:PMID
6082:ISSN
6036:2023
6024:TIME
6006:2023
5971:PMID
5934:2021
5910:ISSN
5870:2022
5854:ISSN
5811:2019
5768:2022
5732:2021
5706:2023
5658:2011
5600:2021
5570:2021
5540:2017
5514:2013
5488:2021
5458:2013
5432:2011
5200:zebu
5175:vary
5044:zebu
4911:Arts
4814:tody
4701:and
4687:AIDS
4598:and
4585:and
4583:Arab
4572:zebu
4567:fady
4543:The
4400:and
4375:The
4369:and
4323:Sava
4156:Name
4086:and
4065:Vezo
4061:Bara
3965:Vezo
3920:and
3879:The
3841:and
3769:US$
3685:and
3653:and
3533:and
3107:Sava
3032:and
3018:dina
2998:and
2826:and
2805:and
2701:tavy
2611:The
2573:are
2569:and
2563:palm
2303:and
2236:51°E
2234:and
2232:43°E
2228:26°S
2226:and
2224:12°S
2196:and
1951:Nazi
1890:and
1836:and
1791:Hova
1702:and
1594:and
1484:The
1415:zebu
1365:and
1353:and
1258:, a
1251:Adal
1249:and
1085:and
913:+261
778:Gini
652:49th
633:0.9%
611:46th
340:24%
310:12%
304:15%
298:26%
123:Seal
109:Flag
15650:of
15018:at
14635:doi
14327:doi
12903:doi
12868:doi
12781:doi
12727:hdl
12719:doi
12675:doi
12394:doi
12007:doi
11954:PMC
11946:doi
10048:doi
10011:PMC
9993:doi
9937:doi
9830:PMC
9820:doi
9773:doi
9769:441
9731:PMC
9721:doi
9659:hdl
9651:doi
9420:doi
9054:doi
9011:PMC
9001:doi
8989:101
8950:PMC
8942:doi
8895:PMC
8885:doi
8839:doi
8762:doi
8758:144
8715:PMC
8697:doi
8353:doi
8298:doi
8234:doi
7636:doi
7516:doi
7489:doi
7354:doi
7103:doi
7061:PMC
7053:doi
7012:PMC
6994:doi
6982:114
6937:doi
6897:doi
6822:PMC
6812:doi
6808:279
6757:doi
6712:hdl
6704:doi
6677:doi
6326:doi
6262:doi
6090:PMC
6072:doi
6060:111
5961:doi
5902:doi
5846:doi
5326:GAS
5324:-ə-
5322:MAD
5312:ɑːr
5209:rum
4624:or
4450:in
3689:by
3655:gas
3651:oil
3199:(7)
1631:.
937:.mg
876:UTC
868:DST
858:EAT
852:UTC
840:MGA
820:low
803:HDI
726:GDP
676:PPP
670:GDP
334:5%
328:5%
322:6%
316:7%
17056::
14967:.
14961:.
14911:.
14878:.
14803:.
14751:.
14718:.
14685:.
14641:.
14631:23
14629:.
14625:.
14604:.
14514:.
14462:.
14429:.
14353::
14351:}}
14347:{{
14333:.
14325:.
14294:.
14084:.
14051:.
14018:.
13985:.
13888:.
13855:.
13822:.
13667:.
13634:.
13601:.
13568:.
13497:.
13464:.
13370:.
13115:.
13085:.
13039:^
12963:.
12933:^
12874:.
12862:.
12819::
12817:}}
12813:{{
12797:.
12787:.
12725:.
12715:24
12713:.
12709:.
12695:^
12681:.
12671:24
12669:.
12635:.
12592:.
12562:.
12510:.
12506:.
12450:.
12420:^
12402:.
12388:.
12384:.
12304:^
12259:.
12255:.
12225:.
12213:^
12195:.
12184:^
12015:.
12003:26
12001:.
11997:.
11970:.
11962:.
11952:.
11942:76
11940:.
11936:.
11910:.
11896:^
11879:,
11853:.
11849:.
11820:.
11762:.
11733:.
11729:.
11703:.
11699:.
11673:.
11669:.
11654:^
11630:.
11604:.
11600:.
11554:^
11473:^
11446:.
11442:.
11357:.
11331:.
11327:.
11301:.
11297:.
11271:.
11245:.
11241:.
11215:.
11211:.
11156:.
11080:^
11062:.
11058:.
11000:.
10996:.
10970:.
10918:.
10914:.
10903:^
10882:.
10878:.
10848:.
10844:.
10749:^
10706:.
10646:.
10620:.
10570:^
10522:.
10496:.
10492:.
10480:^
10410:.
10406:.
10376:.
10361:^
10347:^
10329:.
10325:.
10299:.
10295:.
10268:.
10264:.
10211:.
10207:.
10144:.
10140:.
10082:^
10070:}}
10066:{{
10044:34
10042:.
10019:.
10009:.
10001:.
9991:.
9981:11
9979:.
9975:.
9943:.
9933:26
9931:.
9891:.
9860:.
9838:.
9828:.
9818:.
9806:.
9802:.
9779:.
9767:.
9753:^
9739:.
9729:.
9719:.
9709:94
9707:.
9703:.
9665:.
9657:.
9647:29
9645:.
9641:.
9607:.
9603:.
9565:,
9467:.
9453:.
9449:.
9426:.
9416:16
9414:.
9383:.
9377:.
9354:.
9348:.
9325:.
9319:.
9296:.
9290:.
9260:.
9254:.
9231:.
9225:.
9202:.
9196:.
9166:.
9160:.
9137:.
9131:.
9105:.
9091:.
9087:.
9060:.
9050:11
9048:.
9019:.
9009:.
8999:.
8987:.
8981:.
8958:.
8948:.
8938:48
8936:.
8930:.
8903:.
8893:.
8881:17
8879:.
8873:.
8861:^
8847:.
8835:47
8833:.
8829:.
8808:^
8800:76
8798:.
8768:.
8756:.
8752:.
8737:^
8723:.
8713:.
8705:.
8693:67
8691:.
8687:.
8642:.
8599:.
8579:^
8561:.
8557:.
8530:.
8526:.
8495:.
8430:^
8408:.
8388:^
8367:.
8359:.
8351:.
8341:24
8339:.
8335:.
8318:^
8304:.
8296:.
8286:12
8284:.
8256:.
8248:.
8240:.
8232:.
8222:24
8220:.
8216:.
8180:.
8176:.
8161:^
8139:.
8113:.
8109:.
8030:.
8004:.
7923:.
7912:^
7890:.
7876:^
7852:.
7823:^
7760:.
7658:.
7650:.
7642:.
7632:24
7630:.
7626:.
7558:^
7546:^
7512:23
7510:.
7485:23
7483:.
7447:.
7443:.
7414:^
7370:.
7360:.
7352:.
7348:.
7303:.
7274:16
7272:.
7268:.
7188:^
7166:.
7135:.
7123:^
7109:.
7099:16
7097:.
7083:^
7069:.
7059:.
7049:12
7047:.
7043:.
7020:.
7010:.
7002:.
6992:.
6980:.
6976:.
6943:.
6933:26
6931:.
6917:^
6903:.
6895:.
6885:37
6883:.
6852:.
6830:.
6820:.
6806:.
6802:.
6790:^
6763:.
6755:.
6745:47
6743:.
6720:.
6710:.
6698:.
6675:.
6665:29
6663:.
6615:.
6581:.
6422:^
6389:^
6342:.
6334:.
6320:.
6308:^
6296:^
6284:^
6270:.
6260:.
6248:.
6244:.
6217:.
6213:.
6152:.
6138:^
6098:.
6088:.
6080:.
6070:.
6058:.
6054:.
6022:.
5996:.
5992:.
5969:.
5957:30
5955:.
5951:.
5924:.
5916:.
5908:.
5898:15
5896:.
5892:.
5878:^
5860:.
5852:.
5844:.
5832:.
5828:.
5790:^
5776:^
5751:.
5692:.
5677:^
5608:^
5590:.
5586:.
5556:.
5474:.
5400:^
5373::
5336::
5306:,-
5303:ər
5164:,
5160:,
5156:,
5152:,
5134:.
5126:.
5095:.
4925:A
4681:,
4668:,
4532:,
4332:10
4082:,
4063:,
4059:,
4055:,
4051:,
4033:,
4029:,
4025:,
4021:,
4017:,
3985:,
3981:,
3963:,
3945:,
3941:,
3888:,
3722:,
3693:.
3591:.
3583:,
3579:,
3521:.
3078:km
3046:.
2986:.
2967:.
2913:,
2801:,
2797:,
2793:,
2789:,
2656:,
2648:.
2584:,
2530:.
2522:,
2518:,
2514:,
2510:,
2506:,
2458:,
2454:,
2450:,
2446:,
2442:,
2438:,
2367:A
2347:,
2314::
2176:.
2161:.
2010:,
1698:,
1579:.
1539:.
1535:,
1521:.
1445:,
1311:.
1114:.
1081:.
975:.
925:MG
878:+3
854:+3
544:c.
16708:e
16701:t
16694:v
16363:e
16356:t
16349:v
16211:e
16204:t
16197:v
15971:)
15967:(
15640:e
15633:t
15626:v
15064:e
15057:t
15050:v
14971:.
14923:.
14890:.
14857:.
14838:.
14815:.
14782:.
14763:.
14730:.
14697:.
14653:.
14637::
14616:.
14583:.
14564:.
14545:.
14526:.
14493:.
14474:.
14441:.
14408:.
14389:.
14363:)
14343:.
14329::
14321::
14306:.
14273:.
14254:.
14231:.
14210:.
14189:.
14170:.
14142:.
14119:.
14096:.
14063:.
14030:.
13997:.
13953:.
13919:.
13900:.
13867:.
13834:.
13799:.
13778:.
13737:.
13718:.
13679:.
13646:.
13613:.
13580:.
13547:.
13528:.
13509:.
13476:.
13443:.
13413:.
13386:.
13261:.
13229:.
13202:.
13176:.
13131:.
13101:.
13071:.
13006:.
12979:.
12909:.
12905::
12899:1
12882:.
12870::
12864:6
12829:)
12809:.
12783::
12747:.
12729::
12721::
12689:.
12677::
12654:.
12608:.
12578:.
12548:.
12522:.
12491:.
12465:.
12414:.
12396::
12390:7
12342:.
12298:.
12271:.
12241:.
12207:.
12178:.
12152:.
12126:.
12100:.
12023:.
12009::
11982:.
11948::
11921:.
11865:.
11835:.
11803:.
11777:.
11745:.
11715:.
11685:.
11648:.
11616:.
11586:.
11548:.
11522:.
11496:.
11458:.
11427:.
11400:.
11369:.
11343:.
11313:.
11283:.
11257:.
11227:.
11175:.
11138:.
11112:.
11074:.
11044:.
11012:.
10982:.
10956:.
10930:.
10897:.
10860:.
10821:.
10786:.
10725:.
10662:.
10632:.
10614:"
10602:.
10564:.
10538:.
10508:.
10474:.
10448:.
10422:.
10392:.
10341:.
10311:.
10280:.
10250:.
10223:.
10192:.
10156:.
10122:.
10076:)
10062:.
10050::
10027:.
9995::
9987::
9951:.
9939::
9907:.
9876:.
9846:.
9822::
9814::
9808:7
9787:.
9775::
9747:.
9723::
9715::
9688:.
9661::
9653::
9619:.
9588:.
9542:.
9515:.
9479:.
9434:.
9422::
9399:.
9370:.
9341:.
9312:.
9276:.
9247:.
9218:.
9182:.
9153:.
9117:.
9081:"
9068:.
9056::
9027:.
9003::
8995::
8966:.
8944::
8911:.
8887::
8855:.
8841::
8783:.
8764::
8731:.
8699::
8654:.
8615:.
8573:.
8542:.
8511:.
8481:.
8454:.
8424:.
8382:.
8355::
8347::
8312:.
8300::
8292::
8268:.
8236::
8228::
8192:.
8155:.
8125:.
8094:.
8068:.
8042:.
8016:.
7990:.
7964:.
7939:.
7906:.
7870:.
7772:.
7670:.
7638::
7522:.
7518::
7495:.
7491::
7459:.
7408:.
7382:.
7356::
7315:.
7288:.
7253:.
7182:.
7151:.
7117:.
7105::
7077:.
7055::
7028:.
6996::
6988::
6951:.
6939::
6911:.
6899::
6891::
6868:.
6838:.
6814::
6771:.
6759::
6751::
6728:.
6714::
6706::
6700:7
6683:.
6679::
6671::
6631:.
6600:.
6564:.
6536:.
6507:.
6478:.
6449:.
6416:.
6383:.
6354:.
6328::
6278:.
6264::
6256::
6250:4
6229:.
6198:.
6171:.
6132:.
6106:.
6074::
6066::
6038:.
6008:.
5977:.
5963::
5936:.
5904::
5872:.
5848::
5840::
5834:6
5813:.
5770:.
5734:.
5708:.
5660:.
5602:.
5572:.
5542:.
5516:.
5490:.
5460:.
5434:.
5414:"
5410:"
5315:/
5309:k
5300:k
5297:s
5294:æ
5291:ɡ
5288:ˈ
5285:ə
5282:d
5279:æ
5276:m
5273:ˌ
5270:/
4742:.
4314:9
4296:8
4278:7
4260:6
4242:5
4224:4
4206:3
4188:2
4170:1
4133:e
4126:t
4119:v
3362:-
2708:(
1638:)
1634:(
1480:.
1369:-
1130:(
884:)
880:(
870:)
860:)
856:(
842:)
838:(
827:)
772:)
753:)
720:)
701:)
678:)
674:(
654:)
613:)
88:)
84:(
73:)
69:(
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.