634:
342:
351:
41:
248:
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32:
461:, also called as Hova or Malagasy Plateau or just Malagasy, is spoken natively by about a quarter of the population of Madagascar; it is classified as Plateau Malagasy alongside the Betsileo, Bezanozano, Sihanaka, Tanala, Vakinankaritra dialects. The Hova is one of two official languages alongside French in the 2010 constitution putting in place the Fourth Republic. Previously, under the 2007 constitution, Malagasy was one of three official languages alongside French and English.
488:. The early spread of Protestantism among the Merina elite resulted in a degree of class and ethnic differentiation among practitioners of Christianity. The French preferred Catholic interpreters and the former slaves of the Merina people converted to Catholicism. The ruling and noble class, however was Protestant. The nobility attempted to intervene, by expelling certain Christian missions. This dynamic ultimately created religious sect divisions in
652:, or holy, and a common Merina belief holds that the eating of rice is the key to moral behaviour, and the French who occupied Merina lands were often looked down upon for eating bread over rice. Beef also plays a large part in the Merina diet, and according to Merina oral history, it was a servant of King
572:
or slaves were imported blacks, and they constituted about a third of the Merina society. The Merina society sold highland slaves to both Muslim and
European slave traders on Madagascar coast, as well as bought East African and southeast African slaves from them for their own plantations between 1795
276:
These early Merina settlers through their industriousness and innovative abilities built vast irrigation projects that helped drain the plateau marshes, irrigate arable lands, and grow rice two times every year. They emerged as the politically dominant group and a wealthy kingdom towards the close of
264:
about whom little is known. According to the island's oral traditions, the "most
Austronesian looking" Merina people reached the interior of the island in the 15th century and established their society there because of wars and migrant pressure at the coast. Merina people were settled in the central
464:
Merina is the national language of
Madagascar. An estimated 7.5 million people were fluent in this language in 2011, according to Ethnologue. It is written in Latin script, introduced by the Christian missionaries. Merina is the language of instruction in all public schools through grade five
412:
In early 20th century, the Merina people led an anti-French nationalist movement. The group, based in
Antananarivo, was led by a Malagasy Protestant clergyman, Pastor Ravelojoana. A secret society dedicated to affirming Malagasy cultural identity was formed in 1913, calling itself Iron and Stone
292:(1792–1828). The colonial British empire recognized the sovereignty of the Merina kingdom and its control of the Madagascar island in 1817. Radama I welcomed European traders and allowed Christian missionaries to establish missions on Madagascar. After him, the Merina people were ruled by Queen
259:
sub-ethnicities in the mid-2nd millennium. The Merina were probably the early arrivals, though this is uncertain and other ethnic groups on
Madagascar consider them relative newcomers to the island. The Merina people's culture likely mixed and merged with the Madagascar natives named
581:
were a taboo. According to a 2012 report by
Gulnara Shahinian, the United Nation's Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, the descendants of former slave castes continue to suffer in contemporary Madagascar Merina society, and inter-caste marriages socially ostracized.
664:
Rice, cassava and potatoes are staple crops of the Merina people. They also grow onions and other supplements, while cattle, pigs and animal husbandry is also a significant occupation. Many Merina people have moved into urban areas, where they operate factories and run businesses.
332:
were one of the major victims of this demand, slave capture and export that attempted to satisfy this demand. The slavery was abolished by the French administration in 1896, which adversely impacted the fortunes of Merina and non-Merina operated slave-run plantations.
243:
traders came to the island's northern regions. African slaves were brought to the island's coasts between the 13th and the 18th centuries. The
Portuguese traders were the first Europeans to arrive in the 15th century, followed by other European powers.
440:
was weakened by rifts between leftist and ultranationalist factions. The Merina form much of the elite and educated middle-class of
Madagascar. They are influential in the economy, universities and government organizations of Madagascar.
531:
who had ancestors with
African physiognomy mostly captured in other parts of Madagascar. However, the fotsy-mainty dichotomy among Merina is not based on physiognomy, states Karen Middleton, but whether they have a family tomb:
612:
in a ritual wherein relatives request the blessings and protection of the ancestors. The Merina people also ritually kill their cattle with unusual violence, cook and consume beef prepared thereafter ceremoniously.
596:
feature prominently in Merina oral history and popular imagination. It has been speculated that the
Vazimba were the original population of Madagascar, descended from Southeast Asian seafarers who may have had
311:
signed a disputed lease with King Radama II for plantation lands for sugarcane cultivation and industries along the Madagascar coastal plains. The Merina people called the Malagasy living along the coasts as
163:
arriving before the 5th century AD, then many centuries later with mostly Bantu Africans, but also some other ethnic groups. They speak the Merina dialect of the official Malagasy language of Madagascar.
624:
typically located in the ancestral village of origin. Many believe that ancestors can intervene in events on Earth, for good or for ill, and this belief shapes the actions and thoughts of many Malagasy.
417:– VVS). Repressed at first with numerous arrests over 1915 and 1916, the movement re-emerged in the 1920s through communists who gained concessions by partnering with the French Left in France.
484:
Due to the influence of British missionaries, the Merina upper classes converted to Protestantism entirely in the mid-19th century, following the example of their queen,
190:
They built innovative and elaborate irrigation infrastructure and highly productive rice farms in high plateaus of Madagascar by the 18th century. The Merina people were
648:
is so heavily dominated by rice that the term for eating a meal is simply "to eat rice". This staple of the diet is so central to the Merina that it is considered to be
284:. By 1824, a succession of Merina kings had conquered nearly all of Madagascar, particularly through the military strategy, ambitious treaties and political policies of
601:
physical characteristics. Among some Malagasy, the Vazimba are not believed to be human at all, but rather a form of supernatural creature possessing magical powers (
481:
established numerous missions along the coast of Madagascar in the 1820s. Those who converted were offered scholarships in London and apprenticeship in Manchester.
1606:
477:
welcomed Christian missionaries to establish missions on Madagascar in the 1810s. The Merina nobles were among the first to convert to Christianity. The
280:
Oral history traces the emergence of a united kingdom in the central highlands of Madagascar – a region called Imerina – back to early 16th-century king
437:
316:. These operations and plantations were worked by the forced labor of imported slaves. The largest influx of slaves was brought in by the 'Umani
385:
that had later been revoked. The French declared Madagascar as a protectorate in 1894, which the then Merina Queen refused to sign to. The
1599:
1777:
1492:
1362:
420:
A famine in 1943–44 led to an open rebellion in Madagascar. The 1946 constitution of the French Fourth Republic made Madagascar a
465:
for all subjects, and remains the language of instruction through high school for the subjects of history and Malagasy language.
1542:
1495:, Gulnara Shahinian (December 2012), A/HRC/24/43/Add.2, United Nations General Assembly, Twenty-fourth session, pages 3-4, 16
1477:
1449:
1386:
1334:
1307:
1280:
1226:
1199:
1156:
1129:
1098:
1071:
1044:
1017:
990:
963:
932:
902:
872:
804:
737:
710:
656:
who discovered that cows were edible and shared this knowledge with the king, who in turn informed the rest of his kingdom.
1815:
1592:
1532:
523:
system. The overall society, like many ethnic groups in Africa, had two categories of people, the free locally called the
621:
540:
are those without one or those who have established a recent tomb. The Merine people were divided into three strata: the
436:
ethnicity, and he was able to consolidate his power with a winner-takes-all system, while the Merina nationalists of the
175:
expanded the political region under their control from their interior capital outwards into the island, with their king
1365:, Gulnara Shahinian (December 2012), A/HRC/24/43/Add.2, United Nations General Assembly, Twenty-fourth session, page 4
307:
The Swahili Arab traders expanded their opportunities to trade and European colonial powers such as the French trader
1563:
1416:
1579:
1615:
381:
to the heirs of Joseph-François Lambert, a Frenchman who had been promised lucrative trade privileges under King
1117:
Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century
1171:
Gwyn Campbell, 'Unfree labour, slavery and protest in imperial Madagascar' in Alpers, Campbell, Salman (eds.),
1121:
227:
people started settling in Madagascar between 200 and 500 BC. They arrived by boats and were from various
633:
1767:
386:
265:
Madagascar, formed one of the three major kingdoms on the island by the 18th century – the other two being
1772:
373:
of 1883 to 1885, triggered by the disputed lease signed by Radama II. At the war's end, Madagascar ceded
370:
156:
1493:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences
1363:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences
955:
489:
308:
1349:
Fenella Cannell, "How Does Ritual Matter?" in: Rita Astuti, Jonathan Parry, Charles Stafford (eds.),
478:
428:. The Merina people faced competition from other ethnic groups. The first president of the Republic,
341:
796:
424:(overseas territory) within the French Union. Madagascar gained full independence in 1958 as the
251:
Traditional region of the Merina people (purple center), relative to other Malagasy ethnic groups
228:
1810:
321:
277:
the 18th century. The capital of their kingdom remains the capital of contemporary Madagascar.
180:
1376:
1297:
1270:
1189:
1146:
1088:
1061:
1034:
949:
892:
862:
1762:
1467:
1439:
1324:
1216:
1007:
922:
727:
700:
645:
402:
219:
215:
191:
172:
168:
1090:
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire
951:
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire
894:
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire
771:
1681:
1148:
Northern Mozambique in the Nineteenth Century: The Travels and Explorations of H.E. O'Neill
285:
270:
224:
160:
119:
202:, and one or two of the major and long serving monarchs of the Merina people were queens.
8:
519:
Among all the Malagasy ethnicities, the Merina historically have had a highly stratified
429:
363:, the Merina king who unified Madagascar, then welcomed European traders and missionaries
1441:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
565:
are divided into six sub-strata, each had an inherited occupation, and were endogamous.
350:
1559:
1538:
1473:
1445:
1412:
1382:
1330:
1303:
1276:
1222:
1195:
1152:
1125:
1094:
1067:
1040:
1013:
986:
959:
928:
898:
868:
800:
733:
706:
620:(the land of the ancestors) and show reverence to their ancestors by burying them in
548:
510:
458:
425:
406:
184:
78:
1456:, Quote: "Historically, Merina had the most stratified caste system in Africa (...)"
1731:
1641:
1623:
1435:
1353:, Volume 76 of London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology, 2007 .
1241:
433:
414:
369:
The dominance of the Merina kingdom over all of Madagascar came to an end with the
40:
247:
147:; "those from the country where one can see far") are the largest ethnic group in
1716:
1676:
1661:
1636:
1553:
1406:
1115:
980:
790:
674:
394:
266:
256:
152:
115:
82:
679:
211:
1584:
1804:
1256:
485:
301:
236:
123:
1537:(9th ed.). Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press Inc. pp. 113–115.
449:
31:
1711:
1646:
638:
398:
325:
293:
281:
94:
767:
1736:
1666:
1656:
374:
1741:
1686:
609:
401:, taking the city's defenders by surprise. In 1896, the French annexed
378:
329:
297:
148:
98:
66:
405:, and in 1897 the Merina people became the residents of the colony of
1651:
1631:
1322:
390:
382:
167:
The Merina people are most found in the center of the island (former
155:
ethnic group of the African island and one of the country's eighteen
637:
A Merina woman selling Kakapizon (left, a fried snack) and chips in
527:
who had ancestors with Asian Malagasy physiognomy, and the serfs or
1746:
1721:
1701:
1691:
542:
506:
474:
360:
289:
199:
176:
111:
1295:
1791:
1144:
653:
592:
232:
183:
fought two wars with the Merina people in 1883–1885 and in 1895,
377:(Diégo Suarez) on the northern coast to France and paid 560,000
1726:
1469:
Abolition and Its Aftermath in the Indian Ocean Africa and Asia
788:
554:
514:
1244:. Flags of the World (20 May 2015). Retrieved 17 October 2017.
1191:
Africa A to Z: Continental and Country Profiles: Third Edition
1696:
1671:
598:
520:
240:
195:
1378:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
864:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
608:
In the first seven years of their lives, boys are typically
698:
317:
982:
David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
179:
ultimately helping unite the island under their rule. The
561:
Each strata had been then hierarchically subdivided. The
573:
and 1895. Marriage and any sexual relations between the
1151:. BRILL Academic. pp. 5–6, 61–66, 72–75, 123–124.
1093:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–8, 40, 81–82.
1032:
813:
187:
in 1895–96 and abolished the Merina monarchy in 1897.
389:
followed in 1895, when the French military landed in
1400:
1398:
1302:. University of California Press. pp. 222–223.
1289:
1555:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
1187:
1053:
886:
884:
732:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 20, 28–29.
1395:
1326:Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power
1194:. Africa Institute of South Africa. p. 247.
1183:
1181:
1173:Resisting Bondage in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia
1059:
438:Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar
1802:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1323:A. Hamish Ion; Elizabeth Jane Errington (1993).
1113:
1005:
920:
897:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–124.
725:
1614:
1513:Bloch, M. (1985). Almost Eating the Ancestors.
1404:
1268:
1214:
1026:
881:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
825:
1329:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 98–99.
1252:
1250:
1208:
1178:
1012:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 16–18.
159:. Their origins are mixed, predominantly with
1600:
1465:
1425:
1374:
1296:William A. Shack; Elliott P. Skinner (1979).
1107:
1086:
978:
947:
890:
860:
255:This influx of diverse people led to various
1145:Hilary C. Palmer; Malyn D.D. Newitt (2016).
1063:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
999:
837:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
1530:
1408:Ancestors, Power, and History in Madagascar
1247:
819:
1607:
1593:
927:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 20.
789:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
784:
782:
780:
39:
30:
916:
914:
746:
568:The nineteenth century records show that
1138:
632:
552:(freemen), and the lowest strata called
500:
448:
246:
777:
171:). Beginning in the late 18th century,
1803:
1531:Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (2007).
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
911:
699:Jay Heale; Zawiah Abdul Latif (2008).
692:
585:
495:
453:Flag of the Merina people (since 1997)
1588:
1551:
1175:, Taylor & Francis, 2007, 49–59.
985:. BRILL Academic. pp. 409–410.
831:
616:The Merina believe their land to be
393:(Majunga) and marched by way of the
61:Regions with significant populations
1498:
13:
1033:David Lea; Annamarie Rowe (2001).
705:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 64.
16:Largest ethnic group in Madagascar
14:
1827:
1573:
1218:The Wars of French Decolonization
1036:A Political Chronology of Africa
349:
340:
1524:
1486:
1459:
1368:
1356:
1343:
1316:
1275:. Routledge. pp. 641–642.
1262:
1235:
1165:
1080:
1066:. Routledge. pp. 872–874.
972:
941:
296:ruled from 1828 to 1861, Queen
1299:Strangers in African Societies
1242:Merina local flag (Madagascar)
1122:University of California Press
867:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 180–181.
719:
659:
288:(circa 1785–1810) and his son
1:
1472:. Routledge. pp. 69–71.
1221:. Routledge. pp. 81–82.
300:from 1863 to 1868, and Queen
1188:Esterhuysen, Pieter (2013).
432:, was a coastal Malagasy of
413:Network (in local language,
198:, inherited occupations and
151:. They are the "highlander"
7:
1816:Ethnic groups in Madagascar
1616:Ethnic groups of Madagascar
1272:Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1124:. pp. 94–97, 126–129.
772:Ethnic Groups of Madagascar
668:
468:
444:
10:
1832:
1552:Ogot, Bethwell A. (1992).
1060:Kevin Shillington (2013).
1039:. Routledge. p. 258.
956:Cambridge University Press
628:
504:
457:The Merina dialect of the
269:on the west-northwest and
209:
205:
1786:
1755:
1622:
1444:. Routledge. p. 61.
1381:. ABC-CLIO. p. 181.
1351:Questions of Anthropology
1114:Edward A. Alpers (1975).
1006:Rebecca L. Green (1997).
921:Rebecca L. Green (1997).
799:. pp. 104, 167–168.
774:, Encyclopædia Britannica
726:Rebecca L. Green (1997).
490:contemporary demographics
479:London Missionary Society
304:ruled from 1868 to 1885.
110:
105:
101:with Traditional Religion
93:
88:
77:
72:
65:
60:
55:
50:
38:
29:
1405:Karen Middleton (1999).
1269:Philipp Strazny (2013).
1215:Anthony Clayton (2014).
685:
820:Bradt & Austin 2007
797:Oxford University Press
309:Joseph-François Lambert
273:on the east-northeast.
97:(Protestant, Catholic)
1466:Gwyn Campbell (2013).
1411:. BRILL. p. 260.
1375:John A. Shoup (2011).
1087:Gwyn Campbell (2005).
979:Gwyn Campbell (2012).
948:Gwyn Campbell (2005).
891:Gwyn Campbell (2005).
861:John A. Shoup (2011).
792:Encyclopedia of Africa
641:
454:
422:territoire d'outre-mer
387:Second Franco-Hova War
252:
157:official ethnic groups
646:cuisine of the Merina
636:
505:Further information:
501:Social stratification
452:
371:first Franco-Hova War
271:Betsimisaraka kingdom
250:
220:History of Madagascar
216:Malagasy Protectorate
210:Further information:
169:Antananarivo Province
106:Related ethnic groups
286:Andrianampoinimerina
185:colonized Madagascar
120:Austronesian peoples
1009:Merina (Madagascar)
924:Merina (Madagascar)
729:Merina (Madagascar)
586:Ritual and folklore
496:Society and culture
430:Philibert Tsiranana
192:socially stratified
135:(also known as the
26:
958:. pp. 49–51.
642:
536:have family tomb,
486:Ranavalona II
455:
253:
194:with hierarchical
24:
1798:
1797:
1778:Vazaha (European)
1773:Vazaha (European)
1580:The Merina nation
1558:. Paris: UNESCO.
1544:978-1-84162-197-5
1479:978-1-135-77078-5
1451:978-1-317-46400-6
1388:978-1-59884-362-0
1336:978-0-275-93965-6
1309:978-0-520-03812-7
1282:978-1-135-45522-4
1257:Malagasy, Plateau
1228:978-1-317-89486-5
1201:978-0-7983-0344-6
1158:978-90-04-29368-7
1131:978-0-520-02689-6
1100:978-0-521-83935-8
1073:978-1-135-45670-2
1046:978-1-85743-116-2
1019:978-0-8239-1991-8
992:978-90-04-19518-9
965:978-0-521-83935-8
934:978-0-8239-1991-8
904:978-0-521-83935-8
874:978-1-59884-362-0
806:978-0-19-533770-9
739:978-0-8239-1991-8
712:978-0-7614-3036-0
511:Hova (Madagascar)
459:Malagasy language
426:Malagasy Republic
407:French Madagascar
359:Two portraits of
173:Merina sovereigns
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415:Vy Vato Sakelika
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267:Sakalava kingdom
51:Total population
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1763:Karana (Indian)
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766:
747:
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724:
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697:
693:
688:
675:Malagasy people
671:
662:
631:
588:
517:
503:
498:
471:
447:
395:Betsiboka River
367:
366:
365:
364:
356:
355:
354:
346:
345:
229:southeast Asian
222:
208:
46:
22:
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1805:Categories
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1624:Indigenous
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558:(slaves).
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67:Madagascar
1789:See also:
1756:Immigrant
1732:Tsimihety
1652:Antandroy
1642:Antaisaka
1632:Antaifasy
832:Ogot 1992
434:Tsimihety
391:Mahajanga
383:Radama II
99:syncretic
73:Languages
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118:groups;
116:Malagasy
114:; other
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89:Religion
79:Malagasy
1792:Vazimba
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181:French
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686:Notes
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318:Arabs
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