20:
2573:
2016:
1799:
1977:
memorised the entire text during the lifetime of
Muhammad. This work was undertaken due to the vast expansion of Islam under Uthman's rule, which encountered many different dialects and languages. This had led to variant readings of the Quran for those converts who were not familiar with the language. After clarifying any possible errors in pronunciation or dialects, Uthman sent copies of the sacred text to each of the Muslim cities and garrison towns, and destroyed variant texts.
1522:
6004:
5993:
2231:
1867:
1666:
1153:
668:
4488:
735:
77:
1976:
based on text that had been gathered separately on parchment, bones and rocks during the lifetime of
Muhammad and also on a copy of the Quran that had been collated by Abu Bakr and left with Muhammad's widow after Abu Bakr's death. The committee members were also reciters of the Quran and had
2455:
and adopted a similar approach towards
Muawiya. However, as Muawiya began to buy the loyalties of military commanders and tribal chiefs, Hasan's military campaign suffered defections in large numbers. After a failed assassination attempt on his life, a wounded Hasan ceded the caliphate to
2604:, it was settled by Muslims. However, soon the environment was considered harsh, and Umar ordered the resettlement of the 40,000 settlers to Kufa. The new buildings were constructed from mud bricks instead of reeds, a material that was popular in the region, but caught fire easily.
2849:
and such other
Khalifs as during the last thirteen centuries helped the cause of Islam, politically, socially and from a worldly point of view. On the other hand, the Spiritual Imamat remained with Hazrat Aly and remains with his direct descendants always alive till the day of
1467:) and his father-in-law. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632 to 634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As caliph, Abu Bakr continued the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad. Abu Bakr was called
2846:
The political and worldly
Khalifat was accepted by Hazrat Aly in favour of the three first Khalifs voluntarily and with goodwill for the protection of the interests of the Muslims throughout the world. We Ismailis now in the same spirit accept the Khalifat of the first
2711:
The Sunni have long viewed the period of the
Rashidun as an exemplary system of governance—based upon Islamic righteousness and merit—which they seek to emulate. The Sunni also equate this system with the worldly success that was promised by Allah, in the Quran and
1744:
was married to
Muhammad; thus he became Muhammad's father-in-law. He became the second Muslim caliph after Muhammad's death and ruled for 10 years. He succeeded Abu Bakr on 23 August 634 as the second caliph, and played a significant role in Islam. Under Umar the
2747:, the succession to Muhammad was settled by divine appointment, rather than by consensus. In the Shia view, as with the past prophets in the Quran, God chose Muhammad's successor from his family. In particular, Muhammad announced his cousin and son-in-law,
2380:
for Ali's initial reluctance is that, "Genial and charitable, meditative and reserved; he shrank from drama in which religion had been displaced by politics, and devotion by intrigue." In the absence of any serious opposition and urged particularly by the
2804:, due to the hostility of Mahdi's enemies and the danger to his life. His advent is awaited by the Shia and Sunni alike, although the Sunni hold different views about Mahdi. In his absence, the vacuum in the Shia leadership is partly filled by
2759:. Of course, as with the faith itself, the faithful were endowed with the free will not to follow Ali, to their own disadvantage. In the Shia view, while direct revelation ended with Muhammad's death, Ali remained the righteous guide or
2588:) mint. Dated YE 25 = AH 36 (AD 656). Sasanian style bust imitating Khosrau II right; bismillah in margin/ Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames; date to left, mint name to right.
2677:) should be followed and emulated from a religious point of view. In this sense, they are both 'rightly-guided' and 'rightly-guiding': the religious narratives about their lives serve as a guide to right belief.
2596:
was very sparsely populated when it was conquered by the
Muslims. During the reign of Umar, the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later the area was settled and a mosque was erected.
1757:. His legislative abilities, firm political and administrative control over a rapidly expanding empire, and brilliantly coordinated multi-prong attacks against the Sassanid Persian Empire resulted in the
19:
2553:
with the sea. The purpose of the canal was to facilitate the transport of grain to Arabia through a sea-route, hitherto transported only by land. The canal was constructed within a year by
2763:
towards God, similar to the successors of the past prophets in the Quran. After
Muhammad's death, Ali inherited Muhammad's divine knowledge and his authority to correctly interpret the
2523:
Civil welfare in Islam started in the form of the construction and purchase of wells. During the caliphate, the
Muslims repaired many of the aging wells in the lands they conquered.
2515:
Upon conquest, in almost all cases, the caliphs were burdened with the maintenance and construction of roads and bridges in return for the conquered nation's political loyalty.
2708:, something that would become the custom after them, beginning with the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate. Council decision or caliph's choice determined the successor originally.
2638:, the first three of the four were usurpers. Accepted traditions of both Sunni and Shia Muslims detail disagreements and tensions between the four rightly guided caliphs. The
1761:
in less than two years. This marked his reputation as a great political and military leader. Among his conquests are Jerusalem, Damascus, and Egypt. He was killed in 644 by a
3220:
5753:
5635:
2875:
5003:
4233:"(Quran 3:7) It is He who has sent down to you the Book. Parts of it are definitive verses, which are the mother of the Book, while others are metaphorical..."
2840:"In the present Imamat the final reconciliation between the Shia and Sunni doctrines has been publicly proclaimed by myself on exactly the same lines as
1483:
Muslims. He prevented the recently converted Muslims from dispersing, kept the community united, and consolidated Islamic grip on the region by containing the
5620:
5719:
2539:
3341:
Miskinzoda, Gurdofarid (2015). "The significance of the ḥadīth of the position of Aaron for the formulation of the Shīʿī doctrine of authority".
3046:
2436:. Muawiya defied Ali's orders and, once the negotiations failed, the two sides engaged in a bloody and lengthy civil war, which is known as the
4410:
2634:
The first four caliphs are particularly significant to modern intra-Islamic debates: for Sunni Muslims, they are models of righteous rule; for
2642:
on the other hand, have come to accept the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman in the modern times under the leadership and teachings of
2615:, the Muslims returned and settled in the same area. Initially the land was primarily used for pasture, but later buildings were constructed.
2530:. Many canals were purchased, and new ones constructed. While some canals were excluded for the use of monks (such as a spring purchased by
2535:
2669:, the application of the label 'rightly-guided' to the first caliphs signifies their status as models whose actions and opinions (Arabic:
6043:
5650:
4525:
5724:
5640:
2964:
2716:, to those Muslims who pursued His pleasure; this spectacular success has further added to the emulatory appeal of the Rashidun era.
5741:
1758:
5704:
5625:
451:
5645:
4593:
1831:
2871:
5655:
5612:
4470:
4438:
4338:
4216:
4018:
3561:
2534:), and the needy, most canals were open to general public use. Some canals were constructed between settlements, such as the
1181:
338:
3942:
3904:
3866:
2985:
2780:, the earth has never remained without an Imam, in the form of prophets and their divinely-appointed successors. Likewise,
1933:) (c. 579 – 17 June 656) was one of the early companions and son in law of Muhammad. Two of Muhammad and Khadija daughters
2884:
1635:
1589:
1436:
largely reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs, and maintain that Muhammad had appointed Ali as his successor.
2572:
6033:
2811:
2497:
5507:
5461:
5121:
5115:
4492:
4386:
4365:
4317:
4120:
4095:
4070:
3936:
3898:
3860:
3698:
3673:
3433:
3298:
3273:
3170:
3130:
3080:
3020:
2944:
2512:(state treasury). Umar expanded the treasury and established a government building to administer the state finances.
2116:
1541:
1024:
516:
5378:
5234:
4769:
4665:
1897:
756:
116:
5862:
5678:
2626:, at the command of Umar, constructed a fort, a few churches, a mosque and a locality for the Jewish population.
2053:
1488:
698:
2015:
5927:
5485:
5383:
4518:
3993:
1696:
643:
5295:
5054:
4789:
2560:
After four floods hit Mecca after Muhammad's death, Umar ordered the construction of two dams to protect the
2485:
2261:
387:
2333:. Ali is often considered the most able warrior in Muhammad's army and the two were the only Muslim men who
6063:
6038:
5847:
5824:
5444:
5300:
5290:
5196:
4907:
4462:
419:
3097:
2469:
6053:
6048:
5949:
5814:
5630:
5398:
5191:
4626:
958:
466:
293:
4232:
5709:
5592:
5109:
4586:
2824:
1630:
1063:
506:
3042:
1949:. He became caliph at the age of 70. Under his leadership, the empire expanded into Fars (present-day
6028:
5789:
5490:
5319:
5015:
4795:
4758:
4511:
2873:
2693:
2612:
2481:
2068:
1938:
1174:
786:
744:
601:
313:
5944:
5673:
5497:
5270:
4808:
2781:
2760:
2680:
They were all close companions of Muhammad, and his relatives: the daughters of Abu Bakr and Umar,
2493:
2489:
2144:
1640:
533:
333:
5807:
4681:
3068:
2549:
During a famine, Umar ibn al-Khattab ordered the construction of a canal in Egypt connecting the
2475:
1836:
1766:
781:
128:
4835:
2321:, Ali swore a pact of brotherhood with Muhammad and later took the hand of Muhammad's daughter,
5959:
5888:
5857:
5797:
4779:
4774:
4692:
2689:
2287:
2205:
2149:
2134:
1934:
1923:
1746:
1722:
1625:
1319:
1208:
1081:
766:
582:
348:
5905:
5883:
4702:
4579:
4422:
3214:
2866:
Note that a caliph's succession does not necessarily occur on the first day of the new year.
2768:
2752:
2654:
2554:
2376:, the crowds turned to Ali for leadership and were turned down initially. The explanation of
2358:
2326:
2078:
1841:
1821:
799:
577:
402:
186:
141:
6058:
5572:
5479:
5424:
4418:
4063:
Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism
2639:
2424:, Uthman's cousin. Under a lenient Uthman, Muawiya had built a parallel power structure in
2210:
2063:
1890:
1612:
1553:
1432:, accepts the political status quo of their succession, regardless of its justice, whereas
1167:
717:
3666:
After Saddam: American foreign policy and the destruction of secularism in the Middle East
2960:
2872:
2557:, and Abdus Salam Nadiv writes that "Arabia was rid of famine for all the times to come."
8:
5802:
5683:
5577:
5393:
4890:
4687:
2889:
2740:
2701:
2398:
2330:
1536:
1356:
1220:
1116:
776:
691:
587:
221:
121:
4458:
HULEFÂ-yi RÂŞİDÎN - An article published in 18th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam
2357:
is considered the rightful successor of Muhammad whose appointment was announced at the
5964:
5878:
5729:
5665:
5473:
5449:
5126:
5104:
5064:
4954:
4867:
4818:
4784:
4675:
4534:
4404:
4209:
Religious authority and political thought in Twelver Shiʿism: From Ali to post-Khomeini
3358:
2870:
1826:
1798:
1689:
1584:
1289:
761:
611:
568:
538:
521:
496:
441:
397:
109:
4456:
2420:. Ali also dismissed most of Uthman's governors whom he considered corrupt, including
5939:
5934:
5839:
5829:
5819:
5502:
5388:
5340:
5183:
5094:
4855:
4845:
4840:
4830:
4825:
4658:
4466:
4434:
4392:
4382:
4361:
4344:
4334:
4313:
4212:
4116:
4091:
4066:
4014:
3989:
3932:
3894:
3856:
3694:
3669:
3429:
3362:
3294:
3269:
3210:
3166:
3126:
3076:
3016:
2940:
2756:
2647:
2362:
2334:
2306:
2254:
2030:
1969:
1594:
1521:
1484:
1058:
1036:
896:
652:
616:
563:
476:
436:
298:
5969:
5954:
5714:
5419:
5141:
5079:
5069:
5059:
5044:
4850:
4753:
4725:
4613:
3350:
2801:
2623:
2433:
2429:
2182:
2159:
2153:
2035:
1954:
1754:
1737:
1031:
461:
456:
407:
392:
377:
286:
165:
3013:
Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War
2856:
Aga Khan III: Selected Speeches and Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, pg. 1417
5895:
5602:
5547:
5347:
5033:
4993:
4944:
4896:
4670:
3926:
3888:
3850:
2989:
2982:
2685:
2657:
ordered the public cursing of the first three caliphs in the year 1005 in Cairo.
2651:
2310:
2278:
2177:
2111:
2096:
1914:
1883:
1859:
1750:
1741:
1713:
1565:
1472:
1454:
1199:
1132:
1122:
1041:
771:
596:
412:
372:
361:
343:
246:
191:
104:
2564:. He also constructed a dam near Medina to protect its fountains from flooding.
1941:
were married to him one after another. Uthman was born into the Umayyad clan of
6007:
5734:
5587:
5429:
5131:
2793:
2577:
2480:
The Rashidun Caliphate greatly expanded Islam beyond Arabia, conquering all of
1762:
1461:), c. 573 CE unknown exact date 634/13 AH) was a senior companion of Muhammad (
973:
901:
684:
556:
543:
501:
446:
60:
23:
4113:
Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East
3354:
2844:
did at the death of the Prophet and during the first thirty years after that.
6022:
5910:
5747:
5597:
5136:
5099:
5074:
4959:
4348:
2820:
2785:
2646:, even though polemics against those early caliphs were prevalent during the
2457:
2448:
2421:
2390:
2382:
2139:
1990:
1946:
1733:
1682:
1658:
1559:
1547:
1429:
983:
916:
891:
886:
621:
526:
486:
4498:
4396:
2835:
while distinguishing Imamate as a separate office apart from the Caliphate:
5997:
5922:
5582:
5434:
5312:
5028:
4932:
4920:
4634:
2349:, the central text of Islam, is deemed as one of his key contributions. In
2338:
2247:
2235:
2223:
1871:
1670:
1644:
1157:
1137:
1051:
965:
672:
628:
365:
97:
86:
4328:
4011:
The druze in the Middle East: their faith, leadership, identity and status
1479:, "The Truthful"), and was known by that title among later generations of
5559:
5049:
4988:
4915:
4802:
4430:
4376:
3426:
The heirs of the prophet Muhammad: And the roots of the Sunni-Shia schism
2705:
2666:
2437:
2377:
2058:
1994:
1958:
1480:
1425:
1293:
734:
725:
424:
382:
306:
4330:
After the prophet : the epic story of the Shia-Sunni split in Islam
2688:
respectively, were married to Muhammad, and two of Muhammad's daughters
2404:
It has been suggested that Ali inherited the grave internal problems of
5852:
4949:
4924:
2635:
2581:
2394:
2350:
1846:
1433:
969:
429:
5567:
4998:
4813:
2806:
2452:
2409:
2101:
1098:
1046:
923:
328:
4423:"The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth"
5900:
5406:
5264:
5216:
5010:
4964:
4928:
4653:
4545:
4503:
2828:
2643:
2585:
2425:
2106:
1445:
1336:
1329:
1242:
1238:
979:
846:
638:
606:
254:
31:
27:
4110:
3146:
Gleave, Robert (2021). "ʿAlī B. Abī Ṭālib". In Fleet, Kate (ed.).
2796:
and nine of his descendants are the Shia Imams, the last of whom,
5915:
5521:
5209:
5089:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4711:
4427:
Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought
2697:
2322:
1962:
1492:
1463:
1420:
The succession to Muhammad is the central issue that divides the
1230:
875:
806:
471:
148:
4378:
The succession to Muḥammad : a study of the early Caliphate
3268:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 185–187.
1965:
was begun in the 640s. His rule ended when he was assassinated.
1740:) was a leading companion and adviser to Muhammad. His daughter
5439:
5413:
5372:
5333:
5250:
5163:
5084:
4939:
4885:
4880:
4647:
4571:
4555:
4487:
2728:
2713:
2670:
2608:
2601:
2531:
2405:
2373:
2369:
2342:
2318:
2314:
1816:
1786:
1778:
1620:
1377:
1325:
1303:
1264:
1093:
1068:
1002:
944:
937:
930:
856:
751:
491:
481:
270:
238:
230:
215:
209:
93:
39:
3015:, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34.
2937:
Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the contemporary world
2869:
2831:
do recognize the caliphates of the first three caliphs before
2827:
as the Twelver Shia, the Ismailis under the leadership of the
2309:
Islam to his relatives. Later, he facilitated Muhammad's safe
1310:) to be followed and emulated from a religious point of view.
5688:
5513:
5467:
5455:
5257:
5243:
5202:
4875:
4732:
4718:
4639:
4602:
4236:
2797:
2764:
2744:
2720:
2681:
2619:
2593:
2561:
2543:
2527:
2346:
2329:
in Medina, and served as his deputy during the expedition of
2302:
2298:
2073:
1973:
1942:
1421:
1234:
1088:
1010:
993:
816:
811:
633:
511:
202:
160:
153:
76:
68:
2751:, as his rightful successor shortly before his death at the
2731:
caliphate are in essential conflict with the call of Islam.
5354:
5326:
5276:
5223:
5168:
4739:
4550:
3219:, vol. 8, New York: G. P. Putnam and Son, p. 71,
2777:
2724:
2719:
At the same time, it has been noted that the domination of
2550:
2444:
2417:
2413:
2386:
1950:
1512:
1504:
1253:
1006:
879:
851:
826:
821:
262:
170:
35:
3986:
Selected Speeches and Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah
2389:
delegations, Ali eventually took up the mantle on 25th of
4560:
2841:
2832:
2748:
2354:
2007:
1986:
1402:
1275:
861:
43:
4090:(reprint ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 235.
3928:
The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the 'Abbasid Empire
2618:
Other already populated areas were greatly expanded. At
3035:
2776:
In the Shia view, since the time of the first prophet,
2526:
In addition to wells, the Muslims built many tanks and
3808:
3806:
3343:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2767:, especially its allegorical and metaphorical verses (
2443:
After Ali's assassination in 661 CE at the mosque of
2401:
and its courtyard to pledge their allegiance to him.
2305:
and the person who offered his support when Muhammad
1332:
are known as the Rashidun (rightly-guided) Caliphs.
3471:
3469:
2671:
2292:
1928:
1749:
expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the whole
1727:
1304:
1297:
1213:
4060:
3803:
2939:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 169.
4013:(1. publ ed.). Brighton: Sussex Acad. Press.
2743:view is that, similar to the past prophets in the
16:First four caliphs following the death of Muhammad
4310:The Prophet's Heir: The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib
3466:
2576:Islamic coin, time of the Rashidun. Imitation of
6020:
3066:
2611:was used by the Muslim army as a base. Upon the
2325:, in marriage. Ali commonly acted as Muhammad's
3887:Fidai, Rafi Ahmad; Shaikh, N. M. (2002-01-01).
3563:The Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam
3002:Ibn Kathir, "al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah", part 7.
2755:and on other occasions, e.g., at the event of
2416:, the Muslim garrison city in the present-day
1972:which was tasked with producing copies of the
4587:
4519:
4358:The first Muslim : the story of Muhammad
4085:
4032:
4030:
2412:, Ali transferred his capital from Medina to
2255:
1968:Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the
1891:
1690:
1175:
692:
3983:
3318:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 149–151.
2816:, i.e., guardianship of the Islamic jurist.
2696:were married to Uthman and another daughter
2470:Rashidun Caliphate § Military expansion
2301:, a young Ali was the first male to embrace
4111:Cristoffel A. O. van Nieuwenhuijze (1997).
3886:
3060:
2508:During his reign, Abu Bakr established the
2297:) was Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. In
4594:
4580:
4526:
4512:
4409:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4027:
3387:
3340:
2262:
2248:
1898:
1884:
1697:
1683:
1182:
1168:
699:
685:
3165:. Nashville: T. Nelson. pp. 48, 49.
3150:(Third ed.). Brill Reference Online.
3125:. Yale University Press. pp. 12–16.
3075:(sixth ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
2784:was passed on from Ali to the next Imam,
2723:over non-Arabs on an ethnic basis during
2629:
2607:During the conquest of Egypt the area of
4417:
4374:
4355:
4326:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4177:
4162:
4135:
4048:
4036:
3924:
3788:
3761:
3737:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3576:
3547:
3535:
3487:
3448:
3423:
3293:. Nashville: T. Nelson. pp. 85–87.
3251:
3197:
2907:
2825:closely-related understanding of Imamate
2571:
1302:), meaning that it constitutes a model (
18:
4173:
4171:
4158:
4156:
2976:
2974:
1296:to have been 'rightly guided' (Arabic:
1288:The reign of these caliphs, called the
6021:
4461:(in Turkish). Vol. 18. Istanbul:
4292:
4206:
3893:. Adam Publishers & Distributors.
3848:
3772:
3770:
3713:
3688:
3611:
3609:
3263:
3209:
3145:
3095:
2538:that provided water to Anbar, and the
2345:. Ali's role in the collection of the
5774:
5542:
5158:
4575:
4507:
4454:
4333:(1st ed.). New York: Doubleday.
4307:
4280:
4268:
4256:
4194:
4183:
4147:
3979:
3977:
3776:
3749:
3725:
3663:
3615:
3600:
3588:
3559:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3475:
3460:
3411:
3399:
3375:
3328:
3288:
3239:
3185:
3160:
3120:
2934:
2922:
2727:reign and the widespread nepotism of
2463:
2317:by risking his life as the decoy. In
5543:
5159:
4533:
4168:
4153:
4008:
3313:
2971:
2918:
2916:
2788:, by divinely-inspired designation (
2408:reign. After his appointment as the
4499:Rashidun - Encyclopaedia Britannica
4274:
4262:
4061:Jeffry R. Halverson (27 Apr 2010).
3767:
3743:
3707:
3606:
3582:
3428:. London: Abacus. pp. 40, 62.
2953:
2885:Hadith of the ten promised paradise
2518:
2282:
1918:
1732:, c. 586–590 – 644) c. 2 November (
1717:
1476:
1458:
1203:
13:
6044:People from the Rashidun Caliphate
4448:
4065:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69.
3974:
3849:Netton, Ian Richard (2013-12-19).
3393:
2503:
30:(center) and the Rashidun caliphs
14:
6075:
4480:
4088:A Companion to Moral Anthropology
3925:Bennison, Amira K. (2011-07-30).
3890:THE COMPANION OF THE HOLY PROPHET
3266:Muhammad and the origins of Islam
2913:
2117:Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim
1233:(lit.: 'successors') who led the
6003:
6002:
5991:
5522:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
4770:Timeline of the history of Islam
4601:
4486:
3693:. Rowman Altamira. p. 423.
3096:Shafi', Maulana Mufti Muhammad.
2967:from the original on 2015-04-29.
2910:, p. 63; cf. p. 72, note 1)
2432:, mirrored the despotism of the
2229:
2014:
1865:
1797:
1753:and more than two thirds of the
1664:
1520:
1151:
733:
666:
75:
5863:List of ex-Muslim organisations
4301:
4286:
4250:
4225:
4200:
4141:
4129:
4104:
4079:
4054:
4042:
4002:
3965:
3956:
3945:from the original on 2024-02-07
3918:
3907:from the original on 2024-02-07
3880:
3869:from the original on 2023-08-15
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3794:
3782:
3755:
3731:
3719:
3682:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3594:
3570:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3454:
3442:
3417:
3405:
3381:
3369:
3334:
3322:
3307:
3282:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3223:from the original on 2024-02-07
3203:
3191:
3179:
3154:
3139:
3114:
3089:
3049:from the original on 2014-07-09
2800:, went into occultation in 260
1348:
1280:
1269:
1258:
1247:
3668:. Lexington Books. p. 4.
3566:. London: Longman. p. 63.
3291:Muhammad: the messenger of God
3163:Muhammad: the messenger of God
3026:
3005:
2996:
2928:
2901:
2567:
1961:) in 651, and the conquest of
1759:conquest of the Persian empire
26:miniature paintings depicting
1:
4086:Didier Fassin (31 Dec 2014).
3691:The new encyclopedia of Islam
2660:
1340:
47:
5848:Apostasy in Islam by country
5725:Liberalism and progressivism
4425:. In al-Sarhan, Saud (ed.).
3988:. Kegan Paul. p. 1417.
3314:Watt, W. Montgomery (1953).
3045:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
2734:
1292:(632–661), is considered in
7:
3123:Introduction to Shi'i Islam
2993:, Infobase Publishing, 2009
2878:
2861:
2672:
2652:Fatimid Ismaili Imam-Caliph
2293:
1953:) in 650 and some areas of
1945:, a powerful family of the
1929:
1728:
1439:
1305:
1298:
1214:
250:("Stories of the Prophets")
10:
6080:
5775:
4375:Madelung, Wilferd (1997).
4360:. London: Atlantic Books.
3424:Rogerson, Barnaby (2006).
3216:Mahomet and his successors
3073:The Middle East: a history
2961:"Abu Bakr - Muslim caliph"
2650:period. For instance, the
2473:
2467:
2365:in his prophetic mission.
1984:
1776:
1502:
1443:
1428:, according to the author
1413:) – often known simply as
1388:) – often known simply as
1367:) – often known simply as
1317:
1313:
1229:') are the first four
6034:Companions of the Prophet
5986:
5871:
5838:
5788:
5784:
5770:
5697:
5664:
5636:Geography and cartography
5611:
5558:
5554:
5538:
5364:
5286:
5233:
5182:
5178:
5154:
5024:
4906:
4866:
4749:
4701:
4625:
4621:
4610:
4541:
4356:Hazleton, Lesley (2013).
4327:Hazleton, Lesley (2009).
4312:. Yale University Press.
4259:, pp. 147, 153, 154)
4211:. Routledge. p. 73.
3355:10.1017/S0041977X14001402
2397:, and Muslims filled the
1772:
959:Sunni schools of theology
5945:Islamic view of miracles
3414:, pp. 54, 112, 191)
3264:Peters, Francis (1994).
3069:Fisher, Sydney Nettleton
2895:
2792:). After Hasan's death,
2700:to Ali. Likewise, their
2145:The Fourteen Infallibles
339:Medieval Islamic science
5710:Creationism (evolution)
4463:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
4455:Fayda, Mustafa (1998).
4429:. London and New York:
3962:Nadvi (2000), pg. 416-7
3839:Nadvi (2000), pg. 407-8
3830:Nadvi (2000), pg. 405-6
3821:Nadvi (2000), pg. 403-4
2935:Ernst, Carl W. (2003).
2810:and, more recently, by
1791:The Generous (al-Ghani)
1751:Sassanid Persian Empire
1631:Umar at Fatimah's house
1498:
1237:following the death of
757:Prophets and Messengers
5960:Persecution of Muslims
5858:List of former Muslims
4775:Succession to Muhammad
4308:Abbas, Hassan (2021).
4207:Mavani, Hamid (2013).
3852:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3689:Glassé, Cyril (2003).
3560:Jafri, S.H.M. (1979).
3121:Momen, Moojan (1985).
2859:
2630:Religious significance
2613:conquest of Alexandria
2589:
2434:Roman Byzantine empire
2206:Succession to Muhammad
2135:Military career of Ali
2069:Timeline of Ali's life
1980:
1626:Succession to Muhammad
1487:, while extending the
1320:Succession to Muhammad
1025:Contemporary movements
840:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
767:Succession to Muhammad
349:Succession to Muhammad
53:
5754:Conversion to mosques
5621:Alchemy and chemistry
4419:Melchert, Christopher
4115:. BRILL. p. 28.
4051:, p. 72, note 1)
4009:Dana, Nissim (2003).
3984:Aga Khan III (1998).
3971:Nadvi (2000), pg. 418
3812:Nadvi (2000), pg. 408
3800:Nadvi (2000), pg. 411
3289:Kelen, Betty (1975).
3161:Betty, Kelen (1975).
3148:Encyclopedia of Islam
3067:Ochsenweld, William;
2983:Encyclopedia of Islam
2837:
2753:event of Ghadir Khumm
2655:Al-Hakim bi Amr Allah
2600:Upon the conquest of
2575:
2474:Further information:
2359:event of Ghadir Khumm
2079:Event of Ghadir Khumm
1842:Samarkand Kufic Quran
1590:Ten Promised Paradise
22:
5480:Ma malakat aymanukum
5055:Association football
4495:at Wikimedia Commons
4465:. pp. 324–338.
3664:Badie, Dina (2017).
3550:, pp. 141, 142)
2980:Juan Eduardo Campo,
2542:to provide water to
2211:Great Mosque of Kufa
1755:Eastern Roman Empire
1729:ʿUmar ibn al-Khattāb
1613:Treaty of Hudaybiyya
1554:Ubayd Allah ibn Umar
807:Declaration of Faith
388:Association football
6064:Islamic terminology
6039:7th-century caliphs
3764:, pp. 318–320)
3254:, pp. 159–161)
2890:The Four Companions
2476:Arab–Byzantine wars
2428:that, according to
2002:Part of a series on
1710:Umar ibn al-Khattab
1537:Family tree of Umar
1491:all the way to the
1357:Umar ibn al-Khattab
149:Profession of Faith
122:Day of Resurrection
51: 16th century
6054:Rashidun Caliphate
6049:Religious quartets
5965:Quran and miracles
5879:Criticism of Islam
5593:Geometric patterns
5445:Gender segregation
5016:Non-denominational
4433:. pp. 63–79.
4138:, pp. 77, 81)
3478:, pp. 12, 15)
3451:, pp. 15, 16)
3378:, pp. 12, 13)
3242:, pp. 45, 46)
3211:Irving, Washington
3098:"Ma'ariful-Qur'an"
2988:2023-03-12 at the
2590:
2464:Military expansion
2294:ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
1930:ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
1636:Military conquests
1585:Sunni view of Umar
1290:Rashidun Caliphate
1064:Neo-traditionalism
54:
6016:
6015:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5950:Domestic violence
5940:Islamic terrorism
5935:Islamic extremism
5766:
5765:
5762:
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5534:
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5529:
5320:Marriage contract
5150:
5149:
5110:Political aspects
4897:Story of Prophets
4666:Prophets of Islam
4569:
4568:
4491:Media related to
4472:978-97-53-89445-6
4440:978-1-83860-765-4
4340:978-0-385-52393-6
4218:978-1-135-04473-2
4020:978-1-903900-36-9
3331:, pp. 5, 48)
3316:Muhammad at Mecca
3200:, pp. 95–97)
2833:Ali ibn Abi Talib
2813:wilayat al-faqqih
2372:assassination in
2335:represented Islam
2291:
2275:Ali ibn Abi Talib
2272:
2271:
2031:Sunni view of Ali
1927:
1908:
1907:
1767:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
1726:
1707:
1706:
1595:Shia view of Umar
1542:Abdullah ibn Umar
1403:Ali ibn Abi Talib
1224:
1212:
1192:
1191:
1037:Deobandi movement
709:
708:
6071:
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6006:
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5998:Islam portal
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5197:Economic history
5180:
5179:
5156:
5155:
5142:Islam by country
4975:Bektashi Alevism
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4614:Outline of Islam
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4535:Rashidun Caliphs
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4493:Rashidun Caliphs
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4165:, pp. 8–12)
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2821:Ismaili Shi'ites
2675:
2624:Arfaja al-Bariqi
2519:Civil activities
2399:Prophet's Mosque
2341:delegation from
2296:
2286:
2284:
2283:علي ابن أبي طالب
2264:
2257:
2250:
2236:Islam portal
2234:
2233:
2232:
2195:Related articles
2183:Hazrat Ali Mazar
2160:Ali in the Quran
2154:The Twelve Imams
2036:Shia view of Ali
2018:
1999:
1998:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1911:Uthman ibn Affan
1900:
1893:
1886:
1872:Islam portal
1870:
1869:
1868:
1808:Related articles
1801:
1792:
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1671:Islam portal
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1667:
1607:Related articles
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1422:Muslim community
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1378:Uthman ibn Affan
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5790:Other religions
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5548:Islamic studies
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5095:Moral teachings
5038:
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4994:Nation of Islam
4955:Twelver Shi'ism
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4868:Religious texts
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4780:Early conquests
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4745:
4697:
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4606:
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4449:Further reading
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3043:"The Caliphate"
3041:
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3036:
3032:Hourani, p. 23.
3031:
3027:
3011:Ahmed, Nazeer,
3010:
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2997:
2990:Wayback Machine
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2632:
2570:
2555:'Amr ibn al-'As
2521:
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2504:Social policies
2478:
2472:
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2307:first presented
2268:
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2201:Rashidun Caliph
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2178:Imam Ali Shrine
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990:
961:
951:
950:
908:
907:
882:
867:
866:
842:
832:
831:
802:
792:
791:
747:
724:
723:
715:
714:
705:
667:
665:
658:
657:
602:Other religions
597:Arabic language
559:
549:
548:
477:Moral teachings
368:
354:
353:
344:Spread of Islam
289:
279:
278:
266:(jurisprudence)
248:Qisas al-Anbiya
197:
196:
176:
175:
144:
134:
133:
89:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6077:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6000:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5898:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5875:
5873:
5872:Related topics
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5794:
5792:
5782:
5781:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5744:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5552:
5551:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5505:
5503:Sources of law
5500:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5476:
5471:
5464:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5381:
5376:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5239:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5127:Social welfare
5124:
5119:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5007:
5006:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4912:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4790:Historiography
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4631:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4482:
4481:External links
4479:
4478:
4477:
4471:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4415:
4387:
4372:
4366:
4353:
4339:
4324:
4318:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4295:, p. 136)
4285:
4283:, p. 168)
4273:
4271:, p. 161)
4261:
4249:
4235:Archived from
4224:
4217:
4199:
4197:, p. 147)
4182:
4178:Madelung (1997
4167:
4163:Madelung (1997
4152:
4140:
4136:Madelung (1997
4128:
4121:
4103:
4096:
4078:
4071:
4053:
4049:Melchert (2020
4041:
4037:Melchert (2020
4026:
4019:
4001:
3994:
3973:
3964:
3955:
3937:
3931:. I.B.Tauris.
3917:
3899:
3879:
3861:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3814:
3802:
3793:
3791:, p. 228)
3789:Hazleton (2009
3781:
3766:
3762:Madelung (1997
3754:
3752:, p. 164)
3742:
3740:, p. 318)
3738:Madelung (1997
3730:
3728:, p. 163)
3718:
3716:, p. 423)
3706:
3699:
3681:
3674:
3656:
3654:, p. 183)
3652:Hazleton (2009
3644:
3642:, p. 197)
3640:Madelung (1997
3632:
3630:, p. 148)
3628:Madelung (1997
3620:
3618:, p. 134)
3605:
3603:, p. 141)
3593:
3581:
3579:, p. 100)
3577:Hazleton (2009
3569:
3552:
3548:Madelung (1997
3540:
3536:Hazleton (2009
3528:
3526:, p. 128)
3516:
3514:, p. 129)
3504:
3492:
3490:, p. 142)
3488:Madelung (1997
3480:
3465:
3453:
3449:Madelung (1997
3441:
3434:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3333:
3321:
3306:
3299:
3281:
3274:
3256:
3252:Hazleton (2013
3244:
3232:
3202:
3198:Hazleton (2013
3190:
3178:
3171:
3153:
3138:
3131:
3113:
3088:
3081:
3059:
3034:
3025:
3004:
2995:
2970:
2952:
2945:
2927:
2912:
2908:Melchert (2020
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2853:
2741:(Twelver) Shia
2736:
2733:
2662:
2659:
2631:
2628:
2578:Sasanid Empire
2569:
2566:
2540:Abi Musa Canal
2520:
2517:
2505:
2502:
2468:Main article:
2465:
2462:
2451:, was elected
2368:Shortly after
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1982:
1979:
1919:عثمان ابن عفان
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1777:Main article:
1774:
1771:
1765:captive named
1747:Islamic empire
1718:عمر ابن الخطاب
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1503:Main article:
1500:
1497:
1444:Main article:
1441:
1438:
1418:
1417:
1400:
1375:
1354:
1351: 632–634
1344: 573–634
1328:who succeeded
1315:
1312:
1283: 656–661
1272: 644–656
1261: 634–644
1250: 632–634
1227:rightly-guided
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
988:
987:
977:
962:
957:
956:
953:
952:
949:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
883:
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
843:
838:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
803:
798:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
784:
782:Predestination
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
748:
743:
742:
739:
738:
730:
729:
707:
706:
704:
703:
696:
689:
681:
678:
677:
676:
675:
660:
659:
656:
655:
649:
648:
647:
646:
641:
631:
626:
625:
624:
619:
609:
604:
599:
593:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
572:
571:
566:
560:
557:Related topics
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
541:
539:Social welfare
536:
531:
530:
529:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
433:
432:
427:
417:
416:
415:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
369:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
325:
324:
317:
310:
302:
301:
296:
290:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
268:
259:
258:
252:
244:
236:
227:
226:
206:
198:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
168:
163:
157:
156:
151:
145:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
129:Predestination
125:
124:
119:
113:
112:
110:Revealed Books
107:
101:
100:
90:
85:
84:
81:
80:
72:
71:
65:
64:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6076:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6009:
6001:
5999:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5911:Post-Islamism
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5808:Protestantism
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5769:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5651:Ophthalmology
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5541:
5537:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5399:Death penalty
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:Other aspects
5363:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5169:Jurisprudence
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4908:Denominations
4905:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4693:Holiest sites
4691:
4689:
4688:Judgement Day
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4620:
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4390:
4388:0-521-56181-7
4384:
4381:. Cambridge.
4380:
4379:
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4367:9781782392293
4363:
4359:
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4319:9780300252057
4315:
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4239:on 2004-01-01
4238:
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4191:
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4187:
4180:, p. 17)
4179:
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4157:
4150:, p. 21)
4149:
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4124:
4122:9789004106727
4118:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4097:9781118959503
4093:
4089:
4082:
4074:
4072:9780230106581
4068:
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4057:
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4045:
4039:, p. 63)
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3900:9788174352231
3896:
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3862:9781135179601
3858:
3855:. Routledge.
3854:
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3818:
3809:
3807:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3779:, p. 27)
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3700:9780759101906
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3675:9781498539005
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3591:, p. 24)
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3556:
3549:
3544:
3538:, p. 99)
3537:
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3513:
3508:
3502:, p. 22)
3501:
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3470:
3463:, p. 87)
3462:
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3445:
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3435:9780349117577
3431:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3402:, p. 13)
3401:
3396:
3390:, p. 69)
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3188:, p. 34)
3187:
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3172:9780929093123
3168:
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3132:9780853982005
3128:
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3117:
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3082:0-07-244233-6
3078:
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3021:0-7388-5963-X
3018:
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2644:the Aga Khans
2641:
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2391:Dhu al-Hijjah
2388:
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2199:
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2172:Burial places
2169:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Ali as Caliph
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2087:
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2077:
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2072:
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2067:
2065:
2064:Assassination
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:Ali as Caliph
1988:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1957:(present-day
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:Quraysh tribe
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1901:
1896:
1894:
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1882:
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1863:
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1858:
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1855:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
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1837:Assassination
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
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1734:Dhu al-Hijjah
1730:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1695:
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1560:Asim ibn Umar
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:Zayd ibn Umar
1546:
1543:
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1029:
1026:
1021:
1020:
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1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
995:
985:
984:Ahl al-Hadith
981:
978:
975:
971:
967:
964:
963:
960:
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954:
947:
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942:
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815:
813:
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796:
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785:
783:
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778:
777:Judgement Day
775:
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768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
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749:
746:
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518:
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512:Proselytizing
510:
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455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
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440:
438:
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:Denominations
418:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
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363:
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350:
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275:
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269:
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261:
260:
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237:
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224:
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218:
217:
212:
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207:
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200:
199:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
172:
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167:
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162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
143:
138:
137:
130:
127:
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123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
99:
95:
92:
91:
88:
83:
82:
78:
74:
73:
70:
67:
66:
62:
58:
57:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
5923:Islamophobia
5798:Christianity
5746:
5679:Contemporary
5573:Architecture
5512:
5478:
5466:
5454:
5412:
5405:
5371:
5353:
5348:Nikah mut'ah
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5275:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5114:
4895:
4819:
4801:
4794:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:Five Pillars
4680:
4646:
4635:God in Islam
4612:
4457:
4426:
4377:
4357:
4329:
4309:
4302:Bibliography
4293:Mavani (2013
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4241:. Retrieved
4237:the original
4227:
4208:
4202:
4143:
4131:
4112:
4106:
4087:
4081:
4062:
4056:
4044:
4010:
4004:
3985:
3967:
3958:
3947:. Retrieved
3927:
3920:
3909:. Retrieved
3889:
3882:
3871:. Retrieved
3851:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3817:
3796:
3784:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3714:Glassé (2003
3709:
3690:
3684:
3665:
3659:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3562:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3456:
3444:
3425:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3290:
3284:
3265:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3225:, retrieved
3215:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3122:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3091:
3072:
3062:
3051:. Retrieved
3037:
3028:
3012:
3007:
2998:
2981:
2955:
2936:
2930:
2925:, p. 6)
2903:
2865:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2818:
2812:
2805:
2789:
2775:
2770:mutashabihat
2769:
2757:Dhul Asheera
2738:
2718:
2710:
2679:
2664:
2636:Shia Muslims
2633:
2617:
2606:
2599:
2592:The area of
2591:
2559:
2548:
2525:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2479:
2442:
2438:First Fitnah
2403:
2367:
2274:
2273:
2200:
2129:Perspectives
1967:
1910:
1909:
1813:
1709:
1708:
1645:Pact of Umar
1617:
1489:Dar Al Islam
1468:
1462:
1459:أَبُو بَكْرٍ
1450:
1449:
1434:Shia Muslims
1419:
1414:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1372:
1368:
1323:
1287:
1226:
1195:
1193:
1121:
1052:Ahl-i Hadith
992:In terms of
989:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
906:
839:
800:Five Pillars
629:Islamophobia
408:Demographics
403:Circumcision
320:
319:
312:
305:
271:
263:
247:
239:
231:
220:
214:
208:
201:
6059:Sunni Islam
5698:Other areas
5689:Theological
5684:Eschatology
5641:Mathematics
5578:Calligraphy
5508:Theological
5462:Inheritance
5379:Cleanliness
4809:Shi'a Imams
4803:Ahl al-Bayt
4431:I.B. Tauris
4281:Momen (1985
4269:Momen (1985
4257:Momen (1985
4195:Momen (1985
4148:Momen (1985
3777:Momen (1985
3750:Abbas (2021
3726:Abbas (2021
3616:Abbas (2021
3601:Abbas (2021
3589:Momen (1985
3524:Abbas (2021
3512:Abbas (2021
3500:Momen (1985
3476:Momen (1985
3461:Abbas (2021
3412:Abbas (2021
3400:Momen (1985
3376:Momen (1985
3329:Abbas (2021
3240:Abbas (2021
3186:Abbas (2021
2923:Abbas (2021
2850:Judgement."
2694:Umm Kulthum
2667:Sunni Islam
2584:type. BYS (
2568:Settlements
2510:Bayt al-Mal
2447:, his son,
2378:Will Durant
2059:First Fitna
1995:First Fitna
1959:Afghanistan
1939:Umm Kulthum
1822:Family tree
1426:Sunni Islam
1294:Sunni Islam
1215:al-Rāshidūn
1138:Persecution
974:Ahl al-Ra'y
726:Sunni Islam
644:Laws of war
307:Ahl al-Bayt
192:Foundations
6023:Categories
5853:Ex-Muslims
5748:Shu'ubiyya
5742:Psychology
5730:Literature
5720:Inventions
5666:Philosophy
5474:Leadership
5450:Honorifics
5105:Philosophy
4960:Isma'ilism
4925:Maturidism
4814:Caliphates
4785:Golden Age
4676:Revelation
4243:2021-10-08
3995:0710304277
3949:2016-05-07
3911:2016-05-07
3873:2016-05-07
3227:2021-10-06
3053:2014-04-16
2842:Hazrat Aly
2819:While the
2706:hereditary
2702:succession
2661:Sunni view
2582:Khosrau II
2536:Saad canal
2496:(639) and
2351:Shia Islam
2337:against a
2054:Birthplace
1847:Uthmaniyya
1568:(Daughter)
1430:Carl Ernst
1411:r. 656–661
1407:c. 600–661
1386:r. 644–656
1382:c. 573–656
1365:r. 634–644
1361:c. 583–644
1318:See also:
1117:Literature
1082:Holy sites
970:Maturidism
827:Pilgrimage
762:Holy books
497:Philosophy
234:(exegesis)
171:Pilgrimage
161:Almsgiving
5970:Symbolism
5928:Incidents
5906:Criticism
5803:Mormonism
5705:Astrology
5631:Cosmology
5626:Astronomy
5568:Arabesque
5435:Etiquette
5394:Blasphemy
5184:Economics
4999:Ahmadiyya
4933:Mu'tazili
4921:Ash'arism
4405:cite book
4349:310714958
3363:159678004
3349:(1): 82.
2829:Aga Khans
2823:accept a
2807:marjaiyya
2735:Shia view
2339:Christian
2327:secretary
2288:romanized
2102:Al-Ghadir
1970:committee
1924:romanized
1832:Campaigns
1723:romanized
1469:As-Siddiq
1225:'the
1209:romanized
1099:Jerusalem
1059:Modernism
1047:Wahhabism
1007:al-Wijdan
966:Ash'arism
617:terrorism
569:Criticism
522:Sexuality
492:Mysticism
462:Festivals
442:Education
437:Economics
373:Academics
329:Caliphate
142:Practices
6008:Category
5901:Islamism
5884:Muhammad
5840:Apostasy
5815:Hinduism
5715:Feminism
5646:Medicine
5486:Military
5440:Gambling
5389:Apostasy
5384:Criminal
5296:Marriage
5265:Tayammum
5217:Murabaha
5090:Madrasas
5080:Holidays
5070:Clothing
5065:Children
5060:Calendar
5011:Quranism
4965:Alawites
4929:Atharism
4820:Rashidun
4659:In Islam
4654:Muhammad
4546:Abu Bakr
4421:(2020).
4397:33443482
3943:Archived
3905:Archived
3867:Archived
3221:archived
3213:(1868),
3071:(2004).
3047:Archived
2986:Archived
2965:Archived
2879:See also
2862:Timeline
2854:—
2729:Uthman's
2704:was not
2690:Ruqayyah
2586:Bishapur
2430:Madelung
2426:Damascus
2406:Uthman's
2385:and the
2370:Uthman's
2224:Category
2107:Zulfiqar
1955:Khorasan
1935:Ruqayyah
1860:Category
1827:Election
1814:Rashidun
1659:Category
1618:Rashidun
1451:Abu Bakr
1446:Abu Bakr
1440:Abu Bakr
1337:Abu Bakr
1330:Muhammad
1243:Abu Bakr
1239:Muhammad
1204:الراشدون
1196:Rashidun
1042:Salafism
1011:al-Kashf
980:Atharism
847:Abu Bakr
718:a series
716:Part of
653:Glossary
639:Jihadism
612:Violence
607:Islamism
578:Muhammad
564:Apostasy
507:Politics
457:Feminism
452:Exorcism
413:Diaspora
398:Children
393:Calendar
321:Rashidun
299:Muhammad
294:Timeline
255:Mathnawi
117:Prophets
61:a series
59:Part of
32:Abu Bakr
28:Muhammad
5955:Nursing
5916:Qutbism
5830:Sikhism
5825:Judaism
5820:Jainism
5656:Physics
5603:Pottery
5588:Gardens
5583:Carpets
5498:Slavery
5420:Divorce
5407:Dhabiĥa
5235:Hygiene
5210:Takaful
5192:Banking
5122:Science
5116:Qurbani
5085:Mosques
5045:Animals
5034:Culture
4982:Zaydism
4970:Alevism
4856:Ottoman
4846:Almohad
4841:Fatimid
4836:Córdoba
4831:Abbasid
4826:Umayyad
4759:Leaders
4754:History
4712:Shahada
4627:Beliefs
2847:Khalifs
2782:Imamate
2698:Fatimah
2648:Fatimid
2500:(654).
2492:(639),
2490:Armenia
2488:(637),
2458:Muawiya
2422:Muawiya
2363:earlier
2323:Fatimah
2290::
1963:Armenia
1926::
1763:Persian
1736:26, 23
1725::
1641:Reforms
1493:Red Sea
1464:sahabah
1326:caliphs
1314:History
1274:), and
1231:caliphs
1223:
1211::
1133:History
902:Hanbali
897:Shafi'i
876:schools
822:Fasting
817:Charity
745:Beliefs
534:Slavery
517:Science
472:Madrasa
467:Finance
378:Animals
366:society
362:Culture
334:Imamate
314:Sahabah
287:History
257:(Poems)
242:(creed)
166:Fasting
94:Oneness
87:Beliefs
24:Ottoman
5777:
5735:poetry
5545:
5430:Ethics
5414:Dhimmi
5373:Baligh
5334:Mahram
5291:Family
5271:Toilet
5251:Miswak
5004:Lahori
4945:Salafi
4891:Seerah
4886:Tafsir
4881:Hadith
4851:Sokoto
4796:Sahaba
4671:Angels
4648:Tawhid
4605:topics
4556:Uthman
4469:
4437:
4395:
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3129:
3106:1 July
3079:
3019:
2943:
2794:Husayn
2725:Umar's
2714:hadith
2609:Fustat
2602:Madyan
2580:ruler
2532:Talhah
2528:canals
2498:Cyprus
2482:Persia
2453:caliph
2410:caliph
2393:, 656
2374:Medina
2343:Najran
2319:Medina
2315:Medina
2311:escape
2279:Arabic
2091:Legacy
1993:, and
1915:Arabic
1817:Caliph
1787:Uthman
1779:Uthman
1773:Uthman
1714:Arabic
1621:Caliph
1531:Family
1473:Arabic
1455:Arabic
1394:Othman
1390:Uthman
1299:rāshid
1265:Uthman
1200:Arabic
1094:Medina
1069:Farahi
945:Jariri
938:Laythi
931:Thawri
924:Awza'i
917:Zahiri
909:Others
892:Maliki
887:Hanafi
874:Sunni
857:Uthman
812:Prayer
787:Sahaba
772:Angels
588:Hadith
502:Poetry
482:Mosque
447:Ethics
272:Sharia
240:Aqidah
232:Tafsir
216:Hadith
210:Sunnah
154:Prayer
105:Angels
42:, and
40:Uthman
5889:Quran
5779:Other
5674:Early
5598:Music
5514:Kalam
5468:Jizya
5456:Hudud
5341:Nikah
5258:Najis
5244:Ghusl
5203:Sukuk
5132:Women
5100:Music
5075:Flags
4989:Ibadi
4916:Sunni
4876:Quran
4733:Zakat
4719:Salah
4682:Qadar
4640:Allah
4603:Islam
3359:S2CID
3101:(PDF)
2896:Notes
2798:Mahdi
2786:Hasan
2765:Quran
2745:Quran
2721:Arabs
2686:Hafsa
2682:Aisha
2673:sunna
2620:Mosul
2594:Basra
2562:Kaaba
2544:Basra
2494:Egypt
2486:Syria
2449:Hasan
2387:Iraqi
2383:Ansar
2347:Quran
2331:Tabuk
2303:Islam
2299:Mecca
2074:Alids
2025:Views
1974:Quran
1943:Mecca
1738:Hijri
1579:Views
1562:(son)
1556:(son)
1550:(son)
1544:(son)
1485:Ridda
1481:Sunni
1398:Osman
1396:, or
1306:sunna
1111:Lists
1089:Mecca
1005:(Ahl
1003:Sufis
994:Ihsan
634:Jihad
583:Quran
544:Women
487:Music
425:Sunni
274:(law)
222:Sirah
203:Quran
187:Texts
69:Islam
5560:Arts
5491:POWs
5425:Diet
5355:Zina
5327:Mahr
5313:Haya
5277:Wudu
5224:Riba
5137:LGBT
5029:Life
4950:Shia
4940:Sufi
4931:and
4740:Hajj
4726:Sawm
4551:Umar
4467:ISBN
4435:ISBN
4411:link
4393:OCLC
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3108:2022
3077:ISBN
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2790:nass
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2048:Life
1951:Iran
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1369:Umar
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