327:
was heavily dependent on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials at that time, the resulting closure of both the
Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy. During 1992â1993, the GDP had dropped around 60% from its peak in 1989. Few years after adoption of national currency,
306:
Armenia's economy, like that of other former states of Soviet Union, suffered from the consequences of a centrally-planned economy and the collapse of former Soviet trade patterns. Another important aspect for difficulty of standing up after the collapse is that the investment and funding that was
246:
All the countries concerned have abandoned the traditional tools of communist economic control and moved more or less successfully toward free-market systems. Although some, such as
Charles Paul Lewis, stress the beneficial effect of
19:
This article is about the economic and political transformations that occurred in certain countries as a result of the fall of their communist governments. For the academic study of the contemporary status of these countries, see
431:
1418:
621:
FĂŒrst, Juliane, Silvio Pons and Mark Selden, eds. The
Cambridge History of Communism (Volume 3): Endgames?.Late Communism in Global Perspective, 1968 to the Present (2017)
823:
148:-oriented communist party. The newly created social democratic parties were generally larger and more powerful than the remaining communist partiesâonly in
509:
1642:
1398:
861:
446:
347:
rates, than does the
Western Bloc. A fundamental challenge in post-communist economies is that institutional pressures that reflect the logic of
263:âand began to rise again only toward the end of the decade. Some populations are still considerably worse off today than they were in 1989 (e.g.
208:
394:
1565:
738:
1266:
1454:
632:
240:
83:
426:
107:
1570:
949:
886:
95:
1662:
1494:
1474:
1449:
1351:
1296:
1514:
1504:
710:
553:
A summary of the process containing both economic analysis and anecdotal case studies can be found in
Charles Paul Lewis's
593:
Tilcsik, A. (2010). "From ritual to reality: Demography, ideology, and decoupling in a post-communist government agency".
1550:
881:
46:
located in
Central-Eastern Europe and parts of Latin America, Africa, and Asia, in which new governments aimed to create
1519:
1346:
702:
793:
778:
622:
343:, although some such as Estonia, Romania, and Slovakia often adopt more traditionally free-market policies, such as
1839:
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1524:
798:
236:
1747:
1677:
1428:
1311:
1306:
912:
731:
411:
204:
506:
243:. The post-communist economic transition was much more abrupt and aimed at creating fully capitalist economies.
1585:
876:
578:
404:
228:
665:
1860:
1757:
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in that context, resulting in a great deal of continuing tension in organizations in post-communist states.
175:
In the
Western Bloc, many of the self-styled communist parties reacted by changing their policies to a more
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1622:
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421:
1647:
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were still being felt. Despite the fact that a cease-fire has been in place since 1994, the dispute with
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1361:
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has been gone, leaving only a few large enterprises in operation. Furthermore, the aftereffects of the
62:
in most communist party-governed states. After severe hardships communist parties retained control in
1727:
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1692:
1331:
1321:
1090:
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248:
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1793:
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1326:
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944:
856:
379:
1697:
1509:
1080:
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195:, post-communism is marked by the increased influence of their existing social democrats. The
1870:
1798:
1752:
1737:
1702:
1489:
1433:
1022:
788:
671:
537:
Charles King, "Post-Postcommunism: Transition, Comparison, and the End of" Eastern Europe"."
87:
1707:
1208:
1203:
1163:
1032:
1017:
192:
977:
8:
1652:
1627:
1423:
1408:
1007:
747:
451:
384:
260:
252:
251:, the reforms also had important negative consequences that are still unfolding. Average
129:
59:
1138:
1595:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1464:
176:
39:
35:
954:
1773:
1403:
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1193:
987:
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763:
706:
574:
360:
180:
1722:
1590:
1223:
1128:
1075:
997:
932:
813:
364:
320:
141:
573:. Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 1â77.
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866:
841:
818:
694:
513:
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220:
133:
113:
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43:
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did not particularly prosper from itâin fact, some became less radical as well.
1717:
1233:
1213:
992:
773:
399:
339:
As of 2021, most post-communist countries in Europe are generally seen to have
333:
296:
272:
224:
196:
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registered a catastrophic fall in the early 1990s in many parts of the former
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871:
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340:
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94:
between ethnic groups and nation-states. Soviet-oriented communist movements
91:
21:
1682:
1301:
1228:
1183:
917:
808:
783:
308:
288:
125:
121:
117:
25:
690:"Communism: A Love Affair?: Russians Nostalgic for Soviet Social Services"
1281:
1168:
1143:
1085:
1047:
1037:
907:
271:). Others have bounced back considerably beyond that threshold (e.g. the
75:
47:
1783:
1657:
1271:
1057:
1002:
972:
902:
367:
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200:
169:
157:
51:
716:
1823:
1617:
1336:
1276:
1158:
768:
501:
David Ost, "The politics of interest in post-communist East Europe."
352:
284:
145:
432:
List of communist parties with national parliamentary representation
1173:
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922:
846:
598:
389:
356:
344:
299:, except for Poland, which was one of two countries (the other was
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300:
276:
264:
256:
161:
153:
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108:
History of communism § Contemporary communism (1993âpresent)
79:
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underwent an economic boom, although all have suffered from the
1027:
363:, that were created under communism and to this day are run by
303:) in Europe maintained growth despite the worldwide recession.
280:
268:
219:
Several communist states had undergone economic reforms from a
165:
24:. For the political philosophy that reinterprets Marxism, see
188:
184:
63:
140:, the communist parties split in two factions: a reformist
71:
67:
427:
History of communism#Contemporary communism (1993âpresent)
400:
Nostalgia for the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
34:
is the period of political and economic transformation or
824:
Anti-communist insurgencies in
Central and Eastern Europe
803:
686:. News coverage of post-communist Europe and Central Asia
675:
570:
Armenia, Azerbaijan, and
Georgia : country studies
128:. In most countries in the Eastern Bloc, following the
683:
172:
the communist parties remained a significant force.
16:
1980sâ1990s period of transition in communist states
629:Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000
1852:
199:communist parties in the Western Bloc (e.g. the
90:, which plunged the country into a long complex
862:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
703:"Capital, Coercion, and Post-Communist States".
447:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
1643:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
124:Blocs had been governed by the example of the
732:
98:in countries where they were not in control.
390:Nostalgia for the German Democratic Republic
739:
725:
395:Nostalgia for the Polish People's Republic
355:are exerted on organizations, including
275:, Hungary, and Poland) and some such as
1267:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
746:
637:Pons, Silvio, and Robert Service, eds.
1853:
950:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
887:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
653:Comrades: A World History of Communism
639:A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism
566:
490:Comrades: A World History of Communism
1297:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
720:
646:The Red Flag: A History of Communism
526:Markets and politics in Central Asia
477:The Red Flag: A History of Communism
13:
670:Daniel Nelson (July/August 2000).
608:
14:
1882:
794:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
779:Criticism of communist party rule
677:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
666:"Parties and Elections in Europe"
659:
307:coming to Armenian industry from
1840:Human rights in the Soviet Union
799:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
1748:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1678:Fall of the inner German border
412:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
205:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1738:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
877:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
616:The Rise and Fall of Communism
587:
560:
547:
531:
518:
495:
482:
469:
405:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union
1:
1758:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1357:Inter-regional Deputies Group
1342:National League for Democracy
595:Academy of Management Journal
462:
323:has not been resolved. Since
183:course. In countries such as
1668:Alexanderplatz demonstration
1633:Polish Round Table Agreement
1307:People's Movement of Ukraine
422:Fall of communism in Albania
7:
1713:January Events in Lithuania
1648:Hungarian Round Table Talks
1287:Democratic Party of Albania
557:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
437:Neoauthoritarianism (China)
373:
207:vindicated their views and
203:parties) who felt that the
136:that marked the end of the
101:
10:
1887:
1367:Hungarian Democratic Forum
1362:Alliance of Free Democrats
1352:Union of Democratic Forces
705:Cornell University Press.
214:
105:
18:
1832:
1766:
1728:1991 protests in Belgrade
1608:
1533:
1442:
1384:
1375:
1257:
1119:
1066:
963:
895:
832:
754:
701:Gerald M. Easter (2012).
479:(Grove, 2009) pp 346â353.
134:communist-led governments
1718:January Events in Latvia
1708:Reunification of Germany
1693:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
1623:1987â1989 Tibetan unrest
1347:National Salvation Front
1332:Belarusian Popular Front
1322:Popular Front of Estonia
1091:Polish underground press
852:List of socialist states
332:in 1993, it experienced
313:1988 Armenian earthquake
249:multinational investment
1794:Economic liberalization
1733:1991 Belarusian strikes
1673:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1327:Public Against Violence
1317:Popular Front of Latvia
1096:Political demonstration
945:Chinese economic reform
857:People Power Revolution
672:"Dangerous Assumptions"
380:Chinese economic reform
225:market-oriented economy
928:New political thinking
567:Curtis, Glenn (1995).
505:22.4 (1993): 453-485.
227:in the 1980s, notably
1799:Post-Soviet conflicts
1753:Tajikistani Civil War
1703:Revolution on Granite
1663:Monday Demonstrations
1189:SanjaasĂŒrengiin Zorig
1023:Mengistu Haile Mariam
789:Eastern Bloc politics
259:âmost notably in the
144:party and a new less
112:The policies of most
106:Further information:
1209:Vytautas Landsbergis
1204:Viacheslav Chornovil
1033:Denis Sassou Nguesso
684:"Transitions Online"
644:Priestland, David.
597:. 53(6). 1474â1498.
555:How the East Was Won
52:capitalist economies
1653:Pan-European Picnic
1628:1988 Polish strikes
1008:Wojciech Jaruzelski
748:Revolutions of 1989
492:(2007) pp. 459â460,
452:Revolutions of 1989
385:Communist nostalgia
361:government agencies
261:former Soviet Union
253:standards of living
130:Revolutions of 1989
42:and other formerly
1013:Slobodan MiloĆĄeviÄ
882:Vatican Opposition
528:(Routledge, 2003).
512:2021-05-15 at the
503:Theory and Society
475:David Priestland,
40:post-Soviet states
1848:
1847:
1774:Colour revolution
1604:
1603:
1571:Congo-Brazzaville
1292:Democratic Russia
1249:Pope John Paul II
1244:George H. W. Bush
1194:Vladimir Bukovsky
983:Mikhail Gorbachev
978:Nicolae CeauÈescu
764:Era of Stagnation
651:Service, Robert.
627:Kotkin, Stephen.
541:(2000): 143-172.
524:Gregory Gleason,
142:social democratic
114:communist parties
1878:
1861:MarxismâLeninism
1723:Transnistria War
1382:
1381:
1224:Aung San Suu Kyi
1139:Alexander DubÄek
1076:Civil resistance
933:Sinatra Doctrine
913:Demokratizatsiya
814:Shortage economy
741:
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727:
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711:978-0801-4782-46
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488:Robert Service,
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321:Nagorno-Karabakh
193:reunited Germany
132:and the fall of
54:. In 1989â1992,
44:communist states
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1866:Decommunization
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1789:Democratization
1779:Decommunization
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1638:April 9 tragedy
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1018:Mathieu Kérékou
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867:Reagan Doctrine
842:Active measures
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819:Totalitarianism
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695:The Global Post
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631:(2nd ed. 2008)
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609:Further reading
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457:World communism
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223:towards a more
221:command economy
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56:communist party
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660:External links
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648:(Grove, 2009).
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334:hyperinflation
297:2009 recession
273:Czech Republic
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92:series of wars
84:SFR Yugoslavia
32:Post-communism
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1111:Strike action
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1053:Todor Zhivkov
1051:
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1044:
1043:Deng Xiaoping
1041:
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872:Soviet Empire
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
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848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
837:
833:International
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498:
491:
485:
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442:Postsocialism
440:
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417:Eurocommunism
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37:
33:
27:
23:
22:Postsocialism
1871:Eastern Bloc
1813:
1767:Later events
1683:Malta Summit
1515:Turkmenistan
1443:Soviet Union
1429:Soviet Union
1409:East Germany
1229:Meles Zenawi
1184:Sali Berisha
1134:VĂĄclav Havel
1081:Human chains
988:KĂĄroly GrĂłsz
918:Khozraschyot
809:Nomenklatura
784:Eastern Bloc
693:
676:
652:
645:
638:
628:
615:
594:
589:
569:
562:
554:
549:
538:
533:
525:
520:
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497:
489:
484:
476:
471:
338:
309:Soviet Union
305:
289:Baltic Tiger
245:
218:
174:
126:Soviet Union
116:in both the
111:
88:disintegrate
31:
30:
26:Post-Marxism
1743:August Coup
1596:South Yemen
1541:Afghanistan
1385:Central and
1378:by location
1282:Civic Forum
1169:Feng Congde
1144:Ion Iliescu
1129:Lech WaĆÄsa
1086:Magnitizdat
1048:Zhao Ziyang
1038:Heng Samrin
998:MiloĆĄ JakeĆĄ
908:Perestroika
209:predictions
197:anti-Soviet
76:North Korea
58:governance
48:free market
1855:Categories
1784:Lustration
1658:Baltic Way
1609:Individual
1586:Mozambique
1525:Uzbekistan
1510:Tajikistan
1495:Kyrgyzstan
1490:Kazakhstan
1455:Azerbaijan
1434:Yugoslavia
1312:Solidarity
1272:Charter 77
1258:Opposition
1154:Wu'erkaixi
1120:Opposition
1067:Opposition
1058:Siad Barre
1003:Egon Krenz
973:Ramiz Alia
964:Government
903:Uskoreniye
835:background
757:background
580:0844408484
463:References
368:socialized
359:firms and
349:capitalism
317:Azerbaijan
241:Yugoslavia
201:Trotskyist
170:Tajikistan
158:Kazakhstan
50:-oriented
36:transition
1824:Pink tide
1618:Jeltoqsan
1534:Elsewhere
1485:Lithuania
1337:Rastokhez
1277:New Forum
1260:movements
1159:Chai Ling
769:Communism
353:democracy
285:Lithuania
179:and less
146:reformist
96:collapsed
86:began to
60:collapsed
1581:Mongolia
1576:Ethiopia
1561:Cambodia
1465:Chechnya
1399:Bulgaria
1174:Tank Man
1164:Wang Dan
1149:Liu Gang
1106:Samizdat
1101:Protests
940:Glasnost
923:500 Days
847:Cold War
755:Internal
599:Abstract
510:Archived
374:See also
365:managers
357:business
345:flat tax
293:Slovakia
237:Bulgaria
177:moderate
138:Cold War
102:Politics
1833:Related
1591:Somalia
1520:Ukraine
1500:Moldova
1475:Georgia
1470:Estonia
1460:Belarus
1450:Armenia
1424:Romania
1414:Hungary
1394:Albania
1302:SÄ
jƫdis
1122:leaders
1069:methods
966:leaders
955:Äá»i Má»i
896:Reforms
674:in the
655:(2007).
641:(2010).
633:excerpt
623:excerpt
325:Armenia
301:Albania
291:), and
277:Estonia
265:Moldova
257:Comecon
229:Hungary
215:Economy
181:radical
162:Moldova
154:Ukraine
150:Belarus
122:Western
118:Eastern
80:Vietnam
1611:events
1546:Angola
1505:Russia
1480:Latvia
1419:Poland
1376:Events
1028:Ne Win
709:
618:(2009)
577:
543:online
507:online
281:Latvia
269:Serbia
267:, and
233:Poland
168:, and
166:Russia
78:, and
1566:China
1556:Burma
1551:Benin
319:over
189:Italy
185:Japan
64:China
707:ISBN
575:ISBN
351:and
330:dram
328:the
239:and
191:and
120:and
72:Laos
68:Cuba
804:KGB
692:by
38:in
1857::
336:.
283:,
279:,
235:,
231:,
187:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
82:.
74:,
70:,
66:,
740:e
733:t
726:v
713:.
698:.
680:.
601:.
583:.
287:(
28:.
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