85:
245:. The dried corpse is moved to a separate house accompanied by the women of the village, who cry together on cue, and then begin to dance. The men gather in the house of the village leader and take turns individually going to the corpse house to affix money to the deceased using a specified type of oil. Until morning, when the corpse is moved to the kibory, the village children will dance to drum music outside. The men transport the body to the sacred forest, where they privately speak their last words to the deceased.
158:
174:; he later changed his name to Ihazorango, and finally adopted the name Andriamandresiarivo in anticipation of being named king. When his arrogance and stubbornness led the people to support his younger brother's succession instead, Andriamandresy angrily departed and attempted to seize his uncle's rice field by force, mortally wounding him in the process. Outraged, Andriamandresy's mother exiled him from the territory, and Andraimandresy departed toward the east accompanied by warriors and slaves.
278:
colonial period to seek employment in other parts of the island. Beginning in 1946, the French colonial government organized transportation for
Antesaka and Antandroy laborers to work sites in other parts of the island to work on plantations or mines. Annually, an estimated 40% of all Antesaka migrants resettled permanently outside their traditional territory in the early 1960s; these migrants typically sent cash back to their family members at home.
132:
after engaging in violence upon being passed over in the line of succession. The
Antesaka constituted one of the four largest kingdoms in pre-colonial Madagascar by the early 1700s, and a political party founded by two Antesaka brothers in the runup to independence in 1960 went on to produce several
124:
from whom the clan derives. They traditionally have strong marriage taboos and complex funeral rites. The
Antesaka typically cultivate coffee, bananas and rice, and those along the coast engage in fishing. A large portion of the population has emigrated to other parts of the island for work, with an
177:
By the start of the 18th century, the
Antesaka had formed one of the four largest kingdoms on Madagascar. Succession was often contested and a source of internal conflict. According to oral history, a king called Ratongalaza had to kill or exile all his brothers to secure the throne. The last and
277:
Their principal economic activity is the cultivation of coffee, rice and bananas; women are ones primarily responsible for rice harvest, in accordance with local tradition. Those living along the coast often rely on fishing as a principal source of income. Many
Antesaka have migrated since the
232:
In villages they inhabit rectangular one-room houses made of local plant material. Located on the eastern side of the house, this extra door is only used to remove a corpse from the living quarters. Traditional burial customs involve drying a corpse for two to three years before moving it to a
186:
in the central highlands. In the Merina military conquests between 1820 and 1853, captured
Antesaka men were typically killed, but women and children were often taken as slaves back to Imerina. Over a million slaves were captured during this time, with the majority from the Antesaka, Antefasy,
224:(taboos). Twins are seen as taboo, and were traditionally killed after birth or left in the forest to die. Although this practice has been outlawed, it persists among some traditional communities, and twins are not permitted to be buried alongside their family members.
165:
Many
Antesaka kings descended from the Zarabehava lineage, a royal Sakalava line that crossed to the east coast between 1620 and 1650. The ancestors of the Antesaka migrated from the Menabe Sakalava kingdom and arrived at Nosipandra (today called
178:
most important king of the 18th century, Lengoabo, was
Ratongalaza's grandson and succeeded in extending the Antesaka territory to its largest extent. In the 19th century, the Antesaka kingdom was invaded by the
84:
334:
708:
170:) by the 1650s. According to oral history, the founder of the Antesaka clan was named Andriamandresy. He was born Repila in the village of Tsiarepioky, near
342:
112:
along the south-eastern coast. They have since spread more widely throughout the island. The
Antesaka form about 5% of the population of
701:
879:
677:
656:
635:
614:
572:
551:
530:
509:
912:
694:
499:
141:
Antesaka have mixed
African, Arab and Malayo-Polynesian ancestry, and are descended from a royal branch of the coastal
593:
606:
A Progressive Occupation?: The Gallieni-Lyautey Method and Colonial Pacification in Tonkin and Madagascar, 1885–1900
717:
869:
874:
258:
105:
125:
estimated 40% of emigrants between 1948 and 1958 permanently settling outside the Antesaka homeland.
864:
191:
564:
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire
133:
local and national leaders. As of 2013, an estimated 600,000 Malagasy identify as Antesaka.
783:
76:
8:
116:. They have mixed African, Arab and Malayo-Indonesian ancestry, like the western coastal
241:. Before the dried corpse is moved to the kibory, the village practices a ritual called
183:
673:
652:
631:
610:
589:
568:
547:
526:
505:
254:
199:
55:
194:
was disbanded in 1897. When several southern ethnic groups mounted the unsuccessful
833:
725:
262:
157:
818:
778:
763:
738:
667:
646:
625:
604:
583:
562:
541:
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142:
117:
68:
128:
The group was founded by Andriamandresy, a Sakalava prince who was cast out of
686:
906:
808:
179:
72:
813:
748:
220:
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838:
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109:
843:
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146:
121:
113:
43:
753:
733:
848:
823:
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793:
237:, which is hidden in a sacred forest restricted to men, termed the
893:
522:
Abolition and Its Aftermath in the Indian Ocean, Africa and Asia
218:
Family life and marriage in particular is regulated by numerous
828:
266:
171:
129:
798:
773:
476:
464:
442:
440:
427:
425:
423:
543:
David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
504:(9th ed.). Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press Inc.
437:
420:
287:
452:
384:
362:
360:
335:"Andriamandresy ou l'ancêtre de la dynastie antesaka"
304:
302:
202:
in 1904–05, the Antesaka refused to become involved.
627:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
408:
396:
372:
357:
314:
299:
904:
716:
644:
482:
470:
702:
672:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
581:
293:
190:France colonized Madagascar in 1895, and the
645:Thompson, Virginia; Adloff, Richard (1965).
497:
446:
431:
709:
695:
651:. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
332:
567:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
560:
539:
518:
458:
402:
390:
156:
83:
648:The Malagasy Republic: Madagascar Today
609:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
905:
669:Almanac of African Peoples and Nations
498:Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (2007).
161:Distribution of Malagasy ethnic groups
690:
665:
602:
414:
366:
187:Antanosy and Betsileo ethnic groups.
623:
378:
333:Ravalitera, Pela (8 December 2011).
320:
308:
108:traditionally concentrated south of
38:Regions with significant populations
13:
546:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
136:
14:
924:
588:. San Francisco, CA: Routledge.
259:Malayo-Polynesian language group
253:Antesaka speak a dialect of the
227:
585:Encyclopedia of African Peoples
491:
233:communal burial house called a
326:
200:French colonial administration
1:
7:
913:Ethnic groups in Madagascar
718:Ethnic groups of Madagascar
257:, which is a branch of the
248:
88:Antaisaka woman circa 1890s
10:
929:
483:Thompson & Adloff 1965
471:Thompson & Adloff 1965
272:
208:
152:
106:ethnic group of Madagascar
16:Ethnic group in Madagascar
888:
857:
724:
66:
61:
54:
49:
42:
37:
32:
27:
666:Yakan, Muhammad (1999).
281:
624:Ogot, Bethwell (1999).
603:Finch, Michael (2013).
561:Campbell, Gwyn (2005).
540:Campbell, Gwyn (2012).
525:. New York: Routledge.
519:Campbell, Gwyn (2013).
447:Bradt & Austin 2007
432:Bradt & Austin 2007
339:L'Express de Madagascar
213:
582:Diagram Group (2013).
162:
89:
265:, spoken in southern
160:
87:
62:Related ethnic groups
77:Austronesian peoples
196:insurrection du sud
24:
345:on 3 December 2013
294:Diagram Group 2013
198:rebellion against
184:Kingdom of Imerina
163:
90:
22:
900:
899:
880:Vazaha (European)
875:Vazaha (European)
679:978-1-4128-1677-9
658:978-0-8047-0279-9
637:978-0-85255-095-3
630:. Paris: UNESCO.
616:978-0-19-967457-2
574:978-0-521-83935-8
553:978-90-04-19518-9
532:978-1-135-77078-5
511:978-1-84162-197-5
261:derived from the
255:Malagasy language
82:
81:
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352:
350:
341:. Archived from
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
297:
291:
263:Barito languages
96:, also known as
28:Total population
25:
21:
928:
927:
923:
922:
921:
919:
918:
917:
903:
902:
901:
896:
884:
870:Sinoa (Chinese)
865:Karana (Indian)
853:
720:
715:
680:
659:
638:
617:
596:
575:
554:
533:
512:
494:
489:
481:
477:
469:
465:
457:
453:
445:
438:
430:
421:
413:
409:
401:
397:
389:
385:
377:
373:
365:
358:
348:
346:
331:
327:
319:
315:
307:
300:
292:
288:
284:
275:
251:
230:
216:
211:
205:
192:Merina monarchy
155:
143:Sakalava people
139:
137:Ethnic identity
118:Sakalava people
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
926:
916:
915:
898:
897:
889:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
861:
859:
855:
854:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
730:
728:
722:
721:
714:
713:
706:
699:
691:
685:
684:
678:
663:
657:
642:
636:
621:
615:
600:
594:
579:
573:
558:
552:
537:
531:
516:
510:
493:
490:
488:
487:
485:, p. 258.
475:
473:, p. 448.
463:
451:
436:
419:
417:, p. 223.
407:
395:
393:, p. 815.
383:
381:, p. 435.
371:
356:
325:
323:, p. 434.
313:
311:, p. 422.
298:
285:
283:
280:
274:
271:
250:
247:
229:
226:
215:
212:
210:
207:
182:armies of the
154:
151:
138:
135:
80:
79:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
925:
914:
911:
910:
908:
895:
892:
887:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
860:
856:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:Betsimisaraka
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
712:
707:
705:
700:
698:
693:
692:
689:
681:
675:
671:
670:
664:
660:
654:
650:
649:
643:
639:
633:
629:
628:
622:
618:
612:
608:
607:
601:
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595:9781135963415
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528:
524:
523:
517:
513:
507:
503:
502:
496:
495:
484:
479:
472:
467:
461:, p. 30.
460:
459:Campbell 2005
455:
449:, p. 14.
448:
443:
441:
434:, p. 23.
433:
428:
426:
424:
416:
411:
404:
403:Campbell 2013
399:
392:
391:Campbell 2012
387:
380:
375:
369:, p. 72.
368:
363:
361:
344:
340:
336:
329:
322:
317:
310:
305:
303:
295:
290:
286:
279:
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256:
246:
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236:
228:Funeral rites
225:
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119:
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107:
103:
99:
95:
86:
78:
74:
73:Bantu peoples
70:
65:
60:
57:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
890:
749:Antambahoaka
743:
668:
647:
626:
605:
584:
563:
542:
521:
500:
492:Bibliography
478:
466:
454:
410:
398:
386:
374:
347:. Retrieved
343:the original
338:
328:
316:
289:
276:
252:
243:tranondonaky
242:
238:
234:
231:
219:
217:
204:
195:
189:
176:
168:Vangaindrano
164:
140:
127:
101:
97:
93:
91:
19:Ethnic group
759:Antankarana
349:30 November
145:of western
110:Farafangana
844:Zafimaniry
789:Bezanozano
726:Indigenous
501:Madagascar
415:Finch 2013
367:Yakan 1999
147:Madagascar
122:Madagascar
114:Madagascar
44:Madagascar
33:c. 600,000
891:See also:
858:Immigrant
834:Tsimihety
754:Antandroy
744:Antaisaka
734:Antaifasy
379:Ogot 1999
321:Ogot 1999
309:Ogot 1999
104:, are an
50:Languages
907:Category
849:Zafisoro
824:Sihanaka
819:Sakalava
804:Masikoro
794:Mahafaly
779:Betsileo
764:Antanosy
739:Antemoro
249:Language
239:ala fady
94:Antesaka
71:groups,
69:Malagasy
56:Malagasy
23:Antesaka
894:Vazimba
273:Economy
209:Culture
153:History
829:Tanala
809:Merina
676:
655:
634:
613:
592:
571:
550:
529:
508:
267:Borneo
235:kibory
180:Merina
172:Mahabo
130:Menabe
102:Tesaki
98:Tesaka
67:Other
814:Mikea
799:Makoa
774:Beosi
282:Notes
100:, or
839:Vezo
769:Bara
674:ISBN
653:ISBN
632:ISBN
611:ISBN
590:ISBN
569:ISBN
548:ISBN
527:ISBN
506:ISBN
351:2013
221:fady
214:Fady
92:The
120:of
909::
439:^
422:^
359:^
337:.
301:^
269:.
149:.
75:,
710:e
703:t
696:v
682:.
661:.
640:.
619:.
598:.
577:.
556:.
535:.
514:.
405:.
353:.
296:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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