Madagascar - Knowledge

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colonial concessions) to the detriment of small individual farms. However, the colonial period was accompanied by movements fighting for independence: the Menalamba, the Vy Vato Sakelika, the Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renovation (MDRM). In 1927, major demonstrations were organized in Antananarivo, notably on the initiative of the communist activist François Vittori, who was imprisoned as a result. The 1930s saw the Malagasy anti-colonial movement gain further momentum. Malagasy trade unionism began to appear underground and the Communist Party of the Madagascar region was formed. But in 1939, all the organizations were dissolved by the administration of the colony, which opted for the Vichy regime. The MDRM was accused by the colonial regime of being at the origin of the 1947 insurrection and was pursued by violent repression.

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occasionally intervened to restore order during periods of political unrest. Under the socialist Second Republic, Admiral Didier Ratsiraka instated mandatory national armed or civil service for all young citizens regardless of sex, a policy that remained in effect from 1976 to 1991. The armed forces are under the direction of the Minister of Defense and have remained largely neutral during times of political crisis, as during the protracted standoff between incumbent Ratsiraka and challenger Marc Ravalomanana in the disputed 2001 presidential elections, when the military refused to intervene in favor of either candidate. This tradition was broken in 2009, when a segment of the army defected to the side of Andry Rajoelina, then-mayor of Antananarivo, in support of his attempt to force President Ravalomanana from power.

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addition to the high expense of medical care relative to the average Malagasy income, the prevalence of trained medical professionals remains extremely low. In 2010, Madagascar had an average of three hospital beds per 10,000 people and a total of 3,150 doctors, 5,661 nurses, 385 community health workers, 175 pharmacists, and 57 dentists for a population of 22 million. Fifteen percent of government spending in 2008 was directed toward the health sector. Approximately 70 percent of spending on health was contributed by the government, while 30 percent originated with international donors and other private sources. The government provides at least one basic health center per commune. Private health centers are concentrated within urban areas and particularly those of the central highlands.

3506:. Starting in 2015, under the direction of and with assistance from the UN, the World Food Programme started the Madagascar Country Programme with the two main goals of long-term development and reconstruction efforts, and addressing the food insecurity issues in the southern regions of Madagascar. These goals plan to be accomplished by providing meals for specific schools in rural and urban priority areas and by developing national school feeding policies to increase consistency of nourishment throughout the country. Small and local farmers have also been assisted in increasing both the quantity and quality of their production, as well as improving their crop yield in unfavorable weather conditions. In 2017, Madagascar signed the UN 2967:. Religious, ethnic and sexual minorities are protected under the law. Freedom of association and assembly are also guaranteed under the law, although in practice the denial of permits for public assembly has occasionally been used to impede political demonstrations. Torture by security forces is rare and state repression is low relative to other countries with comparably few legal safeguards, although arbitrary arrests and the corruption of military and police officers remain problems. Ravalomanana's 2004 creation of BIANCO, an anti-corruption bureau, resulted in reduced corruption among Antananarivo's lower-level bureaucrats in particular, although high-level officials have not been prosecuted by the bureau. Accusations of media 206: 1455: 3593: 3009:, are presided over by elders and other respected figures and remain a key means by which justice is served in rural areas where state presence is weak. Historically, security has been relatively high across the island. Violent crime rates are low, and criminal activities are predominantly crimes of opportunity such as pickpocketing and petty theft, although child prostitution, human trafficking and the production and sale of marijuana and other illegal drugs are increasing. Budget cuts since 2009 have severely impacted the national police force, producing a steep increase in criminal activity in recent years. 2994:

Madagascar had brought much of the island under their control by mobilizing an army of trained and armed soldiers numbering as high as 30,000. French attacks on coastal towns in the later part of the century prompted then-Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony to solicit British assistance to provide training to the Merina monarchy's army. Despite the training and leadership provided by British military advisers, the Malagasy army was unable to withstand French weaponry and was forced to surrender following an attack on the royal palace at Antananarivo. Madagascar was declared a colony of France in 1897.

3722: 3529: 15933: 3781:. Antananarivo is connected to Toamasina, Ambatondrazaka and Antsirabe by rail, and another rail line connects Fianarantsoa to Manakara. The most important seaport in Madagascar is located on the east coast at Toamasina. Ports at Mahajanga and Antsiranana are significantly less used because of their remoteness. Madagascar's government hopes to expand the ports of Antsiranana in the north and Taolagnaro in the south, connecting them to improved road networks, since many imports are every day necessities and Madagascar also relies on export money. 5013: 4347: 4755:, coincided with a severe economic downturn and a dramatic decline in the quality of education. Those schooled during this period generally failed to master the French language or many other subjects and struggled to find employment, forcing many to take low-paying jobs in the informal or black market that mired them in deepening poverty. Excepting the brief presidency of Albert Zafy, from 1992 to 1996, Ratsiraka remained in power from 1975 to 2001 and failed to achieve significant improvements in education throughout his tenure. 1320: 2353: 2458: 2913: 2878:. As Merina dominance expanded over neighboring Malagasy peoples in the early 19th century to establish the Kingdom of Madagascar, Antananarivo became the center of administration for virtually the entire island. In 1896 the French colonizers of Madagascar adopted the Merina capital as their center of colonial administration. The city remained the capital of Madagascar after regaining independence in 1960. In 2017, the capital's population was estimated at 1,391,433 inhabitants. The next largest cities are 4748:

post-colonial First Republic, a continued reliance on French nationals as teachers, and French as the language of instruction, displeased those desiring a complete separation from the former colonial power. Consequently, under the socialist Second Republic, French instructors and other nationals were expelled, Malagasy was declared the language of instruction, and a large cadre of young Malagasy were rapidly trained to teach at remote rural schools under the mandatory two-year national service policy.

4447: 4911: 2669: 2658: 2597: 2010: 92: 106: 4433: 3730: 1643: 3039: 1605: 777: 3556:. During 2011–15, the average growth rate was 2.6% but was expected to have reached 4.1% in 2016, due to public works programs and a growth of the service sector. The agriculture sector constituted 29 percent of Malagasy GDP in 2011, while manufacturing formed 15 percent of GDP. Madagascar's other sources of growth are tourism, agriculture and the extractive industries. The fishing sector represents 800 millions USD or 6% of GNP with 200 000 direct jobs. 4771:

education standards for the recruitment of primary teachers from a middle school leaving certificate (BEPC) to a high school leaving certificate (BAC), and a reformed teacher training program to support the transition from traditional didactic instruction to student-centered teaching methods to boost student learning and participation in the classroom. Public expenditure on education was 2.8 percent of GDP in 2014. The literacy rate is estimated at 64.7%.

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political policies, which encouraged investments in education and ecotourism, facilitated foreign direct investment, and cultivated trading partnerships both regionally and internationally. National GDP grew at an average rate of 7 percent per year under his administration. In the latter half of his second term, Ravalomanana was criticised by domestic and international observers who accused him of increasing authoritarianism and corruption.

2701:). As human population density rose on the island, deforestation accelerated beginning around 1,400 years ago. By the 16th century, the central highlands had been largely cleared of their original forests. More recent contributors to the loss of forest cover include the growth in cattle herd size since their introduction around 1,000 years ago, a continued reliance on charcoal as a fuel for cooking, and the increased prominence of coffee as a 3537: 16820: 16473: 4811:, a sacred life force that traditional communities believe imbues and thereby legitimates authority figures within the community or family. Other cultural elements commonly found throughout the island include the practice of male circumcision; strong kinship ties; a widespread belief in the power of magic, diviners, astrology and witch doctors; and a traditional division of social classes into nobles, commoners, and slaves. 2822: 14974: 3837: 754: 735: 702: 683: 802: 3814:

broadcasting. In addition to the state television channel, a variety of privately owned television stations broadcast local and international programming throughout Madagascar. Several media outlets are owned by political partisans or politicians themselves, including the media groups MBS (owned by Ravalomanana) and Viva (owned by Rajoelina), contributing to political polarization in reporting.

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detrimental effects on the local economy, international relations and Malagasy living standards. The eight-month standoff between incumbent Ratsiraka and challenger Marc Ravalomanana following the 2001 presidential elections cost Madagascar millions of dollars in lost tourism and trade revenue as well as damage to infrastructure, such as bombed bridges and buildings damaged by arson.

1532: 2344:. Due to their lower population densities, Madagascar's dry deciduous forests have been better preserved than the eastern rain forests or the original woodlands of the central plateau. The western coast features many protected harbors, but silting is a major problem caused by sediment from the high levels of inland erosion carried by rivers crossing the broad western plains. 10982: 4666:

African average, are a contributing factor to rapid population growth. In 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 440 per 100,000 births, compared to 373.1 in 2008 and 484.4 in 1990, indicating a decline in perinatal care following the 2009 coup. The infant mortality rate in 2011 was 41 per 1,000 births, with an under-five mortality rate at 61 per 1,000 births.

2032:, was characterized by a continuation of strong economic and political ties to France. Many high-level technical positions were filled by French expatriates, and French teachers, textbooks and curricula continued to be used in schools around the country. Popular resentment over Tsiranana's tolerance for this "neo-colonial" arrangement inspired a 1907:

constructed in the capital city of Antananarivo and the Rova palace compound was turned into a museum. Additional schools were built, particularly in rural and coastal areas where the schools of the Merina had not reached. Education became mandatory between the ages of 6 and 13 and focused primarily on the French language and practical skills.

10990: 3913:(6 percent each). Peoples along the east and southeastern coasts often have a roughly equal blend of Austronesian and Bantu ancestry; coastal peoples also usually show the largest genetic influence from the centuries of Arab, Somali, Gujarati, and Tamil traders and merchants of the area, compared to the inland highlander peoples. 3564:

exceeding 4% per year; almost all economic indicators are growing, the GDP per capita was around $ 1600 (PPP) for 2017, one of the lowest in the world, although growing since 2012; unemployment was also cut, which in 2016 was equal to 2.1% with a work force of 13.4 million as of 2017. The main economic resources of Madagascar are

4559:, taboos that are respected during and after the lifetime of the person who establishes them. It is widely believed that by showing respect for ancestors in these ways, they may intervene on behalf of the living. Conversely, misfortunes are often attributed to ancestors whose memory or wishes have been neglected. The sacrifice of 4885:, originally a rite of passage for young men in the plains areas of Madagascar where the largest herds of cattle are kept, has become a dangerous and sometimes deadly criminal enterprise as herdsmen in the southwest attempt to defend their cattle with traditional spears against increasingly armed professional rustlers. 2741:

that the exploitation of natural resources since 2009 has had dire consequences for the island's wildlife: 90 percent of lemur species were found to be threatened with extinction, the highest proportion of any mammalian group. Of these, 23 species were classified as critically endangered. A 2023 study published in

2069:, resulted in the rapid collapse of Madagascar's economy and a sharp decline in living standards, and the country had become completely bankrupt by 1979. The Ratsiraka administration accepted the conditions of transparency, anti-corruption measures and free market policies imposed by the International Monetary Fund, 3560:

in 2010. However, the sector has been growing steadily for a few years. In 2016, 293,000 tourists landed in the African island with an increase of 20% compared to 2015. For 2017 the country has the goal of reaching 366,000 visitors, while for 2018 government estimates are expected to reach 500,000 annual tourists.

5686: 1790:, the opportunity to rule, if she would accept a power-sharing arrangement with the Prime Minister: a new social contract that would be sealed by a political marriage between them. Queen Rasoherina accepted, first marrying Rainivoninahitriniony, then later deposing him and marrying his brother, Prime Minister 3005:) and the secret police. The police and gendarmerie are stationed and administered at the local level. However, in 2009 fewer than a third of all communes had access to the services of these security forces, with most lacking local-level headquarters for either corps. Traditional community tribunals, called 4759:

term, thousands of new primary schools and additional classrooms were constructed, older buildings were renovated, and tens of thousands of new primary teachers were recruited and trained. Primary school fees were eliminated, and kits containing basic school supplies were distributed to primary students.

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There are also some Sulawesi loanwords, which Adelaar attributes to contact prior to the migration to Madagascar: See K. Alexander Adelaar, "The Indonesian Migrations to Madagascar: Making Sense of the Multidisciplinary Evidence", in Truman Simanjuntak, Ingrid Harriet Eileen Pojoh and Muhammad Hisyam

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No official languages were mentioned in the Constitution of 1992, although Malagasy was identified as the national language. Nonetheless, many sources still claimed that Malagasy and French were official languages, eventually leading a citizen to initiate a legal case against the state in April 2000,

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Approximately 39.3 percent of the population is younger than 15 years of age, while 57.3 percent are between the ages of 15 and 64. Those aged 65 and older form 3.4 percent of the total population. Only two general censuses, in 1975 and 1993, have been carried out after independence. The most densely

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had access to water provided by Jirama, while 9.5 percent had access to its electricity services. Fifty-six percent of Madagascar's power is provided by hydroelectric power plants, with the remaining 44% provided by diesel engine generators. Mobile telephone and internet access are widespread in

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Tourism focuses on the niche eco-tourism market, capitalizing on Madagascar's unique biodiversity, unspoiled natural habitats, national parks and lemur species. An estimated 365,000 tourists visited Madagascar in 2008, but the sector declined during the political crisis with 180,000 tourists visiting

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species vanished with the arrival of human settlers to the island, while others became extinct over the course of the centuries as a growing human population put greater pressures on lemur habitats and, among some populations, increased the rate of lemur hunting for food. A July 2012 assessment found

2728:, a relative of a toad species that has severely harmed wildlife in Australia since the 1930s, researchers warned the toad could "wreak havoc on the country's unique fauna." Habitat destruction and hunting have threatened many of Madagascar's endemic species or driven them to extinction. The island's 5003:

have incorporated textile traditions of Madagascar directly into their work. A small but growing number of fine art galleries in Antananarivo, and several other urban areas, offer paintings by local artists, and annual art events, such as the Hosotra open-air exhibition in the capital, contribute to

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established a multi-party democracy and a separation of powers that placed significant control in the hands of the National Assembly. The new constitution also emphasized human rights, social and political freedoms, and free trade. Zafy's term, however, was marred by economic decline, allegations of

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Huge mining and forestry concessions were granted to large companies. Native chiefs loyal to the French administration were also granted part of the land. Forced labor was introduced in favor of the French companies and peasants were encouraged, through taxation, to work for wages (especially in the

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ordeal caused about 3,000 deaths annually. In 1838, it was estimated that as many as 100,000 people in Imerina died as a result of the tangena ordeal, constituting roughly 20 percent of the population. The combination of regular warfare, disease, difficult forced labor, and harsh measures of justice

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traveled to Madagascar with a fleet of around twenty-five thousand men in order to invade the wealthy islands of Taprobane and Sumatra. However, a tempest threw them off course and they landed on the coasts of Madagascar, conquering the island and signing a treaty with its inhabitants. They remained

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As a result of increased educational access, enrollment rates more than doubled between 1996 and 2006. However, education quality is weak, producing high rates of grade repetition and dropout. Education policy in Ravalomanana's second term focused on quality issues, including an increase in minimum

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Education was prioritized under the Ravalomanana administration (2002–09), and is currently free and compulsory from ages 6 to 13. The primary schooling cycle is five years, followed by four years at the lower secondary level and three years at the upper secondary level. During Ravalomanana's first

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remain low relative to many countries in mainland Africa, at 0.2 percent of the adult population. The malaria mortality rate is also among the lowest in Africa at 8.5 deaths per 100,000 people, in part because of the highest frequency use of insecticide treated nets in Africa. Adult life expectancy

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Medical centers, dispensaries, and hospitals are found throughout the island, although they are concentrated in urban areas and particularly in Antananarivo. Access to medical care remains beyond the reach of many Malagasy, especially in the rural areas, and many recourse to traditional healers. In

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origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. The numerous dialects of Malagasy, which are generally mutually intelligible, can be clustered under one of two subgroups: eastern Malagasy, spoken along the eastern forests and highlands including the Merina dialect of Antananarivo, and western

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in succession. Over the course of Rainilaiarivony's 31-year tenure as prime minister, numerous policies were adopted to modernize and consolidate the power of the central government. Schools were constructed throughout the island and attendance was made mandatory. Army organization was improved and

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and agriculture, paired with greater investments in education, health and private enterprise, are key elements of its development strategy. Despite substantial economic growth since the early 2000s, income disparities have widened, and quality of life remains low for the majority of the population.

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culinary traditions. The complexity of Malagasy meals can range from the simple, traditional preparations introduced by the earliest settlers, to the refined festival dishes prepared for the island's 19th-century monarchs. Throughout almost the entire island, the contemporary cuisine of Madagascar

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and other local plant materials has been used to create a wide array of practical items such as floor mats, baskets, purses and hats. Wood carving is a highly developed art form, with distinct regional styles evident in the decoration of balcony railings and other architectural elements. Sculptors

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The rise of centralized kingdoms among the Sakalava, Merina and other ethnic groups produced the island's first standing armies by the 16th century, initially equipped with spears but later with muskets, cannons and other firearms. By the early 19th century, the Merina sovereigns of the Kingdom of

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Antananarivo is the administrative capital and largest city of Madagascar. It is located in the highlands region, near the geographic center of the island. King Andrianjaka founded Antananarivo as the capital of his Imerina Kingdom around 1610 or 1625 upon the site of a captured Vazimba capital on

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the Rajoelina's won absolute majority of the seats of the National Assembly. It received 84 seats and the supporters of former president Ravalomana got only 16 seats of 151 seats of the National Assembly. 51 seats of deputies were independent or represented small parties. Rajoelina could rule as a

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or include animal proteins, and typically feature a sauce flavored with such ingredients as ginger, onion, garlic, tomato, vanilla, coconut milk, salt, curry powder, green peppercorns or, less commonly, other spices or herbs. In parts of the arid south and west, pastoral families may replace rice

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are likewise similar to those of southern Borneo in terms of symbolism and construction, featuring a rectangular layout with a peaked roof and central support pillar. Reflecting a widespread veneration of the ancestors, tombs are culturally significant in many regions and tend to be built of more

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1,000,000,000 infrastructure project, which will connect Madagascar's capital to its largest seaport, is expected to take four years to complete. Another project meant to create 348 kilometers of roads and create better connections costs €235.5 million. This includes a €116 million grant from the

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Exports formed 28 percent of GDP in 2009. Most of the country's export revenue is derived from the textiles industry, fish and shellfish, vanilla, cloves and other foodstuffs. France is the nation's main trading partner, although the United States, Japan and Germany also have strong economic

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The political independence and sovereignty of the Malagasy armed forces, which comprises an army, navy and air force, was restored with independence from France in 1960. Since this time the Malagasy military has never engaged in armed conflict with another state or within its own borders, but has

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At the local level, the island's 22 provinces are administered by a governor and provincial council. Provinces are further subdivided into regions and communes. The judiciary is modeled on the French system, with a High Constitutional Court, High Court of Justice, Supreme Court, Court of Appeals,

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and one lower secondary school within each commune. At least one upper secondary school is located in each of the larger urban centers. The three branches of the national public university are located at Antananarivo, Mahajanga, and Fianarantsoa. These are complemented by public teacher-training

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By the end of the 19th century, Madagascar had the most developed and modern school system in pre-colonial Sub-Saharan Africa. Access to schooling was expanded in coastal areas during the colonial period, with French language and basic work skills becoming the focus of the curriculum. During the

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The island is still a very poor country in 2018; structural brakes remain in the development of the economy: corruption and the shackles of the public administration, lack of legal certainty, and backwardness of land legislation. The economy, however, has been growing since 2011, with GDP growth

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was abolished in 1896 and approximately 500,000 slaves were freed; many remained in their former masters' homes as servants or as sharecroppers; in many parts of the island strong discriminatory views against slave descendants are still held today. Wide paved boulevards and gathering places were

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The conquest was followed by ten years of civil war, due to the Menalamba insurrection. The "pacification" carried out by the French administration lasted more than fifteen years, in response to the rural guerrillas scattered throughout the country. In total, the repression of this resistance to

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The media have historically come under varying degrees of pressure to censor their criticism of the government. Reporters are occasionally threatened or harassed, and media outlets are periodically forced to close. Accusations of media censorship have increased since 2009 because of the alleged

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Poverty affects 92% of the population in 2017. The country ranks fourth in the world in terms of chronic malnutrition. Nearly one in two children under the age of five is stunted. In addition, Madagascar is among the five countries where access to water is the most difficult for the population.

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led by Andry Rajoelina against Ravalomanana in early 2009 became violent, with more than 170 people killed. Modern politics in Madagascar are colored by the history of Merina subjugation of coastal communities under their rule in the 19th century. The consequent tension between the highland and

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Each of the many ethnic subgroups in Madagascar adhere to their own set of beliefs, practices and ways of life that have historically contributed to their unique identities. However, there are a number of core cultural features that are common throughout the island, creating a strongly unified

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increased an average of 60 percent in this period, indicating low but increasing availability of basic medical services and treatments. The Malagasy fertility rate in 2009 was 4.6 children per woman, declining from 6.3 in 1990. Teen pregnancy rates of 14.8 percent in 2011, much higher than the

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Radio broadcasts remain the principal means by which the Malagasy population access international, national, and local news. Only state radio broadcasts are transmitted across the entire island. Hundreds of public and private stations with local or regional range provide alternatives to state

2940:. Madagascar was not permitted to attend the first African Union summit because of a dispute over the results of the 2001 presidential election, but rejoined the African Union in July 2003 after a 14-month hiatus. Madagascar was again suspended by the African Union in March 2009 following the 2712:

According to a conservative estimate, about 40 percent of the island's original forest cover was lost from the 1950s to 2000, with a thinning of remaining forest areas by 80 percent. In addition to traditional agricultural practice, wildlife conservation is challenged by the illicit

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Endemic fish of Madagascar include two families, 15 genera and over 100 species, primarily inhabiting the island's freshwater lakes and rivers. Although invertebrates remain poorly studied in Madagascar, researchers have found high rates of endemism among the known species. All 651 species of

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in which then-mayor of Antananarivo, Marc Ravalomanana, eventually emerged victorious, caused a seven-month standoff in 2002 between supporters of Ravalomanana and Ratsiraka. The negative economic impact of the political crisis was gradually overcome by Ravalomanana's progressive economic and

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was held on 7 November and the second round was held on 10 December. Three former presidents and the most recent president were the main candidates of the elections. Rajoelina won the second round of the elections. Ravalomana lost the second round and he did not accept the results because of

4083:) populace. Emigration in the late 20th century has reduced these minority populations, occasionally in abrupt waves, such as the exodus of Comorans in 1976, following anti-Comoran riots in Mahajanga. By comparison, there has been no significant emigration of Malagasy peoples. The number of 2923:

Since Madagascar gained independence from France in 1960, the island's political transitions have been marked by numerous popular protests, several disputed elections, an impeachment, two military coups and one assassination. The island's recurrent political crises are often prolonged, with

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soldiers, whom she deployed to pacify outlying regions of the island and further expand the Kingdom of Merina to encompass most of Madagascar. Residents of Madagascar could accuse one another of various crimes, including theft, Christianity and especially witchcraft, for which the ordeal of

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and by the Viceroy of India, including one in 1553 by Baltazar Lobo de Sousa. In that mission, according to detailed descriptions by chroniclers Diogo do Couto and João de Barros, emissaries reached the inland via rivers and bays, exchanging goods and even converting one of the local kings.

4881:, in which rice is consumed at every meal, typically accompanied by one of a variety of flavorful vegetable or meat dishes. African influence is reflected in the sacred importance of zebu cattle and their embodiment of their owner's wealth, traditions originating on the African mainland. 3694:

and Malagasy artisan producers to support the export of local handicrafts to foreign markets. Imports of such items as foodstuffs, fuel, capital goods, vehicles, consumer goods and electronics consume an estimated 52 percent of GDP. The main sources of Madagascar's imports include

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Muslim traders, who established several Islamic schools along the eastern coast. While the use of Arabic script and loan words, and the adoption of Islamic astrology, would spread across the island, Islam took hold in only a handful of southeastern coastal communities. In 2020,

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agricultural practice imported to Madagascar by the earliest settlers. Malagasy farmers embrace and perpetuate the practice not only for its practical benefits as an agricultural technique, but for its cultural associations with prosperity, health and venerated ancestral custom

2617:, 39 of which were described by zoologists between 2000 and 2008. They are almost all classified as rare, vulnerable, or endangered. At least 17 species of lemur have become extinct since humans arrived on Madagascar, all of which were larger than the surviving lemur species. 1338:, possibly throughout the period between 350 BC and 550 AD, while others are cautious about dates earlier than AD 250. In either case, these dates make Madagascar one of the most recent major landmasses on Earth to be settled by humans, predating the settlement of 191: 6960:

Pierron, Denis; Heiske, Margit; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Rakoto, Ignace; Rabetokotany, Nelly; Ravololomanga, Bodo; Rakotozafy, Lucien M.-A.; Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy; Razafiarivony, Michel; Rasoarifetra, Bako; Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina (8 August 2017).

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intensification of restrictions on political criticism. Access to the internet has grown dramatically over the past decade, with an estimated 352,000 residents of Madagascar accessing the internet from home or in one of the nation's many internet cafés in December 2011.

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is the most widely professed religion in Madagascar. According to the most recent national census completed in 1993, a majority of the population (52 percent) adhered to indigenous beliefs, with Christianity being the largest single religion at 41 percent, followed by

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Prior to the 19th century, all education in Madagascar was informal and typically served to teach practical skills as well as social and cultural values, including respect for ancestors and elders. The first formal European-style school was established in 1818 at

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on the grounds that the publication of official documents only in the French language was unconstitutional. The High Constitutional Court observed in its decision that, in the absence of a language law, French still had the character of an official language.

4744:(LMS). The LMS was invited by King Radama I to expand its schools throughout Imerina to teach basic literacy and numeracy to aristocratic children. The schools were closed by Ranavalona I in 1835, but reopened and expanded in the decades after her death. 4946:, has been handed down over the centuries in several different forms across the island, and offers insight into the diverse mythologies and beliefs of traditional Malagasy communities. This tradition was continued in the 20th century by such artists as 2858:, although in reality these two latter bodies have very little power or legislative role. The constitution establishes independent executive, legislative and judicial branches and mandates a popularly elected president limited to three five-year terms. 4508:

different faith traditions. Christians integrate and combine their religious beliefs with the deeply rooted practice of honoring ancestors. For instance, they may bless their dead at church before proceeding with traditional burial rites or invite a

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became the official language during the colonial period, when Madagascar came under the authority of France. In the first national Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic. Madagascar is a

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Ratsiraka's dwindling popularity in the late 1980s reached a critical point in 1991 when presidential guards opened fire on unarmed protesters during a rally. Within two months, a transitional government had been established under the leadership of

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that enliven village gatherings, local dance floors and national airwaves. Madagascar also has a growing culture of classical music fostered through youth academies, organizations and orchestras that promote youth involvement in classical music.

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is an occasion to celebrate the beloved ancestor's memory, reunite with family and community, and enjoy a festive atmosphere. Residents of surrounding villages are often invited to attend the party, where food and rum are typically served, and a

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ethnic group forms over 90 percent of Madagascar's population and is typically divided into 18 ethnic subgroups. Recent DNA research revealed that the genetic makeup of the average Malagasy person constitutes an approximately equal blend of

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Like its flora, Madagascar's fauna is diverse and exhibits a high rate of endemism. Lemurs have been characterized as "Madagascar's flagship mammal species" by Conservation International. In the absence of monkeys and other competitors, these

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period, around 185 million years ago. The Indo-Madagascar landmass separated from Antarctica and Australia around 125 million years ago and Madagascar separated from the Indian landmass about 84–92 million years ago during the Late

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Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Williamson, E.A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Kierulff, M.C.M.; Yongcheng, Long; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Cortés-Ortiz, L.; Schwitzer, C., eds. (2009).

5076:, which is widely played in urban areas and throughout the Highlands. School athletics programs typically include soccer, track and field, judo, boxing, women's basketball and women's tennis. Madagascar sent its first competitors to the 4868:

durable material, typically stone, and display more elaborate decoration than the houses of the living. The production and weaving of silk can be traced back to the island's earliest settlers, and Madagascar's national dress, the woven

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Madagascar's GDP in 2015 was estimated at US$ 9.98 billion, with a per capita GDP of $ 411.82. Approximately 69 percent of the population lives below the national poverty line threshold of one dollar per day. According to the

1891:—broke out in December 1895, and was not suppressed until the end of 1897. France annexed Madagascar in 1896 and declared the island a colony the following year, dissolving the Merina monarchy and sending the royal family into exile on 2861:

The public directly elects the president and the 151 members of the National Assembly to five-year terms. All 18 members of the Senate serve six-year terms, with 12 senators elected by local officials and 6 appointed by the president.

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Madagascar's varied fauna and flora are endangered by human activity. Since the arrival of humans around 2,350 years ago, Madagascar has lost more than 90 percent of its original forest. This forest loss is largely fueled by

6038:

Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry (21 January 2014).

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Madagascar Before the Conquest: The Island, the Country, and the People, with Chapters on Travel and Topography, Folk-lore, Strange Customs and Superstitions, the Animal Life of the Island, and Mission Work and Progress Among the

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migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel from East Africa. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. Consequently, there are 18 or more classified

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Malagasy cultural identity. In addition to a common language and shared traditional religious beliefs around a creator god and veneration of the ancestors, the traditional Malagasy worldview is shaped by values that emphasize

2798:. Local timber merchants are harvesting scarce species of rosewood trees from protected rainforests within Marojejy National Park and exporting the wood to China for the production of luxury furniture and musical instruments. 2250:

The prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana resulted in the separation of East Gondwana (comprising Madagascar, Antarctica, Australia and the Indian subcontinent) and West Gondwana (Africa–South America) during the

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as well as other street foods are available across the island, as are diverse tropical and temperate-climate fruits. Locally produced beverages include fruit juices, coffee, herbal teas and teas, and alcoholic drinks such as

3501:

Madagascar became a member state of the United Nations on 20 September 1960, shortly after gaining its independence on 26 June 1960. As of January 2017, 34 police officers from Madagascar are deployed in Haiti as part of the

2094:, was appointed for the three months prior to the next presidential election. Ratsiraka was then voted back into power on a platform of decentralization and economic reforms for a second term which lasted from 1996 to 2001. 1748:

resulted in a high mortality rate among soldiers and civilians alike during her 33-year reign; the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833 and 1839.

2141:

allegations of fraud. Rajaonarimampianina received very modest support in the first round. In January 2019 the High Constitutional Court declared Rajoelina as the winner of the elections and the new president. In June 2019

1812:

and three European-style courts were established in the capital city. In his joint role as Commander-in-Chief, Rainilaiarivony also successfully ensured the defense of Madagascar against several French colonial incursions.

4087:

has declined since independence, reduced from 68,430 in 1958 to 17,000 three decades later. There were an estimated 25,000 Comorans, 18,000 Indians, and 9,000 Chinese living in Madagascar in the mid-1980s.

1883:. Upon reaching the city in September 1895, the column bombarded the royal palace with heavy artillery, causing heavy casualties and leading Queen Ranavalona III to surrender. Popular resistance to the French capture of 11685: 4814:

Although social castes are no longer legally recognized, ancestral caste affiliation often continues to affect social status, economic opportunity, and roles within the community. Malagasy people traditionally consult

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Among the Antaimoro people, the production of paper embedded with flowers and other decorative natural materials is a long-established tradition that the community has begun to market to eco-tourists. Embroidery and

1807:

was outlawed and Christianity declared the official religion of the court in 1869, was adopted alongside traditional beliefs among a growing portion of the populace. Legal codes were reformed on the basis of British

4702:. Undernourishment and hunger rates were at 42% in 2018. According to the United Nations, more than one million people in southern Madagascar are struggling to get enough to eat, due to what could become the first 1039:, from which Madagascar gained independence in 1960. The country has since undergone four major constitutional periods, termed republics, and has been governed as a constitutional democracy since 1992. Following a 11810: 5468: 3804:

urban areas but remain limited in rural parts of the island. Approximately 30% of the districts are able to access the nations' several private telecommunications networks via mobile telephones or land lines. The

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a century later. The rising intensity of land cultivation and the ever-increasing demand for zebu pasturage had largely transformed the central highlands from a forest ecosystem to grassland by the 17th century.

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The French established trading posts along the east coast in the late 17th century. From about 1774 to 1824, Madagascar gained prominence among pirates and European traders, particularly those involved in the

12152: 2382:, and a relatively cooler dry season (May–October). Rain clouds originating over the Indian Ocean discharge much of their moisture over the island's eastern coast; the heavy precipitation supports the area's 16350: 189: 8268:

Torsvik, T.H.; Tucker, R.D.; Ashwal, L.D.; Carter, L.M.; Jamtveit, B.; Vidyadharan, K.T.; Venkataramana, P. (October 2000). "Late Cretaceous India-Madagascar fit and timing of break-up related magmatism".

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of the central highlands, who form the largest Malagasy ethnic subgroup at approximately 26 percent of the population, while certain communities among the western coastal peoples (collectively called

1022:

Until the late 18th century, the island of Madagascar was ruled by a fragmented assortment of shifting sociopolitical alliances. Beginning in the early 19th century, most of it was united and ruled as the

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that have reached Madagascar have diversified into more than 260 species, with over 90 percent of these being endemic (including one endemic family). The island is home to two-thirds of the world's

2624:, are endemic to Madagascar. Over 300 species of birds have been recorded on the island, of which over 60 percent (including four families and 42 genera) are endemic. The few families and genera of 2172:

amidst an opposition boycott and a controversy about his acquisition of French citizenship and subsequent eligibility. Turnout was 46.36%, the lowest in a presidential election in the country's history.

1654:

Upon its emergence in the early 17th century, the highland kingdom of Imerina was initially a minor power relative to the larger coastal kingdoms and grew even weaker in the early 18th century when King

190: 11235: 8103: 8520: 7838: 11835: 6481:

Warhafftige, gründliche und aussführliche, so wol historische als chorographische Beschreibung der ... Insul Madagascar. ... Samt ... angehengtem Dictionario und Dialogis der Madagascarischen Sprach

13470:

Adelaar, Alexander (2006). "The Indonesian migrations to Madagascar: Making sense of the multidisciplinary evidence". In Simanjuntak, Truman; Pojoh, Ingrid; Harriet Eileen; Hisyam, Muhamad (eds.).

13320: 2260:. This long history of separation from other continents has allowed plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation. Along the length of the eastern coast runs a narrow and steep 12526: 6456: 5712: 13339: 8551: 4823:, according to a traditional astrological system introduced by Arabs. Similarly, the nobles of many Malagasy communities in the pre-colonial period would commonly employ advisers known as the 3740:

In 2010, Madagascar had approximately 7,617 km (4,730 mi) of paved roads, 854 km (530 mi) of railways and 432 km (270 mi) of navigable waterways. The majority of

8917:"Total Synthesis of Vinblastine, Related Natural Products, and Key Analogues and Development of Inspired Methodology Suitable for the Systematic Study of Their Structure-Function Properties" 11745: 8489: 4517:

reburial. Christianity is predominant in the highlands. The Malagasy Council of Churches comprises the four oldest and most prominent Christian denominations of Madagascar (Roman Catholic,

1671:, this Merina king rapidly expanded his rule over neighbouring principalities. His ambition to bring the entire island under his control was largely achieved by his son and successor, King 3627:

and shrimp. Key mineral resources include various types of precious and semi-precious stones, and it currently provides half of the world's supply of sapphires, which were discovered near

2870:, lack the capacity to quickly and transparently try the cases in the judicial system, often forcing defendants to pass lengthy pretrial detentions in unsanitary and overcrowded prisons. 13079: 11896: 5659: 1965:

The occupation of France during the Second World War tarnished the prestige of the colonial administration in Madagascar and galvanized the growing independence movement, leading to the

16198: 12586: 8072: 5986: 1430:. Probably the descendants of an earlier and less technologically advanced Austronesian settlement wave, the Vazimba were assimilated or expelled from the highlands by the Merina kings 13282: 10934: 3808:

estimates that 17 million people in Madagascar's rural areas live more than two kilometres away from an all-season road. In Madagascar, 11% of the rural population has access to power.

2717:

from 2000 to 2009, the collection of small quantities of precious timber from national parks was re-authorized in January 2009 and dramatically intensified under the administration of

2400:

became the strongest cyclone ever recorded to hit Madagascar. The storm killed 172 people, left 214,260 homeless and caused more than US$ 250 million in damage. In February 2022,

16343: 11554: 5031:, a type of hand-to-hand combat, is a popular spectator sport in coastal regions. It is traditionally practiced by men, but women have recently begun to participate. The wrestling of 3687: 1395:, which have since become extinct because of hunting and habitat destruction. By 600 AD, groups of these early settlers had begun clearing the forests of the central highlands. 13101: 2554:

species, three times as many as on all of mainland Africa; 165 of them are endemic. Many native plant species are used as herbal remedies for a variety of afflictions. The drugs

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is a chain of human-made and natural lakes connected by canals built by the French just inland from the east coast and running parallel to it for some 600 km (370 mi).

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In 2024, the population of Madagascar was estimated at 32 million, up from 2.2 million in 1900. The annual population growth rate in Madagascar was approximately 2.4% in 2024.

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to over 60,000 km (23,000 sq mi) or 10 percent of Madagascar's land surface. As of 2011, areas protected by the state included five Strict Nature Reserves (

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connect the six largest regional towns to Antananarivo, with minor paved and unpaved routes providing access to other population centers in each district. Construction of the

1426:

The oral histories of the Merina people, who arrived in the central highlands between 600 and 1,000 years ago, describe encountering an established population they called the

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are mainstays of the economy. In 2017 the top exports were vanilla (US$ 894M), nickel metal (US$ 414M), cloves (US$ 288M), knitted sweaters (US$ 184M) and cobalt (US$ 143M).

1571:

The wealth generated by maritime trade spurred the rise of organized kingdoms on the island, some of which had grown quite powerful by the 17th century. Among these were the

16336: 7994: 6546: 11526: 8020: 15636: 12619:"La formation du personnel enseignant de l'éducation de base à Madagascar: Une etude de cas. Quelques reflections intéressant la programmation de l'assistance de l'UNICEF" 10201: 7968: 11803: 5460: 8046: 3792:

services the island's many small regional airports, which offer the only practical means of access to many of the more remote regions during rainy season road washouts.

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for eight months and erected at different points of the island eight pillars on which they engraved "Magadoxo", a name which later, by corruption became Madagascar.

7293: 1262:, is also historically attested. A British state paper in 1699 records the arrival of eighty to ninety passengers from "Malagaskar" to what would eventually become 10166: 8512: 5936:

Heiske, Margit; Alva, Omar; Pereda-Loth, Veronica; Van Schalkwyk, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Letellier, Thierry; Rakotarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Pierron, Denis (2021).

5745: 2042:, a major general in the army, was appointed interim president and prime minister that same year, but low public approval forced him to step down in 1975. Colonel 7917: 10027:

Harper, Grady J.; Steininger, Marc; Tucker, Compton; Juhn, Daniel; Hawkins, Frank (2007). "Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar".

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The Voyage of John Huyghen Van Linschoten to the East Indies: From the Old English Translation of 1598. The First Book, Containing His Description of the East...

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Despite these barriers to access, health services have shown a trend toward improvement over the past twenty years. Child immunizations against such diseases as

1860:

on the island, but French authority was not acknowledged by the government of Madagascar. To force capitulation, the French bombarded and occupied the harbor of

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appears to have been used by the local population to refer to the island, although some communities had their name for part or all of the lands they inhabited.

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Okajima Y, Kumazawa Y (2009). "Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of Madagascan oplurines".

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signed a controversial trade agreement termed the Lambert Charter. Succeeding his mother, Radama II attempted to relax the queen's stringent policies but was

1710:(1828–61), responded to increasing political and cultural encroachment on the part of Britain and France by issuing a royal edict prohibiting the practice of 1251:

traveler who copied Portuguese works and maps, confirmed this event by saying "Madagascar has its name from 'makdishu' (Mogadishu)" whose "shayk" invaded it.

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Because of its advanced sports facilities, Antananarivo gained the hosting rights for several of Africa's top international basketball events, including the

13924:

Frémigacci, Jean (1999). "Le Rova de Tananarive: Destruction d'un lieu saint ou constitution d'une référence identitaire?". In Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (ed.).

11781: 10640: 10224: 2952:. Eleven countries have established embassies in Madagascar, including France, the United Kingdom, the United States, China and India, while Madagascar has 1564:, whose journal is one of the few written depictions of life in southern Madagascar during the 18th century. European accounts until the early 20th century 16695: 9254: 9160: 3854:

populated regions of the island are the eastern highlands and the eastern coast, contrasting most dramatically with the sparsely populated western plains.

2736:, became extinct in the 17th century or earlier, most probably because of human hunting of adult birds and poaching of their large eggs for food. Numerous 13317: 12957: 10908: 2284:, are the most densely populated part of the island and are characterized by terraced, rice-growing valleys lying between grassy hills and patches of the 1934:

was continued under the French and used to construct a railway and roads linking key coastal cities to Antananarivo. Malagasy troops fought for France in

17108: 16909: 10796: 7266: 13336: 12522: 9789:"Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar" 9377: 8481: 1138:

by Europeans. If this is the case, it is unknown when the name was adopted by the inhabitants of the island. No single Malagasy-language name predating

17083: 16184: 10062: 9131: 6868:

Virah-Sawmy, M.; Willis, K. J.; Gillson, L. (2010). "Evidence for drought and forest declines during the recent megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar".

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https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/450/start/2019/end/2026/table/pivotbylocation?df=e023316d-87af-4918-8ee3-fe083aa8d4b1

2713:

harvesting of protected forests, as well as the state-sanctioned harvesting of precious woods within national parks. Although banned by then-President

994:

being endemic. The island has a subtropical to tropical maritime climate. Madagascar was first settled during or before the mid-first millennium AD by

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funerary posts, and wooden sculptures, many of which are produced for the tourist market. The decorative and functional woodworking traditions of the

1520:. In 1508, settlers there built a tower, a small village, and a stone column. This settlement was established in 1513 at the behest of the viceroy of 205: 9399:

Foster, Steven (2010). "From Herbs to Medicines: The Madagascar Periwinkle's Impact on Childhood Leukemia: A Serendipitous Discovery for Treatment".

6016: 5850: 3638:(titanium ore), as well as important reserves of chromite, coal, iron, cobalt, copper and nickel. Several major projects are underway in the mining, 9290: 13229: 10319: 9563: 6146: 5580: 5112: 3646:

sectors that are anticipated to give a significant boost to the Malagasy economy. These include such projects as ilmenite and zircon mining at the

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have risen due to the alleged restrictions on the coverage of government opposition. Some journalists have been arrested for allegedly spreading

2090:

corruption, and his introduction of legislation to give himself greater powers. He was consequently impeached in 1996, and an interim president,

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are done by hand to produce clothing, as well as tablecloths and other home textiles for sale in local crafts markets. Malagasy artists such as

2959:

Human rights in Madagascar are protected under the constitution and the state is a signatory to numerous international agreements including the

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and East African genes, although the genetics of some communities show a predominance of Southeast Asian or East African origins or some Arab,

1065: 13279: 12578: 12219: 11496: 11470: 10755:"Presentation des resultats de la cartographie numerique en preparation du troisieme recensement generale de la population et de l'habitation" 8068: 6609: 6575: 5978: 4974:

The plastic arts are also widespread throughout the island. In addition to the tradition of silk weaving and lamba production, the weaving of

4414:

The Constitution of 2007 recognised three official languages, Malagasy, French, and English. A fourth Constitution, adopted in 2010 following

1675:(1810–28), who was recognized by the British government as King of Madagascar. Radama concluded a treaty in 1817 with the British governor of 17053: 15627: 12787: 12185: 11436: 10930: 10872: 10289: 3540: 3503: 758: 12392: 11561: 11183: 6846: 6728:

Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar".

1848:

Primarily on the basis that the Lambert Charter had not been respected, France invaded Madagascar in 1883 in what became known as the first

17103: 16006: 10696: 10577: 5116: 3507: 2483:. This distinctive ecology has led some ecologists to refer to Madagascar as the "eighth continent", and the island has been classified by 813: 14985: 14943: 8402: 8170: 7152: 1856:(Diego Suarez) to France and paid 560,000 francs to Lambert's heirs. In 1890, the British accepted the full formal imposition of a French 17098: 15051: 14963: 14694:

Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites

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is a traditional method used to appease or honor the ancestors. In addition, the Malagasy traditionally believe in a creator god, called

4436: 14868: 11321: 11291: 11261: 11205: 10960: 9516: 9457: 6508: 6420: 1535:

Matatana, represented in a picture of 1613, regarding a settlement of the beginning of the 16th century, in the Book of Humberto Leitão"

1477:

of Madagascar began with the Arabs, who established trading posts along the northwest coast by at least the 10th century and introduced

17113: 15253: 13109: 12629: 8632: 6332: 4526: 4113: 2932:

Madagascar has historically been perceived as being on the margin of mainstream African affairs despite being a founding member of the

2767: 2444: 2200: 2024:

Since regaining independence, Madagascar has transitioned through four republics with corresponding revisions to its constitution. The

1503: 1466: 599: 11052: 7360: 4542:, whereby a deceased family member's remains are exhumed and re-wrapped in fresh silk shrouds, before being replaced in the tomb. The 13391: 13176: 12492: 11663: 11087: 9854: 8428: 5494: 4988: 2953: 706: 9597: 7030:"The genetic history of Mayotte and Madagascar cattle breeds mirrors the complex pattern of human exchanges in Western Indian Ocean" 5409: 2288:

that formerly covered the highland region. To the west of the highlands, the increasingly arid terrain gradually slopes down to the

16688: 15198: 15115: 13916:

A narrative of the persecution of the Christians in Madagascar: with details of the escape of six Christian refugees now in England

12440: 12310: 7386: 6199: 6172: 5120: 5089: 4838:

The diverse origins of Malagasy culture are evident in its tangible expressions. The most emblematic instrument of Madagascar, the

4683: 4415: 2122: 11960: 10134: 9962:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 7990: 4404:

country, and French is mostly spoken as a second language among the educated population and used for international communication.

2875: 2125:, establishing a Fourth Republic, which sustained the democratic, multi-party structure established in the previous constitution. 15942: 15326: 15130: 12980: 11522: 10538: 8016: 7964: 6543: 5100: 4553:

troupe or other musical entertainment is commonly present. Consideration for ancestors is also demonstrated through adherence to

3749: 1679:

to abolish the lucrative slave trade in return for British military and financial assistance. Artisan missionary envoys from the

17009: 11347: 10452: 10426: 10193: 9626:; Rylands, A.; Hapke, A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Mayor, M.; Louis, E.; Rumpler, Y.; Schwitzer, C.; Rasoloarison, R. (December 2008). 7965:"Centre d'actualités de l'ONU – Madagascar : l'ONU salue le bon déroulement du deuxième tour des élections présidentielles" 17118: 6388: 5108: 5104: 1059: 14927: 12104: 11686:"Madagascar: Project to modernise the RN13 and RN6 national highways - €73.6 million disbursement from EIB and European Union" 11553:

Ashamu, Charlotte; Gomez-Pickering, Diego; Luke, Amanda; Morrison, Paul; Pedersen, Mark; Symes, Mara; Weyandt, Marthe (2005).

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and endemic to the eastern rain forests, is highly iconic of Madagascar and is featured in the national emblem as well as the

2121:, an interim governing body responsible for moving the country toward presidential elections. In 2010, a new constitution was 1987:. A period of provisional government ended with the adoption of a constitution in 1959 and full independence on 26 June 1960. 15992: 14895: 14862: 14841: 14822: 14787: 14766: 14735: 14702: 14669: 14588: 14567: 14548: 14529: 14498: 14477: 14446: 14413: 14392: 14327: 14278: 14257: 14215: 14194: 14173: 14154: 14126: 14103: 14068: 14035: 14002: 13969: 13937: 13903: 13872: 13839: 13806: 13721: 13702: 13651: 13618: 13585: 13552: 13531: 13512: 13481: 13448: 13427: 12781: 12434: 10838: 10370: 9305: 8626: 8042: 7948: 7354: 7255:"Os dois descobrimentos da ilha de São Lourenço mandados fazer pelo vice-rei D. Jeronimio de Azevedo nos anos de 1613 à 1616" 5039:, is also practiced in many regions. In addition to sports, a wide variety of games are played. Among the most emblematic is 4623:

emerged on the island in the 21st century, as the common belief in a myth of Jewish origin for the Malagasy peoples inspired

4486: 4106: 3604:

Madagascar's natural resources include a variety of agricultural and mineral products. Agriculture (including the growing of

2964: 2960: 14901: 14793: 14741: 14708: 14675: 14594: 14504: 14452: 14419: 14367: 14284: 14232: 14074: 14041: 14008: 13975: 13878: 13845: 13812: 13624: 13591: 13558: 13487: 13454: 10610: 8246: 8203:"The development of the East African margin during Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous times: a perspective from global tectonics" 8133: 7495:

Campbell, Gwyn (October 1991). "The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth century Madagascar".

7468:

Campbell, Gwyn (October 1991). "The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth-century Madagascar".

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off the northeastern coast of Madagascar has been proposed by some historians as the site of the legendary pirate utopia of

982:

around 90 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation; consequently, it is a

17138: 17068: 15567: 15064: 13657: 13049: 12241: 12126: 10516: 10486: 9555: 5741: 5229: 4926:

has developed in Madagascar. One of the island's foremost artistic traditions is its oratory, as expressed in the forms of

4518: 3549: 2142: 2098: 12556: 11405: 11012: 10760:(Press release) (in French). Institut nationale de la statistique (INSTAT), Government of Madagascar. 2010. Archived from 9663: 2479:

plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth. Approximately 90% of all plant and animal species found in Madagascar are

1187:, is thought to be the precursor of the modern name of the island. The name "Malay island" was later rendered in Latin as 17073: 16681: 16650: 15304: 13203: 12469: 12348: 10795:. Strengthening Emergency Needs Assessment Capacity (in French). Rome, Italy: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. p. 3. 9493: 7289: 6231:"'Malagasy' or 'Madagascan'? Which English term best reflects the people, the culture, and other things from Madagascar?" 5734: 2272:

in the center of the island ranging in altitude from 750 to 1,500 m (2,460 to 4,920 ft) above sea level. These

2169: 2137: 1732:(forced labor as tax payment) to complete public works projects and develop a standing army of between 20,000 and 30,000 11984:"On the origins and admixture of Malagasy: new evidence from high-resolution analyses of paternal and maternal lineages" 11923:"The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages" 10170: 8357: 4720: 17088: 11150: 8455: 5791: 5434: 2724:

Invasive species have likewise been introduced by human populations. Following the 2014 discovery in Madagascar of the

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divided it among his four sons. Following almost a century of warring and famine, Imerina was reunited in 1793 by King

1369:

agriculture to clear the coastal rainforests for cultivation. The first settlers encountered Madagascar's abundance of

739: 13301: 9334: 9182: 6479: 6041:"Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar" 2411:

A 2022 analysis found that the expected costs for Madagascar, to adapt to and avert the environmental consequences of

230: 16655: 15620: 15140: 13783: 13762: 10754: 10090: 9451: 9089: 8593: 7744: 5308: 3847:

Agriculture has long influenced settlement on the island. Almost 60% of the nation's population live in rural areas.

2055: 2000: 1565: 13150: 11616: 11586: 9211: 2065:

countries and a shift toward economic insularity. These policies, coupled with economic pressures stemming from the

17123: 16944: 15953: 15711: 15514: 15331: 12882:

Kus, Susan; Raharijaona, Victor (2000). "House to Palace, Village to State: Scaling up Architecture and Ideology".

12696:"Managing for results in primary education in Madagascar: Evaluating the impact of selected workflow interventions" 4695: 3716: 3712: 2850:, executive power is exercised by the government while legislative power is vested in the ministerial cabinet, the 2706: 2500: 2333: 2017: 441: 11865: 11715: 9885: 7227: 6229:

Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo G.; Raveloson, Andriamiranto; Barimalala, Rondrotiana; Razafindratsima, Onja H. (July 2019).

2613:

have adapted to a wide range of habitats and diversified into numerous species. As of 2012, there were officially

2357: 1362:

in their trading fleets to Madagascar. Dates earlier than the mid-first millennium AD are not strongly supported.

17078: 17063: 16899: 15385: 15289: 15243: 15165: 15160: 15044: 11777: 10632: 10258: 10228: 7648: 7437: 4703: 4699: 4482: 2903: 2855: 2154: 2130: 896: 506: 371: 9240: 9146: 8482:"Southern Africa: Cyclone Season Flash Update No. 6 (Tropical Cyclone Batsirai) (13 February 2022) - Madagascar" 4504:

The inconsistency in religious data reflects the common practice of alternating between religious identities or

17058: 16645: 16498: 15437: 15314: 15150: 14631: 12949: 10900: 4583:

constituted 2% of the population of Madagascar. They are largely concentrated in the northwestern provinces of

3696: 3553: 2941: 2512: 2273: 2110: 1100: 1040: 687: 10787: 7254: 7029: 5938:"Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population" 15531: 15395: 15299: 15223: 15218: 13263: 9363: 8921: 6110: 5096: 3745: 3577: 2988: 2933: 2771: 2751: 2452: 2168:

In November 2023, Rajoelina was re-elected to another term with 58.95% of the vote in the first round of the

920: 365: 15857: 15454: 9117: 5542: 5516: 5045:, a board game widespread throughout the Highland regions. According to folk legend, the succession of King 2050:

ruled after Ratsimandrava for four months before being replaced by another military appointee: Vice Admiral

1922:

on 29 March 1947. Between 11,000 and 90,000 Malagasy died during the uprising which lasted nearly two years.

165: 17133: 15613: 15541: 15509: 15423: 15336: 15238: 15203: 15145: 11112: 10392: 9027:

van der Heijden, Robert; Jacobs, Denise I.; Snoeijer, Wim; Hallard, Didier; Verpoorte, Robert (2004). "The

8816:"Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets" 4144: 4068: 3831: 3788:, will come under state control upon completion of the company's mining project near Tôlanaro around 2038. 3623:. The island supplies 80% of the world's natural vanilla. Other key agricultural resources include coffee, 2945: 2843: 2412: 2341: 2082: 2004: 1692: 1285: 1234:

is in a 1609 book on Madagascar by Jerome Megiser. Jerome Megiser describes an event in which the kings of

886: 456: 14612:"Clean people, unclean people: the essentialisation of 'slaves' among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar" 12421: 6787:

Cox, Murray P.; Nelson, Michael G.; Tumonggor, Meryanne K.; Ricaut, François-X.; Sudoyo, Herawati (2012).

6008: 5814: 1875:

then marched toward Antananarivo, losing many men to malaria and other diseases. Reinforcements came from

1214:

and an important medieval Indian Ocean port. This would have resulted from 13th-century Venetian explorer

15489: 15390: 15155: 14977: 14957: 11836:"Madagascar Set to Expand Access to Renewable Energy and Digital Services thanks to $ 400 Million Credit" 9276: 9033: 6770:

Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia's Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.),

5682: 4084: 3863: 3841: 2504: 2496: 2448: 2365: 2285: 2118: 1044: 330: 33: 10311: 9544: 6648:

Crowley, B.E. (2010). "A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna".

6135: 5572: 16328: 15479: 15464: 15380: 15341: 15294: 15279: 15175: 15120: 15037: 15024: 13775:

The martyr church: a narrative of the introduction, progress, and triumph of Christianity in Madagascar

9690:"Phalangeal curvature and positional behaviour in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)" 9559: 4864: 4474: 3827: 2907: 2847: 2725: 2492: 2484: 2475:

As a result of the island's long isolation from neighbouring continents, Madagascar is home to various

2265: 2086: 1832: 1711: 1684: 1330:

Traditionally, archaeologists have estimated that the earliest settlers arrived in successive waves in

1244: 864: 840: 627: 428: 353: 4694:

in 2017 (2575 cases, 221 deaths) and 2014 (263 confirmed cases, 71 deaths). In 2019, Madagascar had a

3799:, which is unable to service the entire population. As of 2009, only 6.8 percent of Madagascar's 1756: 1284:

traveler, refers to the island as "Malagaskar" when recounting his journeys, including as part of the

17143: 16974: 15504: 15367: 15013: 14363:

Madagascar: an historical and descriptive account of the island and its former dependencies, Volume 1

13685:

Madagascar of to-day: A sketch of the island, with chapters on its past history and present prospects

10700: 5878: 5061: 5053:

was partially the result of the obsession that Andrianjaka's older brother may have had with playing

4819:("Makers of the Days") to identify the most auspicious days for important events such as weddings or 4741: 3573: 2795: 2533: 2436: 1719: 1680: 1539:

Contacts continued from the 1550s. Several colonization and conversion missions were ordered by King

1517: 1091: 14887:

Volume 3 of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Indo-Islamic society, 14th–15th centuries

14349: 13236: 12847:

Blench, Roger (1982). "Evidence for the Indonesian origins of certain elements of African culture".

12815: 12211: 10281: 8735: 7121: 2721:

as a key source of state revenues to offset cuts in donor support following Ravalomanana's ousting.

1946:

that had identified the island as a potential site for the deportation of Europe's Jews. During the

1587:

on the west coast. The Kingdom of Imerina, located in the central highlands with its capital at the

15696: 15309: 15213: 15090: 15085: 11500: 11474: 10861: 7736:

Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945

6601: 6564: 4923: 4860: 4644: 4522: 3795:

Running water and electricity are supplied at the national level by a government service provider,

3778: 3766: 3592: 2867: 2836: 2833: 2812: 2791: 2783: 2508: 2440: 2337: 2204: 2126: 1902:

Under colonial rule, plantations were established for the production of a variety of export crops.

1688: 1507: 1028: 957: 476: 13712:

Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).

12763: 12746: 12654:

Mukonoweshuro, E.G. (1990). "State "resilience" and chronic political instability in Madagascar".

12181: 11428: 8202: 5815:"India-Madagascar Separation: Breakup Along a Pre-existing Mobile Belt and Chipping of the Craton" 2750:

In 2003, Ravalomanana announced the Durban Vision, an initiative to more than triple the island's

2747:

found that 120 of the 219 mammal species only found on Madagascar are threatened with extinction.

1230:

maps by Europeans. One of the first documents written that might explain why Marco Polo called it

16735: 16704: 16518: 15499: 15484: 15410: 15284: 15228: 15208: 15186: 14560:

The Political Crisis of March 2009 in Madagascar: A Case Study of Conflict and Conflict Mediation

12370: 11378: 11175: 9373: 9344: 9315: 9286: 9250: 9221: 9192: 9156: 9127: 7941:

The Political Crisis of March 2009 in Madagascar: A Case Study of Conflict and Conflict Mediation

6838: 6537:

Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698

4947: 4775: 4724: 4715: 4510: 4359: 3785: 3708: 3022: 2208: 2182: 2113:

in which Ravalomanana was pushed from power in an unconstitutional process widely condemned as a

1617: 953: 945: 791: 664: 586: 22: 10570: 8426: 2846:, who recommends candidates to the president to form his cabinet of ministers. According to the 2386:

ecosystem. The central highlands are both drier and cooler while the west is drier still, and a

1454: 1272:

referred to "Malagascar" as the name of the island, stating that it is etymologically a word of

1047:

its fourth and current republic, with constitutional governance being restored in January 2014.

105: 91: 16874: 16720: 15536: 15449: 15267: 15248: 14982: 14940: 14357: 8394: 8162: 7160: 5138: 5065: 4536:

has led to the widespread tradition of tomb building, as well as the highlands practice of the

4533: 4427: 3901:) have relatively stronger East African features. The largest coastal ethnic subgroups are the 3663: 2984: 2949: 2925: 2899: 2787: 2775: 2463: 2424: 1959: 1459: 1235: 991: 714: 658: 422: 400: 26: 16472: 16113: 13364: 12129:. Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa. June 2010. Archived from 9069: 7734: 6544:

http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol17/pp283-291

3721: 1755:, an entrepreneur who developed munitions and other industries on behalf of the monarchy, and 1525: 16879: 16796: 15716: 15560: 15469: 15418: 15400: 15355: 15233: 15105: 15072: 14993: 14852: 11313: 11283: 11257: 11197: 10056: 9520: 9435: 7771:

Jacques Tronchon. L'insurrection malgache de 1947. Essai d'interprétation historique, p 35-45

7669:

Jacques Tronchon. L'insurrection malgache de 1947. Essai d'interprétation historique, p 35–45

5398: 5234: 4787: 4149: 4072: 4029: 3995: 3882: 3565: 3523: 3519: 3393: 3375: 3357: 3335: 3317: 3172: 3154: 3136: 3118: 3043: 3018: 2816: 2779: 2743: 2681:) destruction of native forest habitat is widespread (top), causing massive erosion (bottom). 2614: 2488: 2186: 2091: 2043: 1822: 1768: 1561: 1392: 1370: 1309: 1151: 987: 571: 513: 16176: 13754:

Madagascar revisited, describing the events of a new reign and the revolution which followed

13643:

An economic history of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: the rise and fall of an island empire

12618: 8616: 8096:"Madagascar food crisis caused more by poverty, natural weather than climate change – study" 6306: 4698:, resulting in 118,000 cases and 1,688 deaths. In 2020, Madagascar was also affected by the 3772:

Since 2016, €100.4 million has been paid to the Republic of Madagascar through this project.

1616: with: information about the pre-Merina Betsileo and Sakalava kingdoms. You can help by 1591:

of Antananarivo, emerged at around the same time under the leadership of King Andriamanelo.

1402:-speaking migrants from southeastern Africa arrived around the year 1000. Around this time, 1134:. The origin of the name is uncertain, and is likely foreign, having been propagated in the 16806: 16617: 14307: 12272: 9973: 9800: 9701: 9081: 8981: 8333: 8278: 8214: 7334: 6974: 6877: 6737: 6657: 6242: 6052: 5826: 5077: 5060:

Western recreational activities were introduced to Madagascar over the past two centuries.

4382: 3967: 3941: 3902: 3757: 3100: 3082: 3001:

The Minister of Interior is responsible for the national police force, paramilitary force (

2851: 2839: 2516: 2321: 2293: 2147: 2073:

and various bilateral donors in exchange for their bailout of the nation's broken economy.

1969:

of 1947. This movement led the French to establish reformed institutions in 1956 under the

1951: 1668: 1660: 1647: 1588: 1572: 1549: 1540: 1359: 1326:

ancestry reflects a blend of Southeast Asian, Oceanian and Bantu (Southeast African) roots.

1196: 1156: 995: 983: 856: 491: 382: 294: 14228:

Islands in the southern Indian Ocean, westward of longitude 80 ̊east, including Madagascar

13387: 13180: 11655: 11044: 9846: 9589: 7877:"Political change in Madagascar: populist democracy or neopatrimonialism by another name?" 5490: 4674:, and sexually transmitted diseases are common in Madagascar, although infection rates of 3528: 8: 17048: 16934: 16904: 15974: 15957: 15576: 15521: 15319: 10789:

Madagascar: profile des marches pour les evaluations d'urgence de la securite alimentaire

9619: 8864: 4955: 4905: 4894: 4807: 4602: 4580: 4470: 3741: 2523: 2432: 2428: 2311:

is the island's highest point, followed by Boby Peak 2,658 m (8,720 ft) in the

2216: 2212: 2047: 2039: 2029: 2013: 1888: 1513: 1388: 979: 394: 14648: 14311: 13948: 13914: 13773: 13752: 13741: 13683: 12317: 10126: 9977: 9804: 9705: 8985: 8337: 8282: 8218: 7843: 7382: 6978: 6881: 6741: 6661: 6246: 6176: 6056: 5830: 4762:

Government school construction initiatives have ensured at least one primary school per

3584:

Twelve million people do not have access to clean water, according to the NGO WaterAid.

1764: 1553: 17128: 16914: 15526: 15494: 15459: 14952: 14811: 14337: 14115: 14092: 13926: 12864: 12803: 12694:

Lassibille, Gerard; Tan, Jee-Peng; Jesse, Cornelia; Nguyen, Trang Van (6 August 2010).

12671: 11982:

Tofanelli S, Bertoncini S, Castrì L, Luiselli D, Calafell F, Donati G, Paoli G (2009).

11947: 11922: 10044: 10004: 9961: 9933: 9823: 9788: 9655: 8943: 8916: 8888: 8859: 8708: 8673: 8294: 8238: 8166: 7640: 7099: 7054: 7005: 6962: 6933: 6893: 6815: 6788: 6710: 6260: 6083: 6040: 5906: 5175: 4954:, an exemplar of the new wave of Malagasy poetry. Madagascar has also developed a rich 4856: 4632: 3981: 3959: 3299: 3281: 3263: 3245: 3227: 3209: 3191: 2467:), the flowers of this orchid have a very long spur and are pollinated by a species of 2312: 2308: 2289: 2224: 2220: 2199:

At 592,800 square kilometres (228,900 sq mi), Madagascar is the world's 46th

1880: 1656: 1442:

in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Today, the spirits of the Vazimba are revered as

1347: 1168: 1087: 388: 111: 97: 15605: 14319: 14138:

The Educated African: a Country-by-Country Survey of Educational Development in Africa

12984: 10542: 10508: 9004: 8967: 6307:"Histoire des noms anciens de Madagascar : réévaluations et nouvelles hypothèses" 5838: 1418:

Kingdom and were extended with terraced paddies throughout the neighboring Kingdom of

16801: 16159: 15732: 15581: 15135: 15125: 15110: 14891: 14858: 14837: 14818: 14783: 14762: 14731: 14698: 14665: 14584: 14563: 14544: 14525: 14494: 14473: 14442: 14409: 14388: 14323: 14274: 14253: 14211: 14190: 14169: 14150: 14122: 14099: 14064: 14031: 13998: 13965: 13933: 13899: 13868: 13835: 13802: 13779: 13758: 13717: 13698: 13647: 13614: 13581: 13548: 13527: 13508: 13477: 13444: 13423: 12777: 12430: 12005: 11952: 11343: 10931:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 10448: 10422: 10009: 9991: 9828: 9787:

Glaw, F.; Köhler, J. R.; Townsend, T. M.; Vences, M. (2012). Salamin, Nicolas (ed.).

9769: 9729: 9724: 9689: 9447: 9416: 9085: 9050: 9009: 8948: 8893: 8837: 8713: 8695: 8622: 8427:

International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (25 February 2005).

8349: 8298: 8290: 8242: 8230: 7944: 7740: 7632: 7350: 7223: 7059: 7010: 6992: 6889: 6820: 6753: 6324: 6264: 6088: 6070: 5959: 5910: 5898: 5842: 5353: 5330: 5322: 5221: 5201: 5012: 4996: 4951: 4728: 4624: 4610: 4390: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4355: 3370: 3312: 3031:). The regions are further subdivided into 119 districts, 1,579 communes, and 17,485 2842:

republic, wherein the popularly elected president is the head of state and selects a

2714: 2601: 2396:

cause damage to infrastructure and local economies as well as loss of life. In 2004,

2387: 2117:. In March 2009, Rajoelina was declared by the Supreme Court as the President of the 2025: 1996: 1980: 1976: 1966: 1919: 1826: 1779: 1696: 1495: 1383: 1124: 1112: 1079: 1071: 1036: 557: 544: 265: 59: 10048: 9687: 9659: 8966:

Kuboyama, Takeshi; Yokoshima, Satoshi; Tokuyama, Hidetoshi; Fukuyama, Tohru (2004).

6897: 6714: 6669: 4591:. Muslims are divided between ethnic Malagasy and Indians, Pakistanis and Comorans. 1703:, translated the Bible, and introduced a variety of new technologies to the island. 1414:

found in East Africa. Irrigated paddy fields were developed in the central highland

1292:

was the way the island is referred to by its natives, who emphasized that they were

1086:

is the country's predominant religion, with a significant minority still practising

16959: 16889: 16766: 16673: 16508: 15474: 15100: 14924: 14623: 14315: 12891: 12856: 12769: 12715: 12707: 12663: 12382: 12101:"Haute Cour Constitutionnelle De Madagascar, Décision n°03-HCC/D2 Du 12 avril 2000" 12100: 11995: 11942: 11934: 10830: 10633:"Madagascar journalist Arphine Helisoa jailed on false news, incitement allegation" 10362: 10036: 9999: 9981: 9925: 9818: 9808: 9761: 9719: 9709: 9647: 9639: 9408: 9042: 8999: 8989: 8938: 8930: 8883: 8873: 8827: 8750: 8703: 8685: 8341: 8286: 8222: 7624: 7504: 7477: 7342: 7091: 7049: 7041: 7000: 6982: 6925: 6885: 6810: 6800: 6745: 6700: 6692: 6665: 6314: 6250: 6078: 6060: 5949: 5890: 5834: 5634: 5258: 5204:

is the most popular beer on the island and is considered emblematic of Madagascar.

5158: 5132: 4878: 4852: 4691: 4620: 4378: 4257: 4059: 4019: 3935: 3569: 3465: 3447: 3429: 3424: 3411: 2570: 2401: 2393: 2051: 1984: 1947: 1842: 1521: 1474: 1398:

Arab traders first reached the island between the 7th and 9th centuries. A wave of

1335: 1319: 1012: 846: 766: 318: 306: 14776:

Strakes, Jason (2006). "Armed Forces of the People". In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.).

14577:

Ratsimbazafy, Ernest (2010). "Moraingy". In Green, Thomas; Svinth, Joseph (eds.).

11716:"High prices in Southern Madagascar limit poor households' food access | FEWS NET" 9618: 6839:"Human expansion 1,000 years ago linked to Madagascar's loss of large vertebrates" 5894: 3836: 2604:

is one of over 100 known species and subspecies of lemur found only in Madagascar.

16755: 16152: 16061: 15648: 15372: 15020: 14989: 14947: 14931: 14885: 14777: 14725: 14692: 14659: 14578: 14488: 14436: 14403: 14361: 14301: 14268: 14226: 14205: 14184: 14147:

Isle of Fire: The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar, Issue 246

14058: 14025: 13992: 13959: 13862: 13829: 13794: 13641: 13608: 13575: 13542: 13471: 13438: 13343: 13324: 13305: 13286: 13267: 12031: 10602: 10122: 9813: 8125: 6749: 6632: 6550: 6450: 6355: 5879:"Settling Madagascar: When Did People First Colonize the World's Largest Island?" 5367: 5359: 5154: 5146: 5142: 4870: 4832: 4667: 4598: 4451: 4396: 4346: 4239: 4045: 4015: 4003: 3949: 3931: 3869: 3784:

The island's newest port at Ehoala, constructed in 2008 and privately managed by

3667: 3651: 3330: 3258: 2929:

coastal populations has periodically flared up into isolated events of violence.

2917: 2912: 2866:

criminal tribunals, and tribunals of first instance. The courts, which adhere to

2737: 2718: 2457: 2106: 2081:(1993–96), who went on to win the 1992 presidential elections and inaugurate the 2066: 1975:(Overseas Reform Act), and Madagascar moved peacefully towards independence. The 1943: 1849: 1791: 1560:. Many European sailors were shipwrecked on the coasts of the island, among them 1399: 1374: 1331: 1323: 1160: 1130: 1075: 824: 462: 447: 415: 312: 300: 269: 74: 15004: 13045: 12130: 12083: 10478: 10194:"Madagascar's unique wildlife faces imminent wave of extinction, say scientists" 8043:"Madagascar: Ravalomanana challenges results in court, Rajoelina calls for calm" 7290:"Cronica do mujto alto e poderoso Rey destes Reynos de Portugal, Dom João o III" 7082:

Gade, Daniel W. (1996). "Deforestation and its effects in Highland Madagascar".

7045: 6683:

Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar".

6255: 6230: 5438: 2352: 16989: 16979: 16894: 16825: 16098: 16082: 15080: 14727:

The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar

12548: 12058:, Egede-Instituttet Avhandlinger, no. 3 (Oslo: Egede-Instituttet, 1951), p. 13. 11401: 11228:"Business news: Fmi, economia del Madagascar manifesta segnali "incoraggianti"" 11019: 9986: 9765: 9752: 8973:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8783:

Lavranos, John (2004). "Pachypodium makayense: A New Species From Madagascar".

8345: 5150: 4882: 4687: 4446: 4386: 4203: 3874: 3789: 3762: 3679: 3149: 2693: 2678: 2634: 2621: 2590: 2563: 2526:

are found nowhere else in the world, including five plant families. The family

2397: 2157:

which, due to a severe drought, caused hundreds of thousands of people to face

2046:, appointed to succeed him, was assassinated six days into his tenure. General 1799: 1700: 1637: 1366: 1273: 1239: 1051: 1024: 999: 968: 941: 526: 14580:

Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, Volume 2

13473:

Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogeneses of people in Indonesian archipelago

13207: 12465: 12342: 12070:

Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago

11560:. United Nations Public-Private Alliance for Rural Development. Archived from 10040: 9643: 9489: 8878: 7508: 7481: 7346: 4910: 4407:

Among the upper class in large cities, French is spoken as a native language.

3744:

are unpaved, with many becoming impassable in the rainy season. Largely paved

2641:

terrestrial snail are endemic, as are a majority of the island's butterflies,

17042: 17024: 17011: 16984: 16949: 16761: 16740: 16314: 16290: 16164: 15772: 15008: 12895: 10786:

Ralison, Eliane; Goossens, Frans (January 2006). World Food Programme (ed.).

9995: 9714: 9046: 8912: 8754: 8699: 8513:"Cyclone kills at least 10 in Madagascar, destroying homes and cutting power" 8318: 8234: 7636: 6996: 6328: 6319: 6074: 5902: 5846: 5081: 4617:

at home, reflecting the faiths concentration among those of Indian ancestry.

4575: 4478: 4080: 4079:

minorities are present in Madagascar, as well as a small European (primarily

3989: 3893: 3655: 2937: 2729: 2277: 2158: 1872: 1795: 1584: 1482: 1378: 1263: 1218:

confusing the two locations in his memoirs, in which he mentions the land of

1055: 1016: 1007: 948:

and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of

913: 359: 288: 245: 232: 14627: 13505:

Distant lands and diverse cultures: the French experience in Asia, 1600–1700

12270: 12000: 11983: 11555:"Made in Madagascar: Exporting Handicrafts to the U.S. Market: Final Report" 11139: 10568: 8994: 8832: 8815: 8690: 6987: 6452:

Early Kingdoms in Madagascar and the Birth of the Sakalava Empire, 1500-1700

6228: 6065: 2936:, which was established in 1963 and dissolved in 2002 to be replaced by the 16884: 16869: 16786: 16776: 16592: 16452: 16360: 16208: 15882: 15872: 15676: 14405:

The political economy of poverty, equity, and growth: Malawi and Madagascar

13695:

Disease and empire: the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa

13440:

General history of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s

13298: 13235:. World Organization of the Scout Movement. 1 December 2010. Archived from 12860: 12549:"Madagascar: Severe drought could spur world's first climate change famine" 12009: 11956: 10013: 9832: 9773: 9733: 9623: 9420: 9412: 9078:

The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs

9054: 9013: 8952: 8897: 8841: 8717: 8353: 8226: 7063: 7014: 6824: 6805: 6757: 6092: 5963: 5073: 4555: 4461: 4455: 4293: 4275: 4234: 4162: 4011: 3753: 3294: 3185: 3077: 2825: 2642: 2578: 2528: 2281: 2062: 2009: 1955: 1939: 1884: 1857: 1783:(commoner) courtiers, who sought to end the absolute power of the monarch. 1752: 1707: 1516:

was the first Portuguese settlement on the south coast, 10 km west of

1431: 1411: 1277: 1083: 961: 960:

and the 46th largest country in the world. Its capital and largest city is

276: 224: 13994:

Africa and the Middle East: a continental overview of environmental issues

12711: 10761: 9916:

Campbell, Gwyn (1993). "The Structure of Trade in Madagascar, 1750–1810".

7839:"Élection présidentielle à Madagascar: les Ratsiraka, une famille divisée" 6916:

Campbell, Gwyn (1993). "The Structure of Trade in Madagascar, 1750–1810".

5954: 5937: 4432: 3729: 1642: 1446:(ancestral masters of the land) by many traditional Malagasy communities. 16969: 16954: 16939: 16924: 16056: 15887: 15777: 14306:. Vol. 6. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 195. 13154: 12387: 6705: 5046: 4975: 4848: 4654: 4588: 4571: 4498: 4401: 4311: 4270: 4049: 3953: 3927: 3734: 3643: 3620: 3095: 2559: 2555: 2543: 2538: 2405: 2378:

produces a hot rainy season (November–April) with frequently destructive

2371: 2329: 2304: 2078: 1935: 1853: 1803:

British consultants were employed to train and professionalize soldiers.

1664: 1439: 1407: 1343: 1268: 1248: 1227: 1135: 500: 485: 16358: 14168:. Textile Series. Los Angeles: Regents of the University of California. 12868: 12773: 8858:

Keglevich, Péter; Hazai, Laszlo; Kalaus, György; Szántay, Csaba (2012).

8544:"Climate adaptation bill for African countries to dwarf health spending" 8453: 5069: 4324: 3038: 1910: 1899:

colonial conquest caused several tens of thousands of Malagasy victims.

1604: 1485:(used to transcribe the Malagasy language in a form of writing known as 16859: 16725: 16639: 16612: 16492: 16446: 16435: 16430: 16264: 16254: 16249: 15963: 15867: 15832: 15817: 15757: 15691: 15095: 14472:. Langues INALCO (in French). Paris: Langues et mondes – l'Asiatheque. 13795:"Spitting into the wind: Multi-edged environmentalism in Malagasy song" 12371:"The place of healers-diviners (ombiasa) in Betsileo medical pluralism" 11621: 11258:"Madagascar – GDP – per capita (PPP) – Historical Data Graphs per Year" 11198:"Madagascar – GDP – real growth rate – Historical Data Graphs per Year" 9368: 9339: 9310: 9281: 9245: 9216: 9187: 9151: 9122: 7231: 7103: 6696: 4984: 4658: 4538: 4505: 4185: 4167: 3975: 3805: 3352: 3276: 3131: 2968: 2709:

mean score of 4.63/10, ranking it 119th globally out of 172 countries.

2657: 2646: 2468: 2383: 2261: 2257: 2244: 2070: 1809: 1787: 1557: 1499: 1462: 1215: 1095: 16407: 16306: 16040: 15029: 13864:

Vivre à Tananarive: géographie du changement dans la capitale malgache

13072:"Is Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, Africa's newest art hub?" 12720: 12675: 11804:"The World Bank Connectivity for Rural Livelihood Improvement Project" 10605:

Madagascar: Media Under Attack One Month After New President Installed

10250: 9937: 9651: 9545:"Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010" 8934: 8674:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" 8069:"Madagascar President assured of winning majority seats in parliament" 7644: 7613:"The Menalamba Revolt and Brigandry in Imperial Madagascar, 1820-1897" 7612: 6937: 4835:

ethnic group, who trace their ancestry back to early Somali settlers.

2228: 1892: 1837: 16662: 16602: 16597: 16532: 16425: 16244: 15822: 12493:"'It is a dangerous moment': Madagascar plague death toll reaches 74" 10831:"United Nations Member States | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 9443: 8860:"Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine" 7429: 5679:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Madagascar)" 5396: 5092:

of three scouting clubs. Membership in 2011 was estimated at 14,905.

5000: 4737: 4584: 4490: 4440: 4216: 4198: 4180: 4041: 4007: 3906: 3733:

In many places oxcarts are an important medium of transport, like in

3675: 3671: 3659: 3639: 3222: 3167: 2972: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2702: 2668: 2630: 2551: 2547: 2542:

species are endemic to the island. Three-fourths of Madagascar's 860

2316: 2232: 1971: 1915: 1865: 1861: 1760: 1676: 1207: 1164: 1003: 324: 16919: 14611: 9026: 8126:"Andry Rajoelina: Madagascar president re-elected in contested poll" 7095: 4958:, embodied in dozens of regional musical genres such as the coastal 3536: 1931: 1852:. At the end of the war, Madagascar ceded the northern port town of 1728: 21:

This article is about the island nation. For the island itself, see

17094:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

16864: 16854: 16844: 16771: 16607: 16582: 16567: 16562: 16462: 16379: 16269: 16229: 15922: 15897: 15747: 15742: 15721: 15686: 15671: 15592: 14935: 13544:

The Arabian seas: the Indian Ocean world of the seventeenth century

12747:

Ministère de l'Education Secondaire et l'Education de Base (2005).

12667: 12579:"How climate change is turning once green Madagascar into a desert" 11938: 10312:"Liste des institutions gouvernementales de Madagascar (août 2021)" 9929: 9688:

Jungers, W.L.; Godfrey, L.R.; Simons, E.L.; Chatrath, P.S. (1997).

7628: 6929: 6867: 6789:"A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar" 6471: 5085: 5041: 5027: 5017: 4966: 4928: 4915: 4675: 4594: 4564: 4549: 4037: 3971: 3910: 3635: 3609: 3388: 3348: 2596: 2582: 2574: 2480: 2252: 1868:

on the west coast, in December 1894 and January 1895 respectively.

1804: 1773: 1672: 1576: 1415: 1281: 1032: 975: 971: 908: 828: 13260: 12751:(in French). Antananarivo, Madagascar: Government Printing Office. 11587:"Aperçu de la coopération économique entre la Chine et Madagascar" 11284:"Madagascar – Unemployment rate – Historical Data Graphs per Year" 8736:"The endemic and non-endemic vascular flora of Madagascar updated" 6383: 6381: 6379: 6106: 5935: 4767:

colleges and several private universities and technical colleges.

3888:

Southeast Asian features – specifically from the southern part of

2191: 16849: 16819: 16745: 16572: 16487: 16440: 16400: 16389: 16374: 16298: 16259: 16224: 16216: 16129: 16108: 16077: 16035: 15907: 15877: 15862: 15847: 15837: 15827: 15792: 15787: 15737: 15706: 15681: 15656: 11981: 11552: 10901:"Madagascar Country Programme (2015–2019) | World Food Programme" 8965: 6959: 6200:"Malagasy? Or is it Madagascan? Our research provides the answer" 6037: 5192: 5180: 5050: 4671: 4662: 4306: 4288: 4252: 4076: 3878: 3647: 3628: 3616: 2821: 2625: 2610: 2476: 2379: 2375: 2269: 2240: 2236: 2195:

Land coverage (left) and topographical (right) maps of Madagascar

2133:, which the international community deemed fair and transparent. 1903: 1876: 1739: 1435: 1427: 1419: 1355: 1339: 1223: 1211: 410: 14522:

La Royale: L'histoire illustrée de la Marine nationale française

14164:

Kusimba, Chapurukha; Odland, J. Claire; Bronson, Bennet (2004).

10423:"MADAGASCAR: Former president sentenced to five years in prison" 9541: 5520: 1724:

Three Visits to Madagascar during the years 1853, 1854, and 1856

16929: 16750: 16730: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16394: 16274: 15932: 15917: 15912: 15852: 15807: 15767: 15661: 15640: 14562:. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield. 11178:[Madagascar: Targeting 500 Thousand Visitors in 2018]. 10541:(in French). AirMadagascar.com. 28 January 2012. Archived from 10254: 7943:. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield. 7433: 6376: 6143:

United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Reports

5401:

Projet de Constitution de la Quatrième République de Madagascar

4960: 4942: 4845: 4840: 4494: 4023: 3889: 3796: 3624: 3605: 3597: 3442: 3406: 3240: 2733: 2390:

prevails in the southwest and southern interior of the island.

2300: 2162: 2033: 1733: 1580: 1487: 1184: 1176: 1099:

As of 2021, 68.4 percent of the population is considered to be

949: 13716:. Vol. 8 (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. 9440:

Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That Changed the World

5979:"In French-Tinied Madagascar, African and Asian Cultures Meet" 5291: 4627:

in Antananarivo to begin researching Judaism and studying the

3769:, and €4.8 million in finance from the Republic of Madagascar. 3543:

is one of the international tourism destinations in Madagascar

2487:

as a biodiversity hotspot. Madagascar is classed as one of 17

2299:

Madagascar's highest peaks rise from three prominent highland

2028:(1960–72), under the leadership of French-appointed President 1759:, a French adventurer and slave trader, with whom then-Prince 16964: 16791: 16622: 16587: 16527: 16457: 16415: 16384: 16234: 16206: 16103: 15892: 15842: 15797: 15782: 15762: 15752: 15726: 15666: 14300:

Oliver, Roland; Fage, John Donnelly; Sanderson, G.N. (1983).

13108:(in French). l'expressmada.com. 7 August 2009. Archived from 12072:, (Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 2006), pp. 8–9. 10569:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (8 April 2011).

5068:

is also popular. Madagascar has produced a world champion in

5025:

A number of traditional pastimes have emerged in Madagascar.

4628: 4614: 4606: 4466: 4329: 4221: 3691: 3460: 3204: 3113: 2546:

species are found here alone, as are six of the world's nine

1478: 901: 11314:"Madagascar – Labor force – Historical Data Graphs per Year" 10983:"World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer" 9514: 5300: 4940:(proverbs). An epic poem exemplifying these traditions, the 4570:

Islam was first brought to Madagascar in the Middle Ages by

3532:

Historical change in per capita GDP of Madagascar since 1950

2532:, composed of four genera and 11 species, is limited to the 1288:. In 1905, Charles Basset wrote in his doctoral thesis that 16781: 16577: 16542: 16537: 15902: 15812: 15701: 13179:. International Rugby Board. 23 August 2007. Archived from 12316:. Ministry of External Affairs, India. 2004. Archived from 12311:"Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora" 10449:"Madagascar: Appeal launched despite political uncertainty" 9622:; Ganzhorn, J.; Konstant, W.; Glander, K.; Tattersall, I.; 9306:"Chemotherapy for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Children" 8857: 8316: 8157: 7452: 6774:(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122. 5273: 5188: 5184: 5032: 4560: 4053: 2766:). In 2007 six of the national parks were declared a joint 1531: 1403: 1351: 13990: 13867:(in French). Antananarivo, Madagascar: Karthala Editions. 12840: 12368: 11499:. Sherritt International Corporation. 2012. Archived from 10026: 8583: 8317:

Vences M, Wollenberg KC, Vieites DR, Lees DC (June 2009).

6727: 4987:

people of the central highlands was inscribed on UNESCO's

4877:

The Southeast Asian cultural influence is also evident in

4609:

in the late 19th century. Most Hindus in Madagascar speak

2948:

with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the

1786:

Following the coup, the courtiers offered Radama's queen,

1726:. The Queen made heavy use of the traditional practice of 13743:

Three visits to Madagascar during ... 1853-1854-1856

13613:. Jerusalem: Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. 11920: 10222: 8671: 8456:"Madagascar: Saving the children from Gafilo's aftermath" 8319:"Madagascar as a model region of species diversification" 8267: 8158: 5632: 5282: 5279: 5267: 5197: 925: 13831:

The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1790 to c. 1870

12693: 10127:"Asian relative of cane toad threatens Madagascar havoc" 9959: 9786: 8454:

Integrated Regional Information Networks (2 July 2004).

8429:"Madagascar: Cyclone Gafilo, Final Report, Appeal 08/04" 8017:"Madagascar court declares Rajoelina as election winner" 7991:"All you need to know about high-stakes Madagascar poll" 7259:

Caravelle. Cahiers du Monde Hispanique et Luso-Brésilien

6963:"Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar" 6786: 5397:

Le Comité Consultatif Constitutionnel (1 October 2010).

4477:, while just 4.5% exclusively practiced folk religions; 4373:

Malagasy, spoken across the western coastal plains. The

1683:

began arriving in 1818 and included such key figures as

15635: 14250:

Crime and Punishment Around the World: Volume 1, Africa

9918:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

8392: 7815: 7813: 7617:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

6918:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

6793:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5004:

the continuing development of fine arts in Madagascar.

2536:

of southwestern Madagascar. Four-fifths of the world's

2491:. The country is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions: 2315:, and Tsiafajavona 2,643 m (8,671 ft) in the 1722:

described his visits made during her reign in his book

1714:

and pressuring most foreigners to leave the territory.

15023:, (in French). Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The 14834:

Makers of modern Africa: profiles in history, Volume 1

11656:"Road projects to combat climate events in Madagascar" 6772:

Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past

3634:

Madagascar has one of the world's largest reserves of

2408:

killed 55 and displaced 130,000 people on the island.

2227:. Neighboring islands include the French territory of 12902: 12271:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2006).

12176: 12174: 11138:

Christie, Iain; Crompton, Elizabeth (November 2003).

8968:"Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (+)-vincristine" 6606:

St. Nicholas: An Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks

6288: 6286: 5309: 5297: 5288: 5285: 5261: 4679:

in 2009 was 63 years for men and 67 years for women.

1743:

was routinely obligatory. Between 1828 and 1861, the

16815: 16703: 14524:(in French). Maîtres du Vent – La Falaise: Babouji. 14163: 13991:

Hillstrom, Kevin; Collier Hillstrom, Laurie (2003).

12369:

Legrip-Randriambelo, Olivia; Regnier, Denis (2014).

12273:"International Religious Freedom Report: Madagascar" 11381:. Washington D.C.: International Trade Council. 2019 10167:"Lemurs Hunted, Eaten Amid Civil Unrest, Group Says" 10084: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10072: 8665: 7810: 5270: 5211: 5137:

Malagasy cuisine reflects the diverse influences of

4950:, who is considered Africa's first modern poet, and 2828:

is the political and economic capital of Madagascar.

1751:

Among those who continued to reside in Imerina were

1566:

identified Malagasy people as being of Jewish origin

1381:(including possibly the largest bird to ever exist, 14299: 14270:

Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century

11921:Hurles ME, Sykes BC, Jobling MA, Forster P (2005). 11176:"Madagascar: obiettivo 500mila visitatori nel 2018" 9953: 9875: 9847:"Everglades, Madagascar Rain Forest on UNESCO List" 9694:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA

8853: 8851: 5276: 5264: 4979:create a variety of furniture and household goods, 4497:, 39.2% practiced traditional faiths, and 0.6% was 4385:being its closest relative, incorporating numerous 3690:was formed in May 2003, as a collaboration between 2264:containing much of the island's remaining tropical 2161:and over one million people were on the verge of a 1006:. These were joined around the ninth century AD by 978:, around 180 million years ago, and split from the 14810: 14114: 14091: 13925: 13522:Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2008). 12171: 10820:, Institut National de la Statistique, Madagascar. 6283: 2105:Opposition leader and then-mayor of Antananarivo, 14850: 13521: 12056:Malgache et Maanjan: une comparaison linguistique 11078: 10933:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. 10069: 7228:"Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar" 6539:, ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), pp. 283-291. 6455:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 186. 6136:"Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Madagascar" 4529:) and has been influential in Malagasy politics. 2620:A number of other mammals, including the catlike 2522:More than 80 percent of Madagascar's 14,883 2328:The western and southern sides, which lie in the 2243:to the north west. The nearest mainland state is 17040: 14817:. San Francisco, CA: Stanford University Press. 14730:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 13957: 13337:2015 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women 13148: 13035:Heale & Abdul Latif (2008), pp. 108–111 12296: 12294: 11137: 10472: 10470: 9612: 9581: 9535: 8848: 8312: 8310: 8308: 7883:. Institute for Security Studies. Archived from 6535:'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', in 5113:2015 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women 5064:is considered the national sport of Madagascar. 5057:to the detriment of his other responsibilities. 4855:, and is very similar in form to those found in 4481:comprise a plurality of Christians, followed by 3615:Madagascar is the world's principal supplier of 3552:, as of 2021, 68.4 percent of the population is 2418: 1491:), Arab astrology, and other cultural elements. 1226:. This name would then have been popularized on 974:, Madagascar split from Africa during the Early 14782:. Vol. 1. New York: Taylor & Francis. 14664:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 14557: 14467: 14166:Unwrapping the textile traditions of Madagascar 13827: 13230:"Triennal review: Census as of 1 December 2010" 13133: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12525:(Report). World Food Programme. February 2021. 12468:. United Nations Population Fund. August 2011. 11548: 11546: 11544: 10785: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10088: 9909: 9749: 9515:Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre (24 August 2011). 8813: 8662:Hillstrom & Collier Hillstrom (2003), p. 50 8447: 7938: 7383:"Kingdoms of Madagascar: Maroserana and Merina" 6967:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6599: 6390:The Antananarvio Annual and Madagascar Magazine 6170: 6045:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5812: 2978: 2061:This period saw a political alignment with the 1502:sighted the island, while participating in the 1465:recorded the island while participating in the 1171:dating from the year 1154, the island is named 598:592,796 km (228,880 sq mi) ( 14808: 14657: 14094:The Library of Congress World War II companion 13896:Hainteny: the traditional poetry of Madagascar 13860: 13828:Fage, J.D.; Flint, J.E.; Oliver, R.A. (1986). 12881: 12212:"Dead Join the Living in a Family Celebration" 12205: 12203: 11399: 11140:"Republic of Madagascar: Tourism Sector Study" 11131: 11018:. World Bank. 25 February 2011. Archived from 10859: 10091:"Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Madagascar" 10061:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 9519:. Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre. Archived from 9434:Cooper, Raymond; Deakin, Jeffrey John (2016). 8800: 8798: 7910:"Madagascar: La Crise a un Tournant Critique?" 7904: 7902: 6414: 6412: 5782: 5780: 3587: 2280:and the location of their historic capital at 1066:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie 163: 128: 51: 16689: 16344: 16192: 15621: 15045: 13771: 13750: 13697:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 13672: 12653: 12291: 11429:"The real price of Madagascar's vanilla boom" 10467: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10351: 9944: 9884:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 9335:"Chemotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer" 9183:"Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia" 9031:alkaloids: Pharmacognosy and biotechnology". 8618:Origin of the Malagasy Strepshirhine Primates 8579: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8305: 7783: 7115: 7113: 6191: 5883:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 5517:"Malagasy – National Geographic Style Manual" 5392: 5390: 5339: 4874:, has evolved into a varied and refined art. 4851:carried to Madagascar by early settlers from 4635:were formally converted to Orthodox Judaism. 4485:. In contrast, a 2020 study conducted by the 4473:in 2020, 85% of the population identified as 4114: 3504:United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti 3496: 2705:over the past century. Madagascar had a 2019 2058:that ran under his tenure from 1975 to 1993. 1449: 211:Location of Madagascar (dark green) 16007:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 14809:Thompson, Virginia; Adloff, Richard (1965). 14576: 13912: 13898:. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press. 13735:(in French). Ann Arbor, MI: Berger-Levrault. 13577:Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide 13222: 13064: 13031: 13029: 13017: 12828:Middleton (1999), pp. 259–262, 272, 309 12768:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 12682: 12127:"Madagascar: 2007 Constitutional referendum" 12084:"Linguistic policy challenges in Madagascar" 11872:, Central Intelligence Agency, 7 August 2024 11541: 11465: 11463: 11086:. AfricanEconomicOutlook.org. Archived from 10697:International Institute of Strategic Studies 10334: 9433: 8729: 8727: 8592:. Conservation International. Archived from 7568: 7559: 7556:Fage, Flint & Oliver (1986), pp. 522–524 7335:"Perspectives on French Colonial Madagascar" 7150: 7077: 7075: 7073: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 4831:, "man of much virtue") of the southeastern 3756:, began in December 2022. The approximately 3508:treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2944:to Rajoelina. Madagascar is a member of the 2942:unconstitutional transfer of executive power 2211:. The country lies mostly between latitudes 2036:that overturned his administration in 1972. 1063: 175: 140: 66: 14756: 14538: 14434: 14385:Madagascar: a mineral and gemstone paradise 14207:Ancestors, Power, and History in Madagascar 14023: 13913:Freeman, Joseph John; Johns, David (1840). 13349: 13139:Kusimba, Odland & Bronson (2004), p. 87 12917:Kusimba, Odland & Bronson (2004), p. 12 12416: 12414: 12412: 12410: 12200: 11617:"Madagascar starts works on first motorway" 11523:"Madagascar's oil fortunes evolving slowly" 11081:"African Economic Outlook 2011: Madagascar" 11074: 11072: 11070: 10393:"Population of Cities in Madagascar (2017)" 10089:Bachelard, Jerome; Marcus, Richard (2011). 9745: 9743: 9212:"Chemotherapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia" 8795: 8608: 7899: 7601:Oliver, Fage & Sanderson (1985), p. 532 7592:Oliver, Fage & Sanderson (1985), p. 529 6721: 6682: 6409: 6276: 6274: 5777: 5021:is a traditional martial art of Madagascar. 3702: 3666:, and the development of the giant onshore 3012: 2577:, and other cancers, were derived from the 1695:, who established schools, transcribed the 1266:. An 1882 edition of the British newspaper 17109:States and territories established in 1960 16696: 16682: 16351: 16337: 16199: 16185: 15628: 15614: 15052: 15038: 14182: 13923: 13046:"Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry" 12950:"Origine Confuse des Vazimba du Betsiriry" 12765:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 12749:Curriculum de formation des élèves-maîtres 12616: 12429:. Paris: World Health Organization. 2011. 11975: 11746:"Madagascar - COUNTRY ECONOMIC MEMORANDUM" 10749: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10348: 10282:"Shaky Rule in Madagascar Threatens Trees" 10169:. National Geographic News. Archived from 8910: 8733: 8614: 8566: 8422: 8420: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8185: 7708: 7110: 6676: 6634:Madagascar et l'oeuvre du Général Galliéni 6506: 6353: 6198:Raveloson, Andriamiranto (25 March 2020). 5770: 5768: 5766: 5387: 4727:access and quality were prioritized under 4121: 4107: 3027:Madagascar is subdivided into 22 regions ( 2550:species. The island is home to around 170 2445:List of World Heritage Sites in Madagascar 1276:origin, and may be related to the name of 1041:political crisis and military coup in 2009 204: 17084:French-speaking countries and territories 14658:Rodd, Tony; Stackhouse, Jennifer (2008). 14387:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. 14203: 13730: 13677:(in French). Paris: Editions Diloutremer. 13675:Un homme d'etat malgache: Rainilaiarivony 13436: 13026: 12941: 12925: 12923: 12719: 12601: 12386: 11999: 11946: 11897:"By Location | Pivot Table | Data Portal" 11650: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11525:. PennWell Corporation. 7 February 2012. 11460: 10003: 9985: 9822: 9812: 9723: 9713: 9003: 8993: 8942: 8887: 8877: 8831: 8724: 8707: 8689: 8586:"Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands" 7552: 7550: 7548: 7159:(in French). Madatana.com. Archived from 7070: 7053: 7004: 6986: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6814: 6804: 6704: 6393:. London Missionary Society Press. 1893. 6318: 6254: 6197: 6082: 6064: 5953: 5813:Raval, U.; Veeraswamy, K. (1 July 2003). 5664: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5191:milk. A wide variety of sweet and savory 5117:Madagascar's national 3x3 basketball team 3699:, France, Iran, Mauritius and Hong Kong. 1979:was proclaimed on 14 October 1958, as an 1494:European contact began in 1500, when the 967:Following the prehistoric breakup of the 776: 16359:Countries and territories bordering the 14983:Key Development Forecasts for Madagascar 14486: 14382: 14224: 14149:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 14117:From Madagascar to the Malagasy Republic 14063:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 13958:Heale, Jay; Abdul Latif, Zawiah (2008). 13946: 13639: 13606: 13540: 13507:. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. 12983:. University of Virginia. Archived from 12490: 12407: 12153:"Religions in Madagascar | PEW-GRF" 12103:(in French). Saflii.org. 12 April 2000. 12016: 11067: 10476: 10164: 9915: 9740: 9487: 8782: 8734:Callmander, Martin; et al. (2011). 7732: 7610: 7538: 7536: 7494: 7467: 7332: 6915: 6562: 6304: 6271: 5876: 5633:Bureau of African Affairs (3 May 2011). 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5011: 4909: 4719: 4469:at 7 percent. However, according to the 4445: 4431: 4345: 3835: 3728: 3720: 3591: 3535: 3527: 3037: 2911: 2820: 2595: 2456: 2351: 2190: 2008: 1909: 1836: 1641: 1594: 1530: 1453: 1318: 1035:. The monarchy was ended in 1897 by the 15059: 14831: 14813:The Malagasy Republic: Madagascar today 14775: 14646: 14609: 14519: 14493:(in French). Paris: Editions Karthala. 14470:Grammaire moderne de la langue malgache 14135: 14089: 13953:(in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette. 13932:(in French). Paris: Editions Karthala. 13681: 13469: 13417: 13385: 13379: 13280:2009 FIBA Africa Championship for Women 13204:"Madagascar won the World Championship" 13142: 13014:Auzias & Labourdette (2007), p. 142 12344:FACES OF AFRICA: The Jews of Madagascar 11426: 10862:"UN Mission's Contributions by Country" 10736: 10699:. pp. 314–315, 467. 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Dearborne, MI: Africa Books Ltd. 14060:Symbolic and structural archaeology 13893: 13130:Ratsimbazafy (2010), pp. 14–18 12978: 12656:Canadian Journal of African Studies 12491:Beaumont, Peter (19 October 2017). 12395:from the original on 29 August 2016 12303: 11883: 11784:from the original on 16 August 2013 11186:from the original on 8 August 2017. 10890: 10679:Chapus & Mondain (1953), p. 377 10509:"Pressure grows on Madagascar coup" 10373:from the original on 16 August 2012 9351:from the original on 29 August 2017 9322:from the original on 29 August 2017 9293:from the original on 29 August 2017 9257:from the original on 29 August 2017 9228:from the original on 29 August 2017 9199:from the original on 29 August 2017 9163:from the original on 29 August 2017 9134:from the original on 29 August 2017 9118:"Chemotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma" 8764:from the original on 31 August 2013 8584:Conservation International (2007). 8511:Rabary, Lovasoa (6 February 2022). 8435:from the original on 30 August 2013 7863: 7651:from the original on 1 October 2023 7175: 6777: 6507:Linschoten, Jan Huygen van (1885). 6364:from the original on 21 August 2023 6360:(in French). 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London: Bradt Travel Guides. 13410: 11988:Molecular Biology and Evolution 11901:Population Division Data Portal 10643:from the original on 1 May 2020 10251:"Rainforests of the Atsinanana" 9628:"Lemur diversity in Madagascar" 9588:Black, Richard (13 July 2012). 9488:McLendon, Chuck (16 May 2000). 8363:from the original on 9 May 2013 8326:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8009: 7983: 7957: 7932: 7875:Marcus, Richard (August 2004). 7831: 7822: 7801: 7792: 7774: 7765: 7726: 7717: 7699: 7690: 7681: 7672: 7663: 7604: 7595: 7586: 7524: 7515: 7488: 7422: 7326: 7317: 7308: 7281: 7122:"Antehiroka et Royauté Vazimba" 7021: 6953: 6861: 6831: 6764: 6670:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030 6641: 6624: 6600:Saleh Bin Osman (August 1891). 6593: 6556: 6529: 6500: 6442: 6347: 6222: 6099: 6031: 6001: 5970: 5929: 5806: 5788:"Island Countries of the World" 3821: 3765:, a €110 million loan from the 2904:Foreign relations of Madagascar 2404:killed 121 people, weeks after 2136:In 2018 the first round of the 2129:was declared the winner of the 1932:taxes paid in the form of labor 1314: 16838:(7,722–38,610 sq mi) 16646:Australian Antarctic Territory 16499:British Indian Ocean Territory 14490:Madagascar et le christianisme 13206:. petanque.org. Archived from 13202:Vegar, Ness (4 October 1999). 12700:The World Bank Economic Review 12155:. Globalreligiousfutures.org. 11427:Pilling, David (5 June 2018). 10451:. Irinnews.org. 7 April 2009. 7714:Frémigacci (1999), pp. 421–444 7565:Van Den Boogaerde (2008), p. 7 6009:"MADAGASCAR: Aepyornis Island" 5653: 5565: 5535: 5509: 5483: 5427: 5368:[ʁepyblikdəmadagaskaʁ] 4631:. In 2016, 121 members of the 3654:, extraction of nickel by the 2756:Réserves Naturelles Intégrales 2513:Madagascar succulent woodlands 1930:The Merina royal tradition of 1280:. In 1891, Saleh bin Osman, a 1050:Madagascar is a member of the 1015:, the most numerous being the 801: 25:. For the film franchise, see 1: 17119:1960 establishments in Africa 16207:Countries and regions in the 14978:Wikimedia Atlas of Madagascar 14647:Reinsch, Paul Samuel (1905). 14320:10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31535-0 13261:2011 FIBA Africa Championship 12082:Øyvind, Dahl (19 June 2024). 10280:Bearak, Barry (24 May 2010). 9878:"Madagascar subhumid forests" 8922:Accounts of Chemical Research 6563:W. M. C. (16 December 1882). 6484:(in German). pp. 58–60. 5895:10.1080/15564894.2019.1582567 5839:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70999-0 5635:"Background Note: Madagascar" 5380: 5097:2011 FIBA Africa Championship 3840:The regional distribution of 2989:Law enforcement in Madagascar 2934:Organisation of African Unity 2801: 2772:Rainforests of the Atsinanana 2453:Illegal logging in Madagascar 2419:Biodiversity and conservation 2358:Köppen climate classification 1045:protracted transition towards 958:second-largest island country 532: 14697:. 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U.S. Department of State. 4709: 4501:or adhered to other faiths. 4341: 4134:According to the 2018 Census 3905:(14.9 percent) and the 3832:List of cities in Madagascar 3725:A news stand in Antananarivo 3051:Regions and former provinces 2979:Military and law enforcement 2946:International Criminal Court 2806: 2732:, a family of endemic giant 2649:, spiders, and dragonflies. 2342:deserts and xeric shrublands 2239:and the French territory of 2176: 2005:Third Republic of Madagascar 1467:2nd Portuguese India Armadas 1286:Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1106: 151:"Love, Fatherland, Progress" 7: 17139:Former monarchies of Africa 17069:Southeast African countries 15003:Geographic data related to 14958:Central Intelligence Agency 14757:Shillington, Kevin (2005). 14402:Pryor, Frederic L. (1990). 14383:Pezzotta, Federico (2001). 13524:Petit Futé: Madagascar 2008 13503:Ames, Glenn Joseph (2003). 13420:Architectures de Madagascar 13153:(in French). Archived from 12956:(in French). Madatana.com. 12617:Ranaivoson, Samuel (1980). 12375:Health, Culture and Society 12022:Adelaar (2006), pp. 205–235 11780:(in French). Jirama. 2011. 10690:"The Military Balance 2010" 10363:"Madagascar Profile: Media" 10043:(inactive 26 August 2024). 9882:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile 9490:"Ravenala madagascariensis" 9034:Current Medicinal Chemistry 8743:Plant Ecology and Evolution 8159:Central Intelligence Agency 7916:(in French). Archived from 7847:(in French). Archived from 7798:Kennedy (2007), pp. 511–512 7696:Regnier (2015), pp. 152–154 7430:"Royal Hill of Ambohimanga" 7323:Kent (1976), pp. 65–71 7288:Andrada, Francisco (1613). 7128:(in French). Madatana.com. 6685:Journal of World Prehistory 6354:Grandidier, Alfred (1885). 6256:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00091 5683:International Monetary Fund 5207: 5072:, a French game similar to 4421: 4377:derives from the Southeast 3864:Ethnic groups of Madagascar 3588:Natural resources and trade 3489: 3486: 3472: 3469: 3454: 3451: 3436: 3433: 3418: 3415: 3400: 3397: 3382: 3379: 3364: 3361: 3342: 3339: 3324: 3321: 3306: 3303: 3288: 3285: 3270: 3267: 3252: 3249: 3234: 3231: 3216: 3213: 3198: 3195: 3179: 3176: 3161: 3158: 3143: 3140: 3125: 3122: 3107: 3104: 3089: 3086: 2893: 2505:Madagascar ericoid thickets 2497:Madagascar subhumid forests 2449:Deforestation in Madagascar 2155:2021–2022 Madagascar famine 2119:High Transitional Authority 2099:2001 presidential elections 1202:Another hypothesis is that 1199:as the name of Madagascar. 572:Declaration of independence 34:Madagascar (disambiguation) 10: 17160: 17074:Southern African countries 15025:National Library of Israel 14136:Kitchen, Helen A. (1962). 13693:Curtin, Philip D. (1998). 10029:Environmental Conservation 9987:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 9766:10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011 9560:Conservation International 8621:. Springer. pp. 1–6. 8346:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.011 7914:International Crisis Group 7789:Browning (2004), pp. 81–89 7739:. Routledge. p. 138. 7687:Shillington (2005), p. 878 7521:Oliver (1886), pp. 124–126 7497:Journal of African History 7470:Journal of African History 7333:Jennings, Eric T. (2017). 6730:Journal of Human Evolution 6650:Quaternary Science Reviews 5435:"MADAGASCAR: general data" 5130: 5126: 5119:won the gold medal at the 4903: 4892: 4785: 4781: 4713: 4706:caused by climate change. 4642: 4425: 4353: 4099: 3861: 3828:Demographics of Madagascar 3825: 3706: 3517: 3513: 3497:United Nations involvement 3016: 2982: 2908:Human rights in Madagascar 2897: 2810: 2493:Madagascar lowland forests 2485:Conservation International 2422: 2363: 2347: 2180: 2131:2013 presidential election 1994: 1841:A French poster about the 1833:Madagascar in World War II 1830: 1820: 1712:Christianity in Madagascar 1706:Radama's successor, Queen 1635: 1550:trans-Atlantic slave trade 1450:Arab and European contacts 1373:, including 17 species of 1307: 1303: 1245:Jan Huyghen van Linschoten 1019:of the central highlands. 986:and one of the world's 17 429:semi-presidential republic 166:Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô! 20: 17089:Least developed countries 16835: 16813: 16711: 16631: 16480: 16469: 16367: 16283: 16215: 16142: 16122: 16091: 16070: 16049: 16028: 16017: 16001: 15985: 15972: 15940: 15929: 15647: 15637:Countries and territories 15603: 15554: 15445: 15436: 15409: 15363: 15354: 15275: 15266: 15194: 15185: 15172: 15071: 14487:Ralibera, Daniel (1993). 14438:Translated from the Night 14252:. Los Angeles: ABC-CLIO. 14204:Middleton, Karen (1999). 14183:Lehoullier, Sara (2010). 10397:worldpopulationreview.com 10345:Nalla (2010), pp. 122–128 10155:Davies (2003), pp. 99–101 10041:10.1017/S0376892907004262 9644:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y 8879:10.3390/molecules17055893 7828:Pryor (1990), pp. 209–210 7807:Lehoullier (2010), p. 107 7733:Hannibal, Travis (2013). 7509:10.1017/S0021853700031534 7482:10.1017/S0021853700031534 7347:10.1057/978-1-137-55967-8 7253:Leitão, Humberto (1971). 7151:Razafimahazo, S. (2011). 7046:10.1093/g3journal/jkac029 7028:Magnier, Jessica (2022). 6637:(in French). A. Rousseau. 6449:Kent, Raymond K. (1967). 6280:Cousins (1895), pp. 11–12 5350:Repoblikan'i Madagasikara 5170:). The many varieties of 4742:London Missionary Society 4638: 4633:Malagasy Jewish community 3919:Malagasy ethnic subgroups 3842:Malagasy ethnic subgroups 2837:representative democratic 2762:) and 21 National Parks ( 2758:), 21 Wildlife Reserves ( 2437:Agriculture in Madagascar 2319:Massif. To the east, the 1720:London Missionary Society 1681:London Missionary Society 1391:, and several species of 1191:, an abbreviated form of 1183:, as it was known by the 1125:[madaɡasʲˈkʲarə̥] 1043:, Madagascar underwent a 998:, presumably arriving on 919: 907: 895: 885: 877: 853: 835: 820: 790: 765: 746: 727: 713: 694: 675: 657: 647: 633: 626: 616: 606: 592: 585: 581: 568: 554: 541: 523: 519: 512: 497: 482: 472: 468: 453: 438: 434: 421: 409: 339: 275: 261: 217: 203: 158: 120: 86: 53:Repoblikan'i Madagasikara 43: 15697:Central African Republic 15091:Indian Ocean slave trade 14988:19 November 2020 at the 14946:14 February 2021 at the 14854:Shipwrecks of Madagascar 14231:. London: J. D. Potter. 14145:Kull, Christian (2004). 14027:World Regional Geography 13797:. In Dawe, Kevin (ed.). 13390:(in French). Afrik.com. 13005:Rabearivelo (2007), p. x 12896:10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.98 11778:"Production Electricité" 11690:European Investment Bank 11660:European Investment Bank 11013:"Madagascar at a glance" 9715:10.1073/pnas.94.22.11998 9068:Raviña, Enrique (2011). 9047:10.2174/0929867043455846 8755:10.5091/plecevo.2011.513 8615:Tattersall, Ian (2006). 8191:Moriarty (1891), pp. 1–2 6631:Basset, Charles (1903). 6549:16 February 2023 at the 6320:10.4000/oceanindien.1704 5942:Human Molecular Genetics 5709:"Gini Index coefficient" 5465:Global Religious Futures 5364:République de Madagascar 5240: 5007: 4888: 4645:Healthcare in Madagascar 3885:, or European ancestry. 3779:rail lines in Madagascar 3767:European Investment Bank 3703:Infrastructure and media 3013:Administrative divisions 2813:Government of Madagascar 2509:Madagascar spiny forests 2441:Ecoregions of Madagascar 2415:, are going to be high. 2127:Hery Rajaonarimampianina 1508:Portuguese India Armadas 946:the island of Madagascar 653:55/km (142.4/sq mi) 68:République de Madagascar 17124:Physiographic provinces 16705:World's largest islands 16519:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15019:3 February 2021 at the 15014:Map of Madagascar, 1666 14761:. New York: CRC Press. 14650:Colonial Administration 14628:10.1111/1469-8676.12107 14610:Regnier, Denis (2015). 14358:Oliver, Samuel Pasfield 14267:Ogot, Bethwell (1992). 14225:Moriarty, H.A. (1891). 14090:Kennedy, David (2007). 13740:Ellis, William (1859). 13640:Campbell, Gwyn (2005). 13547:. Berlin: M.E. Sharpe. 13541:Barendse, R.J. (2002). 13342:30 January 2016 at the 13323:21 October 2013 at the 13285:8 February 2015 at the 13106:L'Express de Madagascar 12884:American Anthropologist 12607:Ralibera (1993), p. 196 11400:United Nations (2013). 9950:Emoff (2004), pp. 51–62 9374:American Cancer Society 9345:American Cancer Society 9316:American Cancer Society 9287:American Cancer Society 9251:American Cancer Society 9222:American Cancer Society 9193:American Cancer Society 9157:American Cancer Society 9128:American Cancer Society 8995:10.1073/pnas.0401323101 8833:10.1080/106351598260879 8399:Encyclopædia Britannica 7881:Occasional Paper No. 89 7678:Campbell (2005), p. 107 7611:Campbell, Gwyn (1991). 7157:Revue de l'Océan Indien 6988:10.1073/pnas.1704906114 6870:Journal of Biogeography 6066:10.1073/pnas.1321860111 5493:. Geography.about.com. 5467:. Pew Research Center. 5331:[madaɡasikʲara] 4948:Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo 4936:(public discourse) and 4899: 4776:Global Innovation Index 4716:Education in Madagascar 4534:veneration of ancestors 4360:Languages of Madagascar 3922:Regional concentration 3709:Transport in Madagascar 3608:), mining, fishing and 3554:multidimensionally poor 3023:Districts of Madagascar 2916:Madagascar's President 2752:protected natural areas 2692:("fat"), a traditional 2633:species, including the 2247:, located to the west. 2183:Geography of Madagascar 2143:parliamentary elections 2087:Madagascar constitution 2018:president of Madagascar 1864:on the east coast, and 1757:Joseph-François Lambert 1377:, the large flightless 1175:, or "Malay island" in 1145:One hypothesis relates 1121:Malagasy pronunciation: 1101:multidimensionally poor 1092:least developed country 262:Official languages 23:Geography of Madagascar 17079:Former French colonies 17064:East African countries 16945:Prince of Wales Island 15179: 15156:Transitional Authority 14832:Uwechue, Raph (1981). 14724:Sharp, Leslie (2002). 14653:. New York: Macmillan. 14520:Randier, Jean (2006). 14248:Nalla, Mahesh (2010). 14210:. Los Angeles: Brill. 14113:Kent, Raymond (1976). 13772:William Ellis (1870). 13751:William Ellis (1867). 13733:Histoire de Madagascar 13574:Bradt, Hilary (2011). 13304:12 August 2014 at the 13266:28 August 2011 at the 13149:City of Antananarivo. 12861:10.21504/amj.v6i2.1118 11457:Pezzotta (2001), p. 32 9517:"Nature of Madagascar" 9413:10.1089/act.2010.16609 8227:10.1144/petgeo2017-021 7819:Kitchen (1962), p. 256 7780:Reinsch (1905), p. 377 7574:Randier (2006), p. 400 7530:Uwechue (1981), p. 473 6806:10.1098/rspb.2012.0012 6602:"The Story of My Life" 6541:British History Online 6419:Sibree, James (1896). 5363: 5349: 5326: 5022: 4919: 4751:This policy, known as 4732: 4458: 4443: 4428:Religion in Madagascar 4351: 3844: 3752:, the country's first 3737: 3726: 3664:Sherritt International 3601: 3596:Toy animals made from 3544: 3533: 3046: 2985:Military of Madagascar 2950:United States military 2920: 2900:Politics of Madagascar 2829: 2605: 2472: 2464:Angraecum sesquipedale 2425:Wildlife of Madagascar 2361: 2196: 2111:movement in early 2009 2021: 1923: 1845: 1651: 1552:. The small island of 1536: 1470: 1346:. It is proposed that 1327: 1064: 938:Republic of Madagascar 738:$ 15.763 billion ( 686:$ 56.754 billion ( 176: 164: 142:Amour, Patrie, Progrès 141: 129: 67: 52: 45:Republic of Madagascar 32:. For other uses, see 17059:Islands of Madagascar 16836:20,000–99,999 km 15858:São Tomé and Príncipe 15717:Republic of the Congo 15178: 15151:2009 political crisis 15106:Malagasy Protectorate 14994:International Futures 14968:UCB Libraries GovPubs 14691:Room, Adrian (2006). 14661:Trees: A Visual Guide 14366:. London: Macmillan. 13950:Neuf ans à Madagascar 13894:Fox, Leonard (1990). 12001:10.1093/molbev/msp120 11045:"Madagascar Overview" 10733:Strakes (2006), p. 86 9966:Nature Communications 9082:John Wiley & Sons 8691:10.1093/biosci/bix014 8590:Biodiversity Hotspots 7583:Curtin (1998), p. 186 7126:Express de Madagascar 6313:(in French) (51–52). 6171:National Geographic. 5235:Outline of Madagascar 5015: 4913: 4788:Culture of Madagascar 4723: 4601:immigrating from the 4449: 4435: 4349: 4032:; southeastern coast 4030:Fianarantsoa Province 3996:Antananarivo Province 3839: 3732: 3724: 3595: 3539: 3531: 3524:Tourism in Madagascar 3520:Economy of Madagascar 3041: 3019:Regions of Madagascar 2915: 2824: 2817:Cabinet of Madagascar 2744:Nature Communications 2599: 2579:Madagascar periwinkle 2489:megadiverse countries 2460: 2355: 2334:dry deciduous forests 2209:fourth-largest island 2203:, the second-largest 2194: 2187:Geology of Madagascar 2138:presidential election 2123:adopted by referendum 2092:Norbert Ratsirahonana 2085:(1992–2010). The new 2044:Richard Ratsimandrava 2012: 1962:expeditionary force. 1914:National monument in 1913: 1840: 1823:Malagasy Protectorate 1769:Rainivoninahitriniony 1667:, and later from the 1645: 1595:Kingdom of Madagascar 1534: 1457: 1393:Malagasy hippopotamus 1322: 1310:History of Madagascar 1025:Kingdom of Madagascar 1013:peoples of Madagascar 988:megadiverse countries 954:fourth largest island 618:• Water (%) 16618:United Arab Emirates 15254:World Heritage Sites 14930:29 July 2018 at the 14884:Wink, André (2004). 14057:Hodder, Ian (1982). 12929:Bradt (2011), p. 312 12628:(in French). Paris. 12388:10.5195/hcs.2014.188 12347:, 27 February 2017, 9478:Ellis (1859), p. 302 9376:. 12 February 2016. 9224:. 22 February 2016. 9195:. 18 February 2016. 9084:. pp. 157–159. 8488:. 15 February 2022. 8207:Petroleum Geoscience 8132:. 25 November 2023. 8045:. 28 December 2018. 7419:Hodder (1982), p. 59 7314:Oliver (1886), p. 16 6656:(19–20): 2591–2603. 5744:. 8 September 2022. 5187:made from fermented 5090:own local federation 4865:houses in Madagascar 3998:; central highlands 3942:Antsiranana Province 3044:Madagascar's regions 2926:A series of protests 2517:Madagascar mangroves 2322:Canal des Pangalanes 1952:Battle of Madagascar 1669:Rova of Antananarivo 1661:Andrianampoinimerina 1648:Andrianampoinimerina 1197:Hereford Mappa Mundi 1037:annexation by France 996:Austronesian peoples 984:biodiversity hotspot 952:, it is the world's 855:• Summer ( 635:• 2024 estimate 17134:Countries in Africa 17021: / 16905:Axel Heiberg Island 16114:Plazas de soberanía 16018:African territories 15958:unclear sovereignty 15943:States with limited 15141:Democratic Republic 14616:Social Anthropology 14312:1983JArEn...6..195S 13793:Emoff, Ron (2004). 13157:on 23 February 2010 13076:theartnewspaper.com 12837:Ames (2003), p. 101 12774:10.34667/tind.46596 12728:on 11 February 2012 12712:10.1093/wber/lhq009 12555:. 21 October 2021. 12182:"National Profiles" 11625:. 5 December 2022. 11115:. 27 January 2024. 10724:Sharp (2002), p. 87 10545:on 26 December 2011 9978:2020NatCo..11.5978G 9906:Kull (2004), p. 153 9805:2012PLoSO...731314G 9706:1997PNAS...9411998J 9669:on 15 February 2021 9523:on 13 December 2011 9318:. 21 January 2016. 9289:. 22 January 2016. 9253:. 3 February 2016. 8986:2004PNAS..10111966K 8980:(33): 11966–11970. 8804:Bradt (2011), p. 38 8338:2009TEcoE..24..456V 8283:2000TeNov..12..220T 8219:2018PetGe..24...41R 7887:on 7 September 2004 7410:Ogot (1992), p. 418 6979:2017PNAS..114E6498P 6973:(32): E6498–E6506. 6950:Wink (2004), p. 185 6882:2010JBiog..37..506V 6845:. 4 November 2022. 6799:(1739): 2761–2768. 6742:2004JHumE..47...25B 6662:2010QSRv...29.2591C 6311:Études Océan Indien 6292:Room (2006), p. 230 6247:2019SciAf...400091V 6204:theconversation.com 6057:2014PNAS..111..936P 5955:10.1093/hmg/ddab018 5831:2003GondR...6..467R 5774:Bradt (2011), p. 2. 5685:. 10 October 2023. 5523:on 27 December 2017 4906:Music of Madagascar 4895:Media of Madagascar 4863:today. Traditional 4471:Pew Research Center 3742:roads in Madagascar 3631:in the late 1990s. 3053: 2768:World Heritage Site 2585:, known locally as 2433:Fauna of Madagascar 2429:Flora of Madagascar 2231:and the country of 2048:Gilles Andriamahazo 2040:Gabriel Ramanantsoa 2030:Philibert Tsiranana 2014:Philibert Tsiranana 1889:Menalamba rebellion 1817:French colonization 1771:and an alliance of 1526:Jeronimo de Azevedo 1460:Portuguese explorer 1155:, referring to the 990:, with over 90% of 980:Indian subcontinent 242: / 16915:Southampton Island 16022:non-African states 15199:Biosphere reserves 15180: 15116:Colonial governors 14953:The World Factbook 13928:Histoire d'Afrique 13919:. London: J. Snow. 13801:. New York: Berg. 13183:on 24 October 2012 11870:The World Factbook 11318:www.indexmundi.com 11202:www.indexmundi.com 11113:"La filiere Peche" 11093:on 9 November 2011 10767:on 26 January 2012 10225:"The Conservation" 9700:(22): 11998–2001. 9446:. pp. 46–51. 8911:Sears, Justin E.; 8820:Systematic Biology 8167:The World Factbook 7234:on 9 November 2005 7224:Metz, Helen Chapin 7120:Domenichini, J.P. 6697:10.1007/bf00997802 6235:Scientific African 5983:The New York Times 5794:on 7 December 2017 5441:on 9 February 2014 5200:, wine, and beer. 5121:2019 African Games 5023: 4920: 4740:by members of the 4733: 4567:or Andriamanitra. 4511:Christian minister 4459: 4444: 4352: 3982:Toamasina Province 3960:Mahajanga Province 3845: 3777:There are several 3738: 3727: 3602: 3545: 3534: 3049: 3047: 2921: 2830: 2774:. These parks are 2760:Réserves Spéciales 2606: 2473: 2362: 2313:Andringitra Massif 2309:Tsaratanana Massif 2290:Mozambique Channel 2197: 2022: 1924: 1881:Sub-Saharan Africa 1871:A French military 1846: 1657:Andriamasinavalona 1652: 1537: 1471: 1328: 1195:, in the medieval 1169:Muhammad al-Idrisi 1088:traditional faiths 1080:official languages 723:2023 estimate 671:2023 estimate 389:traditional faiths 277:Ethnic groups 268: • 17004: 17003: 16998: 16997: 16671: 16670: 16326: 16325: 16174: 16173: 16138: 16137: 16013: 16012: 15733:Equatorial Guinea 15590: 15589: 15550: 15549: 15432: 15431: 15350: 15349: 15327:Political parties 15315:National Assembly 15290:Foreign relations 15262: 15261: 15161:COVID-19 pandemic 15136:Malagasy Republic 15126:Malagasy Uprising 15111:French Madagascar 14897:978-90-04-13561-1 14864:978-1-60693-494-4 14843:978-0-903274-14-2 14824:978-0-8047-0279-9 14789:978-1-57958-388-0 14768:978-1-57958-453-5 14737:978-0-520-22951-8 14704:978-0-7864-2248-7 14671:978-0-520-25650-7 14590:978-1-59884-243-2 14569:978-1-4422-7235-4 14550:978-2-7427-3556-3 14531:978-2-35261-022-9 14500:978-92-9028-211-2 14479:978-2-911053-79-5 14448:978-1-60461-552-4 14415:978-0-19-520823-8 14394:978-0-9715371-0-1 14329:978-0-521-22803-9 14280:978-92-3-101711-7 14273:. Paris: UNESCO. 14259:978-0-313-35133-4 14217:978-90-04-11289-6 14196:978-0-9822619-5-8 14175:978-0-930741-95-2 14156:978-0-226-46141-0 14128:978-0-8371-8421-0 14105:978-0-7432-5219-5 14070:978-0-521-24406-0 14037:978-0-495-38950-7 14004:978-1-57607-688-0 13971:978-0-7614-3036-0 13939:978-2-86537-904-0 13905:978-0-8387-5175-6 13874:978-2-84586-869-4 13841:978-0-521-20413-2 13808:978-1-85973-703-3 13723:978-0-7876-5784-0 13704:978-0-521-59835-4 13653:978-0-521-83935-8 13620:978-3-540-63293-1 13587:978-1-84162-341-2 13554:978-0-7656-0729-4 13533:978-2-7469-1982-2 13514:978-0-313-30864-2 13483:978-979-26-2436-6 13450:978-0-520-03917-9 13443:. Paris: UNESCO. 13429:978-2-7003-1169-3 12938:Fox (1990), p. 39 12783:978-92-805-3432-0 12585:. 20 March 2022. 12436:978-92-4-156419-9 12133:on 28 August 2008 11049:www.worldbank.org 10639:. 22 April 2020. 10515:. 20 March 2009. 10096:. Freedom House. 9562:. pp. 1–92. 9492:. Floridata.com. 9130:. 29 March 2017. 8935:10.1021/ar500400w 8628:978-0-387-34585-7 8596:on 24 August 2011 7950:978-1-4422-7235-4 7851:on 26 August 2023 7385:. Metmuseum.org. 7356:978-1-137-59690-1 6513:Hakluyt society. 6015:. 23 March 1942. 5819:Gondwana Research 5549:. 4 August 2015. 5317:-kər, -⁠kar 5222:Madagascar portal 5202:Three Horses Beer 5049:after his father 4997:drawn thread work 4952:Elie Rajaonarison 4700:COVID-19 pandemic 4383:Ma'anyan language 4375:Malagasy language 4370:Malayo-Polynesian 4366:Malagasy language 4356:Malagasy language 4338: 4337: 4066: 4065: 3494: 3493: 3371:Atsimo-Atsinanana 2856:National Assembly 2834:semi-presidential 2726:Asian common toad 2715:Marc Ravalomanana 2602:ring-tailed lemur 2394:Tropical cyclones 2388:semi-arid climate 2374:and northwestern 2360:map of Madagascar 2296:along the coast. 2274:central highlands 2219:, and longitudes 1997:Malagasy Republic 1991:Independent state 1983:state within the 1977:Malagasy Republic 1967:Malagasy Uprising 1920:Malagasy Uprising 1895:and to Algeria. 1827:French Madagascar 1697:Malagasy language 1634: 1633: 1384:Aepyornis maximus 1210:, the capital of 1113:Malagasy language 1002:from present-day 936:, officially the 931: 930: 784:medium inequality 748:• Per capita 696:• Per capita 507:National Assembly 246:18.917°S 47.517°E 196: 17151: 17144:Island countries 17036: 17035: 17033: 17032: 17031: 17026: 17022: 17019: 17018: 17017: 17014: 16960:Vancouver Island 16890:Alexander Island 16828: 16823: 16822: 16767:Ellesmere Island 16698: 16691: 16684: 16675: 16674: 16524: 16514: 16509:Christmas Island 16503: 16475: 16353: 16346: 16339: 16330: 16329: 16319: 16311: 16303: 16295: 16201: 16194: 16187: 16178: 16177: 16162: 16150: 16149: 16026: 16025: 15983: 15982: 15935: 15729:(partly in Asia) 15649:Sovereign states 15630: 15623: 15616: 15607: 15606: 15598:Related articles 15594: 15593: 15570: 15563: 15443: 15442: 15376: 15361: 15360: 15273: 15272: 15192: 15191: 15166:2021–2022 famine 15101:Franco-Hova Wars 15054: 15047: 15040: 15031: 15030: 15002: 15001: 14976: 14975: 14913: 14911: 14909: 14880: 14878: 14876: 14847: 14828: 14816: 14805: 14803: 14801: 14772: 14753: 14751: 14749: 14720: 14718: 14716: 14687: 14685: 14683: 14654: 14643: 14641: 14639: 14606: 14604: 14602: 14573: 14554: 14535: 14516: 14514: 14512: 14483: 14464: 14462: 14460: 14431: 14429: 14427: 14398: 14379: 14377: 14375: 14353: 14347: 14343: 14341: 14333: 14296: 14294: 14292: 14263: 14244: 14242: 14240: 14221: 14200: 14179: 14160: 14141: 14132: 14120: 14109: 14097: 14086: 14084: 14082: 14053: 14051: 14049: 14020: 14018: 14016: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13954: 13943: 13931: 13920: 13909: 13890: 13888: 13886: 13857: 13855: 13853: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13789: 13768: 13747: 13736: 13727: 13708: 13689: 13678: 13669: 13667: 13665: 13636: 13634: 13632: 13603: 13601: 13599: 13570: 13568: 13566: 13537: 13518: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13466: 13464: 13462: 13433: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13383: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13372: 13353: 13347: 13334: 13328: 13315: 13309: 13296: 13290: 13277: 13271: 13258: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13247: 13241: 13234: 13226: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13215: 13210:on 17 March 2011 13199: 13193: 13192: 13190: 13188: 13173: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13162: 13146: 13140: 13137: 13131: 13128: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13117: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13087: 13068: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13057: 13042: 13036: 13033: 13024: 13021: 13015: 13012: 13006: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12992: 12976: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12965: 12945: 12939: 12936: 12930: 12927: 12918: 12915: 12909: 12906: 12900: 12899: 12879: 12873: 12872: 12844: 12838: 12835: 12829: 12826: 12820: 12819: 12813: 12809: 12807: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12759: 12753: 12752: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12733: 12724:. Archived from 12723: 12691: 12680: 12679: 12651: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12634: 12623: 12614: 12608: 12605: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12594: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12564: 12545: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12534: 12519: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12477: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12451: 12445: 12428: 12418: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12390: 12366: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12339: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12322: 12315: 12307: 12301: 12298: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12284: 12268: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12238: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12227: 12207: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12178: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12149: 12143: 12142: 12140: 12138: 12123: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12079: 12073: 12065: 12059: 12054:Otto Chr. Dahl, 12052: 12046: 12043: 12037: 12029: 12023: 12020: 12014: 12013: 12003: 11994:(9): 2109–2124. 11979: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11950: 11918: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11892: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11862: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11815: 11808: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11774: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11763: 11757: 11750: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11682: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11652: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11613: 11607: 11606: 11604: 11602: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11567:on 20 March 2012 11566: 11559: 11550: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11519: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11493: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11467: 11458: 11455: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11397: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11375: 11369: 11366: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11329: 11310: 11304: 11303: 11301: 11299: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11254: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11243: 11224: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11194: 11188: 11187: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11155: 11144: 11135: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11109: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11092: 11085: 11076: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11025:on 13 March 2012 11024: 11017: 11009: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10927: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10916: 10897: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10877: 10866: 10857: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10827: 10821: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10801: 10794: 10783: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10766: 10759: 10751: 10734: 10731: 10725: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10705: 10694: 10686: 10680: 10677: 10671: 10668: 10662: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10607:, allafrica.com" 10599: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10582: 10575: 10566: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10539:"Numéros utiles" 10535: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10505: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10474: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10369:. 20 June 2012. 10359: 10346: 10343: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10308: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10220: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10162: 10156: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10123:Morelle, Rebecca 10119: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10102: 10095: 10086: 10067: 10066: 10060: 10052: 10024: 10018: 10017: 10007: 9989: 9957: 9951: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9913: 9907: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9853:. 30 July 2010. 9843: 9837: 9836: 9826: 9816: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9747: 9738: 9737: 9727: 9717: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9668: 9662:. Archived from 9638:(6): 1607–1656. 9616: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9568: 9549: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9485: 9479: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9179: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9024: 9018: 9017: 9007: 8997: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8946: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8891: 8881: 8872:(5): 5893–5914. 8855: 8846: 8845: 8835: 8811: 8805: 8802: 8793: 8792: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8763: 8740: 8731: 8722: 8721: 8711: 8693: 8669: 8663: 8660: 8654: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8581: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8424: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8390: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8362: 8323: 8314: 8303: 8302: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8155: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8071:. 15 June 2019. 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7906: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7872: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7835: 7829: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7808: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7790: 7787: 7781: 7778: 7772: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7730: 7724: 7721: 7715: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7688: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7543: 7540: 7531: 7528: 7522: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7230:. Archived from 7220: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7117: 7108: 7107: 7079: 7068: 7067: 7057: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7008: 6990: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6913: 6902: 6901: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6818: 6808: 6784: 6775: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6708: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6574:. No. 681. 6569: 6560: 6554: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6416: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6385: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6322: 6302: 6293: 6290: 6281: 6278: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6175:. Archived from 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6151: 6140: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6068: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5874: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5784: 5775: 5772: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5750: 5739: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5711:. CIA Factbook. 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5675: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5630: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5519:. Archived from 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5394: 5374: 5370: 5356: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5251: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5133:Malagasy cuisine 4956:musical heritage 4879:Malagasy cuisine 4696:measles outbreak 4692:pneumonic plague 4621:Rabbinic Judaism 4513:to consecrate a 4379:Barito languages 4350:A Malagasy child 4258:Atsimo-Andrefana 4131: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4097: 4096: 4060:Toliara Province 3984:; eastern coast 3962:; western coast 3916: 3915: 3425:Atsimo-Andrefana 3054: 3048: 2832:Madagascar is a 2671: 2660: 2571:Hodgkin lymphoma 2569:, used to treat 2402:Cyclone Batsirai 2286:subhumid forests 2052:Didier Ratsiraka 1985:French Community 1948:Second World War 1938:. In the 1930s, 1629: 1626: 1607: 1599: 1522:Portuguese India 1332:outrigger canoes 1222:to the south of 1127: 1122: 1069: 1062:(SADC), and the 1000:outrigger canoes 872: 868: 844: 811: 810: 804: 803: 797: 786: 785: 779: 778: 772: 756: 755: 737: 736: 720: 704: 703: 685: 684: 668: 639:31,964,956 ( 537: 534: 257: 256: 254: 253: 252: 247: 243: 240: 239: 238: 235: 220:and largest city 208: 198: 197: 183: 179: 173: 169: 148: 144: 137: 136: 132: 108: 94: 78: 70: 63: 55: 41: 40: 17159: 17158: 17154: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17149: 17148: 17039: 17038: 17029: 17027: 17023: 17020: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17000: 16999: 16994: 16975:Somerset Island 16910:Melville Island 16837: 16831: 16824: 16817: 16811: 16756:Victoria Island 16713: 16712:100,000 km 16707: 16702: 16672: 16667: 16627: 16522: 16512: 16501: 16476: 16467: 16363: 16357: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16309: 16301: 16293: 16279: 16211: 16205: 16175: 16170: 16134: 16118: 16087: 16066: 16062:Pelagie Islands 16045: 16021: 16019: 16009: 15997: 15979: 15976: 15968: 15947: 15944: 15936: 15927: 15643: 15634: 15599: 15591: 15586: 15573: 15566: 15559: 15546: 15532:Public holidays 15428: 15405: 15396:Illegal logging 15374: 15346: 15300:Law enforcement 15258: 15224:Protected areas 15181: 15170: 15067: 15058: 15021:Wayback Machine 14999: 14990:Wayback Machine 14973: 14948:Wayback Machine 14932:Wayback Machine 14925:Country Profile 14921: 14916: 14907: 14905: 14898: 14874: 14872: 14865: 14844: 14825: 14799: 14797: 14790: 14769: 14747: 14745: 14738: 14714: 14712: 14705: 14681: 14679: 14672: 14637: 14635: 14600: 14598: 14591: 14570: 14551: 14532: 14510: 14508: 14501: 14480: 14458: 14456: 14449: 14425: 14423: 14416: 14395: 14373: 14371: 14345: 14344: 14335: 14334: 14330: 14290: 14288: 14281: 14260: 14238: 14236: 14218: 14197: 14176: 14157: 14129: 14106: 14080: 14078: 14071: 14047: 14045: 14038: 14014: 14012: 14005: 13981: 13979: 13972: 13940: 13906: 13884: 13882: 13875: 13851: 13849: 13842: 13818: 13816: 13809: 13786: 13765: 13757:. John Murray. 13724: 13705: 13663: 13661: 13654: 13630: 13628: 13621: 13597: 13595: 13588: 13564: 13562: 13555: 13534: 13515: 13493: 13491: 13484: 13460: 13458: 13451: 13430: 13413: 13408: 13407: 13397: 13395: 13384: 13380: 13370: 13368: 13361:Brasseries Star 13355: 13354: 13350: 13344:Wayback Machine 13335: 13331: 13325:Wayback Machine 13316: 13312: 13306:Wayback Machine 13297: 13293: 13287:Wayback Machine 13278: 13274: 13268:Wayback Machine 13259: 13255: 13245: 13243: 13239: 13232: 13228: 13227: 13223: 13213: 13211: 13200: 13196: 13186: 13184: 13175: 13174: 13170: 13160: 13158: 13147: 13143: 13138: 13134: 13129: 13125: 13115: 13113: 13100: 13099: 13095: 13085: 13083: 13070: 13069: 13065: 13055: 13053: 13044: 13043: 13039: 13034: 13027: 13022: 13018: 13013: 13009: 13004: 13000: 12990: 12988: 12977: 12973: 12963: 12961: 12954:Journal Express 12948:Ravalitera, P. 12946: 12942: 12937: 12933: 12928: 12921: 12916: 12912: 12907: 12903: 12890:(102): 98–113. 12880: 12876: 12845: 12841: 12836: 12832: 12827: 12823: 12811: 12810: 12801: 12800: 12793: 12791: 12784: 12760: 12756: 12745: 12741: 12731: 12729: 12692: 12683: 12652: 12648: 12638: 12636: 12632: 12621: 12615: 12611: 12606: 12602: 12592: 12590: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12562: 12560: 12547: 12546: 12542: 12532: 12530: 12521: 12520: 12516: 12506: 12504: 12489: 12485: 12475: 12473: 12464: 12463: 12459: 12449: 12447: 12443: 12437: 12426: 12420: 12419: 12408: 12398: 12396: 12367: 12363: 12354: 12352: 12341: 12340: 12336: 12326: 12324: 12323:on 29 June 2003 12320: 12313: 12309: 12308: 12304: 12299: 12292: 12282: 12280: 12269: 12265: 12255: 12253: 12240: 12239: 12235: 12225: 12223: 12208: 12201: 12191: 12189: 12180: 12179: 12172: 12162: 12160: 12151: 12150: 12146: 12136: 12134: 12125: 12124: 12120: 12110: 12108: 12099: 12098: 12094: 12086: 12080: 12076: 12066: 12062: 12053: 12049: 12044: 12040: 12035:City Population 12030: 12026: 12021: 12017: 11980: 11976: 11966: 11964: 11919: 11915: 11905: 11903: 11893: 11884: 11875: 11873: 11864: 11863: 11859: 11849: 11847: 11834: 11833: 11829: 11819: 11817: 11813: 11806: 11802: 11801: 11797: 11787: 11785: 11776: 11775: 11771: 11761: 11759: 11755: 11748: 11744: 11743: 11739: 11729: 11727: 11714: 11713: 11709: 11699: 11697: 11684: 11683: 11679: 11669: 11667: 11654: 11653: 11642: 11632: 11630: 11615: 11614: 11610: 11600: 11598: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11570: 11568: 11564: 11557: 11551: 11542: 11532: 11530: 11521: 11520: 11516: 11506: 11504: 11495: 11494: 11490: 11480: 11478: 11469: 11468: 11461: 11456: 11452: 11442: 11440: 11433:Financial Times 11425: 11421: 11411: 11409: 11398: 11394: 11384: 11382: 11377: 11376: 11372: 11367: 11363: 11353: 11351: 11342: 11341: 11337: 11327: 11325: 11312: 11311: 11307: 11297: 11295: 11282: 11281: 11277: 11267: 11265: 11256: 11255: 11251: 11241: 11239: 11226: 11225: 11221: 11211: 11209: 11196: 11195: 11191: 11174: 11173: 11169: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11142: 11136: 11132: 11122: 11120: 11111: 11110: 11106: 11096: 11094: 11090: 11083: 11077: 11068: 11058: 11056: 11043: 11042: 11038: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11015: 11011: 11010: 11006: 10996: 10994: 10981: 10980: 10976: 10966: 10964: 10955: 10954: 10950: 10940: 10938: 10929: 10928: 10924: 10914: 10912: 10899: 10898: 10891: 10881: 10879: 10875: 10864: 10858: 10854: 10844: 10842: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10819: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10799: 10792: 10784: 10780: 10770: 10768: 10764: 10757: 10753: 10752: 10737: 10732: 10728: 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10703: 10692: 10688: 10687: 10683: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10665: 10660: 10656: 10646: 10644: 10631: 10630: 10626: 10616: 10614: 10601: 10600: 10596: 10586: 10584: 10580: 10573: 10567: 10558: 10548: 10546: 10537: 10536: 10532: 10522: 10520: 10507: 10506: 10502: 10492: 10490: 10475: 10468: 10458: 10456: 10447: 10446: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10404: 10391: 10390: 10386: 10376: 10374: 10361: 10360: 10349: 10344: 10335: 10325: 10323: 10310: 10309: 10305: 10295: 10293: 10278: 10274: 10264: 10262: 10249: 10248: 10244: 10234: 10232: 10231:on 31 July 2011 10221: 10217: 10207: 10205: 10190: 10186: 10176: 10174: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10150: 10140: 10138: 10125:(29 May 2014). 10120: 10116: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10093: 10087: 10070: 10054: 10053: 10025: 10021: 9958: 9954: 9949: 9945: 9914: 9910: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9889: 9888:on 8 March 2010 9874: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9785: 9781: 9748: 9741: 9686: 9682: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9620:Mittermeier, R. 9617: 9613: 9603: 9601: 9586: 9582: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9547: 9540: 9536: 9526: 9524: 9513: 9509: 9499: 9497: 9486: 9482: 9477: 9473: 9463: 9461: 9454: 9432: 9428: 9397: 9393: 9383: 9381: 9362: 9361: 9354: 9352: 9347:. 16 May 2016. 9333: 9332: 9325: 9323: 9304: 9303: 9296: 9294: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9260: 9258: 9239: 9238: 9231: 9229: 9210: 9209: 9202: 9200: 9181: 9180: 9176: 9166: 9164: 9159:. 31 May 2016. 9145: 9144: 9137: 9135: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9099: 9092: 9066: 9062: 9025: 9021: 8964: 8960: 8909: 8905: 8856: 8849: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8796: 8781: 8777: 8767: 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7541: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7516: 7493: 7489: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7443: 7441: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7357: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7286: 7282: 7272: 7270: 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7221: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7163:on 14 July 2011 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7118: 7111: 7096:10.2307/3674005 7080: 7071: 7026: 7022: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6914: 6905: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6785: 6778: 6769: 6765: 6726: 6722: 6681: 6677: 6646: 6642: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6598: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6551:Wayback Machine 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6417: 6410: 6400: 6398: 6387: 6386: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6336: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6227: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5992: 5990: 5975: 5971: 5948:(R1): R72–R78. 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5875: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5773: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5677: 5676: 5665: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5631: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5314: 5310: 5296: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5139:Southeast Asian 5135: 5129: 5010: 4908: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4883:Cattle rustling 4853:southern Borneo 4829:olona-be-hasina 4790: 4784: 4718: 4712: 4682:Madagascar had 4668:Schistosomiasis 4647: 4641: 4599:Gujarati people 4483:Roman Catholics 4430: 4424: 4362: 4354:Main articles: 4344: 4339: 4240:Haute Matsiatra 4136: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4102: 4094: 4046:Antanosy people 3875:Southeast Asian 3866: 3860: 3834: 3826:Main articles: 3824: 3746:national routes 3719: 3707:Main articles: 3705: 3600:, a native palm 3590: 3526: 3518:Main articles: 3516: 3499: 3331:Haute-Matsiatra 3259:Alaotra Mangoro 3071: 3066: 3061: 3025: 3017:Main articles: 3015: 2991: 2983:Main articles: 2981: 2918:Andry Rajoelina 2910: 2898:Main articles: 2896: 2874:the hilltop of 2819: 2811:Main articles: 2809: 2804: 2770:under the name 2764:Parcs Nationaux 2719:Andry Rajoelina 2685: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2583:traveler's palm 2455: 2423:Main articles: 2421: 2368: 2350: 2294:mangrove swamps 2201:largest country 2189: 2181:Main articles: 2179: 2159:food insecurity 2107:Andry Rajoelina 2067:1973 oil crisis 2056:Second Republic 2007: 1995:Main articles: 1993: 1944:Madagascar Plan 1850:Franco-Hova War 1843:Franco-Hova War 1835: 1829: 1821:Main articles: 1819: 1792:Rainilaiarivony 1693:David Griffiths 1640: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1614:needs expansion 1608: 1597: 1475:written history 1452: 1348:Ma'anyan people 1317: 1312: 1306: 1161:Malagasy people 1120: 1109: 870: 863: 860: 839: 808: 807: 806: 795: 783: 782: 781: 770: 749: 730: 718: 697: 678: 662: 650: 636: 619: 609: 595: 574: 564:14 October 1958 561: 547: 535: 529: 503: 488: 463:Christian Ntsay 459: 448:Andry Rajoelina 444: 405: 378: 343: 335: 281: 251:-18.917; 47.517 250: 248: 244: 241: 236: 233: 231: 229: 228: 227: 221: 213: 212: 199: 188: 184: 181: 174: 171: 154: 146: 134: 127: 116: 115: 114: 109: 101: 100: 95: 82: 81: 72: 57: 46: 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17157: 17147: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17002: 17001: 16996: 16995: 16993: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16980:Kotelny Island 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16895:Severny Island 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16841: 16839: 16833: 16832: 16830: 16829: 16826:Islands portal 16814: 16812: 16810: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16717: 16715: 16709: 16708: 16701: 16700: 16693: 16686: 16678: 16669: 16668: 16666: 16665: 16660: 16659: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16635: 16633: 16629: 16628: 16626: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16515: 16505: 16502:United Kingdom 16495: 16490: 16484: 16482: 16478: 16477: 16470: 16468: 16466: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16412: 16411: 16404: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16371: 16369: 16365: 16364: 16356: 16355: 16348: 16341: 16333: 16324: 16323: 16321: 16320: 16312: 16304: 16296: 16294:(South Africa) 16287: 16285: 16281: 16280: 16278: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16221: 16219: 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15069: 15068: 15057: 15056: 15049: 15042: 15034: 15028: 15027: 15011: 14996: 14980: 14970: 14961: 14938: 14920: 14919:External links 14917: 14915: 14914: 14896: 14881: 14863: 14848: 14842: 14829: 14823: 14806: 14788: 14773: 14767: 14754: 14736: 14721: 14703: 14688: 14670: 14655: 14644: 14622:(2): 152–158. 14607: 14589: 14574: 14568: 14555: 14549: 14536: 14530: 14517: 14499: 14484: 14478: 14465: 14447: 14432: 14414: 14399: 14393: 14380: 14354: 14346:|journal= 14328: 14297: 14279: 14264: 14258: 14245: 14222: 14216: 14201: 14195: 14180: 14174: 14161: 14155: 14142: 14133: 14127: 14110: 14104: 14087: 14069: 14054: 14036: 14021: 14003: 13988: 13970: 13955: 13944: 13938: 13921: 13910: 13904: 13891: 13873: 13858: 13840: 13825: 13807: 13790: 13784: 13769: 13763: 13748: 13737: 13728: 13722: 13709: 13703: 13690: 13679: 13670: 13652: 13637: 13619: 13604: 13586: 13571: 13553: 13538: 13532: 13519: 13513: 13500: 13482: 13467: 13449: 13434: 13428: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13406: 13405: 13378: 13367:on 5 June 2015 13357:"THB Pilsener" 13348: 13329: 13310: 13291: 13272: 13253: 13221: 13194: 13168: 13141: 13132: 13123: 13093: 13078:. 4 May 2023. 13063: 13037: 13025: 13016: 13007: 12998: 12987:on 5 June 2011 12971: 12940: 12931: 12919: 12910: 12901: 12886:. 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A7. 12216:New York Times 12199: 12170: 12144: 12118: 12092: 12074: 12060: 12047: 12038: 12024: 12015: 11974: 11939:10.1086/430051 11933:(5): 894–901. 11913: 11882: 11857: 11827: 11795: 11769: 11737: 11707: 11677: 11640: 11608: 11578: 11540: 11514: 11503:on 2 July 2012 11488: 11477:on 2 July 2012 11459: 11450: 11419: 11392: 11370: 11361: 11335: 11305: 11288:indexmundi.com 11275: 11249: 11219: 11189: 11167: 11130: 11104: 11066: 11036: 11004: 10987:www.google.com 10974: 10948: 10922: 10889: 10852: 10822: 10813: 10778: 10735: 10726: 10717: 10706:on 11 May 2011 10681: 10672: 10663: 10654: 10624: 10594: 10556: 10530: 10500: 10466: 10440: 10414: 10384: 10347: 10333: 10303: 10286:New York Times 10272: 10242: 10215: 10184: 10173:on 10 May 2011 10157: 10148: 10114: 10068: 10035:(4): 325–333. 10019: 9952: 9943: 9930:10.2307/219188 9924:(1): 111–148. 9908: 9899: 9868: 9838: 9779: 9760:(1–2): 28–35. 9739: 9680: 9611: 9580: 9534: 9507: 9480: 9471: 9452: 9426: 9407:(6): 347–350. 9391: 9268: 9174: 9109: 9090: 9060: 9041:(5): 607–628. 9019: 8958: 8929:(3): 653–662. 8913:Boger, Dale L. 8903: 8847: 8826:(2): 181–207. 8806: 8794: 8775: 8749:(2): 121–125. 8723: 8684:(6): 534–545. 8664: 8655: 8646: 8627: 8607: 8565: 8534: 8503: 8473: 8446: 8416: 8374: 8332:(8): 456–465. 8304: 8277:(5): 220–224. 8260: 8193: 8184: 8147: 8117: 8086: 8060: 8034: 8008: 7982: 7956: 7949: 7931: 7898: 7862: 7830: 7821: 7809: 7800: 7791: 7782: 7773: 7764: 7745: 7725: 7716: 7707: 7698: 7689: 7680: 7671: 7662: 7629:10.2307/219791 7623:(2): 259–291. 7603: 7594: 7585: 7576: 7567: 7558: 7544: 7532: 7523: 7514: 7503:(3): 415–445. 7487: 7476:(3): 415–445. 7460: 7451: 7421: 7412: 7400: 7374: 7355: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7280: 7245: 7174: 7143: 7109: 7090:(2): 101–116. 7069: 7020: 6952: 6943: 6930:10.2307/219188 6924:(1): 111–148. 6903: 6876:(3): 506–519. 6860: 6830: 6776: 6763: 6736:(1–2): 25–63. 6720: 6691:(4): 417–466. 6675: 6640: 6623: 6592: 6565:"The Malagasy" 6555: 6528: 6499: 6470: 6441: 6408: 6375: 6346: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6221: 6190: 6179:on 25 May 2013 6173:"Style Manual" 6163: 6124: 6098: 6051:(3): 936–941. 6030: 6000: 5969: 5928: 5889:(4): 576–595. 5864: 5825:(3): 467–485. 5805: 5776: 5762: 5726: 5700: 5663: 5652: 5594: 5564: 5534: 5508: 5482: 5452: 5426: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5357: 5345: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5320: 5253: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5209: 5206: 5131:Main article: 5128: 5125: 5009: 5006: 4904:Main article: 4901: 4898: 4893:Main article: 4890: 4887: 4797:(solidarity), 4786:Main article: 4783: 4780: 4753:malgachization 4714:Main article: 4711: 4708: 4688:bubonic plague 4643:Main article: 4640: 4637: 4625:Messianic Jews 4426:Main article: 4423: 4420: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4204:Vakinankaratra 4201: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4092:Largest cities 4090: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4034: 4033: 4026: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3862:Main article: 3859: 3856: 3823: 3820: 3790:Air Madagascar 3763:European Union 3704: 3701: 3680:Madagascar Oil 3589: 3586: 3515: 3512: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3313:Amoron'i Mania 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3150:Vakinankaratra 3146: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3014: 3011: 2980: 2977: 2895: 2892: 2886:(450,000) and 2844:prime minister 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2730:elephant birds 2699:fomba malagasy 2694:slash-and-burn 2679:slash-and-burn 2676: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2643:scarab beetles 2635:smallest known 2591:Air Madagascar 2461:Comet orchid ( 2420: 2417: 2413:climate change 2398:Cyclone Gafilo 2349: 2346: 2266:lowland forest 2205:island country 2178: 2175: 2097:The contested 2083:Third Republic 2026:First Republic 1992: 1989: 1893:Réunion Island 1887:—known as the 1818: 1815: 1800:Ranavalona III 1701:Roman alphabet 1638:Merina Kingdom 1636:Main article: 1632: 1631: 1611: 1609: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1451: 1448: 1379:elephant birds 1367:slash-and-burn 1316: 1313: 1308:Main article: 1305: 1302: 1167:. In a map by 1163:in modern-day 1159:origin of the 1108: 1105: 1082:of the state. 1052:United Nations 969:supercontinent 942:island country 929: 928: 923: 917: 916: 911: 905: 904: 899: 893: 892: 889: 883: 882: 879: 875: 874: 861: 854: 851: 850: 837: 833: 832: 822: 818: 817: 798: 788: 787: 773: 763: 762: 750: 747: 744: 743: 731: 728: 725: 724: 721: 711: 710: 698: 695: 692: 691: 679: 676: 673: 672: 669: 655: 654: 651: 649:• Density 648: 645: 644: 637: 634: 631: 630: 624: 623: 620: 617: 614: 613: 610: 607: 604: 603: 596: 593: 590: 589: 583: 582: 579: 578: 575: 569: 566: 565: 562: 555: 552: 551: 548: 542: 539: 538: 530: 524: 521: 520: 517: 516: 510: 509: 504: 498: 495: 494: 489: 483: 480: 479: 474: 470: 469: 466: 465: 460: 457:Prime Minister 454: 451: 450: 445: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 425: 419: 418: 413: 407: 406: 404: 403: 397: 391: 385: 379: 377: 376: 375: 374: 368: 362: 349: 346: 344: 341: 337: 336: 334: 333: 327: 321: 315: 309: 303: 297: 291: 284: 282: 279: 273: 272: 263: 259: 258: 222: 219: 215: 214: 210: 209: 201: 200: 186: 156: 155: 153: 152: 149: 138: 124: 118: 117: 110: 103: 102: 96: 89: 88: 87: 84: 83: 80: 79: 64: 48: 47: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17156: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17046: 17044: 17037: 17034: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16950:Yuzhny Island 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16842: 16840: 16834: 16827: 16821: 16816: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16762:Great Britain 16760: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16741:Baffin Island 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16718: 16716: 16710: 16706: 16699: 16694: 16692: 16687: 16685: 16680: 16679: 16676: 16664: 16661: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16643: 16642: 16641: 16637: 16636: 16634: 16630: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16521: 16520: 16516: 16511: 16510: 16506: 16504: 16500: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16485: 16483: 16479: 16474: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16448: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16410: 16409: 16405: 16403: 16402: 16398: 16397: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16366: 16362: 16354: 16349: 16347: 16342: 16340: 16335: 16334: 16331: 16316: 16315:Somali Region 16313: 16308: 16305: 16300: 16297: 16292: 16291:KwaZulu-Natal 16289: 16288: 16286: 16282: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16222: 16220: 16218: 16214: 16210: 16202: 16197: 16195: 16190: 16188: 16183: 16182: 16179: 16167: 16166: 16165:Africa portal 16161: 16157: 16155: 16154: 16145: 16144: 16141: 16131: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16121: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16096: 16094: 16090: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16054: 16052: 16048: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16031: 16027: 16024: 16020:fully part of 16016: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15994: 15991: 15990: 15988: 15984: 15981: 15978: 15971: 15965: 15962: 15959: 15955: 15952: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15939: 15934: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15773:Guinea-Bissau 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15650: 15646: 15642: 15638: 15631: 15626: 15624: 15619: 15617: 15612: 15611: 15608: 15602: 15595: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15574: 15569: 15565: 15562: 15558: 15557: 15553: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15516: 15513: 15512: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15490:Ethnic groups 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15447: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15435: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15412: 15408: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15391:Food security 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15365: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15353: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15312: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15277: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15265: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15196: 15193: 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13907: 13901: 13897: 13892: 13880: 13876: 13870: 13866: 13865: 13859: 13847: 13843: 13837: 13833: 13832: 13826: 13814: 13810: 13804: 13800: 13799:Island Musics 13796: 13791: 13787: 13785:0-8370-0407-1 13781: 13777: 13776: 13770: 13766: 13764:0-548-22734-9 13760: 13756: 13755: 13749: 13745: 13744: 13738: 13734: 13729: 13725: 13719: 13715: 13710: 13706: 13700: 13696: 13691: 13687: 13686: 13680: 13676: 13671: 13659: 13655: 13649: 13645: 13644: 13638: 13626: 13622: 13616: 13612: 13611: 13605: 13593: 13589: 13583: 13579: 13578: 13572: 13560: 13556: 13550: 13546: 13545: 13539: 13535: 13529: 13525: 13520: 13516: 13510: 13506: 13501: 13489: 13485: 13479: 13475: 13474: 13468: 13456: 13452: 13446: 13442: 13441: 13435: 13431: 13425: 13421: 13416: 13415: 13393: 13389: 13382: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13352: 13345: 13341: 13338: 13333: 13326: 13322: 13319: 13314: 13307: 13303: 13300: 13295: 13288: 13284: 13281: 13276: 13269: 13265: 13262: 13257: 13242:on 8 May 2012 13238: 13231: 13225: 13209: 13205: 13198: 13182: 13178: 13172: 13156: 13152: 13145: 13136: 13127: 13112:on 9 May 2013 13111: 13107: 13103: 13097: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13067: 13051: 13047: 13041: 13032: 13030: 13020: 13011: 13002: 12986: 12982: 12975: 12959: 12955: 12951: 12944: 12935: 12926: 12924: 12914: 12905: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12878: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12849:African Music 12843: 12834: 12825: 12817: 12805: 12789: 12785: 12779: 12775: 12771: 12767: 12766: 12762:WIPO (2022). 12758: 12750: 12743: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12650: 12631: 12627: 12620: 12613: 12604: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12574: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12544: 12528: 12524: 12518: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12487: 12471: 12467: 12461: 12442: 12438: 12432: 12425: 12424: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12365: 12350: 12346: 12345: 12338: 12319: 12312: 12306: 12297: 12295: 12278: 12274: 12267: 12251: 12247: 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ReliefWeb. 8457: 8450: 8434: 8431:. ReliefWeb. 8430: 8423: 8421: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8264: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8197: 8188: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8152: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8090: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8022: 8018: 8012: 7996: 7992: 7986: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7903: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7844:L'Écho du Sud 7840: 7834: 7825: 7816: 7814: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7777: 7768: 7752: 7748: 7746:9780415531252 7742: 7738: 7737: 7729: 7720: 7711: 7702: 7693: 7684: 7675: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7598: 7589: 7580: 7571: 7562: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7539: 7537: 7527: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7455: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7416: 7407: 7405: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7320: 7311: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7114: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6773: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6706:2027.42/45256 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6635: 6627: 6611: 6608:(18): 795–8. 6607: 6603: 6596: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6503: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6474: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6445: 6429: 6426:. Macmillan. 6425: 6424: 6415: 6413: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6350: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6277: 6275: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6194: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6112: 6109:. UN-OHRLLS. 6108: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6004: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5582: 5578: 5577:Lonely Planet 5574: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5547:Mada Magazine 5544: 5538: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5411: 5404: 5402: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5305: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5212: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5082:African Games 5079: 5078:Olympic Games 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4805:(karma), and 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 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3965: 3961: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3903:Betsimisaraka 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3858:Ethnic groups 3855: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656:Ambatovy mine 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3619:, cloves and 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3594: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938:African Union 2935: 2930: 2927: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2680: 2670: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2534:spiny forests 2531: 2530: 2525: 2524:plant species 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2359: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2338:spiny forests 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278:Merina people 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873:flying column 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1796:Ranavalona II 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716:William Ellis 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:James Cameron 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1628: 1619: 1615: 1612:This section 1610: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579:chiefdoms of 1578: 1574: 1573:Betsimisaraka 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1483:Arabic script 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1311: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1264:New York City 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1118: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1061: 1057: 1056:African Union 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 927: 924: 922: 918: 915: 912: 910: 909:ISO 3166 code 906: 903: 900: 898: 894: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 866: 862: 858: 852: 848: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 823: 819: 815: 799: 793: 789: 774: 768: 764: 760: 751: 745: 741: 732: 726: 722: 716: 712: 708: 705:$ 1,906 ( 699: 693: 689: 680: 674: 670: 666: 660: 656: 652: 646: 642: 638: 632: 629: 625: 621: 615: 611: 605: 601: 597: 591: 588: 584: 580: 576: 573: 567: 563: 559: 553: 550:6 August 1896 549: 546: 545:French colony 540: 531: 528: 522: 518: 515: 511: 508: 505: 502: 496: 493: 490: 487: 481: 478: 475: 471: 467: 464: 461: 458: 452: 449: 446: 443: 437: 433: 430: 426: 424: 420: 417: 414: 412: 408: 402: 398: 396: 392: 390: 386: 384: 380: 373: 369: 367: 363: 361: 360:Protestantism 357: 356: 355: 351: 350: 348: 347: 345: 338: 332: 328: 326: 322: 320: 316: 314: 310: 308: 304: 302: 298: 296: 295:Betsimisaraka 292: 290: 286: 285: 283: 278: 274: 271: 267: 264: 260: 255: 226: 223: 216: 207: 202: 178: 168: 167: 161: 157: 150: 143: 139: 131: 126: 125: 123: 119: 113: 107: 99: 93: 85: 76: 69: 65: 61: 54: 50: 49: 42: 39: 35: 31: 29: 24: 19: 17006: 16885:Devon Island 16870:Banks Island 16797:Newfoundland 16787:North Island 16777:South Island 16638: 16593:Saudi Arabia 16517: 16507: 16497: 16453:South Africa 16445: 16420: 16406: 16399: 16361:Indian Ocean 16239: 16209:Somali Plate 16163: 16151: 15993:Îles Éparses 15883:South Africa 15873:Sierra Leone 15802: 15677:Burkina Faso 15480:Demographics 15465:Architecture 15381:Central bank 15342:Subdivisions 15295:Human rights 15280:Constitution 15131:Independence 15121:World War II 15060: 14967: 14951: 14906:. Retrieved 14886: 14873:. Retrieved 14853: 14833: 14812: 14798:. Retrieved 14778: 14758: 14746:. Retrieved 14726: 14713:. Retrieved 14693: 14680:. Retrieved 14660: 14649: 14636:. Retrieved 14619: 14615: 14599:. Retrieved 14579: 14559: 14540: 14521: 14509:. Retrieved 14489: 14469: 14457:. Retrieved 14437: 14424:. Retrieved 14404: 14384: 14372:. Retrieved 14362: 14302: 14289:. Retrieved 14269: 14249: 14237:. Retrieved 14227: 14206: 14185: 14165: 14146: 14137: 14116: 14093: 14079:. Retrieved 14059: 14046:. Retrieved 14026: 14013:. Retrieved 13993: 13980:. Retrieved 13960: 13949: 13927: 13915: 13895: 13883:. Retrieved 13863: 13850:. Retrieved 13830: 13817:. Retrieved 13798: 13774: 13753: 13742: 13732: 13713: 13694: 13684: 13674: 13662:. Retrieved 13642: 13629:. Retrieved 13609: 13596:. Retrieved 13576: 13563:. Retrieved 13543: 13523: 13504: 13492:. Retrieved 13472: 13459:. Retrieved 13439: 13419: 13411:Bibliography 13396:. Retrieved 13381: 13369:. 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