Slavery in Britain

2291:, "An Act for the further preventing Robbery, Burglary, and other Felonies, and for the more effectual Transportation of Felons, and unlawful Exporters of Wool; and for declaring the Law upon some Points relating to Pirates", established a seven-year penal transportation as a possible punishment for those convicted of lesser felonies, or as a possible sentence to which capital punishment might be commuted by royal pardon. Criminals were transported to North America from 1718 to 1776. When the American revolution made transportation to the Thirteen Colonies unfeasible, those sentenced to it were typically punished with imprisonment or hard labour instead. From 1787 to 1868, criminals convicted and sentenced under the Act were transported to the colonies in Australia. 45: 2384: 2447: 1981:. Legally ("de jure") slave owners could not win in court, and abolitionists provided legal help for enslaved black people. However actual ("de facto") slavery continued in Britain with ten to fourteen thousand slaves in England and Wales, who were mostly domestic servants. When slaves were brought in from the colonies they had to sign waivers that made them indentured servants while in Britain. Most modern historians generally agree that slavery continued in Britain into the late 18th century, finally disappearing around 1800. 3425:) and there is some evidence that they certainly could have. The soil and climate of the American South were excellent for growing cotton, so it is not unreasonable to postulate that farms without slaves could have produced substantial amounts of cotton; even if they did not produce as much as the plantations did, it could still have been enough to serve the demand of British producers. Similar arguments have been made by other historians. Additionally, Thomas Sowell has noted, citing historians 3706: 3494: 3380:, in a pair of articles published in 2012 and 2013, found that, despite the Southern United States initially having per capita income roughly double that of the Northern United States in 1774, incomes in the South had declined 27% by 1800 and continued to decline over the next four decades, while the economies in New England and the Mid-Atlantic states vastly expanded. By 1840, per capita income in the South was well behind the Northeast and the national average (Note: this is also true 2749:(1772) 20 State Tr 1 the law remained unsettled, although the decision was a significant advance for, at the least, preventing the forceable removal of anyone from England, whether or not a slave, against his will. A man named James Somersett was enslaved by a Boston customs officer. They came to England, and Somersett escaped. Captain Knowles captured him and took him on his boat bound for Jamaica. Three British abolitionists, saying they were his "godparents", applied for a writ of 2861: 3678: 3692: 3279: 2248:

assigned them to free individuals as unpaid labour. Women were expected to work as domestic servants and farm labourers. Like slaves, indentured servants could be bought and sold, could not marry without the permission of their owner, were subject to physical punishment, and saw their obligation to labour enforced by the courts. However, they did retain certain heavily restricted rights; this contrasts with slaves who had none.

2595: 3650: 3664: 2763:, a lawsuit was brought against a man for beating another man he had bought as a slave overseas. The record states, 'That in the 11th of Elizabeth , one Cartwright brought a slave from Russia and would scourge him; for which he was questioned; and it was resolved, that England was too pure an air for a slave to breathe in'." He argued that the court had ruled in Cartwright's case that 2229:

a moveable object who could be removed from his land; meaning that instead serfdom was closer to the purchasing of rental titles today than to true slavery. De facto slavery in the form of forced labour did still occur though, as in the carrying away of over a thousand children from Wales to be "servants", which is recorded as taking place in 1401.

2507:. The number of black people living in Britain by that point has been estimated by historians to be roughly 10,000, though contemporary reports put that number as high as 20,000. Some Africans living in Britain would run away from their masters, many of whom responded by placing advertisements in newspapers offering rewards for the returns. 3417:(on the grounds that American slave plantations produced most of the raw cotton for the British textiles market and the British textiles market was the vanguard of the Industrial Revolution), historian Eric Hilt has noted that it is not clear if this is actually true; there is no evidence that cotton could not have been mass-produced by 3905: 1769:. Given the widespread socio-political changes, all slaves were no longer recognised separately in English law or custom. By the middle of the 12th century, the institution of slavery as it had existed prior to the Norman conquest had fully disappeared, but other forms of unfree servitude continued for some centuries. 2364:

stated that "many colliers and salters are in a state of slavery and bondage" and announced emancipation; those starting work after 1 July 1775 would not become slaves, while those already in a state of slavery could, after 7 or 10 years depending on their age, apply for a decree of the Sheriff Court

2555:

James Williams, born into slavery in North America circa 1735, escaped twice from Captain Isaac Younghusband of the ship "Pleasant”. After his first attempt, he spent several months as a free man in the British Army, as a drummer in Sir Robert Riche’s Dragoons. His enslaved status was discovered and

2228:

Other academics such as Judith Spicksley, have argued that forms of slavery did in fact continue in England between the 12th and 17th centuries, but under other terms such as "serfs", "villein" and "bondsmen", however the serf or villein differed from the slave in that they could not be purchased as

1788:

ruled that, as slavery was not recognised by English law, James Somerset, a slave who had been brought to England and then escaped, could not be forcibly sent to Jamaica for sale, and he was set free. In Scotland, colliery (coal mine) slaves were still in use until 1799, when an act was passed which

2563:

John Lewis, was an enslaved African belonging to Captain James Reid, a mariner trading with Grenada who resided in East Lane, Rotherhithe. In April 1768, John returned to London on board the Lord Holland, East Indiaman - a merchant ship trading with India and China, lost the following year en-route

2422:

And although all this was taken upon pretense of guarding the seas, yet a new unheard-of tax of ship-money was devised, and upon the same pretense, by both which there was charged upon the subject near £700,000 some years, and yet the merchants have been left so naked to the violence of the Turkish

2794:

Several different reports of Mansfield's decision appeared. Most disagree as to what was said. The decision was only given orally; no formal written record of it was issued by the court. Abolitionists widely circulated the view that it was declared that the condition of slavery did not exist under

3543:

in 2023. "I cannot describe the depths of my personal sorrow at the suffering of many, as I continue to deepen my understanding of slavery's enduring impact," concluded an official statement from Buckingham Palace. He additionally has given access to the Royal Collection and the Royal Archives to

3298:, although the evidence is inconclusive. Slave labour was integral to early settlement of the colonies, which needed more people for labour and other work. Also, slave labour produced the major consumer goods that were the basis of world trade during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries: 2251:

A convict who had served part of his time might apply for a "ticket of leave", granting them some prescribed freedoms. This enabled some convicts to resume a more normal life, to marry and raise a family, and enabled a few to develop the colonies while removing them from the society. Exile was an

2247:

served as punishment for both great and petty crimes in England from the 17th century until well into the 19th century. A sentence could be for life or for a specific period. The penal system required convicts to work on government projects such as road construction, building works and mining, or

2567:

Not all enslaved individuals in Britain were African. The word 'black' was used in 17th and 18th century newspaper adverts to describe people from many different non-white cultures. In 1764, a young girl known as Henny or Henrietta, described as an ‘East India Black girl’ (possibly from Bengal)

2559:

A group of young men of African heritage escaped from Stanton’s Dockyard, Deptford in 1759. Known by the pseudonyms Boatswain, Johnny Mass, Jack Black and Harry Green, these four men ran from captivity aboard the Hampden packet ship, whilst she was being repaired. The ship’s commander, Richard

3572:

since "any of those actively engaged in the slave trade were leaders or executives in the largest companies and institutions of the time." The fact that the "first British company to engage in the slave trade was the Royal African Company, in which the Royal family of the time had a financial

2302:

which classified the Irish population into several categories according to their degree of involvement in the uprising and the subsequent war. Those who had participated in the uprising or assisted the rebels in any way were sentenced to be hanged and to have their property confiscated. Other

5467:"Judd, Prof. Denis, (born 28 Oct. 1938), Professor of British and Imperial History, London Metropolitan University (formerly North London Polytechnic, then University of North London), 1990–2004, now Emeritus; Professor of British Imperial History, New York University in London, since 2006" 2487:

in present-day Colombia, making a 60% profit for his financiers. A third voyage involved both buying slaves directly in Africa and capturing another Portuguese slave ship with its cargo; upon reaching the Caribbean, Hawkins sold all his slaves. On his return, he published a book entitled

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to Madras. A few months later he absconded from the Reid house. An able seaman and servant, fluent in both English and French, he was highly valued. Captain Reid offered a significant reward of 5 guineas and expenses for his recapture and return, the equivalent of £500 today.

2785:

The state of slavery is of such a nature, that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons, moral or political, but only by positive law, which preserves its force long after the reasons, occasion, and time itself from whence it was created, is erased from memory.

3178:, a member of the House of Commons as an independent, became the Parliamentary spokesman for the abolition of the slave trade in Britain. His conversion to Evangelical Christianity in 1784 played a key role in interesting him in this social reform. William Wilberforce's 4980: 2614:, engaged in the so-called "Triangular trade". Merchant ships set out from Britain, loaded with trade goods which were exchanged on the West African shores for slaves captured by local rulers from deeper inland; the slaves were transported through the infamous " 1823:

networks in the U.K. have frequently targeted British nationals. The country's government has, in a public statement, noted how "gangs exploit vulnerable individuals to transport substances", and "who is recognised as a victim of modern slavery" includes both

5861:

the new legislation called for the gradual abolition of slavery. Everyone over the age of six on August 1, 1834, when the law went into effect, was required to serve an apprenticeship of four years in the case of domestics and six years in the case of field

2407:, that is, the Mediterranean shores of North Africa — what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. There are reports of Barbary slave raids across Western Europe, including France, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, England and as far north as Iceland. 2492:. It is estimated that Hawkins transported 1,500 enslaved Africans across the Atlantic during his four voyages of the 1560s, before stopping in 1568 after a battle with the Spanish in which he lost five of his seven ships. English involvement in the 1543: 2159:

in penalty, even when the man sold was guilty of a crime. Nevertheless, legal penalties and economic pressures that led to default in payments maintained the supply of slaves, and in the 11th century there was still a slave trade operating out of

2789:

It is so odious, that nothing can be suffered to support it, but positive law. Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from the decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be

2550:

We know of several hundred enslaved Africans that escaped captivity whilst in Britain. While very little is known about most of the escapees, some insight can be gained into the lives of some, through 17th and 18th century newspaper adverts.

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issued a decree: "Let no one dare hereafter to engage in the infamous business, prevalent in England, of selling men like animals." However, the Council had no legislative powers, and no act of law was valid unless signed by the monarch.

6268: 2724:, expressing their view that the legal status of any enslaved individual did not change once they set foot in Britain; i.e., they would not automatically become free. This was done in response to the concerns that Holt's decision in 3293:

Historians and economists have debated the economic effects of slavery for Great Britain and the North American colonies. Some analysts, such as Eric Williams, suggest that it allowed the formation of capital that financed the

6690:

UNITED KINGDOM (Tier 1) The United Kingdom (UK) is a destination country for men, women, and children primarily from Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe who are subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor, including domestic

6809: 1976:

from the reign of Elizabeth I, which had similarly held the concept of slavery was not recognised in English law. This case was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under

1925:) to be sold there. The ships brought commodities back to Britain then exported goods to Africa. Some plantation owners brought slaves to Britain, where many of them ran away from their masters. After a long campaign for 3611:. This number is increasing annually, with 17,004 potential victims recorded in 2023, the highest annual number of referrals since the National Referral Mechanism began. People living in the UK are commonly targeted. 3634:, had estimated the number of potential victims of modern slavery in the UK to be around 10–13 thousand, of whom roughly 7–10 thousand were currently unrecorded (given that 2,744 confirmed cases were known to the 6561: 5330: 2275:

the death sentence and allow the use of convicts as a labour force for the colonies. One of the first references to a person being transported comes in 1607 when "an apprentice dyer was sent to Virginia from

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and described its reconciling events as seeming "effusive in" their "repentance". The statement noted that "ollecting the evidence of wrongdoings poses a... challenge" when detailing the actions against

2470:

seafarer, is widely acknowledged to be "the Pioneer of the English Slave Trade". In 1554, Hawkins formed a slave-trading syndicate, a group of merchants. He sailed with three ships for the Caribbean via

2560:

Mackenzie, believed they had made their way to Gravesend intending to board another vessel. A mariner of the same name, wrote his will in 1762, recording financial interests in Hanover parish, Jamaica.

3433:, that three-quarters of Southern white families owned no slaves at all. Most slaveholders lived on farms rather than plantations, and few plantations were as large as the fictional ones depicted in 1538: 3615:

accounted for 25% (4,299) of all recorded potential victims in 2023, when they represented the most frequently referred nationality. Forced labour is a leading type of modern slavery in adults.

3995:

Few people in Britain think about British ownership of hundreds of thousands of enslaved people, or the fact that some of those Britons brought some of these enslaved people back to Britain .

3369:." 62 per cent of economists (24 per cent with and 38 per cent without provisos) and 73 per cent of historians (23 per cent with and 50 per cent without provisos) agreed with this statement. 3630:

estimated that there were about 136 thousand victims in the UK (a prevalence of 2.1 persons per 1,000 population). Research published in 2015, following the announcement of the government's

2637:

was involved in the transatlantic African slave trade. Goods from the slave trade were bought and sold on the Isle of Man, and Manx merchants, seamen, and ships were involved in the trade.

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Contemporary writers noted that the Scottish and Welsh took captives as slaves during raids, a practice which was no longer common in England by the 12th century. Some historians, like

2782:

So high an act of dominion must be recognised by the law of the country where it is used. The power of a master over his slave has been exceedingly different, in different countries.

2618:" across the Atlantic, and were sold at considerable profit for labour in plantations. The ships were loaded with export crops and commodities, the products of slave labour, such as 1957:

enforced. Britain used its influence to persuade other countries around the world to abolish the slave trade and to sign treaties to allow the Royal Navy to interdict slaving ships.

7092: 1840:. Specifically, in 2022, a full "12,727 potential victims of modern slavery were referred to the Home Office in 2021, representing a 20% increase compared to the preceding year". 2441: 2307:, perhaps as many as 50,000 were transported to the colonies in the West Indies and in North America. Irish, Welsh and Scottish people were sent to work on sugar plantations in 2303:

categories were sentenced to banishment with whole or partial confiscation of their estates. While the majority of the resettlement took place within Ireland to the province of

3446:, expressed his deep sorrow over the slave trade, which he described as "profoundly shameful". Some campaigners had demanded reparations from the former slave trading nations. 2767:

made no provision for slavery, and without a basis for its legality, slavery would otherwise be unlawful as false imprisonment and/or assault. In his judgment of 22 June 1772,

5158: 3977: 2514:(1729–1780), known as "The Extraordinary Negro", opened his own grocer's shop in Westminster. He was famous for his poetry and music, and his friends included the novelist 2187:) during the 9th and 10th centuries, indicating both that slavery existed in Cornwall at that time and that numerous Cornish slave-owners eventually set their slaves free. 3225: 2403:

from Tunis, Algiers and Tripoli (in addition to an unknown number captured by the Turkish and Moroccan pirates and slave traders). The slavers got their name from the

1664: 5322: 2576:. Ebenezer was well known as a Justice of the Peace, and was also an influential book collector. Henny ran away from the Mussel's just moments before her baptism at 3205:

by patrolling the coast of West Africa, preventing the slave trade by force of arms, including the interception of slave ships from Europe, the United States, the

3089: 2885: 4901: 5703: 3719: 6475: 6658: 1528: 1059: 6938: 6970: 5210: 3144: 1413: 785: 522: 5874: 3381: 2878: 2736: 1776:(also known as the "transatlantic" trade) between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, but no legislation was ever passed in England that legalised 1149: 790: 2556:

he was discharged and returned to Captain Younghusband. Back on board the "Pleasant", James remained only a few days before successfully escaping again.

7148: 3373: 2922: 2836:, and slaves could seek court protection to leave a master or avoid being forcibly removed from Scotland to be returned to slavery in the colonies. 5697: 2671: 2527: 482: 2423:

pirates, that many great ships of value and thousands of His Majesty's subjects have been taken by them, and do still remain in miserable slavery.

7071: 2333:, sold some of their clans into indenture in North America. Their goal was to alleviate over-population and lack of food resources in the glens. 2020:, were still being captured by the 1891 Census of India. While in indirectly ruled British Protectorates, incorporated after this date, like the 3931:- "It bears grain, cattle, gold, silver, and iron. These things, accordingly, are exported from the island, as also hides, and slaves, and dogs" 2365:

granting their freedom. Few could afford this, until a further law in 1799 established their freedom and made this slavery and bondage illegal.

5041: 3201:(or Preventative Squadron) at substantial expense in 1808 after Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act. The squadron's task was to suppress the 837: 6742: 5774:

Lofft 1–18; 11 Harg. State Trials 339; 20 Howell's State Trials 1, 79–82; 98 Eng Rep 499–510 (King's Bench, 22 June 1772) from Howell's text,

5622: 4281:"It bears grain, cattle, gold, silver, and iron. These things, accordingly, are exported from the island, as also hides, and slaves, and dogs" 2418:

presented to him in 1641, contains the following complaint about Barbary pirates of the Ottoman Empire abducting English people into slavery:

2252:

essential component, and was thought to be a major deterrent to crime. Transportation was also seen as a humane and productive alternative to

1988:

was not affected — indeed it grew rapidly especially in the Caribbean colonies. Slavery was abolished in the directly governed colonies, like

6772: 5939: 3548: 5132: 2683:

would lie in English law, because the sale of non-Christians as slaves was common in India. However, no judgment was delivered in the case.

3619:

has become a leading form of criminal child exploitation. Males have been found to be affected more often, both among adults and children.

3346: 2957: 1533: 1383: 6534: 4070: 3479:

has developed a database examining the commercial, cultural, historical, imperial, physical and political legacies of slavery in Britain.

2395:

From the 16th to the 19th centuries it is estimated that between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured and sold as slaves by

2063:. Article 4 of the Convention also bans forced or compulsory labour, with some exceptions such as a criminal penalty or military service. 4635: 2867:(1759–1833), one of the leaders of the movement to abolish the trade of slaves, spearheaded legislation such as the Slave Trade Act 1807. 864: 4476: 7123: 6965:

Kern, Holger Lutz. "Strategies of legal change: Great Britain, international law, and the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade."

3500:

has opened up access to the Royal Collection and the Royal Archives with the aims of advancing scholarly research into British slavery.

2799:, although Mansfield later said that all that he decided was that a slave could not be forcibly removed from England against his will. 1793: 1610: 362: 3520:(RAC) in 1663. That "document provided a blueprint for how Britain's slave trade was to be conducted", according to analysis from the 3322:

and the economy in the American South; and the slave trade and associated businesses were important to both New York and New England.

6586: 4503: 812: 5825: 2322:

Gypsies as slaves to the southern plantations, and there is documentation of Gypsies being owned by former black slaves in Jamaica.

3134: 3047: 2361: 1583: 1403: 576: 5300: 3586: 2768: 2410:

Villagers along the south coast of England petitioned the king to protect them from abduction by Barbary pirates. Item 20 of The

1812: 1741: 6562:"After Aunt Jemima And Uncle Ben, Lloyd's Of London And Britain's Biggest Pub Owner Apologize For Links To Atlantic Slave Trade" 3260:

when he received compensation for 665 slaves. The compensation of British slaveholders was almost £17 billion in current money.

7143: 7138: 2731: 2706: 2299: 2284:

who, with limited success, tried to encourage its adoption by passing a series of Privy Council Orders in 1615, 1619 and 1620.

847: 265: 5911: 3330: 3190:

were losing their unpaid labourers, they received compensation totalling £20 million. Former slaves received no compensation.

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Hudson, Nicholas. " 'Britons Never Will be Slaves': National Myth, Conservatism, and the Beginnings of British Antislavery."

6888: 6485: 6251: 5985: 4990: 4930: 4765: 4018: 3540: 3350: 3342: 2937: 2771: 2504: 1914: 1865: 1785: 1425: 1102: 874: 3365:

only began in earnest when the institutional foundations of the southern regional labour market were undermined, largely by

2694:, but was upheld by the Lord Chief Justice in 1701 when he ruled that a slave became free as soon as he arrived in England. 2690:

ruled that English law could not recognise slavery. This ruling was overshadowed by later developments, particularly in the

5720: 3724: 2855: 2675:(1677) 2 Lev 201, 3 Keb 785, an action was brought to recover the value of 10 slaves who had been held by the plaintiff in 2071:

From before Roman times, slavery was prevalent in Britain, with indigenous Britons being routinely exported. Following the

1918: 1617: 1578: 1221: 3269: 2314:

During the early colonial period, the Scots and the English, along with other western European nations, dealt with their "

3560: 3023: 3015: 3007: 2999: 2713: 2669:(1685), and this caused confusion when English people brought home slaves they had legally purchased in the colonies. In 2056: 2029: 1659: 1296: 956: 807: 603: 512: 5910:

David Olusaga. (11 July 2015). "The history of British slave ownership has been buried: now its scale can be revealed".

5268: 7001: 6422: 6384: 6026: 5562: 3729: 3345:

that were surveyed, the group of propositions most disputed by economic historians and economists were those about the

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rather than slave plantations if the latter had not existed (as their existence tended to force yeoman farmers into

3334: 6925:

Eltis, David, and Stanley L. Engerman. "The importance of slavery and the slave trade to industrializing Britain."

6315: 6047: 5055: 4291: 2942: 2745: 2721: 2717: 2267:, an estimated 72,000 people were put to death for a variety of crimes. An alternative practice, borrowed from the 1973: 1942: 1632: 842: 827: 773: 458: 448: 443: 272: 128: 2016:. These East India company exceptions were eliminated in 1843, though slave holdings, within the indirectly ruled 1348: 6276: 6094: 4579: 3508:

had in slave trading, particularly in terms of both controlling day-to-day business operations and also amassing

3068: 2962: 1627: 1398: 204: 7153: 5878: 4570: 3505: 3488: 3031: 2702: 2577: 2459: 1097: 1085: 665: 477: 123: 3524:. The RAC transported nearly two hundred thousand enslaved people over a period of multiple decades. The then 2318:

problem" by transporting them as slaves in large numbers to North America and the Caribbean. Cromwell shipped

2225:, have asserted that by about 1200, the institution of slavery was largely non-existent in the British Isles. 1804:

that the institution of slavery was to be prohibited in directly administered, overseas, British territories.

6633: 5844: 5804: 3774: 3616: 3257: 3163: 3039: 2851: 2807: 2659: 1669: 1452: 313: 6449: 6087:"Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions" 5721:

V.C.D. Mtubani, African Slaves and English Law, PULA Botswana Journal of African Studies Vol 3 No 2 Nov 1983

5525:"The Victoria History of the County of Middlesex. Vol. IX: Early Stepney with Bethnal Green, T. F. T. Baker" 3532:, received the position of running the company in the text of the charter; James later became King himself. 4927:"When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed" 4661: 4318: 3403: 3399: 3338: 3122: 2120:

and Saxon kingdoms in between raiding them for slaves. Saxon slave traders sometimes worked in league with

1674: 1518: 1388: 1049: 817: 797: 357: 325: 7087:

Wiecekt, William M. "Somerset: Lord Mansfield and the legitimacy of slavery in the Anglo-American world."

6310: 5106: 44: 6160: 3898:"Modern Slavery: National Referral Mechanism and Duty to Notify statistics UK, end of year summary, 2021" 3449:

In recent years, several institutions have begun to evaluate their own links with slavery. For instance,

3139: 1734: 1684: 1408: 1326: 453: 234: 54: 6711:"Modern Slavery: National Referral Mechanism and Duty to Notify statistics UK, end of year summary 2023" 6354: 2155:

stated that anyone selling his own countryman, whether bond or free, across the sea, was to pay his own

2005: 6285: 6018: 4034:

Cotter, William R (February 1994). "The Somerset Case and the Abolition of Slavery in England 79.255".

3183: 2974: 2653: 2383: 1997: 1853: 1801: 1593: 1445: 1430: 1321: 517: 187: 4819:

The Dismal Science of Punishment: The Legal-Economy of Convict Transportation to the American Colonies

4477:"Gospel-book with added Cornish records of manumissions ('The Bodmin Gospels' or 'St Petroc Gospels')" 3516:, who reigned as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 to 1685, granted the charter of the 3406:

was concentrated ended up poorer and less populous at the end of the slavery than the states that had

6787: 5757: 3744: 3476: 3435: 2256:, which would most likely have been the sentence for many if transportation had not been introduced. 2124:

traders, often selling Britons to the Irish. In 870, Vikings besieged and captured the stronghold of

2072: 1895: 1689: 1588: 1119: 1107: 697: 670: 175: 6108: 6086: 4278: 3928: 2360:

in Scotland, miners were bonded to their "maisters" by a 1606 Act "Anent Coalyers and Salters". The

6243: 5630: 3454: 2815: 2602:

By the 18th century, the slave trade became a profitable economic activity for such port cities as

2210: 1469: 1338: 891: 680: 165: 66: 6764: 5936: 4879:"ROMA [GYPSIES] | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)" 345: 6832: 3631: 3422: 3127: 3112: 2330: 2295: 2117: 1761:(which occurred from approximately AD 43 to AD 410) and endured until the 11th century, when the 1654: 1393: 1343: 1271: 1044: 822: 766: 749: 180: 4361: 6673: 6634:"King Charles's predecessors abetted the slave trade, and research aims to show what they knew" 6103: 6001:

Anstey, Roger (1975). "The Volume and Profitability of the British Slave Trade, 1675–1800". In

5734:"Wealth of ports and merchants - Slave trade and the British economy - Higher History Revision" 4547:. Vol. II (871–1216) (First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 424–425. 3362: 3358: 3097: 2989: 2510:

A number of former black slaves managed to achieve prominence in 18th-century British society.

2357: 2129: 2099: 1727: 1696: 1201: 942: 854: 702: 426: 392: 387: 6414: 6404: 5977: 5680: 4118: 2778:, started by talking about the capture and forcible detention of Somersett. He finished with: 2000:. Most slaves were freed, with exceptions and delays provided for territories administered by 6231: 6188: 6148: 6014: 5775: 4982:

Healing Britain - Restoring a Sense of Reality, Stability and Direction in the United Kingdom

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that the institution finally was abolished, but on a gradual basis. Since land owners in the

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for running away with his master's goods." The Act was put to little use despite attempts by

2264: 2203: 2060: 1877: 1858: 1563: 1418: 1331: 1316: 998: 986: 732: 717: 502: 277: 199: 170: 7081: 7006:

Page, Anthony. "Rational dissent, Enlightenment, and abolition of the British slave trade."

7051:

Competing Visions of Empire: Labor, slavery, and the origins of the British Atlantic empire

5733: 5478: 5428: 5402: 5295: 4878: 3627: 3466: 3453:

produced a book on the extensive links between slavery and British country houses in 2013,

3390: 3202: 3198: 3179: 2969: 2820: 2493: 2433: 2415: 2238: 2214: 1954: 1946: 1902: 1808: 1797: 1773: 1701: 1605: 1568: 1496: 1440: 1309: 1266: 1080: 1010: 685: 465: 367: 251: 158: 5466: 8: 5829: 5163: 3982: 3861: 3529: 3509: 3187: 3175: 2864: 2676: 2530:. He is best known for his letters which were published after his death. Others, such as 2400: 2326: 2175: 2141: 1938: 1906: 1189: 1169: 1054: 1039: 908: 879: 869: 759: 707: 675: 472: 330: 298: 293: 246: 103: 4687:"Perish or Prosper: The Law and Convict Transportation in the British Empire, 1700-1850" 2651:

No legislation was ever passed in England that legalised slavery, unlike the Portuguese

6213: 6129: 6121: 6064: 5498: 5352: 5290: 5035: 4722: 4714: 4591: 4253: 4210: 4202: 4155: 4051: 4047: 3764: 3759: 3608: 3245: 3081: 3076: 2947: 2764: 2740:(1763) 2 Eden 126, 127 that as "soon as a man sets foot on English ground he is free". 2497: 2446: 2411: 2341: 2281: 2260: 2253: 2244: 2001: 1962: 1869: 1862: 1435: 1281: 1256: 1246: 1211: 1206: 1174: 1139: 1073: 1066: 923: 742: 737: 727: 497: 350: 308: 303: 256: 224: 214: 151: 7019:

Slavery in Early Mediaeval England: From the Reign of Alfred until the Twelfth Century

3961:

Slavery in Early Mediaeval England: From the Reign of Alfred until the Twelfth Century

1890:

who exported indigenous slaves from pre-Roman times, and by foreign invaders from the

372: 318: 7022: 6997: 6884: 6851: 6846: 6827: 6799: 6516: 6491: 6481: 6418: 6380: 6247: 6235: 6217: 6133: 6022: 5981: 5663: 5604: 5544: 5448: 5089: 5023: 5013: 4986: 4726: 4706: 4636:"Slavery in medieval England: broad continuation between the 12th and 17th centuries" 4548: 4498: 4245: 4214: 4194: 4147: 4014: 3734: 3592: 3458: 3395: 3333:, profits by British slave traders would have only amounted to 2 per cent of British 3241: 3229: 3217: 2952: 2760: 2687: 2437: 2145: 2137: 1989: 1816: 1523: 1241: 1236: 1179: 1164: 1144: 966: 961: 896: 859: 692: 658: 487: 340: 229: 108: 4455: 3512:, has resulted in specific criticism of the governing institution itself. The ruler 6967:

Journal of the History of International Law/Revue d'histoire du droit international

6841: 6671: 6328: 6289: 6203: 6169: 6113: 6056: 6002: 5596: 5536: 5474: 5440: 5377: 5133:"Researchers discovered hundreds of ads for runaway slaves in 18th-century Britain" 5079: 4698: 4583: 4237: 4186: 4043: 3655: 3497: 3450: 3253: 3249: 2825: 2810:

in Jamaica and brought to Scotland, left him. Married and with a child, he filed a

2756: 2589: 2378: 2374: 2148:(d. 999) is said to have paid a large ransom for the return of 2,000 Welsh slaves. 2025: 2021: 1934: 1910: 1713: 1291: 1286: 1276: 1251: 1216: 1184: 1154: 1027: 1015: 993: 971: 918: 754: 722: 24: 5600: 4926: 2483:. During a second voyage in 1564, his crew captured 400 Africans and sold them at 2259:

The transportation of English subjects overseas can be traced back to the English

2152: 6368: 6006: 5973: 5943: 5653: 5588: 5540: 5260: 5083: 4934: 4609: 4525: 4190: 4175:"The Manumission Movement in the Gulf in the First Half of the Twentieth Century" 3749: 3739: 3697: 3612: 3462: 3457:

has a working group to examine the legacy of slavery within the college, and the

3430: 3221: 3206: 3102: 2994: 2984: 2979: 2833: 2829: 2691: 2535: 2531: 2515: 2511: 2467: 2396: 2348:. Some were sentenced to transportation to the Carolinas as indentured servants. 2344:

and rigorous Government sweeps of the Highlands, were imprisoned on ships on the

2288: 2222: 1930: 1820: 1762: 1622: 1513: 1508: 1261: 1231: 1226: 949: 913: 712: 630: 335: 81: 5524: 5261:"Runaway Slaves in Britain: bondage, freedom and race in the eighteenth century" 5159:"Ads for runaway slaves in British newspapers show the cruelty of the 'genteel'" 4945: 4568:

Pijper, Frederik (1909). "The Christian Church and Slavery in the Middle Ages".

3978:"Ads for runaway slaves in British newspapers show the cruelty of the 'genteel'" 3793: 2055:

The prohibition on slavery and servitude is now codified under Article 4 of the

6376: 6082: 5235: 3669: 3600: 3596: 3582: 3286: 3210: 3117: 2932: 2927: 2917: 2615: 2268: 2166: 2133: 2079: 2059:, in force since 1953 and incorporated directly into United Kingdom law by the 2033: 2017: 1985: 1765:

resulted in the gradual merger of the pre-conquest institution of slavery into

1706: 1600: 492: 133: 91: 7056:

Taylor, Michael. "The British West India interest and its allies, 1823–1833."

7044:

Consuming Anxieties: Consumer Protest, Gender & British Slavery, 1713-1833

6520: 6332: 6294: 6173: 6117: 4456:"Cornish (and Other) Personal Names from the 10th Century Bodmin Manumissions" 7132: 6989: 6855: 6495: 6400: 6346: 5963: 5608: 5548: 5452: 5444: 4710: 4508: 4404: 4249: 4198: 4151: 3769: 3604: 3493: 3426: 3418: 3353:). The only exception was the proposition initially put forward by historian 3326: 3278: 2751: 2573: 2519: 2480: 2404: 2196: 2095: 1968: 1781: 1758: 1644: 1573: 1020: 1003: 778: 608: 598: 382: 32: 7011: 6269:"Economic History, Historical Analysis, and the "New History of Capitalism"" 5899: 5027: 2705:

stated that by "the common law no man can have a property in another". (See

6042: 5185: 4587: 3839: 3525: 3354: 3107: 2912: 2811: 2538:

were equally well known, and along with Ignatius Sancho were active in the

2472: 2345: 2151:

Anglo-Saxon opinion eventually turned against the sale of slaves abroad: a

2013: 1901:

A thousand years later, British merchants became major participants in the

1891: 1649: 1486: 1462: 1368: 1361: 1092: 620: 593: 556: 534: 421: 138: 118: 96: 86: 76: 71: 61: 5107:"Black people in Europe – International Slavery Museum, Liverpool museums" 2870: 2860: 1966:

held that slavery had no basis in English law and was thus a violation of

1800:

abolished the slave trade in the British Empire, but it was not until the

901: 6795: 6437: 6410: 6192: 6152: 5800: 5007: 4274: 3923: 3573:

interest", presents particular difficulties according to the think tank.

3569: 3470: 3233: 3052: 2796: 2634: 2496:

only resumed in the 1640s after the country acquired an American colony (

2132:) and in 871 most of the site's inhabitants were taken, most probably by 2086:

propagated the slave system. One of the earliest accounts of slaves from

1978: 1922: 1491: 1479: 832: 635: 625: 583: 397: 6960: 6060: 4854:"The story of Irish indentured servants sent from here to the Caribbean" 4830: 4295: 4230:"The Business of Slavery in the Central Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1910-1930" 4206: 4174: 4159: 4135: 4071:"The History And The Truth Behind The Abolition Of Slavery In Mauritius" 4055: 3691: 2824:(1778), Wedderburn said that Knight owed him "perpetual servitude". The 1811:" still exist in Britain and have often involved the effects created by 1807:

Despite being contrary to the laws of the U.K., practices described as "

6125: 6068: 4718: 4686: 4595: 4428: 4257: 4229: 3683: 3623: 3552: 3443: 3248:

in 1834, the British government paid compensation to slave owners. The

3194: 3060: 2476: 2337: 2319: 2298:

and subsequent Cromwellian invasion, the English Parliament passed the

1950: 1639: 936: 640: 507: 6510: 5589:"Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Houghton Library, Harvard University" 3814: 3182:

abolished the slave trade in the British Empire. It was not until the

7061: 6236:"Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races In The United States" 5925:

British capitalism and Caribbean slavery: The legacy of Eric Williams

3556: 2665: 2607: 2451: 2277: 2087: 2009: 1993: 884: 549: 411: 6672:

Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (19 June 2012).

6659:"The Monarchy in Kenya: King Charles III and the Reparations Debate" 5682:

Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Courts of King's Bench

4702: 4241: 4095: 3677: 2697:

Agitation saw a series of judgments repulse the tide of slavery. In

2686:

An English court case of 1569 involving Cartwright who had bought a

566: 7099:

Island on Fire: The Revolt That Ended Slavery in the British Empire

6637: 6324: 6208: 5801:"Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case" 3413:

While some historians have suggested slavery was necessary for the

3366: 3167: 2484: 2463: 2308: 2304: 2184: 2156: 2125: 2121: 1837: 1474: 1032: 976: 928: 588: 433: 288: 194: 5429:"The shipping losses of the British East India Company, 1750–1813" 3833: 3831: 2594: 1996:, through buying out the owners from 1834, under the terms of the 6949:

Slaves and Englishmen: Human Bondage in the Early Modern Atlantic

5793: 5685:(2 ed.). London: S. Sweet and Stevens and Sons. p. 451. 4965:

The constitutional documents of the Puritan revolution, 1625-1660

4279:

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/4E*.html

3929:

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/4E*.html

3315: 3159: 2611: 2603: 2569: 2388: 2161: 2105: 2041: 1887: 1777: 1766: 1457: 539: 219: 36: 6045:(Summer 1987). "The Economic Revolution in the American South". 3837: 2568:

resided with Ebenezer Mussel and his 23 year old wife, Sarah in

2287:

Transportation was seldom used as a criminal sentence until the

1886:

were enslaved in large numbers, typically by rich merchants and

1848: 1789:

established their freedom and made slavery and bondage illegal.

6920:

Proslavery Britain: Fighting for slavery in an era of abolition

4270: 3918: 3828: 3649: 3539:

publicly expressed remorse for these actions in the context of

3303: 3299: 2680: 2619: 2442:

Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slave-ownership

2272: 2180: 2083: 2049: 2045: 1883: 1833: 1159: 981: 561: 544: 406: 241: 209: 5867: 4528:(Summer 2014), "French chivalry in twelfth-century Britain?", 3943:

The History of the Laws of England Before the Time of Edward I

2728:

raised. Slavery was also accepted in Britain's many colonies.

2199:

census, over 10% of England's population in 1086 were slaves.

7112: 6611: 6535:"Bank of England says sorry for slave links as UK faces past" 3565: 3311: 2623: 2351: 2315: 2113: 2109: 2037: 1829: 416: 402: 377: 1796:

grew in Britain during the 18th and 19th century, until the

7124:

Records on slaves and slave owners in the National Archives

5211:"African writers and Black thought in 18th-century Britain" 4946:"The Grand Remonstrance, with the Petition accompanying it" 4292:"Artefacts from Llyn Cerrig Bach. Gang Chain (Slave Chain)" 3337:. In 1995, a random anonymous survey of 178 members of the 2806:, an enslaved African who had been purchased by his master 2091: 1913:-system, ship-owners transported enslaved West Africans to 283: 113: 5958: 5956: 5776:

http://medicolegal.tripod.com/somersetvstewart.htm#p51-rhc

4806:

Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England, 1560–1640

4393:, Volume 1; Volume 7 By Junius P. Rodriguez ABC-CLIO, 1997 3815:"Erskine May on Slavery in Britain (Vol. III, Chapter XI)" 3270:

Atlantic slave trade § Effects on the British economy

3226:

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts

6873:

The Atlantic slave trade and British abolition, 1760–1810

5701:(1694) 1 Ld Raym 147; later applying different reasoning 3544:

assist with the scholarly research into British slavery.

3473:

have all apologised for their historic links to slavery.

3367:

federal farm and labour legislation dating from the 1930s

3318:. Slavery was far more important to the profitability of 3307: 2814:, on the grounds that he could not be held as a slave in 2627: 2206:

introduced a law preventing the sale of slaves overseas.

1825: 6450:"Database of Archives of Non-Governmental Organisations" 2052:

legal codes, for the majority of the twentieth century.

1819:. At the same time, however, multiple groups within the 6977:

Women against slavery: the British campaigns, 1780-1870

5953: 5660:

Encyclopaedia of Blacks in European History and Culture

4321:

The enslavement of war captives by the Romans to 146BC

3720:

Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery

1815:, such as those undertaking various crimes victimizing 1813:

human traffickers attacking those from poorer countries

7078:

Scotland and the abolition of black slavery, 1756-1838

6984:

Slavery and the British empire: from Africa to America

4902:"Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common" 3838:

James Barrowman, Mining Engineer (14 September 1897).

3482: 3331:

height of the Atlantic slave trade in the 18th century

3256:, and three business colleagues acted as trustees for 1772:

British merchants were a significant force behind the

6939:

Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain

6825: 5378:"Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery" 6509:

Mottier, Veronique; et al. (25 November 2019).

6311:"Cotton, Slavery, and the New History of Capitalism" 4906:

Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common

3927:, book 4, chapter 5: "Britain, Ireland, and Thule". 3645: 3220:

was implicated in slavery. Slaves were owned by the

3145:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

2505:

London had the largest African population in Britain

2048:, slavery remained legally permissible, under local 1414:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

6587:"Bank and Church of England sorry for slavery ties" 6075: 5623:"The Isle of Man and the Transatlantic Slave Trade" 4766:"Paying penalty for crime... in far away Australia" 3945:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 34 3595:of children and adults from parts of Africa, Asia, 2243:Transportation to the colonies as a criminal or an 2179:preserves the names and details of slaves freed in 2090:come from the description of fair-haired boys from 6906:Econocide: British slavery in the era of abolition 6153:"American Incomes Before and After the Revolution" 4851: 2923:Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf 7117:University College London - Department of History 6749:. Office for National Statistics. 29 March 2022. 6616:University College London - Department of History 6186: 6146: 5056:"John Hawkins | Admiral, Privateer, Slave Trader" 4405:"Slave Trading in Anglo-Saxon and Viking England" 3955: 3953: 7130: 6351:The Freedom-of-Thought Struggle in the Old South 4520: 4518: 3341:found that out of the 40 propositions about the 2454:, showing two African boys, carrying money bags. 2202:While there was no legislation against slavery, 1529:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 6913:Abolition: a history of slavery and antislavery 6512:Slavery Inquiry Report, Jesus College Cambridge 4277:book 4 chapter 5: Britain, Ireland, and Thule. 4013:. Greenwood Press. pp. xxi, xxxiii–xxxiv. 3941:Maitland, Frederic; Pollock, Frederick (1895), 3940: 3591:Much modern slavery in the UK derives from the 3504:The direct role that individual members in the 2102:, in a biography written by an anonymous monk. 7037:Slave empire: How slavery built modern Britain 6665: 6230: 5499:"Runaways :: Management - Display Record" 5403:"Runaways :: Management - Display Record" 5353:"Runaways :: Management - Display Record" 4833:. Trinity College Dublin Department of History 3950: 3862:"Slavery Abolition Act | History & Impact" 3622:As modern slavery is a hidden crime, its true 3285:, celebrating the abolition of slavery in the 2190: 2022:Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria (1914–1954) 6828:"Modern slavery in the UK: How many victims?" 6373:Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made 6308: 5923:Barbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., 5761:, 11 Elizabeth; 2 Rushworth's Coll 468 (1569) 5662:(2008),Vol. I, pp. 200–203. Greenwood Press. 4978: 4817:Balak, Benjamin, and Jonathan M. Lave. 2002. 4515: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4006: 3549:Australian Institute of International Affairs 3274:Slavery in the United States § Economics 3263: 2886: 2630:, and returned to Britain to sell the items. 2340:supporters, captured in the aftermath of the 1735: 5937:"Was slavery the engine of economic growth?" 5473:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, 5099: 4741:"Slavery in the U.S. | Boundless US History" 4391:The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery 1945:prohibited dealing in slaves by passing the 1534:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 6878: 6786:Bradley K, et al. (29 November 2014). 6737: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6674:"Country Narratives: Countries N Through Z" 6473: 4433:Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest 4116: 4088: 3971: 3969: 3809: 3807: 2900: 2828:of Scotland ruled against him, saying that 2075:, slavery was expanded and industrialised. 6819: 6515:. Jesus College, University of Cambridge. 6309:Olmstead, Alan L.; Rhode, Paul W. (2018). 6011:Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere 5040:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4524: 4379: 4123:. Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press. 4096:"Slavery Abolition Act 1833; Section LXIV" 3442:In 2006, the then British Prime Minister, 2893: 2879: 2352:Slavery and bondage in Scottish collieries 2078:After the fall of Roman Britain, both the 1742: 1728: 7149:Human rights abuses in the United Kingdom 7012:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X11000227 6845: 6627: 6625: 6293: 6207: 6107: 5433:International Journal of Maritime History 4633: 4545:The Oxford History of the Laws of England 4504:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture 4359: 4227: 4172: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3361:economic convergence to the level of the 2598:The three-way trade in the North Atlantic 7016: 6826:Bales K, Hesketh O, Silverman B (2015). 6779: 6757: 6728: 6367: 5842: 5522: 5005: 4961: 4659: 3966: 3804: 3794:"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Estimates" 3492: 3394:, Thomas Sowell also notes that like in 3347:postbellum economy of the American South 3277: 3135:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 3048:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919 2958:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 2859: 2593: 2445: 2382: 2362:Colliers and Salters (Scotland) Act 1775 1847: 1539:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1404:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1384:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 6785: 6753:from the original on 20 September 2022. 6508: 6081: 5966:(2005). "The Real History of Slavery". 5678: 5323:"Guildhall Library's Lloyds List Index" 4684: 4316: 4133: 4007:Falola, Toyin; Warnock, Amanda (2007). 3840:"Slavery In The Coal-Mines Of Scotland" 3587:Human trafficking in the United Kingdom 2759:, stated "In 1569, during the reign of 7131: 7068:England, Slaves and Freedom, 1776–1838 6994:Black and British: A Forgotten History 6946: 6743:"Modern slavery in the UK: March 2020" 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6622: 6474:Dresser, Madge; Hann, Andrew. (2013). 6399: 6041: 6000: 5962: 5826:"William Wilberforce : Biography" 5586: 5130: 4968:. Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 211. 4783: 4567: 4542: 4402: 4033: 3879: 3626:is difficult to measure. In 2018, the 3559:, analyzed the King's widely reported 3408:abolished slavery in the United States 3384:). Reiterating an observation made by 3283:"To the friends of Negro Emancipation" 2802:After reading about Somersett's Case, 2387:Five Englishmen escaping slavery from 2300:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 7113:"Legacies of British Slave-ownership" 7021:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. 6935: 6631: 6612:"Legacies of British Slave-ownership" 6477:Slavery and the British country house 6345: 5426: 5156: 5150: 4663:Chronicon Adae de Usk, A.D. 1377-1421 4497: 4453: 4447: 4068: 3975: 3343:economic history of the United States 3158:The abolitionist movement was led by 2938:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 2874: 2640: 1915:European possessions in the New World 1426:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1103:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 7070:(Springer, 1986) essays by experts; 6883:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6815:from the original on 26 August 2020. 6775:from the original on 8 October 2022. 6266: 6048:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 5877:. Royal Naval Museum. Archived from 5479:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.4000067 4660:Thompson, Sir Edward Maunde (1904). 4634:Spicksley, Judith (3 October 2017). 4117:Secretariat, Bengal (India) (1894). 3725:History of the Royal African Company 2856:List of notable opponents of slavery 2716:, and Solicitor General of England, 2679:. The court held that an action for 2427: 2356:For nearly two hundred years in the 1618:Slave marriages in the United States 1222:Human trafficking in the Middle East 7091:(Routledge, 2018) pp. 77–138. 7080:(Edinburgh University Press, 2006) 6951:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6696: 6200:NBER Working Paper Series No. 18396 5900:"Church apologises for slave trade" 5875:"Chasing Freedom Information Sheet" 5843:Oldfield, John (17 February 2011). 4360:Cavendish, Richard (3 March 2004). 3599:and elsewhere for purposes such as 3483:Involvement of the British monarchy 2583: 2479:and sold the 300 slaves from it in 2057:European Convention on Human Rights 957:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 13: 7062:https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cey336 7046:(Stanford University Press, 2000). 6908:(U of North Carolina Press, 2010). 6899:Recovering Scotland's Slavery Past 6865: 6678:Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 5927:(Cambridge University Press, 2004) 5303:from the original on 28 March 2023 4469: 4048:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1994.tb01588.x 4010:Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage 3908:from the original on 21 July 2022. 3730:Human rights in the United Kingdom 2846:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom 2578:St Matthews Church, Bethnal Green. 2368: 1611:last survivors of American slavery 14: 7165: 7105: 7101:(Harvard University Press, 2020). 6559: 6438:"Blair 'sorrow' over slave trade" 5969:Black Rednecks and White Liberals 5523:Thompson, F. M. L. (April 2001). 5157:Ruane, Michael E. (3 July 2018). 4362:"Death of Pope Gregory the Great" 4350:, MacMillan, London, pp. 7, 27–28 4294:. Museum of Wales. Archived from 3976:Ruane, Michael E. (3 July 2018). 3576: 3522:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3329:, have noted instead that at the 2975:African Slave Trade Patrol (U.S.) 2232: 572:Field slaves in the United States 439:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 6986:(Oxford University Press, 2007). 6847:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2015.00824.x 6651: 6604: 6579: 6553: 6527: 6502: 6467: 6442: 6431: 6393: 6361: 6316:Explorations in Economic History 5333:from the original on 5 June 2023 5271:from the original on 30 May 2023 4979:O'Doherty, Mark (16 July 2018). 4962:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1906). 4348:Old English History for Children 3704: 3690: 3676: 3662: 3648: 2943:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880 2746:R v. Knowles, ex parte Somersett 449:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 444:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 273:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 43: 6339: 6302: 6277:The Journal of Economic History 6260: 6224: 6180: 6140: 6095:The Journal of Economic History 6035: 5994: 5930: 5917: 5904: 5893: 5836: 5818: 5780: 5765: 5751: 5726: 5714: 5689: 5672: 5646: 5637: 5615: 5580: 5555: 5516: 5491: 5459: 5420: 5395: 5370: 5345: 5315: 5283: 5253: 5228: 5203: 5178: 5124: 5073: 5048: 4999: 4972: 4955: 4939: 4919: 4894: 4885: 4871: 4845: 4823: 4811: 4798: 4758: 4733: 4678: 4653: 4627: 4610:"What is an Act of Parliament?" 4602: 4580:American Historical Association 4561: 4536: 4491: 4438: 4422: 4396: 4353: 4340: 4310: 4284: 4264: 4221: 4166: 4127: 4110: 4062: 4027: 4000: 3357:that the "modern period of the 2990:Eastern Naval Division (Brazil) 2963:Brussels Conference Act of 1890 2712:In 1729, the Attorney General, 2414:, a list of grievances against 1399:Committee of Experts on Slavery 950:East, Southeast, and South Asia 7053:(Yale University Press, 2015). 7017:Pelteret, David A. E. (1995). 6765:"2018 Methodology: Prevalence" 5655:Slavery and English Common Law 5131:Mohdin, Aamna (12 June 2018). 5085:Black Tudors: The Untold Story 4852:O'Byrne, Ellie (4 July 2019). 4571:The American Historical Review 4444:Noted by Loyn 1991:90 note 39. 3934: 3912: 3854: 3786: 3489:Monarchy of the United Kingdom 2772:William Murray, Lord Mansfield 2755:. One of Somersett's lawyers, 2490:An Alliance to Raid for Slaves 2066: 1098:Slave raiding in Easter Island 1: 7144:Slavery in the United Kingdom 7139:Slavery in the British Empire 6879:Chakravarty, Urvashi (2022). 6242:. Vol. 1. Translated by 5805:National Archives of Scotland 5563:"31. The Alnwick Muster Roll" 5529:The English Historical Review 5327:registers.cityoflondon.gov.uk 4891:(John Prebble: Culloden 1963) 4770:www.londonderrysentinel.co.uk 3904:. Home Office. 3 March 2022. 3780: 3775:Wife selling (English custom) 3617:County lines drug trafficking 3551:(AIIA) on 9 November 2023, a 3258:John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley 3170:prevented them from becoming 2852:Abolition of slavery timeline 2832:was not recognised under the 2660:East India Company Ordinances 2545: 2311:during the time of Cromwell. 1802:Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 6193:"American Incomes 1774–1860" 5012:. Lexington, Massachusetts. 4454:Jones, Heather Rose (2001). 4191:10.1080/00263206.2010.527121 3404:slavery in the United States 3339:Economic History Association 3123:Temporary Slavery Commission 2839: 2722:Yorke–Talbot slavery opinion 2183:(then the principal town of 1972:. This built on the earlier 1389:Temporary Slavery Commission 1050:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 7: 7060:133.565 (2018): 1478-1511. 7010:54.3 (2011): 741-772. DOI: 6927:Journal of Economic History 6632:Brown, Chris (7 May 2023). 6161:Journal of Economic History 5788:Though the Heavens May Fall 5786:See generally, S. M. Wise, 5601:10.1093/library/s6-12.1.56b 5111:www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk 4952:. Accessed 6 December 2006. 4317:Wickham, Jason (May 2014). 3641: 3140:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 2970:West Africa Squadron (U.K.) 2191:Norman and medieval England 1843: 1409:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 454:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 7170: 6957:Eighteenth-Century Studies 6769:www.globalslaveryindex.org 6286:Cambridge University Press 6019:Princeton University Press 5723:retrieved 24 February 2011 5587:DENNIS, RODNEY G. (1990). 5541:10.1093/enghis/116.466.435 5240:University of London Press 3580: 3486: 3325:Others, such as economist 3267: 3264:Economic impact of slavery 3184:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 2849: 2843: 2644: 2587: 2540:British abolition campaign 2431: 2372: 2236: 1998:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 1875: 1854:Portrait of Lord Mansfield 1763:Norman conquest of England 1594:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1431:Anti-Slavery International 1196:North Africa and West Asia 7058:English Historical Review 7049:Swingen, Abigail Leslie. 6788:"Modern slavery strategy" 6406:Ethnic America: A History 6333:10.1016/j.eeh.2017.12.002 6295:10.1017/S002205071700016X 6174:10.1017/S0022050713000594 6118:10.1017/S0022050700040602 5707:(1697) 1 Ld Raym 146 and 5679:Freeman, Richard (1826). 5291:"4th Queen's Own Hussars" 5088:. Oneworld Publications. 4929:. Ohio State University. 4808:, London: Methuen, p. 163 4745:courses.lumenlearning.com 4328:. University of Liverpool 4173:Zdanowski, Jerzy (2011). 4134:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). 4069:Staff (1 February 2022). 3842:. Scottish Mining Website 3745:Law of the United Kingdom 3632:'Modern Slavery Strategy' 3477:University College London 3382:in the early 21st century 3372:Additionally, economists 2908: 2503:By the mid-18th century, 2450:Martins Bank building in 2073:Roman conquest of Britain 1984:Slavery elsewhere in the 1896:Roman Conquest of Britain 1868:issued the ruling in the 1690:Emancipation Proclamation 1362:Opposition and resistance 1120:Sex trafficking in Europe 1108:Blackbirding in Polynesia 671:Trans-Saharan slave trade 6947:Guasco, Michael (2014). 6771:. Global Slavery Index. 6680:. US Department of State 5445:10.1177/0843871420920963 5427:Bowen, H.V. (May 2020). 5009:The Atlantic slave trade 5006:Northrup, David (1994). 4674:– via archive.org. 4640:Economic History Society 4234:African Economic History 4140:African Economic History 2475:, hijacked a Portuguese 1470:Compensated emancipation 681:Indian Ocean slave trade 6232:de Tocqueville, Alexise 5950:, University of Houston 4792:Encyclopædia Britannica 4685:Kercher, Bruce (2003). 4666:. H.Frowde. p. 237 4228:Spaulding, Jay (1988). 4120:The Gazetteer of Sikhim 3866:Encyclopedia Britannica 3528:, Charles II's brother 3128:1926 Slavery Convention 3113:Treaty of Jeddah (1927) 3098:Battle of Little Bereby 2902:Slave trade suppression 2707:the "infidel rationale" 2657:(1481–1514), the Dutch 2331:Ewen Cameron of Lochiel 2329:, some chiefs, such as 2296:Irish Rebellion of 1641 1947:Slave Trade Act of 1807 1798:Slave Trade Act of 1807 1394:1926 Slavery Convention 1150:Germany in World War II 767:North and South America 289:Contract of manumission 6959:34.4 (2001): 559-576. 6929:60.1 (2000): 123-144. 6901:. (Edinburgh U, 2015). 6189:Williamson, Jeffrey G. 6149:Williamson, Jeffrey G. 5914:Retrieved 31 May 2021. 5845:"British Anti-slavery" 5643:Kaufmann (2017). p.16. 5627:Isle of Man Government 5567:Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum 5407:www.runaways.gla.ac.uk 5265:www.runaways.gla.ac.uk 4691:Law and History Review 4179:Middle Eastern Studies 3959:David A. E. Pelteret, 3568:and other subjects of 3501: 3290: 3209:, West Africa and the 3077:Bombardment of Johanna 2985:Brazil Squadron (U.S.) 2980:Africa Squadron (U.S.) 2868: 2792: 2701:(1705–07) 2 Salk 666, 2599: 2455: 2425: 2392: 2358:history of coal mining 2263:. During the reign of 2164:, as a passage in the 2130:Kingdom of Strathclyde 2100:Pope Gregory the Great 2088:early medieval Britain 2018:Indian Princely states 1873: 875:British Virgin Islands 427:Circassian slave trade 393:Safavid imperial harem 388:Ottoman Imperial Harem 7154:Black British history 6969:6.2 (2004): 233-258. 6936:Fryer, Peter (1984). 6915:(Cambridge UP, 2009). 5704:Chamberlain v. Harvey 5595:. s6-12 (1): 56b–57. 4543:Hudson, John (2012). 4479:. The British Library 4403:Farmer, Mike (1989). 4346:Freeman, E.A. (1869) 4042:(255): 31–56, 44–45. 3755:Slavery at common law 3712:United Kingdom portal 3636:National Crime Agency 3581:Further information: 3547:A publication of the 3541:his formal coronation 3535:The presently ruling 3518:Royal African Company 3496: 3415:Industrial Revolution 3386:Alexis de Tocqueville 3378:Jeffrey G. Williamson 3296:Industrial Revolution 3281: 3172:Members of Parliament 2863: 2780: 2776:Court of King's Bench 2663:(1622), and France's 2654:Ordenações Manuelinas 2647:Slavery at common law 2645:Further information: 2597: 2449: 2420: 2401:Barbary slave traders 2391:, Barbary Coast, 1684 2386: 2204:William the Conqueror 2061:Human Rights Act 1998 1878:Slavery at common law 1876:Further information: 1859:John Singleton Copley 1851: 1794:abolitionist movement 1114:Europe and North Asia 1074:Australia and Oceania 774:Pre-Columbian America 346:Slave raid of Suðuroy 278:Slavery in al-Andalus 200:Black Sea slave trade 129:21st-century jihadism 7042:Sussman, Charlotte. 7039:(Hachette UK, 2020). 7035:Scanlan, Padraic X. 6539:HoustonChronicle.com 6480:. English Heritage. 6454:www.dango.bham.ac.uk 6240:Democracy in America 5912:The Guardian website 5759:Matter of Cartwright 5711:(1705–07) 2 Salk 666 5296:National Army Museum 4950:Constitution Society 4933:25 July 2011 at the 4794:, Capital punishment 4588:10.1086/ahr/14.4.675 3628:Global Slavery Index 3561:state visit to Kenya 3391:Democracy in America 3203:Atlantic slave trade 3199:West Africa Squadron 3180:Slave Trade Act 1807 2821:Knight v. Wedderburn 2494:Atlantic slave trade 2434:Atlantic slave trade 2239:Penal transportation 2209:In 1102, the church 2153:law of Ine of Wessex 2142:Dublin slave markets 2128:(the capital of the 1955:West Africa Squadron 1903:Atlantic slave trade 1817:Vietnamese nationals 1774:Atlantic slave trade 1569:Indentured servitude 1497:Underground Railroad 1297:United Arab Emirates 686:Zanzibar slave trade 653:By country or region 466:Atlantic slave trade 368:Ma malakat aymanukum 252:Venetian slave trade 7066:Walvin, James, ed. 6996:(Macmillan, 2016); 6911:Drescher, Seymour. 6904:Drescher, Seymour. 6881:Fictions of Consent 6369:Genovese, Eugene D. 6267:Hilt, Eric (2017). 6187:Lindert, Peter H.; 6147:Lindert, Peter H.; 6102:(1): 142, 147–148. 6061:10.1257/jep.1.1.161 5942:13 May 2012 at the 5881:on 10 December 2009 5832:on 5 December 2013. 5652:Kaufmann, Miranda. 5633:on 15 October 2007. 5215:The British Library 5190:The British Library 5164:The Washington Post 4804:Beier, A.L. (1985) 3983:The Washington Post 3423:subsistence farming 3335:domestic investment 3236:. When slaves were 3228:(SPGFP), which had 3188:British West Indies 3176:William Wilberforce 2865:William Wilberforce 2528:Duchess of Montague 2327:Highland Clearances 2176:Bodmin manumissions 1939:William Wilberforce 1907:early modern period 1757:existed before the 1655:Slave Route Project 786:Americas indigenous 676:Red Sea slave trade 666:Contemporary Africa 529:Topics and practice 299:Crimean slave trade 294:Bukhara slave trade 247:Genoese slave trade 124:Contemporary Africa 104:Forced prostitution 7089:Constitutional Law 7008:Historical Journal 6979:(Routledge, 2004). 6191:(September 2012). 6021:. pp. 22–23. 5772:Somerset v Stewart 5503:runaways.gla.ac.uk 5357:runaways.gla.ac.uk 5096:, pp. 58 & 87. 4858:The Irish Examiner 4499:Davis, David Brion 4435:, 2nd ed. 1991:90. 3765:Somerset v Stewart 3760:Slavery in Ireland 3609:domestic servitude 3506:country's monarchy 3502: 3436:Gone with the Wind 3291: 3246:British Parliament 2948:Blockade of Africa 2869: 2769:Lord Chief Justice 2765:English common law 2641:Judicial decisions 2600: 2522:the actor and the 2456: 2412:Grand Remonstrance 2393: 2342:Battle of Culloden 2336:Numerous Highland 2261:Vagabonds Act 1597 2245:indentured servant 2002:East India Company 1963:Somerset v Stewart 1874: 1870:Somerset v Stewart 1863:Lord Chief Justice 1755:Slavery in Britain 1436:Blockade of Africa 743:Somali slave trade 659:Sub-Saharan Africa 351:Turkish Abductions 309:Khivan slave trade 304:Khazar slave trade 257:Balkan slave trade 215:Prague slave trade 7028:978-0-85115-829-7 6982:Morgan, Kenneth. 6922:(Springer, 2016). 6890:978-0-8122-9826-0 6487:978-1-84802-064-1 6357:. pp. 39–40. 6253:978-1-4209-2910-2 6246:. Digireads.com. 6003:Engerman, Stanley 5987:978-1-59403-086-4 5236:"Freedom Seekers" 5186:"Ignatius Sancho" 5080:Kaufmann, Miranda 4992:978-1-387-94702-7 4614:www.parliament.uk 4020:978-0-313-33480-1 3735:Human trafficking 3593:human trafficking 3467:Lloyd's of London 3459:Church of England 3230:sugar plantations 3218:Church of England 3155: 3154: 2953:Kanunname of 1889 2826:Court of Sessions 2818:. In the case of 2761:Queen Elizabeth I 2737:Shanley v. Harvey 2688:slave from Russia 2438:Slavery in Africa 2428:Enslaved Africans 2211:Council of London 2195:According to the 2146:Maredudd ab Owain 2138:Ivar the Boneless 1909:. As part of the 1872:decision of 1772. 1752: 1751: 1702:Freedmen's Bureau 1524:Third Servile War 1519:International law 1086:Human trafficking 848:Human trafficking 523:Thirteen colonies 341:Sack of Baltimore 109:Human trafficking 7161: 7120: 7032: 6975:Midgley, Clare. 6952: 6943: 6918:Dumas, Paula E. 6894: 6860: 6859: 6849: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6739: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6707: 6694: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6629: 6620: 6619: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6446: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6355:Harper & Row 6343: 6337: 6336: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6273: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6211: 6197: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6157: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6111: 6091: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6007:Genovese, Eugene 5998: 5992: 5991: 5960: 5951: 5934: 5928: 5921: 5915: 5908: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5858: 5856: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5828:. 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Lindert 3351:Great Depression 3349:(along with the 3254:Henry Phillpotts 3250:Bishop of Exeter 3197:established the 2995:Slave Trade Acts 2903: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2757:Francis Hargrave 2590:Triangular trade 2584:Triangular trade 2460:Sir John Hawkins 2379:Barbary corsairs 2375:Arab slave trade 2325:Long before the 1935:House of Commons 1919:British colonies 1911:triangular trade 1832:as well as both 1759:Roman occupation 1744: 1737: 1730: 1714:Emancipation Day 1547: 1514:Slave Trade Acts 205:Byzantine Empire 47: 20: 19: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7129: 7128: 7111: 7108: 7097:Zoellner, Tom. 7029: 6897:Devine, Tom M. 6891: 6871:Anstey, Roger. 6868: 6866:Further reading 6863: 6824: 6820: 6812: 6806: 6784: 6780: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6741: 6740: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6709: 6708: 6697: 6683: 6681: 6670: 6666: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6630: 6623: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6560:Togoh, Isabel. 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6507: 6503: 6488: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6366: 6362: 6344: 6340: 6307: 6303: 6271: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6229: 6225: 6195: 6185: 6181: 6155: 6145: 6141: 6109:10.1.1.482.4975 6089: 6083:Whaples, Robert 6080: 6076: 6040: 6036: 6029: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5974:Encounter Books 5961: 5954: 5948:Digital History 5944:Wayback Machine 5935: 5931: 5922: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5854: 5852: 5841: 5837: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5785: 5781: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5694: 5690: 5677: 5673: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5481: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5033: 5032: 5020: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4977: 4973: 4960: 4956: 4944: 4940: 4935:Wayback Machine 4925:Davis, Robert. 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4881:. 15 June 2010. 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4803: 4799: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4703:10.2307/3595119 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4541: 4537: 4523: 4516: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4358: 4354: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4242:10.2307/3601333 4226: 4222: 4171: 4167: 4132: 4128: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4067: 4063: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4005: 4001: 3988: 3986: 3974: 3967: 3958: 3951: 3939: 3935: 3917: 3913: 3896: 3895: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3740:Husband selling 3710: 3705: 3703: 3698:Politics portal 3696: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3589: 3579: 3491: 3485: 3463:Bank of England 3431:Eugene Genovese 3276: 3266: 3222:Anglican Church 3207:Barbary pirates 3164:Non-conformists 3156: 3151: 3103:Hamerton Treaty 3069:Capture of the 3040:Capture of the 3034:Veloz Passagera 3032:Capture of the 3024:Capture of the 3016:Capture of the 3008:Capture of the 3000:Capture of the 2904: 2901: 2899: 2858: 2848: 2842: 2834:law of Scotland 2830:chattel slavery 2808:John Wedderburn 2692:Navigation Acts 2649: 2643: 2592: 2586: 2548: 2536:Ottobah Cugoano 2532:Olaudah Equiano 2516:Laurence Sterne 2512:Ignatius Sancho 2485:Rio de la Hacha 2444: 2432:Main articles: 2430: 2397:Barbary pirates 2381: 2373:Main articles: 2371: 2369:Barbary pirates 2354: 2289:Piracy Act 1717 2241: 2235: 2223:John Gillingham 2193: 2069: 1974:Cartwright case 1931:Thomas Clarkson 1917:(especially to 1880: 1846: 1821:organized crime 1792:An influential 1748: 1719: 1718: 1623:Slave narrative 1579:Fugitive slaves 1559: 1551: 1550: 1541: 1509:Slave rebellion 1364: 1354: 1353: 1312: 1302: 1301: 1124:United Kingdom 1060:Yankee princess 654: 646: 645: 373:Avret Pazarları 319:Avret Pazarları 188:Medieval Europe 154: 144: 143: 82:Forced marriage 57: 12: 11: 5: 7167: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7107: 7106:External links 7104: 7103: 7102: 7095: 7085: 7074: 7064: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7014: 7004: 7002:978-1447299745 6990:Olusoga, David 6987: 6980: 6973: 6963: 6953: 6944: 6942:. Pluto Press. 6933: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6889: 6876: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6818: 6804: 6778: 6756: 6747:www.ons.gov.uk 6727: 6695: 6664: 6650: 6621: 6603: 6578: 6552: 6541:. 19 June 2020 6526: 6501: 6486: 6466: 6441: 6430: 6424:978-0465020751 6423: 6401:Sowell, Thomas 6392: 6386:978-0394716527 6385: 6360: 6347:Eaton, Clement 6338: 6301: 6259: 6252: 6223: 6209:10.3386/w18396 6179: 6168:(3): 725–765. 6139: 6085:(March 1995). 6074: 6055:(1): 161–178. 6034: 6028:978-0691046259 6027: 5993: 5986: 5964:Sowell, Thomas 5952: 5929: 5916: 5903: 5892: 5866: 5835: 5817: 5792: 5779: 5764: 5750: 5725: 5713: 5698:Gelly v. Cleve 5688: 5671: 5645: 5636: 5614: 5579: 5554: 5515: 5490: 5458: 5439:(2): 323–336. 5419: 5394: 5369: 5344: 5314: 5282: 5252: 5227: 5202: 5177: 5149: 5123: 5098: 5072: 5047: 5018: 4998: 4991: 4971: 4954: 4938: 4918: 4893: 4884: 4870: 4844: 4822: 4810: 4797: 4782: 4757: 4732: 4697:(3): 527–584. 4677: 4652: 4626: 4601: 4560: 4553: 4535: 4532:, pp. 8–9 4514: 4490: 4468: 4446: 4437: 4421: 4409:Regia Anglorum 4395: 4378: 4352: 4339: 4309: 4298:on 8 June 2010 4283: 4263: 4220: 4185:(6): 863–883. 4165: 4136:"Introduction" 4126: 4109: 4087: 4061: 4026: 4019: 3999: 3965: 3949: 3933: 3911: 3878: 3853: 3827: 3803: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3701: 3687: 3673: 3670:History portal 3659: 3643: 3640: 3601:sexual slavery 3597:Eastern Europe 3583:Modern slavery 3578: 3577:Modern slavery 3575: 3484: 3481: 3419:yeoman farmers 3287:British Empire 3265: 3262: 3211:Ottoman Empire 3153: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3118:Moresby Treaty 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3087: 3079: 3074: 3066: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3037: 3029: 3021: 3013: 3005: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2933:Firman of 1857 2930: 2928:Firman of 1854 2925: 2920: 2918:Firman of 1830 2915: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2844:Main article: 2841: 2838: 2726:Smith v. Gould 2718:Charles Talbot 2699:Smith v. Gould 2672:Butts v. Penny 2642: 2639: 2616:Middle Passage 2588:Main article: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2544: 2458:The privateer 2429: 2426: 2370: 2367: 2353: 2350: 2237:Main article: 2234: 2233:Transportation 2231: 2192: 2189: 2167:Vita Wulfstani 2134:Olaf the White 2068: 2065: 2034:Trucial States 1986:British Empire 1882:Historically, 1866:Lord Mansfield 1845: 1842: 1809:modern slavery 1786:Lord Mansfield 1750: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1601:List of slaves 1598: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1352: 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6205: 6201: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6043:Wright, Gavin 6038: 6030: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6015:Princeton, NJ 6012: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5896: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5863: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5754: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5709:Smith v Gould 5706: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5683: 5675: 5669: 5668:9780313344480 5665: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5383: 5382:www.ucl.ac.uk 5379: 5373: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5095: 5094:9781786071859 5091: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5061: 5060:www.rmg.co.uk 5057: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5019:0-669-33145-7 5015: 5011: 5010: 5002: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4975: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4832: 4831:"Down Survey" 4826: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4665: 4664: 4656: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4564: 4556: 4554:9780191630033 4550: 4546: 4539: 4531: 4530:The Historian 4527: 4521: 4519: 4511:. p. 53. 4510: 4509:Pelican Books 4506: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4478: 4472: 4457: 4450: 4441: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4367: 4366:History Today 4363: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4324: 4322: 4313: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4236:(17): 23–44. 4235: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4121: 4113: 4097: 4091: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4003: 3996: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3770:Unfree labour 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3605:forced labour 3602: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3555:based out of 3554: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455:Jesus College 3452: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3427:Clement Eaton 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3327:Thomas Sowell 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3091:Edward Barley 3088: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816:Great Britain 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804:Joseph Knight 2800: 2798: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2752:habeas corpus 2748: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2720:, issued the 2719: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2591: 2579: 2575: 2574:Bethnal Green 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:David Garrick 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2481:Santo Domingo 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2405:Barbary Coast 2402: 2398: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2197:Domesday Book 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2170:makes clear. 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2028:(1899–1956), 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1969:habeas corpus 1965: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782:Somerset case 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1645:Slave catcher 1643: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1574:Forced labour 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419:Abolitionists 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1021:comfort women 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004:Chukri System 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 992: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 974: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 951: 948: 947: 944: 941: 938: 934: 930: 927: 925: 922: 921: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 903: 900: 899: 898: 895: 893: 892:Latin America 890: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 849: 846: 844: 843:interregional 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 828:prison labour 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 800: 799: 798:United States 796: 792: 789: 788: 787: 784: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 771: 768: 765: 764: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 744: 741: 740: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 687: 684: 683: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 660: 657: 656: 650: 649: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 614: 613: 610: 609:White slavery 607: 605: 602: 600: 599:Slave raiding 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 578: 575: 574: 573: 570: 568: 567:Corvée labour 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 536: 533: 532: 528: 527: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 467: 464: 463: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 383:Abbasid harem 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 359: 356: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 327: 326:Barbary Coast 324: 320: 317: 316: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 267: 264: 263: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 156: 153: 148: 147: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 84: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 59: 56: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 38: 34: 33:Forced labour 31: 30: 26: 22: 21: 18: 16: 7116: 7098: 7088: 7077: 7067: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7018: 7007: 6993: 6983: 6976: 6966: 6956: 6948: 6937: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6880: 6872: 6840:(3): 16–21. 6837: 6833:Significance 6831: 6821: 6791: 6781: 6768: 6759: 6746: 6718:. Retrieved 6714: 6689: 6682:. Retrieved 6677: 6667: 6653: 6641:. Retrieved 6615: 6606: 6594:. Retrieved 6590: 6581: 6569:. Retrieved 6565: 6555: 6543:. Retrieved 6538: 6529: 6511: 6504: 6476: 6469: 6457:. Retrieved 6453: 6444: 6433: 6409:. New York: 6405: 6395: 6375:. New York: 6372: 6363: 6353:. New York: 6350: 6341: 6320: 6314: 6304: 6281: 6275: 6262: 6244:Reeve, Henry 6239: 6226: 6199: 6182: 6165: 6159: 6142: 6099: 6093: 6077: 6052: 6046: 6037: 6010: 5996: 5972:. New York: 5968: 5947: 5932: 5924: 5919: 5906: 5895: 5883:. Retrieved 5879:the original 5869: 5860: 5853:. Retrieved 5848: 5838: 5830:the original 5820: 5808:. Retrieved 5795: 5787: 5782: 5771: 5767: 5758: 5753: 5741:. Retrieved 5738:BBC Bitesize 5737: 5728: 5716: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5691: 5681: 5674: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5639: 5631:the original 5626: 5617: 5592: 5582: 5570:. Retrieved 5566: 5557: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5506:. Retrieved 5502: 5493: 5482:, retrieved 5470: 5461: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5410:. Retrieved 5406: 5397: 5385:. Retrieved 5381: 5372: 5360:. Retrieved 5356: 5347: 5335:. Retrieved 5326: 5317: 5305:. Retrieved 5294: 5285: 5273:. Retrieved 5264: 5255: 5243:. Retrieved 5239: 5230: 5218:. Retrieved 5214: 5205: 5193:. Retrieved 5189: 5180: 5168:. Retrieved 5162: 5152: 5140:. Retrieved 5136: 5126: 5114:. Retrieved 5110: 5101: 5084: 5075: 5063:. Retrieved 5059: 5050: 5008: 5001: 4985:. Lulu.com. 4981: 4974: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4941: 4921: 4909:. Retrieved 4905: 4896: 4887: 4873: 4861:. Retrieved 4857: 4847: 4835:. Retrieved 4825: 4818: 4813: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4773:. Retrieved 4769: 4760: 4748:. Retrieved 4744: 4735: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4668:. Retrieved 4662: 4655: 4645:19 September 4643:. Retrieved 4639: 4629: 4617:. Retrieved 4613: 4604: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4544: 4538: 4529: 4502: 4493: 4481:. Retrieved 4471: 4459:. Retrieved 4449: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4414:19 September 4412:. Retrieved 4408: 4398: 4390: 4371:19 September 4369:. Retrieved 4365: 4355: 4347: 4342: 4330:. Retrieved 4320: 4312: 4300:. Retrieved 4296:the original 4286: 4266: 4233: 4223: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4119: 4112: 4100:. Retrieved 4090: 4078:. Retrieved 4074: 4064: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3987:. Retrieved 3981: 3960: 3942: 3936: 3922: 3914: 3901: 3869:. Retrieved 3865: 3856: 3844:. Retrieved 3818:. Retrieved 3798:SlaveVoyages 3797: 3788: 3621: 3590: 3557:that country 3546: 3534: 3526:Duke of York 3503: 3475: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3412: 3389: 3371: 3355:Gavin Wright 3324: 3292: 3282: 3215: 3192: 3157: 3108:Frere Treaty 3090: 3082: 3070: 3061: 3053: 3041: 3033: 3025: 3018:El Almirante 3017: 3009: 3001: 2913:Abolitionism 2819: 2812:freedom suit 2801: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2714:Philip Yorke 2711: 2698: 2696: 2685: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2632: 2601: 2549: 2509: 2502: 2489: 2473:Sierra Leone 2466:, a notable 2457: 2421: 2409: 2394: 2355: 2346:River Thames 2335: 2324: 2313: 2293: 2286: 2258: 2250: 2242: 2227: 2220: 2213:convened by 2208: 2201: 2194: 2174: 2172: 2165: 2150: 2108:traded with 2104: 2077: 2070: 2054: 2014:Saint Helena 1983: 1967: 1961: 1959: 1949:, which the 1933:and (in the 1900: 1892:Roman Empire 1881: 1852: 1806: 1791: 1771: 1754: 1753: 1650:Slave patrol 1487:Freedom suit 1463:Sierra Leone 1453:Colonisation 1369:Abolitionism 1349:Baháʼí Faith 1322:Christianity 1272:Saudi Arabia 1132: 1128:Penal Labour 1093:Blackbirding 999:Debt bondage 987:penal system 813:Contemporary 803:Field slaves 791:U.S. Natives 750:South Africa 621:Galley slave 594:Slave market 584:House slaves 557:Blackbirding 535:Conscription 459:21st century 422:Umm al-walad 266:Muslim world 235:Emancipation 139:Wage slavery 119:Penal labour 97:Wife selling 87:Bride buying 72:Conscription 62:Child Labour 55:Contemporary 17: 15: 6796:Home Office 6684:26 December 6591:www.msn.com 6411:Basic Books 6288:: 511–536. 5976:. pp. 5849:BBC History 5810:27 November 5593:The Library 5170:3 September 4275:Geographica 4146:: 137–140. 3989:3 September 3924:Geographica 3570:colonialism 3471:Greene King 3320:plantations 3238:emancipated 3234:West Indies 3083:Mary Carver 3002:Providentia 2797:English law 2790:discharged. 2734:LC said in 2732:Lord Henley 2635:Isle of Man 2468:Elizabethan 2067:Before 1066 1979:English law 1923:West Indies 1894:during the 1861:, 1783. As 1665:court cases 1542: [ 1492:Slave Power 1480:Manumission 1327:Catholicism 1202:Afghanistan 943:Puerto Rico 855:The Bahamas 833:Slave codes 636:Shanghaiing 626:Impressment 518:Slave Coast 398:Qajar harem 358:Concubinage 331:slave trade 7133:Categories 6691:servitude. 6643:18 January 6521:1142429215 6459:11 October 6413:. p. 5116:11 October 4429:H. R. Loyn 4075:Le Matinal 3846:2 November 3820:2 November 3781:References 3684:Law portal 3624:prevalence 3553:think tank 3514:Charles II 3487:See also: 3444:Tony Blair 3268:See also: 3195:Royal Navy 3166:, but the 3162:and other 3062:La Amistad 3026:Marinerito 3010:Presidente 2850:See also: 2546:Resistance 2477:slave ship 2320:Romanichal 2294:After the 2265:Henry VIII 1951:Royal Navy 1943:Parliament 1680:J.Q. Adams 1670:Washington 1640:Slave name 1589:convention 1564:Common law 937:Encomienda 733:Seychelles 718:Mauritania 641:Slave ship 508:Panyarring 503:New France 152:Historical 6856:1740-9713 6496:796755629 6218:153965760 6134:145691938 6104:CiteSeerX 5855:2 January 5695:See also 5609:0024-2160 5549:1477-4534 5471:Who's Who 5453:0843-8714 5036:cite book 4727:145797244 4711:0738-2480 4332:8 October 4250:0145-2258 4215:144351013 4199:0026-3206 4152:0145-2258 3042:Brillante 2840:Abolition 2774:, of the 2703:John Holt 2666:Code Noir 2608:Liverpool 2452:Liverpool 2416:Charles I 2305:Connaught 2278:Bridewell 2271:, was to 2254:execution 2140:, to the 2118:Brythonic 1994:Mauritius 1960:In 1772, 1927:abolition 1784:of 1772, 1780:. In the 1675:Jefferson 1332:Mormonism 1267:Palestine 1081:Australia 1011:Indonesia 902:Lei Áurea 885:Code Noir 865:Caribbean 838:Treatment 577:Treatment 550:Devshirme 412:Odalisque 230:In Russia 171:Babylonia 159:Antiquity 6810:Archived 6773:Archived 6751:Archived 6638:CBC News 6403:(1981). 6377:Pantheon 6371:(1974). 6349:(1964). 6327:: 1–17. 6325:Elsevier 6234:(2007). 6151:(2013). 6009:(eds.). 5940:Archived 5743:23 April 5572:18 April 5508:18 April 5484:18 April 5412:18 April 5387:18 April 5362:18 April 5331:Archived 5301:Archived 5269:Archived 5245:18 April 5220:23 April 5195:23 April 5082:(2017). 5065:23 April 5028:29293476 4931:Archived 4911:23 April 4837:19 March 4775:23 April 4750:23 April 4670:24 March 4619:23 April 4501:(1970). 4302:18 April 4207:23054249 4160:43854480 4056:24421930 3906:Archived 3871:23 April 3642:See also 3168:Test Act 3093:Incident 3071:Emanuela 3064:Incident 2498:Virginia 2464:Plymouth 2338:Jacobite 2309:Barbados 2185:Cornwall 2157:weregild 2126:Alt Clut 2094:seen in 2030:Maldives 1888:warlords 1844:Overview 1838:children 1707:Iron bit 1697:40 acres 1660:breeding 1475:Freedman 1310:Religion 1170:Portugal 1055:Thailand 1045:Maldives 1040:Malaysia 1033:Kwalliso 977:Booi Aha 929:Restavek 909:Colombia 880:Trinidad 870:Barbados 760:Zanzibar 708:Ethiopia 589:Saqaliba 483:Database 434:Saqaliba 195:Ancillae 25:a series 23:Part of 6720:8 April 6596:23 June 6571:23 June 6545:23 June 6126:2123771 6069:1942954 5978:157–158 5885:2 April 5337:29 June 5307:29 June 5275:28 June 5142:19 June 4719:3595119 4596:1837055 4582:: 681. 4258:3601333 4036:History 3359:South's 3316:tobacco 3244:of the 3232:in the 3160:Quakers 2612:Glasgow 2604:Bristol 2572:House, 2570:Aldgate 2389:Algiers 2282:James I 2273:commute 2269:Spanish 2162:Bristol 2106:Vikings 2042:Bahrain 2036:(UAE), 1929:led by 1921:in the 1905:in the 1884:Britons 1778:slavery 1767:serfdom 1685:Lincoln 1558:Related 1458:Liberia 1344:Judaism 1282:Tunisia 1257:Morocco 1247:Lebanon 1212:Bahrain 1207:Algeria 1175:Romania 1140:Denmark 1133:Slavery 1067:Vietnam 738:Somalia 728:Nigeria 703:Comoros 631:Pirates 540:Ghilman 473:Bristol 363:history 336:pirates 225:History 114:Peonage 37:slavery 7093:online 7082:online 7072:online 7025: 7000: 6971:online 6961:online 6931:online 6887: 6875:(1975) 6854: 6802: 6792:GOV.UK 6715:GOV.UK 6566:Forbes 6519: 6494: 6484: 6421: 6383: 6250: 6216: 6132: 6124: 6106: 6067: 6025: 5984: 5666: 5607: 5547: 5451: 5137:Quartz 5092: 5026: 5016: 4989: 4863:9 June 4725: 4717: 4709: 4594: 4551: 4483:18 May 4461:18 May 4271:Strabo 4256: 4248: 4213: 4205: 4197: 4158: 4150: 4102:3 June 4080:26 May 4054: 4017: 3963:(1995) 3919:Strabo 3902:GOV.UK 3607:, and 3461:, the 3402:where 3400:states 3398:, the 3396:Brazil 3314:, and 3304:cotton 3300:coffee 3272:, and 3085:Affair 3054:Creole 2743:After 2681:trover 2620:cotton 2440:, and 2215:Anselm 2181:Bodmin 2110:Gaelic 2084:Saxons 2080:Angles 2050:Sharia 2046:Kuwait 2012:, and 2010:Ceylon 1990:Canada 1834:adults 1606:owners 1242:Kuwait 1237:Jordan 1190:Sweden 1180:Russia 1165:Poland 1160:Norway 982:Laogai 967:Brunei 962:Bhutan 924:revolt 897:Brazil 860:Canada 823:partus 808:female 693:Angola 562:Coolie 545:Mamluk 498:Nantes 478:Brazil 407:Cariye 242:Thrall 210:Kholop 176:Greece 6813:(PDF) 6284:(2). 6272:(PDF) 6214:S2CID 6196:(PDF) 6156:(PDF) 6130:S2CID 6122:JSTOR 6090:(PDF) 6065:JSTOR 5862:hands 5851:. 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