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795:, a center of high atmospheric pressure that seasonally changes its position over the ocean. Madagascar has two seasons: a warm, wet season from November to April; and a cooler, dry season from May to October. There is, however, great variation in climate owing to elevation and position relative to dominant winds. Overall, surface water is most abundant along the east coast and in the far north (with the exception of the area around Cap d'Ambre, which has relatively little surface water). Amounts diminish to the west and south, and the driest regions are in the extreme south.
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384:, an 800-kilometre (497 mi)-long lagoon formed naturally by the washing of sand up on the island by the Indian Ocean currents and by the silting of rivers, is a feature of the coast; it has been used both as a means of transportation up and down the coast and as a fishing area. The beach slopes steeply into deep water. The east coast is considered dangerous for swimmers and sailors because of the large number of sharks that frequent the shoreline.
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irrigated rice fields. The
Central Highlands extend from the Tsaratanana Massif in the north to the Ivakoany Massif in the south. They are defined rather clearly by the escarpments along the east coast, and they slope gently to the west coast. The Central Highlands include the Anjafy High Plateaus; the volcanic formations of Itasy (
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continent. Although it is assumed that most life forms on the island had an
African (or South American) origin, isolation has allowed old species—elsewhere extinct—to survive and new species unique to the island to evolve. Thus, a great number of plant, insect, reptile, and fish species are
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Madagascar can be divided into five general geographical regions: the east coast, the
Tsaratanana Massif, the Central Highlands, the west coast, and the southwest. The highest elevations parallel the east coast. The total size is 587,040 square kilometres (226,660 sq mi), which makes it the
450:, the largest body of water on the island. The lake is located 761 m (2,497 ft) above sea level and is bordered by two cliffs, rising 701 m (2,300 ft) to the west and 488 m (1,601 ft) to the east, which form the walls of a valley. This region has experienced geological
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Antananarivo receives practically all of its average annual 1,400 mm (55.1 in) of rainfall between
November and April. The dry season is sunny, although somewhat chilly, especially in the mornings. Although frosts are rare in Antananarivo, they are common at higher elevations. Hail is
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since ancient times; thus, the area has served as an important bridge between
Madagascar and the outside world. Silting up of harbors on this coast, caused by sediment from the high levels of erosion suffered inland in Madagascar, is a major problem. The broad alluvial plains found on the coast
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The
Central Highlands, which range from 800 to 1,800 m (2,625 to 5,906 ft) in elevation, contain a wide variety of topographies: rounded and eroded hills, massive granite outcrops, extinct volcanoes, eroded peneplains, and alluvial plains and marshes, which have been converted into
373:, and an intermediate zone composed of steep bluffs alternating with ravines bordering an escarpment of about 500 metres (1,640 ft) in elevation, which gives access to the Central Highlands. The coastal region runs roughly from north of Baie d'Antongil, the most prominent feature on the
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Many of the characteristic
African species—large mammals such as the elephant, rhinoceros, giraffe, zebra, and antelope and predators such as lions and leopards—do not exist in Madagascar. In addition, the island has been spared the great variety of venomous snakes indigenous to the African
810:. Because rain clouds discharge much of their moisture east of the highest elevations on the island, the Central Highlands are drier and, owing to the altitude, also cooler. Thunderstorms are common during the rainy season in the Central Highlands and the eastern coastal lowlands.
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are concentrated on the steep hillsides along a slender north–south axis bordering the east coast, from the
Tsaratanana Massif in the north to Tolagnaro in the south. Secondary growth, which has replaced the original forest and consists to a large extent of
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The island of
Madagascar has been described as an "alternate world" or a "world apart" because of the uniqueness and rarity of many of its plant and animal species. Their characteristics are believed to reflect the island's origins as a part of
301:. It has a total area of 587,040 square kilometres (226,660 sq mi) with 581,540 square kilometres (224,530 sq mi) of land and 6,900 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi) of water. Madagascar is the
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A 2019 global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 1,748 square kilometres (675 sq mi) of tidal flats in
Madagascar, making it the 18th ranked country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.
3135:, and contamination of surface water with raw sewage and organic waste. Several species of flora and fauna that are unique to the islands are endangered. Regular cyclones cause flooding in low-lying coastal regions.
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The southwest is bordered on the east by the Ivakoany Massif and on the north by the Isalo Ruiniform Massif. It includes two regions along the south coast, the Mahafaly Plateau and the desert region occupied by the
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alone). More than 20,000 homes were destroyed, as well as 413 public buildings and 3,400 schools were damaged, including 1,400 schools completely destroyed. The Cyclone left an estimated damage of US$ 250 million.
2833:. The cyclone also significantly damaged the country's infrastructure, most notably coastal roads, railroads, and telecommunications, as well as agriculture. The damage was estimated at US$ 45 million.
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to the west. The mountainous topography of the Tsaratanana Massif limits the potential of the port at Antsiranana by impeding the flow of traffic from other parts of the island. They are a focus for
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Antananarivo, the national capital, is located in the northern portion of the Central Highlands at 1,276 m (4,186 ft) above sea level. A prominent feature of the Central Highlands is a
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is in a volcanic crater) and the Ankaratra Massif, reaching a height of 2,643 m (8,671 ft). The Isalo Ruiniform Massif lies between the central highlands and the west coast.
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The west coast, composed of sedimentary formations, is more indented than the east coast, thus offering a number of harbors sheltered from cyclones, such as the harbor at
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Peninsula, to the far north of the island. The coastline is straight, with the exception of a bay, offering less in the way of natural harbors than the west coast.
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613:, which flows past Antananarivo, is a tributary of the Betsiboka. The Onilahy, located in the driest part of the island, occasionally dries up during droughts.
2829:. The cyclone killed seventy people and destroyed enough property to leave approximately 500,000 homeless, including 30,000 in Antananarivo and 80,000 in
802:, it has the highest rainfall, averaging as high as 4,000 mm (157.5 in) annually in some places. This region has a hot, humid climate in which
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by the time they reach this region. The southwest and the extreme south are semidesert; as little as 330 mm (13 in) of rain falls annually at
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supercontinent. Its west coast was formed when Africa broke off from Gondwana around 165 million years ago. Madagascar eventually broke off from
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soils. The red soils predominate the Central Highlands, although there are much richer soils in the regions of former volcanic activity,
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This is a list of the extreme points of Madagascar, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
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Wood and charcoal from the forests are used to meet 80% of domestic fuel needs. As a result, wood has become scarce. In 1990, the
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400:(Ambohitra), which is of volcanic origin. The coastline is deeply indented; two prominent features are the natural harbor at
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Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019).
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is located close to the east coast. Owing to the steep elevations, they flow rapidly, often over spectacular waterfalls.
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487:, which are believed to have great agricultural potential, are thinly inhabited, in many places covered with swamps of
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and 1.02% had permanent crops. Twenty-six percent of the land is forested. The majority of the population depends on
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common in many of the higher areas of the island (including Antananarivo), but there is no snowfall except on the
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2840:, the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the South-West Indian Ocean. The National Rescue Council in
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are endemic. Destructive cyclones occur during the rainy season, coming in principally from the direction of the
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soils is found all along the east coast and at the mouths of the major rivers on the west coast; clay, sand, and
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launched an environmental program that has increased the planting of pine and eucalyptus to satisfy fuel needs.
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The remaining rain forest contains a great number of unique plant species. The country has some 900 species of
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and tend to be lengthier and have a lesser gradient. The major rivers on the west coast are the Sambirano, the
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The east coast consists of a narrow band of lowlands about fifty kilometres (31 mi) wide, formed from the
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practices for dry rice cultivation has denuded most of the landscape, especially in the Central Highlands.
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massif where above 2,400 m (7,874 ft) it may occasionally fall and even remain for several days.
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mixtures are found in the west; and shallow or skeletal laterite and limestone are located in the south.
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to Madagascar, and all indigenous land mammal species—66 in all—are unique to the island.
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killed at least 10 people and caused floods, power outages, and structural damages, mere weeks after
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The west coast is drier than either the east coast or the Central Highlands because the trade winds
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This astronaut photograph highlights two estuaries along the north-western coastline of Madagascar
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404:(Diego Suárez), just south of the Cap d'Ambre (Tanjon' i Bobaomby), and the large island of
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2804:. Infectious diseases are also expected to increase. Madagascar is a signatory to the
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and its many millions of years of isolation following the breakup of the landmass.
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Madagascar has been called the "Great Red Island" because of the prominence of red
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Madagascar is currently suffering in some areas from soil erosion as a result of
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Climate data for Toliara (Tulear), Madagascar (1961–1990, extremes 1951–present)
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3430:"Antananarivo Climate Normals 1981–2010 (Temperatures, Precipitation, Humidity)"
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reported 237 dead, 181 missing, 879 injured, and 304,000 homeless (174,000 in
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3605:"Cyclone kills at least 10 in Madagascar, destroying homes and cutting power"
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2762:'s environment and people. Climate change has raised temperatures, made the
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Massif region in the north of the island, at 2,876 metres (9,436 ft).
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This article is about the island itself. For the nation on the island, see
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The east coast has a tropical rainforest climate; being most directly
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rivers flow from the Central Highlands to the east coast, as does the
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The Tsaratanana Massif region at the north end of the island contains
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Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
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Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
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running north to south, located east of Antananarivo and including
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about 88 million years ago. It is geologically located within the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Land coverage (left) and topographical (right) maps of Madagascar
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Madagascar was once covered almost completely by forests, but
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Climate data for Toamasina (1961–1990, extremes 1889–present)
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located 400 kilometres (250 mi) off the eastern coast of
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2718:(humidity, 1951–1980), Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)
2087:(humidity, 1951–1967), Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)
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in the south. The weather is dominated by the southeastern
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3093:. There are also fishing areas offshore and potential for
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had killed 55 and displaced 130,000 people on the island.
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and forest habitats, and threaten native species such as
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Madagascar has a number of natural resources, including
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The rivers flowing to the west coast discharge into the
3362:"The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats"
332:
near the centre of the island. It has the 25th largest
2825:. During February 2–4, 1994, Madagascar was struck by
503:(ultra heavy oil) lie towards the west of the island.
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Madagascar map of Köppen climate classification zones
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During March 1–18, 2004, Madagascar was impacted by
3408:"Antananarivo Climate Normals 1961–1990 (Sunhours)"
55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3477:"Klimatafel von Toamasina (Tamatave) / Madagaskar"
3186:Westernmost Point (mainland) - Pointe Mananonoka,
2821:Madagascar occasionally experiences the impact of
3410:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3113:. The manufacturing sector is small but growing.
2784:Climate change is projected to drive declines in
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2749:Tropical cyclones are set to become more intense
336:of 1,225,259 km (473,075 sq mi).
3532:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3456:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3630:
3553:"Klimatafel von Toliary (Tulear) / Madagaskar"
3452:"Tamatave/Toamasina Climate Normals 1961–1990"
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616:Important lakes, aside from Alaotra, include
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566:. These rivers tend to be short because the
2912:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
276:1,225,259 km (473,075 sq mi)
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3528:"Tulear/Toliara Climate Normals 1961–1990"
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836:Climate data for Antananarivo (1981–2010)
133:
2932:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:587,041 km (226,658 sq mi)
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
3161:Easternmost point (mainland) - Cap Est,
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698:Madagascar originated as part of the
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2910:adding citations to reliable sources
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53:adding citations to reliable sources
24:
3603:Rabary, Lovasoa (6 February 2022).
3562:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst
3486:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst
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2796:due to severe impacts on water and
791:that originate in the Indian Ocean
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305:in the world. The highest point is
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3631:Peter J. Schraeder. "Madagascar".
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3147:Northernmost Point - Cap D'Ambre,
3123:Environmental issues in Madagascar
2863:
495:activity. The giant oil fields of
454:, and earth tremors are frequent.
14:
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3310:
3154:Easternmost Point - Ile Ngontsy,
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2792:. The human population is highly
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4963:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4733:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4539:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4309:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3620:
3295:. WorldAtlas.com. Archived from
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2882:
2731:This section is an excerpt from
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660:
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633:
430:Village in the central highlands
29:
3596:
3293:"Island Countries Of The World"
3199:Geographic center (mainland) -
734:to the north. A narrow band of
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40:needs additional citations for
3422:
3353:
3254:
3179:Westernmost Point - Nosy Hao,
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589:is located at the mouth), the
422:Central Highlands (Madagascar)
1:
5072:Geography of the Indian Ocean
3266:Cortez USA Tours & Travel
3247:
2497:Average rainfall mm (inches)
1866:Average rainfall mm (inches)
746:and grazing cause aggressive
457:
360:
322:second-largest island country
236:4,828 km (3,000 mi)
5082:Climate change in Madagascar
3222:List of rivers of Madagascar
3217:List of cities in Madagascar
2768:more intense tropical storms
2733:Climate change in Madagascar
526:List of rivers of Madagascar
506:
256:2,876 metres (9,436 ft)
7:
3341:. U. S. Library of Congress
3236:Geographic data related to
3210:
2816:
2766:longer and has resulted in
2758:is a significant threat to
2357:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2217:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1726:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1586:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1095:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
955:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
530:List of lakes of Madagascar
10:
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2808:and has set out goals for
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3639:Federal Research Division
3584:(in French). Meteo Climat
3508:(in French). Meteo Climat
3378:10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8
2810:climate change adaptation
2782:life are being impacted.
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64:"Geography of Madagascar"
4718:Central African Republic
4294:Central African Republic
3707:Indian Ocean slave trade
3227:Ecoregions of Madagascar
3190:at 22°15′04″S 43°13′13″E
3183:at 22°05′13″S 43°11′18″E
3176:at 25°36′24″S 45°10′02″E
3165:at 15°15′56″S 50°29′10″E
3158:at 15°15′48″S 50°29′36″E
3151:at 11°57′00″S 49°15′56″E
2800:, with implications for
2747:approaching Madagascar.
713:
5067:Geography of Madagascar
3238:Geography of Madagascar
3073:, rare Earth elements,
3034:, is widespread today.
2770:. The country's unique
493:hydrocarbon exploration
353:world's second largest
334:exclusive economic zone
273:Exclusive economic zone
128:Geography of Madagascar
3795:
3772:Transitional Authority
3335:"Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY"
2955:
2752:
2716:Deutscher Wetterdienst
2085:Deutscher Wetterdienst
772:
483:between Mahajanga and
431:
349:
318:Republic of Madagascar
5077:Continental fragments
4878:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4738:Republic of the Congo
4454:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4314:Republic of the Congo
3794:
3767:2009 political crisis
3722:Malagasy Protectorate
3205:Antananarivo Province
3168:Southernmost Point -
2947:
2742:
770:
429:
347:
303:fourth-largest island
3870:World Heritage Sites
3193:Geographic center -
3172:(Cap Sainte Marie),
3163:Antsiranana Province
3156:Antsiranana Province
3149:Antsiranana Province
3117:Environmental issues
2906:improve this section
2147:Record high °C (°F)
1516:Record high °C (°F)
885:Record high °C (°F)
489:Madagascar mangroves
382:Canal des Pangalanes
340:Geographical regions
49:improve this article
4953:States with limited
4529:States with limited
4240:Geography of Africa
3757:Democratic Republic
3506:"Station Toamasina"
3103:subsistence farming
3030:tree, brought from
2874:Flora of Madagascar
2870:Fauna of Madagascar
2743:Satellite image of
2567:Average rainy days
2427:Record low °C (°F)
2287:Daily mean °C (°F)
1936:Average rainy days
1796:Record low °C (°F)
1656:Daily mean °C (°F)
1309:Average rainy days
1165:Record low °C (°F)
1025:Daily mean °C (°F)
823:lose their humidity
750:in many locations.
689:Geographic features
546:, which flows from
179: /
129:
4664:Climate of Africa
3815:Biosphere reserves
3796:
3732:Colonial governors
3262:"About Madagascar"
2956:
2852:In February 2022,
2753:
773:
640:Majahilo river at
628:in the southwest.
624:in the center and
620:in the northwest,
575:Mozambique Channel
432:
388:Tsaratanana Massif
350:
225: • Water
209: • Total
127:
5054:
5053:
4980:other territories
4753:Equatorial Guinea
4630:
4629:
4556:other territories
4329:Equatorial Guinea
4206:
4205:
4166:
4165:
4048:
4047:
3966:
3965:
3943:Political parties
3931:National Assembly
3906:Foreign relations
3878:
3877:
3777:COVID-19 pandemic
3752:Malagasy Republic
3742:Malagasy Uprising
3727:French Madagascar
3582:"Station Toliara"
3372:(7738): 222–225.
3339:countrystudies.us
3131:and overgrazing,
3045:Natural resources
2985:traveller's trees
2942:
2941:
2934:
2722:
2721:
2616:relative humidity
2091:
2090:
1985:relative humidity
1460:
1459:
1355:relative humidity
808:Mascarene Islands
779:along the coast,
668:Tsiribihina River
416:Central Highlands
410:big wall climbing
330:Central Highlands
280:
279:
217: • Land
183:20.000°S 47.000°E
125:
124:
117:
99:
5089:
5041:
5040:(United Kingdom)
5036:Tristan da Cunha
5032:Ascension Island
5024:
5011:
5002:
4978:Dependencies and
4671:Sovereign states
4657:
4650:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4617:
4616:(United Kingdom)
4612:Tristan da Cunha
4608:Ascension Island
4600:
4587:
4578:
4554:Dependencies and
4247:Sovereign states
4233:
4226:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4186:
4179:
4059:
4058:
3992:
3977:
3976:
3889:
3888:
3808:
3807:
3782:2021–2022 famine
3717:Franco-Hova Wars
3670:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3624:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3557:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3481:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3432:. .pogodaiklimat
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3331:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3289:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3258:
3235:
3234:
3188:Toliara Province
3181:Toliara Province
3174:Toliara Province
2937:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2886:
2878:
2854:Cyclone Batsirai
2745:Cyclone Batsirai
2570:
2095:
2094:
1939:
1464:
1463:
833:
832:
678:
664:
652:
637:
520:Rivers and lakes
499:(heavy oil) and
398:Montagne d'Ambre
194:
193:
191:
190:
189:
184:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
137:
130:
126:
120:
113:
109:
106:
100:
98:
57:
33:
25:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5039:
5022:
5009:
5000:
4981:
4979:
4972:
4956:
4954:
4947:
4666:
4661:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4598:
4585:
4576:
4557:
4555:
4548:
4532:
4530:
4523:
4242:
4237:
4207:
4202:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4162:
4148:Public holidays
4044:
4021:
4012:Illegal logging
3990:
3962:
3916:Law enforcement
3874:
3840:Protected areas
3797:
3786:
3683:
3674:
3634:Country Studies
3621:
3617:
3616:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3232:
3213:
3141:
3133:desertification
3125:
3119:
3047:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2903:
2887:
2876:
2866:
2864:Flora and fauna
2827:Cyclone Geralda
2819:
2814:
2813:
2806:Paris Agreement
2736:
2728:
2723:
2709:Source 1: NOAA
2568:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2092:
2078:Source 1: NOAA
1937:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1461:
1448:Source 1: NOAA
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
804:tropical fevers
775:The climate is
765:
756:
716:
696:
691:
684:
679:
670:
665:
656:
653:
644:
638:
532:
524:Main articles:
522:
509:
460:
424:
418:
390:
363:
342:
295:Southern Africa
267:
255:
188:-20.000; 47.000
187:
185:
181:
178:
173:
170:
168:
166:
165:
121:
110:
104:
101:
58:
56:
46:
34:
23:
12:
11:
5:
5095:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:Western Sahara
5042:
5025:
5012:
5003:
4989:Canary Islands
4985:
4984:
4982:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:Western Sahara
4618:
4601:
4588:
4579:
4565:Canary Islands
4561:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3953:Prime Minister
3950:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Third Republic
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:Merina Kingdom
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3615:
3614:
3595:
3573:
3544:
3519:
3497:
3468:
3443:
3421:
3399:
3352:
3309:
3279:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3140:
3139:Extreme points
3137:
3121:Main article:
3118:
3115:
3046:
3043:
2976:slash and burn
2940:
2939:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2865:
2862:
2838:Cyclone Gafilo
2818:
2815:
2756:Climate change
2737:
2729:
2727:
2726:Climate change
2724:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2664:sunshine hours
2659:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:sunshine hours
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:sunshine hours
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
882:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
838:
837:
831:
764:
761:
755:
752:
715:
712:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
685:
680:
673:
671:
666:
659:
657:
654:
647:
645:
639:
632:
599:South Mahavavy
521:
518:
508:
505:
459:
456:
420:Main article:
417:
414:
389:
386:
371:alluvial soils
362:
359:
355:island country
341:
338:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
262:
258:
257:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
123:
122:
37:
35:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5094:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:Guinea-Bissau
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4651:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4622:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Guinea-Bissau
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:Ethnic groups
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Food security
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3627:public domain
3619:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3583:
3577:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3507:
3501:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3431:
3425:
3409:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3299:on 2017-12-07
3298:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3242:OpenStreetMap
3239:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:Cape Vohimena
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:deforestation
3124:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:semi-precious
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2933:
2925:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2891:This section
2889:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:food security
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:Mean monthly
2660:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:Mean monthly
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1470:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:Mean monthly
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1237:precipitation
1233:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
953:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
883:
839:
834:
830:
828:
824:
819:
817:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
769:
760:
751:
749:
745:
744:Deforestation
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
711:
709:
705:
701:
683:
677:
672:
669:
663:
658:
651:
646:
643:
636:
631:
630:
629:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
527:
517:
515:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
428:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
385:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
367:sedimentation
358:
356:
346:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
275:
271:
266:
263:
259:
254:
251:
249:Highest point
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
201:
197:
192:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
136:
131:
119:
116:
108:
105:February 2016
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66: –
65:
61:
60:Find sources:
54:
50:
44:
43:
38:This article
36:
32:
27:
26:
21:
16:
5028:Saint Helena
4999:
4903:South Africa
4893:Sierra Leone
4698:Burkina Faso
4604:Saint Helena
4575:
4479:South Africa
4469:Sierra Leone
4398:
4274:Burkina Faso
4096:Demographics
4081:Architecture
3997:Central bank
3958:Subdivisions
3911:Human rights
3896:Constitution
3802:
3747:Independence
3737:World War II
3633:
3608:
3598:
3586:. Retrieved
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3559:
3547:
3535:. Retrieved
3522:
3510:. Retrieved
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3483:
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3402:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3338:
3301:. Retrieved
3297:the original
3270:. Retrieved
3265:
3256:
3194:
3142:
3126:
3048:
3036:
3005:
2980:Rain forests
2973:
2965:
2961:Gondwanaland
2957:
2928:
2919:
2904:Please help
2892:
2851:
2842:Antananarivo
2835:
2820:
2754:
1454:
1239:mm (inches)
820:
812:
797:
783:inland, and
774:
757:
717:
708:Somali Plate
697:
694:Somali Plate
682:Lake Tritiva
618:Lake Kinkony
615:
572:
554:include the
552:Indian Ocean
548:Lake Alaotra
533:
510:
461:
441:
433:
391:
379:
364:
351:
326:Antananarivo
315:
291:Indian Ocean
282:
281:
265:Indian Ocean
261:Lowest point
156:Indian Ocean
111:
102:
92:
85:
78:
71:
59:
47:Please help
42:verification
39:
15:
4955:recognition
4908:South Sudan
4798:Ivory Coast
4531:recognition
4484:South Sudan
4374:Ivory Coast
4121:LGBT rights
3984:Agriculture
3537:October 19,
3461:October 19,
3414:30 November
3099:arable land
3089:stones and
2989:raffia palm
2858:Cyclone Ana
2798:agriculture
2786:coral reefs
793:anticyclone
789:trade winds
754:Tidal Flats
732:Tsaratanana
642:Miandrivazo
626:Lake Ihotry
480:Middle East
448:Lac Alaotra
444:rift valley
402:Antsiranana
394:Maromokotro
311:Tsaratanana
307:Maromokotro
285:is a large
253:Maromokotro
203:Ranked 46th
186: /
162:Coordinates
5061:Categories
5010:(Portugal)
4968:Somaliland
4888:Seychelles
4853:Mozambique
4838:Mauritania
4823:Madagascar
4778:The Gambia
4713:Cape Verde
4586:(Portugal)
4544:Somaliland
4464:Seychelles
4429:Mozambique
4414:Mauritania
4399:Madagascar
4354:The Gambia
4289:Cape Verde
4131:newspapers
3991:(currency)
3926:Parliament
3830:Ecoregions
3712:Libertatia
3677:Madagascar
3303:2019-08-10
3248:References
3105:, largely
3095:hydropower
3039:World Bank
3028:eucalyptus
2868:See also:
2794:vulnerable
2772:ecosystems
2764:dry season
2760:Madagascar
2714:Source 2:
2569:(≥ 1.0 mm)
2083:Source 2:
1938:(≥ 1.0 mm)
1453:Source 2:
622:Lake Itasy
605:, and the
562:, and the
478:, and the
458:West coast
452:subsidence
437:Lake Itasy
361:East coast
328:is in the
299:Mozambique
297:, east of
283:Madagascar
75:newspapers
20:Madagascar
4843:Mauritius
4419:Mauritius
4143:Mythology
4116:Languages
4101:Education
4027:Transport
4002:Companies
3948:President
3901:Elections
3860:Volcanoes
3845:Provinces
3825:Districts
3803:Geography
3201:Analavory
3083:tar sands
3032:Australia
2953:Morondava
2922:July 2024
2893:does not
2831:Toamasina
1931:(132.61)
816:Ankaratra
781:temperate
740:limestone
728:Ankaratra
720:lateritic
587:Mahajanga
585:(part of
583:Betsiboka
579:Mahajamba
568:watershed
564:Mananjary
544:Maningory
514:Antandroy
507:Southwest
501:Bemolanga
497:Tsimiroro
464:Mahajanga
309:, in the
233:Coastline
142:Continent
5034: /
5030: /
5023:(France)
5017: /
4995: /
4991: /
4943:Zimbabwe
4918:Tanzania
4768:Ethiopia
4763:Eswatini
4743:Djibouti
4708:Cameroon
4693:Botswana
4610: /
4606: /
4599:(France)
4593: /
4571: /
4567: /
4519:Zimbabwe
4494:Tanzania
4344:Ethiopia
4339:Eswatini
4319:Djibouti
4284:Cameroon
4269:Botswana
4193:Category
4153:Religion
4066:Abortion
4040:Railways
3921:Military
3884:Politics
3865:Wildlife
3702:Monarchs
3681:articles
3588:April 7,
3566:April 7,
3512:April 7,
3490:April 7,
3394:56481043
3386:30568300
3272:July 24,
3211:See also
3063:chromite
3059:graphite
2846:Antalaha
2823:cyclones
2817:Cyclones
2614:Average
2562:(16.45)
2212:(108.1)
2207:(101.7)
2197:(103.1)
2167:(101.3)
2162:(103.5)
2157:(102.2)
2152:(108.1)
2073:2,410.4
1983:Average
1926:(14.07)
1901:(11.36)
1896:(10.20)
1886:(12.71)
1881:(18.83)
1876:(15.04)
1871:(16.15)
1581:(101.5)
1526:(101.5)
1443:2,626.2
1353:Average
1235:Average
777:tropical
736:alluvial
700:Gondwana
556:Bemarivo
536:Mananara
516:people.
5019:RĂ©union
5015:Mayotte
5006:Madeira
5001:(Spain)
4997:Melilla
4928:Tunisia
4898:Somalia
4883:Senegal
4868:Nigeria
4858:Namibia
4848:Morocco
4813:Liberia
4808:Lesotho
4758:Eritrea
4728:Comoros
4703:Burundi
4678:Algeria
4595:RĂ©union
4591:Mayotte
4582:Madeira
4577:(Spain)
4573:Melilla
4504:Tunisia
4474:Somalia
4459:Senegal
4444:Nigeria
4434:Namibia
4424:Morocco
4389:Liberia
4384:Lesotho
4334:Eritrea
4304:Comoros
4279:Burundi
4254:Algeria
4177:Outline
4091:Cuisine
4086:Culture
4054:Society
4035:Driving
4017:Tourism
3989:Ariary
3972:Economy
3850:Regions
3835:Islands
3689:History
3609:Reuters
3071:bauxite
3024:vanilla
3020:coconut
3016:mangoes
3012:Bananas
2997:savanna
2993:baobabs
2969:endemic
2949:Baobabs
2914:removed
2899:sources
2557:(3.82)
2552:(0.85)
2547:(0.47)
2542:(0.31)
2537:(0.22)
2532:(0.24)
2527:(0.59)
2522:(0.62)
2517:(0.70)
2512:(1.41)
2507:(3.49)
2502:(3.73)
2492:(39.6)
2487:(62.6)
2482:(57.2)
2477:(53.2)
2472:(48.2)
2467:(50.0)
2462:(47.1)
2457:(39.6)
2452:(50.4)
2447:(50.0)
2442:(62.2)
2437:(59.0)
2432:(58.3)
2422:(65.8)
2417:(71.8)
2412:(68.5)
2407:(65.3)
2402:(61.2)
2397:(58.6)
2392:(57.9)
2387:(58.6)
2382:(62.4)
2377:(67.8)
2372:(71.4)
2367:(73.2)
2362:(73.2)
2352:(75.4)
2347:(79.9)
2342:(77.5)
2337:(75.0)
2332:(72.1)
2327:(69.8)
2322:(68.5)
2317:(69.3)
2312:(72.9)
2307:(77.0)
2302:(80.2)
2297:(81.5)
2292:(81.5)
2282:(85.6)
2277:(88.3)
2272:(86.5)
2267:(84.7)
2262:(83.3)
2257:(81.9)
2252:(80.2)
2247:(80.4)
2242:(83.5)
2237:(87.1)
2232:(89.6)
2227:(90.1)
2222:(90.0)
2202:(99.9)
2192:(99.5)
2187:(99.5)
2182:(94.1)
2177:(96.3)
2172:(99.3)
1929:3,368.2
1921:(6.68)
1916:(5.22)
1911:(4.77)
1906:(8.59)
1891:(8.99)
1861:(50.0)
1856:(60.8)
1851:(56.3)
1846:(51.8)
1841:(51.8)
1836:(50.0)
1831:(53.2)
1826:(51.8)
1821:(55.8)
1816:(59.0)
1811:(62.6)
1806:(63.5)
1801:(64.4)
1791:(67.8)
1786:(71.4)
1781:(68.7)
1776:(65.7)
1771:(63.1)
1766:(62.6)
1761:(62.8)
1756:(64.0)
1751:(67.1)
1746:(70.5)
1741:(72.3)
1736:(72.9)
1731:(72.5)
1721:(74.1)
1716:(77.9)
1711:(75.7)
1706:(72.9)
1701:(70.3)
1696:(68.9)
1691:(68.7)
1686:(70.0)
1681:(73.2)
1676:(76.3)
1671:(77.9)
1666:(79.0)
1661:(78.8)
1651:(81.7)
1646:(84.9)
1641:(83.1)
1636:(80.4)
1631:(78.4)
1626:(76.8)
1621:(76.6)
1616:(78.1)
1611:(81.1)
1606:(83.8)
1601:(85.1)
1596:(86.5)
1591:(86.2)
1576:(92.5)
1571:(91.4)
1566:(91.8)
1561:(87.1)
1556:(86.4)
1551:(88.2)
1546:(85.3)
1541:(93.2)
1536:(95.0)
1531:(98.1)
1521:(99.3)
1304:(56.5)
1299:(12.2)
1249:(11.4)
1244:(13.4)
1230:(35.6)
1225:(50.9)
1220:(48.7)
1215:(42.8)
1210:(36.1)
1205:(39.9)
1200:(35.6)
1195:(35.6)
1190:(39.2)
1185:(48.2)
1180:(50.0)
1175:(51.8)
1170:(51.6)
1160:(57.2)
1155:(62.1)
1150:(59.4)
1145:(56.5)
1140:(52.5)
1135:(50.5)
1130:(49.8)
1125:(51.6)
1120:(55.8)
1115:(59.7)
1110:(62.6)
1105:(63.1)
1100:(63.1)
1090:(64.9)
1085:(69.3)
1080:(68.2)
1075:(65.7)
1070:(62.2)
1065:(58.8)
1060:(57.7)
1055:(59.2)
1050:(63.1)
1045:(67.1)
1040:(69.3)
1035:(69.4)
1030:(69.4)
1020:(76.5)
1015:(81.0)
1010:(80.6)
1005:(78.8)
1000:(75.6)
995:(71.1)
990:(69.1)
985:(70.2)
980:(74.7)
975:(77.9)
970:(79.7)
965:(79.7)
960:(79.9)
950:(91.9)
945:(89.8)
940:(91.9)
935:(91.6)
930:(90.1)
925:(84.0)
920:(80.6)
915:(90.7)
910:(86.4)
905:(89.2)
900:(91.4)
895:(89.6)
890:(91.4)
827:Toliara
763:Climate
748:erosion
607:Onilahy
603:Mangoky
560:Ivondro
540:Mangoro
485:Toliara
468:pirates
406:Nosy Be
375:Masoala
320:is the
289:in the
241:Borders
174:47°00′E
171:20°00′S
89:scholar
5038:
5021:
5008:
4938:Zambia
4933:Uganda
4873:Rwanda
4828:Malawi
4788:Guinea
4683:Angola
4614:
4597:
4584:
4514:Zambia
4509:Uganda
4449:Rwanda
4404:Malawi
4364:Guinea
4259:Angola
4198:Portal
4158:Sports
4071:Anthem
3936:Senate
3855:Rivers
3820:Cities
3679:
3629:.
3392:
3384:
3366:Nature
3345:15 May
3268:. 2012
3111:cattle
3079:quartz
3055:cobalt
3051:nickel
3008:orchid
3001:steppe
2991:, and
2790:lemurs
2776:animal
2704:3,597
2701:300.6
2698:316.2
2695:314.3
2692:304.4
2689:315.4
2686:295.3
2683:282.5
2680:296.4
2677:289.4
2674:299.9
2671:271.9
2668:310.7
2103:Month
2070:219.2
2067:236.0
2064:232.7
2061:209.7
2058:184.6
2055:162.8
2052:162.5
2049:192.1
2046:196.9
2043:191.0
2040:198.2
2037:224.7
1472:Month
1455:Pogoda
1440:201.1
1437:232.7
1434:251.0
1431:249.5
1428:235.0
1425:213.9
1422:206.1
1419:228.8
1416:220.5
1413:199.1
1410:178.0
1407:210.5
1294:(5.3)
1289:(2.7)
1284:(0.4)
1279:(0.2)
1274:(0.3)
1269:(0.2)
1264:(0.7)
1259:(2.2)
1254:(7.5)
841:Month
730:, and
609:. The
601:, the
593:, the
581:, the
558:, the
476:Africa
472:Europe
287:island
152:Region
146:Africa
91:
84:
77:
70:
62:
4993:Ceuta
4913:Sudan
4863:Niger
4818:Libya
4803:Kenya
4783:Ghana
4773:Gabon
4748:Egypt
4688:Benin
4569:Ceuta
4489:Sudan
4439:Niger
4394:Libya
4379:Kenya
4359:Ghana
4349:Gabon
4324:Egypt
4264:Benin
4184:Index
4138:Music
4126:Media
3556:(PDF)
3480:(PDF)
3436:4 May
3390:S2CID
2951:near
2780:plant
2560:417.9
2142:Year
1924:357.3
1919:169.7
1914:132.6
1909:121.1
1904:218.2
1899:288.6
1894:259.0
1889:228.3
1884:322.8
1879:478.4
1874:382.1
1869:410.1
1511:Year
1302:1,437
880:Year
724:Itasy
714:Soils
704:India
611:Ikopa
595:North
591:Mania
470:from
220:99.7%
96:JSTOR
82:books
4923:Togo
4833:Mali
4723:Chad
4499:Togo
4409:Mali
4299:Chad
4111:Flag
4076:Seal
3590:2017
3568:2017
3539:2015
3514:2017
3492:2017
3463:2015
3438:2016
3416:2013
3382:PMID
3347:2021
3274:2017
3109:and
3107:rice
3091:mica
3075:salt
3067:coal
2897:any
2895:cite
2872:and
2778:and
2618:(%)
2555:97.0
2550:21.7
2545:11.9
2525:14.9
2520:15.8
2515:17.7
2510:35.9
2505:88.7
2500:94.7
2485:17.0
2480:14.0
2475:11.8
2465:10.0
2450:10.2
2445:10.0
2440:16.8
2435:15.0
2430:14.6
2420:18.8
2415:22.1
2410:20.3
2405:18.5
2400:16.2
2395:14.8
2390:14.4
2385:14.8
2380:16.9
2375:19.9
2370:21.9
2365:22.9
2360:22.9
2350:24.1
2345:26.6
2340:25.3
2335:23.9
2330:22.3
2325:21.0
2320:20.3
2315:20.7
2310:22.7
2305:25.0
2300:26.8
2295:27.5
2290:27.5
2280:29.8
2275:31.3
2270:30.3
2265:29.3
2260:28.5
2255:27.7
2250:26.8
2245:26.9
2240:28.6
2235:30.6
2230:32.0
2225:32.3
2220:32.2
2210:42.3
2205:38.7
2200:37.7
2195:39.5
2190:37.5
2185:37.5
2180:34.5
2175:35.7
2170:37.4
2165:38.5
2160:39.7
2155:39.0
2150:42.3
2139:Dec
2136:Nov
2133:Oct
2130:Sep
2127:Aug
2124:Jul
2121:Jun
2118:May
2115:Apr
2112:Mar
2109:Feb
2106:Jan
1987:(%)
1978:211
1859:10.0
1854:16.0
1849:13.5
1844:11.0
1839:11.0
1834:10.0
1829:11.8
1824:11.0
1819:13.2
1814:15.0
1809:17.0
1804:17.5
1799:18.0
1789:19.9
1784:21.9
1779:20.4
1774:18.7
1769:17.3
1764:17.0
1759:17.1
1754:17.8
1749:19.5
1744:21.4
1739:22.4
1734:22.7
1729:22.5
1719:23.4
1714:25.5
1709:24.3
1704:22.7
1699:21.3
1694:20.5
1689:20.4
1684:21.1
1679:22.9
1674:24.6
1669:25.5
1664:26.1
1659:26.0
1649:27.6
1644:29.4
1639:28.4
1634:26.9
1629:25.8
1624:24.9
1619:24.8
1614:25.6
1609:27.3
1604:28.8
1599:29.5
1594:30.3
1589:30.1
1579:38.6
1574:33.6
1569:33.0
1564:33.2
1559:30.6
1554:30.2
1549:31.2
1544:29.6
1539:34.0
1534:35.0
1529:36.7
1524:38.6
1519:37.4
1508:Dec
1505:Nov
1502:Oct
1499:Sep
1496:Aug
1493:Jul
1490:Jun
1487:May
1484:Apr
1481:Mar
1478:Feb
1475:Jan
1357:(%)
1348:118
1223:10.5
1178:10.0
1173:11.0
1168:10.9
1158:14.0
1153:16.7
1148:15.2
1143:13.6
1138:11.4
1133:10.3
1123:10.9
1118:13.2
1113:15.4
1108:17.0
1103:17.3
1098:17.3
1088:18.3
1083:20.7
1078:20.1
1073:18.7
1068:16.8
1063:14.9
1058:14.3
1053:15.1
1048:17.3
1043:19.5
1038:20.7
1033:20.8
1028:20.8
1018:24.7
1013:27.2
1008:27.0
1003:26.0
998:24.2
993:21.7
988:20.6
983:21.2
978:23.7
973:25.5
968:26.5
963:26.5
958:26.6
948:33.3
943:32.1
938:33.3
933:33.1
928:32.3
923:28.9
918:27.0
913:32.6
908:30.2
903:31.8
898:33.0
893:32.0
888:33.0
877:Dec
874:Nov
871:Oct
868:Sep
865:Aug
862:Jul
859:Jun
856:May
853:Apr
850:Mar
847:Feb
844:Jan
785:arid
726:and
597:and
538:and
534:The
528:and
380:The
316:The
244:None
228:0.3%
199:Area
68:news
3374:doi
3370:565
3240:at
3195:TBA
2999:or
2908:by
2657:75
2654:77
2651:75
2648:75
2645:74
2642:72
2639:74
2636:74
2633:75
2630:76
2627:75
2624:77
2621:77
2609:32
2540:7.8
2535:5.6
2530:6.2
2490:4.2
2470:9.0
2460:8.4
2455:4.2
2026:84
2023:84
2020:83
2017:82
2014:83
2011:85
2008:84
2005:85
2002:85
1999:84
1996:85
1993:83
1990:83
1975:17
1972:14
1969:13
1966:15
1963:20
1960:22
1957:18
1954:17
1951:18
1948:21
1945:17
1942:19
1396:76
1393:77
1390:71
1387:69
1384:70
1381:74
1378:76
1375:77
1372:77
1369:77
1366:79
1363:80
1360:79
1345:15
1342:11
1318:14
1315:17
1312:19
1297:311
1292:135
1252:191
1247:290
1242:340
1228:2.0
1218:9.3
1213:6.0
1208:2.3
1203:4.4
1198:2.0
1193:2.0
1188:4.0
1183:9.0
1128:9.9
369:of
268:0 m
51:by
5063::
3637:.
3607:.
3558:.
3530:.
3482:.
3454:.
3388:.
3380:.
3368:.
3364:.
3337:.
3312:^
3282:^
3264:.
3203:,
3085:,
3081:,
3077:,
3069:,
3065:,
3061:,
3057:,
3053:,
3022:,
3018:,
3014:,
3010:.
2987:,
2774:,
2606:5
2603:2
2600:1
2597:1
2594:1
2591:1
2588:2
2585:2
2582:2
2579:3
2576:6
2573:6
1339:8
1336:4
1333:6
1330:7
1327:5
1324:5
1321:7
1287:68
1282:10
1262:19
1257:55
829:.
710:.
474:,
412:.
357:.
4656:e
4649:t
4642:v
4232:e
4225:t
4218:v
3669:e
3662:t
3655:v
3641:.
3611:.
3592:.
3570:.
3541:.
3516:.
3494:.
3465:.
3440:.
3418:.
3396:.
3376::
3349:.
3306:.
3276:.
2935:)
2929:(
2924:)
2920:(
2916:.
2902:.
2735:.
1277:6
1272:8
1267:4
118:)
112:(
107:)
103:(
93:·
86:·
79:·
72:·
45:.
22:.
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