History of communism

4266: 3556: 3882: 1967:(1796), "we aim at something more sublime and more just, the COMMON GOOD or the COMMUNITY OF GOODS" and "The French Revolution is just a precursor of another revolution, far greater, far more solemn, which will be the last." Restif also continued to write and publish books on the topic of communism throughout the Revolution. Accordingly, through their egalitarian programs and agitation Restif, Maréchal, and Babeuf became the progenitors of modern communism. Babeuf's plot was detected, however, and he and several others involved were arrested and executed. Because of his views and methods, Babeuf is sometimes referred to as the first revolutionary communist, although at the time Babeuf himself used the term "communitist". Despite this setback, the example of the 1297: 2736: 4416: 4003: 39: 4621:

strongly abhorred communism as a hindrance to them, and the massacre of potential communists occurred as a result of the decision of the highest levels of the Syngman Rhee government. At the time, the mobilization of various national agencies, including the military, police, investigative and intelligence agencies, to this incident was in accordance with the decisions and instructions of the highest level. However, from whom did such arrest and kill orders come, when and in what unit were these decisions made? has not been revealed.

7519: 7531: 1899: 2713: 4021:, the Soviet Union took a keen interest in that continent's independence movements and initially hoped that the cultivation of communist client states there would deny their economic and strategic resources to the West. Soviet foreign policy with regard to Africa assumed that newly independent African governments would be receptive to communist ideology and that the Soviets would have the resources to make them attractive as development partners. During the 1970s, the ruling parties of several 3723:. While its hostility ended in a military stalemate, it gave Mao the opportunity to identify and purge elements in China that seemed supportive of capitalism. At first, there was close cooperation with Stalin, who sent in technical experts to aid the industrialization process along the line of the Soviet model of the 1930s. After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with Moscow soured – Mao thought Stalin's successors had betrayed the Communist ideal. Mao charged that Soviet leader 2083:, France, the "first public manifestation of the communist party" in France which proved so successful that further planned communist banquets had to be outlawed by the French government. Also in 1840 a society of "Egalitarian Workers" following a communist program was founded in Paris and a general strike was called whose leaders were reportedly inspired by communist ideals. During the 1840s Étienne Cabet had a following of between 100,000 and 200,000 French workers and was considered by 11352: 1045: 1858: 2831: 2991: 1801:, also a French philosopher wrote that the individual ownership of land was the source of all mischief and that wealthy inequality brought about social ruin that could only be reversed by adopting a society based on collective ownership." He did however temper his views by surmising that any attempts at enacting true equality and communal ownership would prove to be too costly and destructive to be worth implementing. Another French thinker, 1582: 4205: 3767: 3206: 3505:

in market forces, institute limited nationalisation of industry and supporting the development of intensive social welfare states, whereas broadly the population largely supported socialism. However, the purges of non-communist parties that supported socialism, combined with forced collectivisation of agriculture and a Soviet-bloc wide recession in 1953 led to deep unrest. This unrest first surfaced in Berlin in 1953, where

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czarist styles of paternalism and repression, yet was also quite modern. At the top, personal loyalty to Stalin counted for everything. However, Stalin also created powerful committees, elevated younger specialists and began major institutional innovations. In the teeth of persecution, Stalin's deputies cultivated informal norms and mutual understandings which provided the foundations for collective rule after his death.

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technical experts, managers, transportation or needed facilities. Industrialization failed, but the main result was a sharp unexpected decline in agricultural output, which led to mass famine and millions of deaths. The years of the Great Leap Forward in fact saw economic regression, with 1958 through 1961 being the only years between 1953 and 1983 in which China's economy saw negative growth. Political economist

2166: 3175:(PPTUS) was set up in 1927 by the Profintern (the Comintern's trade union arm) with the mission of promoting communist trade unions in China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand and other nations in the western Pacific. Trapeznik (2009) says the PPTUS was a "Communist-front organization" and "engaged in overt and covert political agitation in addition to a number of clandestine activities". 1543:, started to spread among the underprivileged groups of society, taking in members who renounced private property and dedicated themselves to communal living and pious, frugal lifestyles as artisans. Although the practices were successful enough to spread to other areas on the continent such as France and Germany, the Beghards were later repeatedly condemned by the Catholic Church. Around 1300 the 3840:. The war had also strained social democratic parties in the West. In some cases, such as Italy, significant bodies of membership of the Social Democratic Party were inspired by the possibility of achieving advanced socialism. In Italy, this group, combined with dissenting communists, began to discuss theory centred on the experience of work in modern factories, leading to 1843: 4491:. The collapse of the Soviet Union was also aided by political pressure from capitalist powers, loans from world banks, and pressure for liberal democracy and increased consumerism within the Soviet Bloc. U.S. monetary and fiscal policy raised interest rates, making borrowing money very difficult for the Soviet Union. With the 2341:, who deemed it to be a political threat due to its revolutionary nature and increasing number of supporters. In 1890, the party was re-legalised and by this time it had fully adopted Marxist principles. It subsequently achieved a fifth of the vote in the German elections and some of its leaders, such as 1891:, the French form of the word "communist", in a 1782 letter, the first recorded instance of that term. Restif himself wrote many novels centered around the idea of eliminating private property, first using the term "community of goods" in 1783 and then the term "communism" in 1793, rendered in French as 3504:

willing to fuse. In other cases, such as Poland or Hungary, the fusion of the Communist Party with the Social Democratic Party was forcible and accomplished through undemocratic means. In many cases, the communist parties of Central Europe were faced with a population initially quite willing to reign

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By 1985, one-third of the world's population lived under a Marxist–Leninist system of government in one form or another. However, there was significant debate among communist and Marxist ideologues as to whether most of these countries could be meaningfully considered Marxist at all since many of the

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No matter the shades of pink in the Latin American 'pink tide', and recalling that political change was not the norm for the whole region during that period, there seems to be greater agreement when it comes to explaining its emergence. In terms of this canonical interpretation, the left turn should

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argues, "Enormous amounts of investment produced only modest increases in production or none at all. In short, the Great Leap was a very expensive disaster". Put in charge of rescuing the economy, Deng adopted pragmatic policies that the idealistic Mao disliked. For a while, Mao was in the shadows,

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The devastation of the war resulted in a massive recovery program involving the rebuilding of industrial plants, housing and transportation as well as the demobilization and migration of millions of soldiers and civilians. In the midst of this turmoil during the winter of 1946–1947, the Soviet Union

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on economic, philosophical and moral grounds. According to Leroux writing in 1832, "To recognise no other aim than individualism is to deliver the lower classes to brutal exploitation. The proletariat is no more than a revival of antique slavery." He also asserted that private ownership of the means

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first published in 1828 which chronicled and popularized Babeouf's beliefs. In it Buonarroti asserted that in society, "burdens, productions, and advantages ought to be equally divided," and believed that this division would lead to, "the greatest possible happiness of all." Bournatti's writings led

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to improve mental and physical fitness, most time is devoted to either leisure or self improvement, and society is managed by a ruling scientist who bases his administration on scientific principles all in the interest of benefiting society as a whole. Utopian communist societies were also described

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declares that an ideal state would eliminate all forms of private property among the elite of society to the extent that even children and wives are shared. He asserts that such practices would prevent internal conflict within a society and promote a sense of unity and common identity. Around AD 500

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was the leader of a "revisionist clique" which had turned against Marxism and Leninism was now setting the stage for the restoration of capitalism. The two nations were at sword's point by 1960. Both began forging alliances with communist supporters around the globe, thereby splitting the worldwide

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mainly operated from December 1936 to November 1938, although the features of arrest and summary trial followed by execution were well entrenched in the Soviet system since the days of Lenin as Stalin systematically destroyed the older generation of pre-1918 leaders. Stalin did so usually under the

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The communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a

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overnight, using the peasant villages as the base rather than large cities. Private ownership of land ended and the peasants worked in large collective farms that were now ordered to start up heavy industry operations, such as steel mills. Plants were built in remote locations, despite the lack of

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was controlled for a period of about a week by non-Soviet aligned leaders. Two non-communist parties that supported the maintenance of socialism also regained their independence. This flowering of dissenting communism was crushed by a combination of a military invasion supported by heavy artillery

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had begun. Stalin himself believed that capitalism was a hollow shell and would crumble under increased non-military pressure exerted through proxies in countries like Italy. However, he greatly underestimated the economic strength of the West and instead of triumph saw the West build up alliances

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in 1848, which would prove to be one of the most influential communist texts ever written. He subsequently began work on a multi-volume epic that would examine and criticise the capitalist economy and the effect that it had upon politics, society and philosophy – the first volume of

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never called itself a communist front but in effect, this was what it was". He points out it was repressed by the government "along with other communist front groups". In the 1950s, Scalapino argues: "The primary Communist-front organization was the Japan Peace Committee". It was founded in 1949.

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with Moscow's approval. At the end of 1991, the Soviet Union itself was dissolved into non-communist independent states. Many communist parties around the world either collapsed, or became independent non-communist entities. However, China, North Korea, Laos, Vietnam and Cuba maintained communist

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I believe that no one will contest the justness of this proposition: that where no property exists, none of its pernicious consequences could exist...if you were to take away property, the blind and pitiless self-interest that accompanies it, you would cause all the prejudices in errors that they

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using their quite substantial influence on the Nepalese labor movement. These actions have oscillated between mild and intense, only the latter of which tends to make world news. They consider Prachanda's removal to be unjust. Since 2008, Nepal has been ruled by a coalition of communist parties:

3901:. The movement paralyzed China politically and weakened the country economically, culturally and intellectually for years. Millions of people were accused, humiliated, stripped of power and either imprisoned, killed or most often sent to work as farm laborers. Mao insisted that these he labelled 3477:

According to Gorlizki and Khlevniuk (2004), Stalin's consistent and overriding goal after 1945 was to consolidate the nation's superpower status and in the face of his growing physical decrepitude to maintain his own hold on total power. Stalin created a leadership system that reflected historic

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period (1921–1929) which marked the end of the civil war in Russia and new economic measures taken by the Bolshevik government, the toning down of the revolutionary wave in Europe and internal struggles within the Bolshevik Party and the Comintern after Lenin's death and before Stalin's absolute

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For decades, many historians counted Stalin' s victims in 'tens of millions', which was a figure supported by Solzhenitsyn. Since the collapse of the USSR, the lower estimates of the scale of the camps have been vindicated. The arguments about excess mortality are far more complex than normally

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who was notable for his belief that violent revolutionary action should be used to overthrow the bourgeosie dominated state. In Blanqui's estimation a revolution would be most successful if it was executed by a small, secretive group which could then install a "dictatorship of the proletariat."

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The long-awaited archival evidence on repression in the period of the Great Purges shows that levels of arrests, political prisoners, executions, and general camp populations tend to confirm the orders of magnitude indicated by those labeled as 'revisionists' and mocked by those proposing high

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is a position held by the left wing of communism, which criticises the political ideas and practices espoused by Marxist–Leninists and social democrats. Left communists assert positions which they regard as more authentically Marxist than the views of Marxism–Leninism espoused by the Communist

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during the 19th century. Marxism subsequently gained a widespread following across much of Europe, and throughout the late 1800s its militant supporters were instrumental in a number of unsuccessful revolutions on that continent. During the same era, there was also a proliferation of communist

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South Korea's elites had strange ideas that were positive and negative at the same time, focusing especially on communism while thinking about exploiting the Chinese economy. Even compared to growing India, Chinese communism is considered important to South Korea's elite. Korea's ruling elite

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emphasised the idea of Marxists bringing legal challenges against the current administrations over the treatment of the working classes rather than simply emphasising violent revolution as more orthodox Marxists did. Other Marxists opposed Bernstein and other revisionists, with many including

3988:, the United States vehemently opposed the Soviet Union move. There was serious fear of nuclear war for a few days, but a compromise was reached by which Moscow publicly removed its weapons and the United States secretly removed its weapons from bases in Turkey and promised never to invade. 3407:(WFTU) was established in 1945, to unite trade union confederations across the world and it was based in Prague. While it had non-communist unions it was largely dominated by the Soviets. In 1949 the British, American and other non-Communist unions broke away from the WFTU to form the rival 4060:. Both Angola and Ethiopia built new social and political communist institutions modeled closely after those in the Soviet Union and Cuba. However, their regimes either dissolved after the collapse of the Soviet Union due to civil conflict or voluntarily repudiated communism in favour of 1614:

attempted to institute a system they called a "community of goods" where, "there is no mine or thine but all is held in common", but once initiated the scheme was quickly abandoned. They have been considered precursors of totalitarian governance while under leadership of the dictatorial

4045:. Most of these regimes ensured the selective adoption and flexible application of communist theory set against a broad ideological commitment to Marxism or Leninism. The adoption of communism was often seen as a means to an end and used to justify the extreme centralization of power. 3921:

groups around the country. The movement spread into the military, urban workers and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials who were accused of taking a

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also contended that private property was the source of all vice in society and developed the basic principles for a communist society namely, the abolition of property, the right to live and work for all, and the duty of all citizens to work for the common good. The French philosopher

3584:; the crushing of the Central Workers Council of Greater Budapest; mass refugee flight; and a worldwide propaganda campaign. The effect of the Hungarian Revolution on other communist parties varied significantly, resulting in large membership losses in Anglophone communist parties. 1351:

who stated," How happy was the primitive age when the bounties of nature lay in common...They held all nature in common which gave them secure possession of the public wealth." Because of this he believed that such primitive societies were the richest as there was no poverty. Other

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of 1991 in which hardline communist military leaders overthrew Gorbachev and seized control of the government. This regime only lasted briefly as widespread popular opposition erupted in street protests and refused to submit. Gorbachev was restored to power, but the various

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which it adopted in the 1970s, replacing Marxism–Leninism. Cuba has an ambassador to North Korea and China still protects North Korean territorial integrity even as it simultaneously refuses to supply the state with material goods or other significant assistance.

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are examples of dissidents who still claim communism today, but they are not the only ones. In Germany, the split in the SPD had initially led to a variety of Communist unions and parties forming which included the councilist tendencies of the AAU-D, AAU-E and

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that what was needed was a," complete and unrestricted society of communal property" in which all activity was centralized. The systematic, historical and materialist analysis of the nature of communism in Dézamy's work led Marx to consider him among the first

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was published in 1869. However, Marx and Engels were not only interested in writing about communism, as they were also active in supporting revolutionary activity that would lead to the creation of communist governments across Europe. They helped to found the

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and East and West Berliners uniting. Gorbachev's refusal to use Soviet forces based in East Germany to suppress the revolt was seen as a sign that the Cold War had ended. Honecker was pressured to resign from office and the new government committed itself to

8994: 4098:. It was developed by communist party members who were disillusioned with both the Soviet Union and China and sought an independent program. They accepted liberal parliamentary democracy and free speech as well as accepting with some conditions a capitalist 3400:. Malcolm Kennedy says the "Communist 'front' system included such international organizations as the WFTU, WFDY, IUS, WIDF and WPC, besides a host of lesser bodies bringing journalists, lawyers, scientists, doctors and others into the widespread net". 2016:. According to Bournatti's Neo-Babouvism a revolutionary elite of "wise and courageous" citizens who cared only for "ensuring the triumph of equality" would be needed to uplift the masses and establish a new society based on egalitarian principles. 3831:

was wracked by increasing internal divisions over analysis and strategy. This was combined with an industrial impotence that was widely recognised. Additionally, the success of Soviet-aligned parties in Europe and Asia led to the persecution of

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in the Kremlin, the Comintern established fronts in many countries in the 1920s and after. To coordinate their activities, the Comintern set up various international umbrella organizations (linking groups across national borders) such as the

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in 18th century France, some liberal writers increasingly began to criticize the institution of private property even to the extent they demanded its abolition. One of the first secular visions for a communist society is contained within the

4319:. Gorbachev also aimed to restore détente with the West and he also aimed to end the Cold War that was being waged by the Soviet Union because it was no longer economically sustainable. The Soviet Union and the United States under President 1752:

propagated the concept of a society where the products of society should be shared equally. In Campanella's utopia all people are well educated, there is only a four-hour work day, there is no private property, the population practices

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and the possibility of Gorbachev-style political liberalisation. In 1989, revolts began across Eastern Europe and China against communist regimes. In China, the government refused to negotiate with student protestors, resulting in the

2858:. They began remodelling the country by nationalizing various industries and confiscating land from wealthy aristocrats and redistributing it amongst the peasants. They subsequently pulled out of the war against Germany by signing the 9089: 3411:(ICFTU). The labor movement in Europe became so polarized between the communist unions and social democratic and Christian labor unions, whereas front operations could no longer hide the sponsorship and they became less important. 3330:

The opening of the Soviet archives has vindicated the lower estimates put forth by the "revisionist school" scholars, despite the popular press continuing to use higher estimates and containing serious errors. By 2009, historian

3018:, although it was commonly abbreviated as the Comintern. Throughout its existence, the Comintern would be dominated by the Kremlin despite its internationalist stance. Meanwhile, in 1921, the Soviet Union invaded its neighboring 4521: 3138:

were tight knit organizations that exerted tight control over the members. To reach sympathisers unwilling to join the party, front organizations were created that advocated party-approved positions. Under the leadership of

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in Marseille where all private property was banned and which could be considered, "the first full blueprint for a secular communist society in the world." In the review Restif noted that d'Hupay had referred to himself as a

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period (1934–1939) which marked the call by Comintern to all popular and democratic forces (not just communist) to unite in popular fronts against fascism. Products of this period were the popular front governments in the

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replaced the historic "Marxist–Leninist" catchphrase with the new slogan of "Marxist, democratic and revolutionary". The movement faded in the 1980s and collapsed with the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989.

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on August 19, 1989, then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer a GDR and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the

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repudiating or abolishing the ideology altogether. Later historians have proposed different explanations for this decline, including arguments that Marxist-Leninist governments failed to live up to the ideal of a

1570:, preached of an idealized Christian state with collective ownership and disapproved of those rejecting the, "common charity and common property of Christian men." Around the same time the revolutionary priest 2555:. However, this period was also marked by widespread purges of anyone suspected as an enemy of the Stalinist regime, both in the Soviet Union and abroad. These mass purges resulted in the breaking up of the 1940:

of 1796 intending to establish a revolutionary regime based on communal ownership, egalitarianism and the redistribution of property. Babeuf was directly influenced by Morelly's anti-property utopian novel

2582:, labeling the war as imperialist. The term revolutionary defeatism was used by Comintern in this period to refer to anti-war propaganda by communists in Western Europe against their national governments. 3033:

The Comintern and other such Soviet-backed communist groups soon spread across much of the world, though particularly in Europe, where the influence of the recent Russian Revolution was still strong. In

1192:, seeing their struggle as an international rather than a purely regional cause. This was to have a phenomenal impact on the spread of communism during the 20th century as the Soviet Union installed new 4435:

in 1980 and the subsequent vacuum of strong leadership allowed the rise of rival ethnic nationalism in the multinational country. The first leader to exploit such nationalism for political purposes was

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and forced collection of grains from the peasants in accordance with predecided targets. There was food available for industrial workers, but those peasants who refused to move starved, especially in

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criticised what he believed were the flaws in the Marxian theory that the state would eventually dissolve under a Marxist government, instead he believed that the state would gain in power and become

1738:(1516) in which the main character decries private property after traveling to an idyllic island without money or private property and where, "everything is under state control." More coined the term 1822:(1755) inveighed against the corrupting effects of private property claiming that the invention of private property had led to the, "crimes, wars, murders, and suffering" that plagued civilization. 2255:

masses) who toiled to produce everything, but who had no political control. He advanced the idea that human society moved through a series of progressive stages from primitive communism through to

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in 2008. Prachanda has since been deposed as prime minister, leading the Maoists to abandon their legalistic approach and return to their typical street actions and militancy and to lead sporadic

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in Germany which led to the abandonment of the hard-line policy of this period. These years also saw the complete subordination of all communist parties across the world to the directives of the

8965: 8300:(London, 1992) does not really get to grips with the new data and continues to present an exaggerated picture of the repression. The view of the 'revisionists' has been largely substantiated. ( 3653:

as a communist front. The Democratic Cultural League of Germany started off as a series of genuinely pluralistic bodies, but in 1950–1951 came under the control of the communists. By 1952, the

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The Association of the Victims of the Nazi Regime was set up to rally West Germans under the anti-fascist banner, but it had to be dissolved when Moscow discovered it had been infiltrated by "

4311:. Gorbachev's policies were designed to dismantle the authoritarian elements of the state that were developed by Stalin, aiming to restore the supposed ideal Leninist state and retaining a 1249:, that they suffered from excessive bureaucracy, and that they had inefficiencies in their economies. As of the 21st century, only a small number of Marxist–Leninist states remain, namely 4172:

as well as a horizontal network of workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs."

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and practical realities which allowed a few foreign companies to wield considerable influence despite the elimination of the domestic Angolan private sector and a substantial degree of

2635:(1960–1970s) in which China turned against the Soviet Union and organized alternative communist parties in many countries. Intense attention was given to revolutionary movements in the 3462:

which drove the Americans back to the prewar boundaries, but which escalated tensions. The United States decided to mobilize its economy for a long contest with the Soviets, built the

10438: 7381: 2407:, who whilst admiring Marx disagreed with many of his assumptions on the nature of society. Some Marxists tried to adapt to these criticisms and the changing nature of capitalism and 2302: 113: 3356:. Councilism had a limited impact outside of Germany, but a number of international organisations formed. In Spain, a fusion of left and right dissidents led to the formation of the 1647:, adhered to his ideals, namely the abstinence from property, trade, and government, is disputed, and by the 16th century the Brethren definitely no longer embraced them. During the 8786: 4530:

ideologies in the world was weakened, but there are still many communist movements of various types and sizes around the world. Three other communist nations, particularly those in

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was an upheaval that targeted intellectuals and party leaders from 1966 through 1976. Mao's goal was to purify communism by removing pro-capitalists and traditionalists by imposing

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were now set for independence. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev officially announced the dissolution of the Soviet Union, ending the existence of the world's first communist state.

3976:. It ousted Batista on 1 January 1959, replacing his regime with Castro's revolutionary government. Castro's government later reformed along communist lines, becoming the present 3500:

led to a consolidation of power in communist hands. In some cases, such as Czechoslovakia, this led to enthusiastic support for socialism inspired by the Communist Party and a

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Dézamy disagreed with any program endorsing a dictatorship, believing instead that the chief focus should be on cultivating proletarian unity through propaganda and education.

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which was headed by Schapper who then proceeded to task the co-founding members Marx and Engels with writing a manifesto laying out the principles of the new political party.

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movements whereby communist parties would collaborate with socialists and other political forces. A high priority was mobilizing wide support for the Republican cause in the

5018: 2222:, England from 1845 and the alcove where they met remains identical to this day. It was here that Engels relayed his experiences of industrial Manchester, chronicled in the 3046:

communists attempted to set up a Bolshevik-style council republic, but the government put the rebellion down violently with the use of right-wing paramilitary groups, the

1531:, in which he ruled that because God had gifted Adam with the Earth as his domain, the ownership of property was divinely sanctioned. Also beginning in the 13th century a 2862:

which was unpopular amongst many in Russia, for it gave away large areas of land to Germany. Lenin's government also instituted a number of progressive measures such as

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of production allowed for the exploitation of the lower classes and that private property was a concept divorced from human dignity. Dézamy would assert in his 1842 book

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was a major challenge to Moscow's control of Eastern Europe. This revolution saw general strikes, the formation of independent workers councils, the restoration of the

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There were numerous communist front organizations in Asia, many oriented to students and youth. According to one historian, in the labor union movement of the 1920s in

2620:(except for Yugoslavia and Albania, which had independent communist regimes). A major effort to support communist party activity in Western democracies, especially the 9168:

be understood as a feature of general redemocratisation in the region, which is widely regarded as an inevitable result of the high levels of inequality in the region.

4102:. They did not speak of the destruction of capitalism, but sought to win the support of the masses and by a gradual transformation of the bureaucracies. In 1978, the 3164:(organized sports), among others. In Europe, front organizations were especially influential in Italy and France which became the base for Communist front organizer 4265: 3881: 2392:

As Marxism took off, it also began to come under criticism from other European intellectuals, including fellow socialists and leftists. For instance, the Russian

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noted that "poverty and oppression constituted the best soil for Marxism to grow in". The man most responsible for introducing the ideology into the country was

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have very publicly strong communist movements that play an open and active leading role in the vast majority of their labor marches and strikes as well as also

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or city government and abolish all private property while making the sharing of women and the collective rearing of children mandatory. Over a decade later in

3454:, expecting a short war. He was stunned when the Americans entered and defeated the North Koreans, putting them almost on the Soviet border. Stalin supported 2224: 4397: 3657:

counted 54 "infiltrated organizations" which started independently as well as 155 "front organizations" which had been communist inspired from their start.

2385:, where Marx and Engels had been based. Nonetheless, the new political ideology had gained sufficient support that an organisation was founded known as the 2333:

in 1871, but they were soon overthrown and many of their members executed by counter-revolutionaries. Meanwhile, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels joined the

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as a name for his idealized community, which means "nowhere" in Latin, evincing the fact that More did not consider such a society attainable in reality.

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Birchall, Ian (2009). "'Profintern: Die Rote Gewerkschaftsinternationale 1920–1937' review (in English) of a German language study by Reiner Tosstorff".

6435: 1161:(either through peaceful transition or by force of arms), communism was mostly successful in underdeveloped countries with endemic poverty such as the 9020: 3437:

Relations with the United States and Britain went from friendly to hostile, as they denounced Stalin's political controls over eastern Europe and his

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and then capitalism; and that this, in turn, would be replaced by communism. For Marx, communism was seen as inevitable yet uncertain and desirable.

2195:(1820–1895), who like Marx had fled from the German authorities in 1849. Marx and Engels took on many influences from earlier socialists such as the 7184: 4048:

Angola was perhaps the only African state which made a longstanding commitment to communism, but this was severely hampered by its own war-burdened

3606:. The plan to limit central control and make the economy more independent of the party threatened bedrock beliefs. On 20 August 1968, Soviet leader 3058:

were killed extrajudicially three days later. Within a few months, a group of communists seized power amongst public unrest in the German region of

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state all believers held their possessions communally and would distribute goods based on need. Additionally, the related Jewish sect known as the

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soon became dominant and instituted various communist reforms in the country, but the country itself was subsequently invaded by its neighbouring

9452: 9331: 8689: 4915: 3518: 3066:, although once more this was put down violently by the Freikorps, who historians believe killed around 1,200 communists and their sympathisers. 3010:

in Russia instigated the creation of an international communist organisation that would act as the Third International after the collapse of the

10672: 9662: 4763: 3393: 2187:, where he was considered a political threat, began publishing books in which he outlined his theories for a variety of communism now known as 357: 9306: 4978:

believes that 1.5 million were arrested and 200,000 were eventually released. Service, chapter 31, especially p. 356. The lowest estimates by

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sticking steadfast to the concept of violently overthrowing what they saw as the bourgeoisie-controlled government and instead establishing a

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The works and teachings of these French writers, many now self identifying as communists, went on to inspire new communist groups such as the

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took place in the Weimar Republic only to be crushed, but another occurred in 1923 which once again was also defeated by the government. The

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was committed to, "social and material egalitarianism." Despite these practices falling into decline even before the Christianization of the

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Trapeznik, Alexander (Winter 2009). "'Agents of Moscow' at the Dawn of the Cold War: The Comintern and the Communist Party of New Zealand".

1372:, like their pagan predecessors, maintained that humans society had declined to its current state from a now lost egalitarian social order. 3673: 2946: 2687:

regimes. After 1980, China adopted a market oriented economy that welcomed large-scale trade and friendly relations with the United States.

1269:. With the exception of North Korea, all of these states have started allowing more economic competition while maintaining one-party rule. 5251: 4340: 4038: 3420: 2516: 2823:

were formed in many parts of the country and the Tsar was forced to implement democratic reform, introducing an elected government, the

2075:

A landmark event that established the popularity of the communist movement in France occurred in 1840 when Dézamy along with Pillot and

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between 1990 and 1991, due to the rise of secessionist nationalism and the outbreak of a political power dispute between Gorbachev and

4432: 3575:

as a party for revolutionary communism of a non-Soviet variety and the formation of two underground independent communist parties. The

7269: 4974:

The exact number of purge victims is unknown by a factor of 10. Estimates range from several million upwards to 20 million. Historian

10682: 10616: 9181: 4751: 4409: 3323:"; in the Red Army, a majority of generals were executed and hundreds of thousands of other "enemies of the people" were sent to the 3276:

Stalin took control of the Comintern and introduced a policy in the international organisation of opposing all leftists who were not

2291: 367: 299: 9532: 3241:. As a part of this, he abandoned some of the capitalist, market policies that had been allowed to continue under Lenin such as the 2601:, the emergence of national liberation movements all across occupied Europe and ultimately the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943. 2589:

period, sometimes called the Second Popular Front (1941–1943), was the last period of the Comintern, starting immediately after the

11128: 10433: 4662: 4641: 4431:, but the collapse of communism in Yugoslavia and the collapse of communism in the Warsaw Pact occurred for different reasons. The 4428: 3646: 3619: 1507:

held their property in common in accordance with the Book of Acts, but were persecuted by the Catholic Church and retreated to the

817: 108: 7789: 7762: 7735: 4185:

is a broad scope of economic and political philosophies that emphasize the anti-authoritarian and libertarian aspects of Marxism.

2929:. In the early 1920s, Lenin began recruiting black workers, accusing American political parties of not doing more to campaign for 11076: 7302: 2644: 2321:

During the latter half of the 19th century, various left-wing organisations across Europe continued to campaign against the many

2087:

to be the representative of the French proletariat. One of the most prominent and influential French communists of the 1840s was

765: 10132: 9363: 4600:

have also made similar shifts to more clearly socialistic policies and rhetoric in a phenomenon which academics are calling the

10677: 8361: 8071:(Praeger Publishers, 1957) pp. 118, 127–128, 130, 277, 334, 355, 361–367, 374, 415, 421, 424, 429, 439, 444, 457–458, 470, 482. 4876: 4809: 4782: 4543: 3611: 2796: 2532: 2285: 362: 8270:"Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word" 3618:

forces that destroyed the threat of internal liberalization. At the same time, the Soviets threatened retaliation against the

3093:

within a matter of months who overthrew the government, with its leaders either escaping abroad or being executed. In 1921, a

2452:(Comintern) and the broader communist movement is divided among periods, regarding changes in the general policy it followed. 2305:." This phrasing used to formulate the principles of communism is borrowed from earlier socialist political activists such as 11394: 11252: 10032: 9887: 9858: 9822: 9771: 9743: 9633: 9604: 9578: 9058: 8886: 8857: 7799: 7772: 7745: 7718: 7674: 7163: 7090: 7052: 7014: 6967: 6870: 6835: 6766: 6662: 6595: 6554: 6443: 6307: 6260: 6213: 6094: 6060: 6026: 5992: 5937: 5890: 5854: 5742: 5631: 5600: 5547: 5456: 5422: 5358: 5290: 4955: 4945: 4755: 4743: 4368: 4226: 3939: 3788: 3576: 3526: 3510: 2930: 1878: 1555:

which advocated ending feudalism, dissolving hierarchies in the church, and holding all property in common. The 14th century

947: 5982: 3361: 2639:

which were successful in some places such as Cuba and Vietnam. Communism was decisively defeated in other states, including

2023:

had become widely popular in French revolutionary circles thanks to the writings of social critics and philosophers such as

10662: 4468:

in 1990, the victory of nationalists in multi-party elections in most of Yugoslavia's constituent republics and eventually

4303:

rose to power in the Soviet Union and began policies of radical political reform involving political liberalisation called

3654: 3381: 3254: 347: 2678:. European satellites led by Poland grew increasingly independent and in 1989 they all expelled the communist leadership. 1816:(1762) outlined the basis for a political order based on popular sovereignty rather than the rule of monarchs, and in his 10355: 4850: 3935: 3266: 3172: 2950: 2536: 1166: 1084: 3641:

were centers of East–West conflict during the Cold War and numerous communist fronts were established. For example, the

2921:

which the Bolsheviks won and subsequently consolidated their power over the entire country, centralising power from the

2064:. It was only in the year 1840 that proponents of common ownership in France, including the socialists Théodore Dézamy, 9476: 8911: 8828: 8794: 8647: 8189: 8123: 8012: 7976: 7708: 7559: 5160: 5126: 5094: 5060: 5026: 4910: 4884: 4857: 4724: 4677: 4574:

sometimes give a clearer picture of the size and influence of current communist movements, particularly within Europe.

4496: 4465: 4030: 3365: 3074: 2999: 2334: 2267: 2111: 2007:, survived the crackdown on the Conspiracy of the Equals he was able, later in his life, to write the influential book 1714: 4288:

Social resistance to the policies of communist regimes in Eastern Europe accelerated in strength with the rise of the

3288:

disagreed with him on this policy, believing that the left should unite against the rise of right-wing movements like

1662:, endorsed the communalization of goods as practiced in the Book of Acts. The most notable Anabaptist groups were the 11206: 10308: 10258: 9989: 9941: 9697: 9490: 8941: 8612: 8501: 8094: 7611: 6703: 5775: 5704: 5669: 4920: 4747: 4689: 4252: 4034: 3814: 3572: 3023: 2662:. The United States escalated the conflict with very heavy military spending. After a series of short-lived leaders, 1162: 899: 4584:

which was sparked by the fall of the Soviet Union due to the growth in the volume of its trade with its new allies,

4234: 3796: 2885:

From the outset, the new government faced resistance from a myriad of forces with differing perspectives, including

11227: 10657: 9185: 7923: 6862: 4940: 4864:

currently organizes for a revolution in the United States to overthrow the capitalist system and replace it with a

4517: 4356: 4334:

Meanwhile, the Eastern European communist states politically deteriorated in response to the success of the Polish

3404: 3389: 2605: 922: 342: 4526:

With the fall of the communist governments in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, the influence of state-based

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was built in 1961. But with the mass exodus at the Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent hesitant behavior of the

3446:

that were designed to permanently stop or contain Soviet expansion. In early 1950, Stalin gave the go-ahead for

2337:

which had been created in 1875, but which was outlawed in 1879 by the German government, then led by Chancellor

687: 11289: 9438: 8875:

Arming the South: The Economics of Military Expenditure, Arms Production and Arms Trade in Developing Countries

8115: 4697: 4293: 4230: 4042: 3792: 3427: 3344: 3258: 3221:, a key Bolshevik follower of Lenin, took power in the Soviet Union. Stalin was supported in his leadership by 3027: 2894: 1296: 1200:

and indirectly backed the ascension of others in the Americas, Asia and Africa. Pivotal to this policy was the

984: 4887:. Actions of an armed group likely affiliated with NPA resulted in eight casualties after a gunfight with the 3121:

had also attempted an uprising in 1923, but like most of their counterparts across Europe they were defeated.

1468:, the principles of sharing property and holding goods in common continued within the Christian traditions of 11399: 11299: 10428: 8679: 8219:"Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" 7350: 7155: 7072: 6817: 6654:

The Communist Manifesto and Other Revolutionary Writings: Marx, Marat, Paine, Mao Tse-Tung, Gandhi and Others

4797: 4649: 4589: 4505: 4389: 4026: 3745: 3237:. Stalin initiated his own process of building a communist society, creating a variant of communism known as 3145: 2863: 2654:

The end of communism in Europe (1980–1992) in which Soviet client states were heavily on the defensive as in

2632: 2211: 1710: 1379:, ideas similar to communism were becoming widespread to the extent that they were parodied by the dramatist 994: 103: 6894: 2278:

across Europe could keep in contact with one another in the face of political repression. He then published

1578:

allegedly declared, "things cannot go well in England, nor ever will, until all goods are held in common."

11321: 11237: 11179: 11118: 10539: 10448: 10101: 8312:, have contained erroneous journalistic articles that should not be cited in respectable academic articles. 5929: 4950: 4449: 3599: 3568: 3550: 2985: 2586: 2469: 1232:

by such countries. There was a rapid decline of communism in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the

1185: 1016: 932: 870: 807: 221: 125: 10140: 9090:"Appealing for a Car: Consumption Policies and Entitlement in the USSR, the GDR, and Romania, 1950s–1980s" 2298:

to unite various communists and socialists, with Marx being elected to the Association's General Council.

11257: 10975: 10473: 10179: 8030: 4900: 3845: 3335:

reported that estimates were now lower; about 1.7 million were arrested in 1937–1938 and half were shot.

2735: 2675: 2571: 1963: 952: 662: 150: 7114: 4415: 10163: 10062: 10054: 9840: 8639: 8560: 8226: 8086: 7968: 7290:

Philosophers Karl Marx and Frederich Engels met to research their Communist theory in Chetham's Library

6388: 6205: 5539: 5118: 4975: 4925: 4842: 4786: 4771: 4610:

claims that its success in avoiding the downfall of socialism is a result of its homegrown ideology of

4359:

and the non-intervention of the Soviet Union broke the dams. The revolts culminated with the revolt in

4091: 4087: 3497: 2961: 2780: 2206:

and several other radical figures of the French Revolution whilst economically they were influenced by

1237: 9462: 9341: 8848:. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: 5311: 5185: 2012:

to a revival of Babeuf's thought in France and the dissemination of political theories referred to as

1834: 1802: 11284: 10715: 10647: 9625: 7488: 7363: 7122: 6587: 4935: 4930: 4805: 4571: 3740: 3118: 3082: 3078: 2942: 2898: 2575: 2477: 2306: 1902: 1784: 1500: 1389: 979: 402: 332: 9038: 3707:

fled to the island of Taiwan. In 1950–1953, China engaged in a large-scale, undeclared war with the

1987:. Proudhon, the founder of modern anarchism and libertarian socialism would later famously declare " 1457: 1453: 9850: 9588: 9388:"Election for the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic held on 14–15.6.2002" 9316: 8717: 4381: 4215: 4103: 4018: 3777: 3332: 3210: 3070: 3063: 3019: 2325:

right-wing regimes that were then in power. In France, socialists set up a government known as the

1937: 1691: 1178: 9689: 7346: 5626:. G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 321. 3580:

and airstrikes; mass arrests, at least a thousand juridical executions and an uncounted number of

11311: 10626: 10519: 10348: 9798: 9681: 9615: 8849: 8604: 8568: 8493: 7764:

The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture

7595: 7483: 6378: 5846: 5734: 5414: 5282: 5086: 5052: 4888: 4637: 4567: 4437: 4372: 4219: 4078:

An important trend in several countries in Western Europe from the late 1960s into the 1980s was

3977: 3955: 3898: 3781: 3693: 3501: 3161: 3015: 2995: 2977: 2859: 2835: 2812: 2621: 2552: 2449: 1971:

regime and Babeuf's doomed insurrection was an inspiration for French socialist thinkers such as

1864:

used the term "communism" in 1793 to describe a society where all private property was eliminated

1818: 1201: 1077: 1006: 309: 198: 5692:

Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Responsibility: The New Language of Global Bioethics and Biolaw

4323:

joined in pushing for the dismantlement of apartheid and they also oversaw the dismantlement of

3984:. The Soviets decided to protect its ally by stationing nuclear weapons in Cuba in 1962. In the 3380:

took effect around 1947, the Kremlin set up new international coordination bodies including the

9570: 7479:"Chapter IV. Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties" 6295:

Unbuilt Utopian Cities 1460 to 1900: Reconstructing their Architecture and Political Philosophy

5514: 4495:, Gorbachev prepared the country to become a loose federation of independent states called the 3837: 3716: 3700: 2625: 2393: 2203: 1992: 1984: 1648: 9238:"Kicking away the ladder : development strategy in historical perspective | WorldCat.org" 8931: 8357:"The Schism within the World Federation of Trade Unions: Government and Trade-Union Diplomacy" 7603: 7149: 6856: 6540: 6246: 6016: 5840: 5815: 5796: 5728: 5621: 5504: 5258: 4708:. Indian government forces have been successful in eliminating insurgency to quite an extent. 1413:

purportedly founded a movement preaching religious communism while under the patronage of the

1340:. One of the first writers to espouse a belief in the primitive communism of the past was the 11262: 11081: 10569: 10418: 10398: 9873: 9735: 9711: 9364:"People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections" 8725: 8721: 8633: 8598: 8265: 8004: 7406: 7078:

Reading Marx in the Information Age: A Media and Communication Studies Perspective on Capital

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allowing the democratic election of competing candidates to political office within the party

3969: 3902: 3861: 3530: 3157: 2659: 2655: 2598: 2556: 2548: 2485: 2468:

resulting in the formation of the first communist parties across the world and the defeat of

1921: 1869: 1861: 1807: 1759: 1659: 1559: 1488: 1283: 1229: 957: 770: 250: 93: 73: 6382: 6248:

Life and Writings of Sir Thomas More: Lord Chancellor of England and Martyr Under Henry VIII

5499: 1945:

and quoted it extensively, although he was under the erroneous impression it was written by

11211: 11201: 11138: 11133: 11030: 11010: 10631: 10621: 10408: 10294: 8523:

Which Socialism, Whose Détente? West European Communism and the Czechoslovak Crisis of 1968

7277: 4880: 4716: 4681: 4527: 4461: 4377: 4292:, the first non-communist controlled trade union in the Warsaw Pact that was formed in the 4053: 3985: 3981: 3463: 3277: 3238: 3200: 3011: 3007: 2867: 2590: 2386: 2215: 2057: 2028: 1972: 1968: 1779: 1674:

who were eradicated in battle during their attempt in 1535 to forcibly convert the city of

1208:

around the world and fostering revolution. This was one major cause of tensions during the

1193: 904: 894: 827: 822: 717: 697: 314: 304: 83: 9189: 4385: 4002: 1671: 8: 11316: 11232: 11161: 11148: 11123: 11096: 11086: 11005: 10890: 10765: 10692: 10652: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10562: 10547: 10443: 10388: 9560: 9212: 8277: 7006: 6180: 5821: 5500: 4801: 4701: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4405: 4393: 4347: 4194: 4182: 4165: 4124: 3890: 3876: 3750: 3397: 3320: 3242: 3039: 2850:

In 1917, with further social unrest against the Duma and its part in involving Russia in

2816: 2492: 2473: 2295: 2069: 2004: 1950: 1883: 1842: 1812: 1748: 1652: 1640: 1636: 1590: 1575: 1523:

began challenging the concept of private property to the extent it had to be defended by

1492: 1484: 1480: 1436: 1394: 1337: 1291: 1287: 1143: 1011: 927: 852: 840: 812: 785: 775: 692: 577: 452: 380: 337: 272: 267: 262: 243: 228: 120: 63: 10276: 8966:"Anarchism, Individualism and Communism: William Morris's Critique of Anarcho-communism" 8685:

China's economic policy and performance during the Cultural Revolution and its aftermath

4522:

List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation

4179:

International after its Bolshevization by Joseph Stalin and during its second congress.

3603: 3165: 1958: 11389: 11336: 11294: 11267: 11172: 11108: 11103: 11091: 10860: 10780: 10524: 10341: 10282: 10272: 10224: 10086: 9656: 9311: 9117: 9064: 9039:"The Triumph of Broken Promises: The End of the Cold War and the Rise of Neoliberalism" 8976: 8878: 8380: 8341: 8243: 8047: 7239: 6827: 5535:

Communism in History and Theory: From Utopian socialism to the fall of the Soviet Union

5229: 5152: 4633: 4570:, all of which are large, pronounced events with much visibility. Worldwide marches on 4488: 4022: 3918: 3841: 3736: 3684: 3438: 3285: 3090: 2855: 2799:

was formed in the country, although it soon divided into two main factions, namely the

2749: 2702: 2465: 2346: 2244: 2184: 2096: 2076: 2019:

By the 1830s and 1840s, the egalitarian concepts of communism and the related ideas of

1988: 1925: 1743: 1734: 1703: 1603: 1585: 1571: 1544: 1441: 1348: 1301: 1170: 1154: 1106: 1070: 1031: 989: 962: 863: 797: 792: 780: 547: 467: 203: 22: 10995: 10328: 10076: 4499:. Hardline communist leaders in the military reacted to Gorbachev's policies with the 682: 11156: 11113: 10935: 10825: 10815: 10745: 10574: 10463: 10458: 10423: 10393: 10304: 10254: 10201: 10150: 10129: 10105: 10035: 10028: 9985: 9955: 9937: 9917: 9883: 9854: 9828: 9818: 9777: 9767: 9739: 9693: 9675: 9629: 9600: 9574: 9486: 9373: 9161: 9144: 9136: 9121: 9109: 9068: 9054: 8937: 8907: 8882: 8853: 8824: 8790: 8643: 8608: 8497: 8453: 8449: 8410: 8384: 8269: 8185: 8119: 8090: 8008: 7972: 7936: 7795: 7768: 7741: 7714: 7670: 7607: 7555: 7231: 7159: 7086: 7048: 7010: 6963: 6866: 6831: 6762: 6709: 6699: 6658: 6591: 6550: 6439: 6303: 6256: 6209: 6090: 6056: 6022: 5988: 5933: 5886: 5850: 5771: 5738: 5700: 5665: 5627: 5596: 5543: 5452: 5418: 5354: 5346:

History of Socialism: An Historical Comparative Study of Socialism, Communism, Utopia

5319: 5286: 5221: 5156: 5122: 5090: 5056: 5022: 4324: 4320: 4300: 4270: 4153: 4129: 4116: 4049: 3997: 3973: 3724: 3696: 3650: 3581: 3538: 3514: 3297: 3135: 2934: 2918: 2879: 2663: 2640: 2560: 2508: 2481: 2461: 2421: 2374: 2338: 2199: 2196: 2080: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1873: 1846: 1687: 1616: 1384: 1242: 1158: 1147: 847: 802: 622: 512: 502: 432: 255: 140: 135: 98: 68: 38: 10945: 10920: 10785: 10066: 9960: 9182:"Will the Pink Tide Lift All Boats? Latin American Socialisms and Their Discontents" 8483: 8218: 8051: 5047:

Leopold, David (2015). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc; Sargent, Lyman Tower (eds.).

2369:

At the time, Marxism took off not only in Germany, but it also gained popularity in

1491:

ideas were occasionally adopted by reformist Christian sects. An early 12th century

632: 607: 472: 11368: 11356: 11247: 11055: 10955: 10850: 10795: 10750: 10740: 10725: 10611: 10514: 10483: 10290: 10110: 10091: 9806: 9725: 9685: 9368: 9156: 9101: 9046: 8927: 8370: 8286: 8235: 8180: 8039: 7996: 7932: 7599: 7223: 6577: 6425: 6252: 5592: 5278:

Just Property: A History in the Latin West. Volume One: Wealth, Virtue, and the Law

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Communism is the riddle of history solved, and it knows itself to be this solution.

2123: 2119: 2103: 2084: 1620: 1516: 1476: 1357: 1329: 1246: 1204:, also known as the Comintern, formed with the perspective of aiding and assisting 1189: 1138: 1110: 1060: 1049: 942: 742: 642: 537: 482: 437: 427: 412: 294: 193: 160: 9105: 3537:

and a negotiation between the Soviet and Polish parties over the direction of the

2696: 2065: 1928:, supported the idea of redistributing wealth equally among the people, including 1798: 10880: 10820: 10810: 10805: 10735: 10504: 10478: 10453: 10413: 10403: 10378: 10298: 10248: 10244: 10136: 9931: 9844: 9761: 9729: 9619: 9564: 9480: 8990: 8683: 8487: 7076: 7038: 6953: 6821: 6758: 6199: 6174: 5533: 5446: 5344: 4865: 4312: 4157: 4095: 4057: 3923: 3607: 3130: 3113:, but the government acted swiftly and put down the rebellion. That same year, a 3055: 3035: 2871: 2843: 2726: 2396: 2232: 2231:

Marx stated that "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of

2088: 1980: 1933: 1929: 1898: 1726: 1628: 1414: 1356:

writers that believed in a prehistoric humanity that practiced communism include

1321: 1217: 1205: 1181: 567: 507: 497: 492: 422: 183: 155: 130: 88: 78: 53: 9757: 9387: 9264: 1511:. Some Waldensians led a schism after they felt the group's leader was becoming 11196: 11050: 10990: 10960: 10845: 10840: 10760: 10755: 10730: 10383: 10229: 10013: 9671: 9281: 8175: 8043: 5247: 4905: 4778: 4767: 4728: 4653: 4581: 4535: 4456:

by the other republics in the Yugoslav federation. This resulted in a surge of

4364: 4175: 4120: 4099: 3906: 3626:

and the resignations of more intellectuals from communist parties in the West.

3534: 3521:" of 1956 opened up internal debate, even if members were unaware, in both the 3471: 3281: 3110: 3051: 2990: 2922: 2910: 2906: 2788: 2776: 2760: 2718: 2617: 2524: 2429: 2425: 2382: 1763: 1556: 1524: 1406: 1376: 1369: 889: 737: 677: 647: 532: 527: 447: 442: 417: 58: 9781: 9482:

Constitution for the New Socialist Republic in North America: (Draft Proposal)

9237: 9135:

Lopes, Dawisson Belém; de Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta (January–April 2016).

8375: 8356: 4132:

is a political philosophy and anarchist school of thought which advocates the

3980:

in October 1965. The United States response was highly negative, leading to a

3731:

Rejecting the Soviet model of rapid urbanization, Mao Zedong and his top aide

3649:(GfDSF) had 13,000 members in West Germany, but it was banned in 1953 by some 3368:

political party, a non-Marxist party which stood for revolutionary communism.

3168:

in 1933. These organizations were dissolved by the late 1930s or early 1940s.

2771:, with millions of the country's largely agrarian population living in abject 2381:, although it did not achieve such success in other European nations like the 2072:

began to widely adopt the word "communism" as a term for their belief system.

11383: 11331: 11045: 11025: 11015: 10940: 10895: 10875: 10865: 10790: 10770: 9832: 9814: 9795:

The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945–1956

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which has been waged since 1966 between the Colombian government and aligned

4824: 4539: 4484: 4469: 4282: 4079: 4073: 3931: 3732: 3708: 3593: 3293: 3218: 3094: 2965: 2914: 2808: 2593:, with Stalin's 3 July 1941 call to the entire free world to unite and fight 2543: 2457: 2400: 2326: 2252: 2207: 2107: 2099:, an organization founded in Paris in 1836 by the Christian communist German 2041: 2036: 2024: 2013: 1892: 1888: 1767: 1679: 1567: 1540: 1512: 1445: 1417: 1221: 1213: 1026: 732: 712: 702: 627: 582: 562: 552: 477: 457: 9972:

China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic

4188: 2874:. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on 1857: 1336:

were essentially egalitarian and he, therefore, termed their ideology to be

11242: 11035: 10985: 10980: 10970: 10950: 10905: 10900: 10885: 10775: 10710: 10509: 10468: 10314: 10264: 10236: 9893: 9864: 9785: 9749: 9717: 9707: 9639: 9433: 8947: 8693: 8653: 8618: 8507: 8290: 7992: 7412: 7391: 7169: 7096: 7058: 7020: 6973: 6876: 6858:

Rediscovering Lenin: Dialectics of Revolution and Metaphysics of Domination

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such as the People's Republic of China, Vietnam and Laos, all moved toward

4360: 4133: 3965: 3844:. In the United States, this theoretical development was paralleled by the 3642: 3634: 3487: 3230: 3114: 3073:

following their defeat in World War I led to a coalition government of the

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The period of advocating peace (1939–1941), a result of the signing of the

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parties which rejected armed revolution, but embraced the Marxist ideal of

937: 722: 672: 667: 657: 637: 592: 587: 572: 462: 397: 188: 145: 9965:

The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century

9050: 8904:

Impact of Political Stability on Economic Development: Case of South Sudan

3026:, instituting a pro-Soviet government which declared the nation to be the 2830: 2712: 11326: 11060: 11040: 10915: 10910: 10870: 10855: 10800: 10705: 6959: 5987:. Studies in Anabaptist and Mennonite history (in Slovak). Herald Press. 5817:

Social England: From the accession of Edward I. to the death of Henry VII

4872: 4861: 4828: 4607: 4593: 4500: 4420: 4401: 4352: 4304: 4274: 4141: 4011: 3885:

The propaganda oil painting of Mao during the Cultural Revolution (1967).

3712: 3638: 3615: 3451: 3447: 3315: 3309: 3226: 3225:, but he had various important opponents in the government, most notably 3153: 2851: 2671: 2636: 2378: 2310: 2248: 2240: 2236: 1976: 1729: 1548: 1520: 1504: 1469: 1353: 1325: 1262: 1021: 747: 727: 602: 597: 557: 542: 487: 392: 10439:"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" 9508:"What the Heck is the Revolutionary Communist Party' Doing In Ferguson?" 8489:

The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968

6895:

http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/holy-family/ch06_3_d.htm

5233: 5209: 4680:

and Communist Party of India. Presently CPI(M) along with CPI leads the

3086: 2795:

by the Tsarist government for his beliefs. A Marxist group known as the

1957:

used his printing press to spread the communist treatises of Restif and

1905:

was a notable advocate for the abolition of private property during the

1713:

from the 16th century onward. Inspired by largely fictional accounts of

10930: 10925: 10835: 10830: 10171: 8961: 8457: 8247: 7243: 7211: 4137: 3927: 3914: 3833: 3828: 3720: 3704: 3689: 3459: 3348: 3292:

across Europe. In the early 1930s, Stalin reversed course and promoted

3149: 2886: 2804: 2800: 2504: 2417: 2219: 2045: 2032: 1683: 1663: 1655: 1552: 1305: 617: 612: 522: 517: 8067:

For listings of front organizations in East Asia see Malcolm Kennedy,

5149:

A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values

3942:

in 1976, the survivors were rehabilitated and many returned to power.

3749:

but he returned to center stage and purged Deng and his allies in the

3623: 2648: 1675: 1643:

beliefs. The extent to which Chelčický's followers, also known as the

1423:

who initially supported the priest and his reforms, but later had the

11306: 11020: 10965: 10720: 10529: 10364: 10195:

A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev

9879: 9005: 8820: 7666:

After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists

7474: 7342: 7110: 7082: 7044: 6949: 6299: 6086:

History's Locomotives: Revolutions and the Making of the Modern World

6021:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Brill. p. 227. 5767: 5696: 5350: 4985:

give more than 300,000 executions in each of the years 1937 and 1938.

4838: 4813: 4645: 4601: 4585: 4531: 4145: 3262: 3246: 3196: 3047: 2875: 2764: 2404: 2361: 2322: 2275: 2271: 2260: 2191:. Marx was financially aided and supported by another German émigré, 2180: 2169: 2157: 2146: 2115: 2020: 1961:. Maréchal, who later joined Babeuf's conspiracy, would state in his 1718: 1695: 1611: 1424: 1317: 1313: 1134: 1126: 1001: 707: 652: 407: 208: 30: 8239: 7951:

Moscow and the Italian Communist Party: from Togliatti to Berlinguer

7227: 6583:

Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics for the Twenty-First Century

4204: 3766: 11277: 11272: 11166: 10557: 7307: 6546: 4834: 4820: 4559: 4308: 3910: 3857: 3493: 3442: 3377: 3205: 3183: 2745: 2667: 2609: 2460:

period (1918–1921) which saw the forming of the International, the

2443: 2114:, was formed in Brussels in 1846 by another pair of German émigrés 1754: 1722: 1632: 1563: 1536: 1508: 1444:

supported a form of common ownership based on the teachings in the

1397: 1344: 1209: 1122: 1102: 972: 967: 857: 238: 10211:

International Communism in the Era of Lenin: A Documentary History

5760:"Christian Themes: Mainstream Traditions and Millenarian Violence" 2578:. In this period, communists were advocating non-participation in 2303:

From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs

1709:

European writers began depicting idealized communist societies in

1599: 1312:

Many historical groups have been considered as following forms of

10552: 9336: 8391: 7710:

Lenin: A Political Life: Volume 1: The Strengths of Contradiction

4735: 4547: 4328: 3661: 3289: 3059: 2820: 2792: 2772: 2403:. Criticism also came from other sociologists such as the German 2370: 2256: 2188: 2173: 2135: 1946: 1699: 1624: 1461: 1420: 1266: 1130: 1118: 233: 6485: 6483: 4831:, the country's longstanding leader, was a professed communist. 4346:

The opening of a border gate between Austria and Hungary at the

4281:

and other its other Western allies, in a meeting with President

3434:

secret police continued to send possible suspects to the gulag.

2972:

Comintern, Mongolian invasion, and communist uprisings in Europe

2165: 1787: 10700: 9875:

Boundaries of Utopia – Imagining Communism from Plato to Stalin

9533:"Philippine Military Kills 8 Suspected NPA Rebels in Firefight" 4739: 4712: 4685: 4563: 4555: 4427:

Unrest and the eventual collapse of communism also occurred in

3894: 3872: 3506: 2926: 2902: 2697:

Russian Revolution, Leninism, and formation of the Soviet Union

2594: 1410: 1361: 1114: 387: 11363: 9021:"What is Libertarian Socialism? An Anarchist-Marxist Dialogue" 8425: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6502: 6500: 6498: 3866: 3253:, modernising it by introducing tractors and other machinery, 1770:

wrote of a utopia that merely had a "communism in knowledge."

1574:, who was later executed for his prominent role in the doomed 1055: 9475: 8873:

Ferreira, Manuel (2002). Brauer, Jurgen; Dunne, Paul (eds.).

6480: 6456: 6384:

Communism and Socialism in Their History and Theory: A Sketch

6344: 5885:. Society for promoting Christian knowledge. pp. 96–98. 5442: 4673: 4625: 4612: 4551: 3455: 3324: 3270: 3106: 3102: 3101:

occurred whilst supportive factory workers were on strike in

2183:, who was living in England after fleeing the authorities in 1594:

envisioned a utopian city where private property is abolished

1532: 1250: 10333: 9566:

Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith

9307:"New Cyprus president takes office with pledge for solution" 8906:. Bloomington: AuthorHouse Ltd, Publishers. pp. 74–75. 8217:

Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993).

10203:

A Documentary History of Communism: Communism and the World

9213:"Europe's pink tide? Heeding the Latin American experience" 9137:"When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America" 7902: 7830: 6620: 6512: 6495: 6139: 6137: 6042: 6008: 5565: 5563: 4846: 4720: 4577: 4278: 4007: 3560: 3467: 3431: 3357: 3353: 3319:

justification that the accused were enemy spies or deemed "

2824: 1496: 1402: 1365: 1258: 1254: 9811:

The Red Flag: Communism and the Making of the Modern World

9713:

Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation

9677:

Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953

8995:"Left-communism: Rosa Luxemburg and Leon Trotsky compared" 8083:

Organized Workers and Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan

7693:

Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925

7185:"'The Poetry of the Past': Marx and the French Revolution" 3327:, where inhumane conditions in Siberia led a quick death. 9914:

World communism; a history of the Communist International

9457: 8759: 8732: 8660: 8575: 8541: 8482: 8464: 8444:

Schmidl, Erwin A.; Ritter, László; Dennis, Peter (2006).

8198: 7965:

The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934–38

7890: 7878: 7866: 7854: 7644: 7632: 7507: 7495: 6468: 4189:

End of the Eastern Bloc – Reform and collapse (1980–1992)

10147:

Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy 1917–73

10083:

From Lenin to Khrushchev, the history of world communism

7323: 7129: 6980: 6917: 6915: 6796: 6794: 6720: 6675: 6632: 6320: 6226: 6134: 6122: 6110: 5950: 5560: 5481: 5469: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5174: 5172: 4511: 4273:, who sought to end the Cold War between the Soviet-led 2787:, although the movement itself was largely organised by 2235:", something that he believed was happening between the 8216: 8156: 8144: 8132: 7419: 6927: 6823:

Before Marx: Socialism and Communism in France, 1830–48

6779: 6076: 5984:

Petr Chelčický: A Radical Separatist in Hussite Bohemia

4816:

has communist ministers in their national governments.

3851: 10289: 10126:

Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1929–1941.

8844:

Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David; Gray, Daniel (2014).

8635:

The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World

7842: 7620: 7455: 7303:"War and cotton lent Chetham's its name in Manchester" 6732: 6608: 5882:

Socialism and Communism in Their Practical Application

5410:

Cities of the Gods: Communist Utopias in Greek Thought

5314:

Modules on Marx: On the Stages of Economic Development

3756: 3249:

policies radically altered much of the Soviet Union's

2389:

to unite the various Marxist groups around the world.

1991:" a phrase first invented by the French revolutionary 1430: 10283:

Natalie Duddington (under the pseudonym N. Alexander)

9332:"Communist Christofias wins Cyprus presidential vote" 8529: 7577:

The Comintern: The History of the Third International

7443: 7431: 7250: 6912: 6900: 6791: 6754:

Communist Insurgent: Blanqui's Politics of Revolution

6542:

Stop, Thief!: The Commons, Enclosures, and Resistance

6356: 6332: 6273: 6201:

Perfect Worlds: Utopian Fiction in China and the West

6149: 5962: 5383: 5371: 5169: 3917:. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming 2791:, who had for a time been exiled to a prison camp in 2691: 2003:

Importantly because one of Babeuf's co-conspirators,

1773: 8565:

The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years

8486:; Karner, Stefan; Ruggenthaler, Peter, eds. (2010). 8317: 7737:

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution

7696:. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48. 7119:

Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of Nov, 5, 1844

6811: 6809: 5803:. Vol. 2. Robert Appleton Company. p. 390. 5613: 4847:

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia–People's Army

4588:

and China (the former nation has recently adopted a

4542:

of the state sector during the 1980s and 1990s (see

3002:

in a variety of European languages from 1919 to 1943

2628:, fell short of gaining positions in the government. 2535:, making the Comintern more or less an organ of the 1245:, that there was a general trend towards increasing 1196:

governments in Central and Eastern Europe following

1184:. The Bolsheviks thoroughly embraced the concept of 9647:Getty, J. Arch.; Manning, Roberta T., eds. (1993). 9453:"From Liberator to Tyrant: Recollections of Mugabe" 8443: 6952:(2019). "Introduction.". In Fernbach, David (ed.). 5903: 5727:Cross, Frank; Livingstone, Elizabeth, eds. (2005). 5115:

The USSR and Marxist Revolutions in the Third World

4845:against two communist guerrilla groups, namely the 4659:

Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)

4630:

Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)

3622:. The upshot was a collapse of any tendency toward 3430:. There was no serious opposition to Stalin as the 2909:, scattered tsarist resistance forces known as the 2666:came to power in the Kremlin and began a policy of 2228:, highlighting the struggles of the working class. 1998: 10228: 9999:(2014) highly detailed scholarly biography; vol 2 9153:Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro 6696:Gracchus Babeuf: the first revolutionary communist 5588:Red Theology: On the Christian Communist Tradition 5081:Schwarzmantle, John (2017). Breuilly, John (ed.). 4727:, the first and only communist head of state of a 4025:states formally embraced communism, including the 3414: 3371: 1387:in which the women of Athens seize control of the 1320:and other early communist theorists believed that 10027:(Princeton University Press, 2010). 944 pp. 9669: 8843: 8753:The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy 8431: 8397: 7991: 6806: 6168: 6166: 6164: 5925:Robert Parsons and English Catholicism, 1580–1610 5503:(Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies (1978). 5083:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism 4829:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front 3909:. The two most prominent militants were Marshall 2179:In the 1840s, German philosopher and sociologist 2122:. The two groups were merged in 1847 to form the 11381: 9974:(2nd ed. 2018) comprehensive scholarly history. 9416:(in Portuguese) (55): 2437–2438. March 18, 2005. 8780: 6891:The Holy Family: Critique of Critical Criticism. 6534: 6532: 5726: 3409:International Confederation of Free Trade Unions 2444:Periodisation of international communism of 1993 2172:, whose variety of communist theory is known as 9997:Stalin, Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 8781:Magyar, Karl; Danopoulos, Constantine (2002) . 8690:Harvard Institute for International Development 7663:Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (2014). 7592:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism 6048: 5915: 5874: 5872: 5870: 4916:Crimes against humanity under communist regimes 3544: 3338: 2651:between the Soviet Union and the United States. 2316: 8814: 8600:The Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market 6161: 6014: 5974: 5179:Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard, eds. (2019) . 5113:MacFarlane, S. Neil (1990). Katz, Mark (ed.). 4766:resulted in the loss of its 32 members and no 4640:and national leader from 1994 to 1995 and the 3848:whereas in France a similar impulse occurred. 2608:(1947–1960) in which the Soviet Union and the 2519:, the refusal by communists to cooperate with 2270:in 1846 through which the various communists, 2039:led to a widespread intellectual rejection of 1670:, who settled in Moravia in the 1520s and the 1448:which emphasised sharing. For example, in the 10349: 9134: 8713:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China 7151:Politics, Religion, and Art: Hegelian Debates 6992: 6815: 6644: 6529: 6420: 6418: 5794: 5730:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 5623:Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity 5451:. Agora Publications, Inc. pp. 192–193. 5108: 5106: 5080: 4676:depended on the parliamentary support of the 4367:. The event in East Germany developed into a 2836:Soviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg 2464:, a general revolutionary upheaval after the 2301:Marx summarized his system with the slogan, " 2202:school. Politically, they were influenced by 1078: 9929: 9646: 9613: 9356: 8750: 8301: 8204: 6489: 6462: 6350: 6285: 6238: 5867: 5722: 5720: 4785:came third in the 2002 elections as did the 4158:collectively-owned items, goods and services 3836:intellectuals such as the infamous purge of 2947:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 2937:activists were fascinated by communism, and 2050: 1953:, the founder of the Parisian revolutionary 1706:promoted a propertyless, communist society. 1228:basic components of the Marxist system were 9210: 8810: 8808: 8806: 7141: 7027: 6944: 6942: 6191: 6082: 5921: 5832: 5682: 5657:Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Approach 5647: 5580: 5578: 5493: 5210:"The Legacy of Communism in Eastern Europe" 5049:The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies 4470:civil war between the various nationalities 4373:sections of the Berlin Wall being torn down 4233:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3867:Maoism and the Cultural Revolution in China 3795:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3394:Women's International Democratic Federation 3364:was associated with the development of the 2210:. Philosophically, they were influenced by 10356: 10342: 10271: 9805: 9763:The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx 9661:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9559: 8926: 8776: 8774: 8264: 7662: 7525: 7390:] (in German). p. 34 – via 6744: 6681: 6638: 6626: 6523: 6506: 6474: 6415: 6373: 6371: 6172: 6052:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700 5807: 5751: 5400: 5338: 5336: 5268: 5178: 5112: 5103: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 1949:.Also during the revolution the publisher 1639:who harbored both Christian communist and 1085: 1071: 9724: 9690:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165814.001.0001 9160: 8374: 8174: 8112:The Japanese Communist Movement 1920–1967 8109: 8027: 7816:"Black communism in the Great Depression" 7690:Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). 7689: 7425: 7065: 6998: 6933: 6650: 6572: 6570: 6538: 6176:Scientific Communism: (a Popular Outline) 5717: 5525: 5312:"Introductory Guide to Critical Theory – 5252:"Political change and democracy in China" 5076: 5074: 5072: 5042: 5040: 5038: 4752:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 4253:Learn how and when to remove this message 3815:Learn how and when to remove this message 3674:History of the People's Republic of China 2225:Condition of the Working Class in England 1277: 10303:. Translated by Hoffman, Stefani. Lulu. 10223: 9621:Socialist Thought: A Documentary History 9211:Oikonomakis, Leonidas (March 16, 2015). 8989: 8901: 8872: 8815:Markakis, John; Waller, Michael (1986). 8803: 8783:Prolonged Wars: A Post Nuclear Challenge 8593: 7920: 7787: 7767:. Oxford University Press. p. 224. 7183:Lowy, Michael (September–October 1989). 6939: 6848: 6614: 6291: 6244: 6173:Afanasyevv, Viktor Grigoryevich (1967). 5878: 5842:John Wycliffe and His English Precursors 5788: 5619: 5575: 5012: 4774:. The party has been banned since 2015. 4663:Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) 4414: 4264: 4039:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 4001: 3880: 3620:British-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt 3587: 3554: 3428:worst natural famine in the 20th century 3204: 2989: 2949:was officially redesignated to lead the 2829: 2164: 1897: 1856: 1841: 1580: 1295: 10250:Great Day Coming: A Memoir of the 1930s 9871: 9846:Comrades!: A History of World Communism 9839: 9706: 9408:[National Election Commission] 9173: 9087: 8866: 8771: 8678: 8335: 8150: 7962: 7908: 7896: 7884: 7872: 7860: 7848: 7836: 7760: 7733: 7706: 7650: 7638: 7626: 7604:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.001.0001 7537: 7513: 7501: 7461: 7449: 7437: 7329: 7256: 7147: 7135: 7033: 6986: 6906: 6738: 6726: 6657:. Courier Corporation. pp. 92–94. 6377: 6368: 6362: 6338: 6326: 6279: 6232: 6197: 6155: 6143: 6128: 6116: 5968: 5956: 5838: 5688: 5653: 5569: 5475: 5394: 5377: 5342: 5333: 5309: 5274: 5046: 4993: 3602:began an ambitious reform agenda under 3421:History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964) 3024:Chinese who then controlled the country 2964:due to poor health and soon died, with 1690:in the mid-17th century propagated the 1519:in the 13th century groups such as the 1304:believed that humans had fallen from a 1272: 1153:Although Marxist theory suggested that 11382: 10025:A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism 10023:Pons, Silvio and Robert Service, eds. 9924:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire 9329: 9288:(in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies 9036: 8559: 8520: 8409: 8362:International Review of Social History 8001:The Secret World of American Communism 7740:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 343. 7574: 7376: 7335: 7209: 6785: 6750: 6576: 6567: 6424: 5980: 5813: 5406: 5207: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5069: 5035: 4810:Congress of South African Trade Unions 4783:Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia 4596:). Various other countries throughout 4544:socialism with Chinese characteristics 4410:Socialist People's Republic of Albania 3267:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 3124: 3022:to aid a popular uprising against the 2917:powers. This led to the events of the 2797:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 2759:At the start of the 20th century, the 2533:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 2294:which would later become known as the 2292:International Workingmen's Association 2286:Capital: Critique of Political Economy 2247:) who then controlled society and the 11253:Mass killings under communist regimes 10337: 10243: 10006:Pathak, Rakesh, and Yvonne Berliner. 10001:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 9926:(1999), long detailed popular history 9792: 9587: 9505: 9426: 9330:Kambas, Michele (February 24, 2008). 9018: 8960: 8895: 8765: 8738: 8706: 8666: 8631: 8581: 8547: 8535: 8470: 8354: 8323: 8162: 8138: 8080: 7999:; Firsov, Fridrikh Igorevich (1996). 7791:The Russian Revolution: A New History 7589: 7549: 7404: 7071: 6089:. Yale University Press. p. 52. 5909: 5757: 5531: 5487: 5441: 5435: 5246: 4956:Mass killings under communist regimes 4946:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 4756:2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election 4744:2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election 4512:Contemporary communism (1993–present) 4357:Socialist Unity Party of East Germany 3972:against the regime of Cuban dictator 3964:was a successful armed revolt led by 3678: 3511:the Party ought to elect a new People 3213:celebrating Stalin's birthday in 1949 3069:That same year, political turmoil in 3000:theoretical magazine of the same name 2079:organized a pro-communist banquet in 1879:Project for a Philosophical Community 1702:although only the latter group under 1619:. After Taborite power was broken at 1547:in northern Italy were taken over by 1483:in Europe, various groups supporting 1300:The 1st century BC Roman philosopher 948:Mass killings under communist regimes 10042:The Red Flag: A History of Communism 9756: 8933:The Red Flag: A History of Communism 8902:Akongdit, Addis Ababa Othow (2013). 7734:Shukman, Harold (December 5, 1994). 7473: 7341: 7182: 7109: 6948: 6921: 6854: 6800: 6693: 6055:. Taylor & Francis. p. 68. 6049:Berenger, J.; Simpson, C.A. (2014). 5584: 5146: 4742:, the communists came second in the 4672:The previous national government of 4464:in response and the collapse of the 4231:adding citations to reliable sources 4198: 3991: 3852:Cold War and revisionism (1958–1979) 3793:adding citations to reliable sources 3760: 3647:Society for German–Soviet Friendship 3382:World Federation of Democratic Youth 3255:forced collectivisation of the farms 2838:in 1905, Trotsky in the center. The 2674:, designed to revive the stagnating 2349:, became well-known public figures. 1868:In 1785 the popular French novelist 1694:on an egalitarian basis, namely the 1682:. Various groups on the side of the 1216:and its military allies equated the 114:"From each according to his ability, 9315:. February 28, 2008. Archived from 5214:The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 5135: 4343:that stopped the revolts by force. 3945: 3938:grew to immense proportions. After 3757:Early post-war dissident communists 3529:communist parties. This led to the 3284:, although many communists such as 3173:Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat 2951:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2878:occurred largely without any human 2854:, the Bolsheviks took power in the 2597:by all means. This was a period of 2591:German invasion of the Soviet Union 2537:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1431:Developments in Christian communism 1133:, a theory and method conceived by 1129:are grounded at least nominally in 13: 10122:Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929 10051:(2nd ed. 2011), short introduction 9901: 9649:Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives 9372:. November 8, 2014. Archived from 9179: 8817:Military Marxist Regimes in Africa 4911:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 4885:Communist Party of the Philippines 4858:Revolutionary Communist Party, USA 4754:remains strong in Russia, but the 4694:People's Liberation Guerrilla Army 4678:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 4648:was elected prime minister by the 4497:Commonwealth of Independent States 4466:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 2968:subsequently taking over control. 2692:Early socialist states (1917–1944) 2523:in other countries (labeling them 2268:Communist Correspondence Committee 2112:Communist Correspondence Committee 1774:Communism during the Enlightenment 1375:Around the late 5th century BC in 1157:were the most suitable places for 14: 11411: 11207:Criticism of communist party rule 8936:. Grove Press. pp. 497–499. 8338:History of Communism in East Asia 8298:The Great Terror: A Re-assessment 8069:History of Communism in East Asia 6431:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific 6015:Pavlicek, O.; Šmahel, F. (2015). 5839:Lechler, Gotthard Victor (1904). 5689:Barilan, Yechiel Michael (2012). 5310:Felluga, Dino (January 1, 2011). 4921:Criticism of communist party rule 4883:, the armed wing of the outlawed 4748:2003 Russian legislative election 4690:Communist Party of India (Maoist) 4665:which they merged in 2018 in the 4392:was forcefully overthrown in the 4006:Monument to Marxism built by the 3728:movement into two hostile camps. 3481: 2815:against the Tsar's rule in which 2031:, whose critiques of bourgeoisie 1936:. The latter was involved in the 900:Criticism of communist party rule 11362: 11350: 11228:21st-century communist theorists 9525: 9506:Scott, Dylan (August 21, 2014). 9499: 9469: 9445: 9420: 9398: 9380: 9323: 9299: 9273: 9256: 9230: 9204: 9186:Democratic Socialists of America 9162:10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 9128: 9081: 9037:Bartel, Fritz (August 9, 2022), 9030: 9012: 8983: 8954: 8920: 8846:Historical Dictionary of Marxism 8837: 8744: 8700: 8672: 8625: 8587: 8553: 8514: 8476: 8437: 8403: 8355:Carew, Anthony (December 1984). 8348: 8329: 8258: 8210: 8168: 8103: 8074: 8061: 8021: 7985: 7956: 7943: 7937:10.1163/146544609X12537556703557 7914: 7808: 7781: 7754: 7727: 7700: 7683: 7656: 7590:Smith, S. A., ed. (2014). "10". 7583: 7568: 7543: 7467: 7115:"Private Property and Communism" 7040:Karl Marx: The Story of His Life 6999:Henderson, William Otto (1976). 6245:Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1891). 6083:Malia, M.E.; Emmons, T. (2006). 5922:Carrafiello, Michael L. (1998). 4968: 4941:Foreign relations of North Korea 4518:21st-century communist theorists 4448:and demanded concessions to the 4363:against the communist regime of 4203: 4094:, where it drew on the ideas of 4067: 3827:Following the Second World War, 3765: 3405:World Federation of Trade Unions 3390:World Federation of Trade Unions 2734: 2711: 2517:Soviet Union under Stalin's rule 2470:workers' revolutionary movements 2448:The historical existence of the 2009:Babeuf's Conspiracy for Equality 1999:Post-French Revolution communism 1054: 1043: 923:21st-century communist theorists 37: 10489:Dictatorship of the proletariat 10097:Khrushchev: The Man and His Era 9731:A History of European Socialism 9553: 9414:Diário da República – I Série-a 9406:"Comissão Nacional de Eleições" 8787:University Press of the Pacific 8751:Perez-Stable, Marifeli (2011). 7818:. Katie Wood. September 7, 2020 7794:. Basic Books. pp. 1–496. 7788:McMeekin, Sean (May 30, 2017). 7398: 7370: 7295: 7262: 7203: 7176: 7103: 6883: 6687: 6399: 5824:. pp. 163–165 – via 5303: 4598:Latin America and the Caribbean 4378:reunification with West Germany 4031:People's Republic of Mozambique 3982:failed invasion attempt in 1961 3629: 3563:tanks in Budapest on 31 October 3415:Soviet Union after World War II 3386:International Union of Students 3372:Spreading communism (1945–1957) 3014:in 1916. This was known as the 2982:Soviet intervention in Mongolia 2438:dictatorship of the proletariat 2214:. Engels regularly met Marx at 1551:who formed a sect known as the 1427:repressed and Mazdak executed. 1324:societies as were found in the 1234:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1109:sharing the core principles of 166:Dictatorship of the proletariat 116:to each according to his needs" 9933:Mao: A Very Short Introduction 9593:The Rise and Fall of Communism 9437:. Johannesburg. Archived from 9043:The Triumph of Broken Promises 8116:University of California Press 6391:. pp. 98–102 – via 6198:Fokkema, Douwe Wessel (2011). 5795:Gilliat-Smith, Ernest (1907). 5240: 5201: 4877:low-scale guerrilla insurgency 4580:has recently emerged from the 4110: 4035:People's Republic of the Congo 3739:in 1957–1961 with the goal of 3345:International Right Opposition 3303: 3050:. The noted German communists 3042:took place in 1919 when armed 2895:Democratic Republic of Georgia 2335:German Social-Democratic Party 1916:proved influential during the 1101:encompasses a wide variety of 1: 10429:Critique of political economy 10363: 10329:Mapping the fall of communism 10115:Gorbachev: His Life and Times 9477:Revolutionary Communist Party 9427:Smith, David (May 24, 2013). 9279: 9262: 9106:10.5612/slavicreview.75.1.122 8446:The Hungarian Revolution 1956 8432:Gorlizki & Khlevniuk 2004 8398:Gorlizki & Khlevniuk 2004 8110:Scalapino, Robert A. (1967). 7352:Critique of the Gotha Program 7156:Northwestern University Press 6183:. pp. 15–16 – via 5275:Pierson, Christopher (2013). 4961: 4798:South African Communist Party 4650:Constituent Assembly of Nepal 4590:socialism of the 21st century 4481:Soviet Union itself collapsed 4404:regimes also fell during the 4152:(while retaining respect for 3146:Young Communist International 2616:communist regimes in most of 2212:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 1912:These currents of thought in 1882:which described a plan for a 1853:or "communist author" in 1782 104:Critique of political economy 11395:History of political thought 11322:Socialist mode of production 11238:Anti-communist mass killings 11180:Workers of the world, unite! 10449:Proletarian internationalism 9982:A Short History of Communism 9952:A history of world communism 9045:, Harvard University Press, 7388:What do the communists want? 7270:"101 Treasures of Chetham's" 7002:The Life of Friedrich Engels 6698:. Arnold. pp. 32, 332. 6694:Rose, Robert Barrie (1978). 6408:The Cambridge Modern History 5930:Susquehanna University Press 5762:. In Barkun, Michael (ed.). 5448:Plato's Republic, Books 1–10 4951:Foreign relations of Vietnam 4450:Socialist Republic of Serbia 4408:, with the exception of the 3600:Czechoslovak Communist Party 3569:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3551:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3545:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3492:The military success of the 3360:. Additionally, the Spanish 3339:Pre-war dissident communists 3190: 2317:Early development of Marxism 2283:the work which was known as 2140: 1186:proletarian internationalism 1017:Socialist mode of production 933:Anti-communist mass killings 871:Workers of the world, unite! 126:Proletarian internationalism 7: 11290:Marx's theory of alienation 10180:Twentieth Century Communism 10008:Communism in Crisis 1976–89 8415:The Cold War: A New History 8031:Journal of Cold War Studies 7554:. Random House Publishing. 7383:Was wollen die Kommunisten? 5814:Traill, Henry Duff (1894). 5758:Román, Reinaldo L. (1996). 5019:Cavendish Square Publishing 4901:The Black Book of Communism 4894: 4871:As of the early 2020s, the 4837:has been in the midst of a 4760:Russian invasion of Ukraine 4412:that continued until 1992. 4325:South African colonial rule 4294:People's Republic of Poland 4043:People's Republic of Angola 3913:of the army and Mao's wife 3905:be removed through violent 3535:change in Polish leadership 3533:which was resolved through 3509:ironically suggested that " 3273:, who owned a little land. 3115:further communist rebellion 3028:Mongolian People's Republic 2960:In 1924, Lenin resigned as 2941:led an organization called 2842:were an early example of a 2527:) and the ultimate rise of 985:Marx's theory of alienation 10: 11416: 10164:American Communist History 9716:. T. F. Unwin – via 9088:Gatejel, Luminita (2016). 8640:Princeton University Press 8304:) The popular press, even 8227:American Historical Review 8087:Cambridge University Press 8081:Large, Stephen S. (2010). 8044:10.1162/jcws.2009.11.1.124 7969:Cambridge University Press 7669:. McFarland. p. 109. 6751:Greene, Doug Enaa (2017). 6206:Amsterdam University Press 5764:Millennialism and Violence 5540:Greenwood Publishing Group 5517:. p. 114 – via 5343:Laidler, Harry W. (2013). 5119:Cambridge University Press 4926:Foreign relations of China 4800:(SACP) is a member of the 4787:Portuguese Communist Party 4772:Communist Party of Ukraine 4725:2008 presidential election 4698:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 4515: 4277:and the United States-led 4192: 4114: 4071: 4027:People's Republic of Benin 3995: 3949: 3934:. During the same period, 3870: 3855: 3682: 3671: 3591: 3577:mainstream Communist Party 3548: 3498:Central and Eastern Europe 3485: 3418: 3307: 3194: 3128: 2975: 2962:leader of the Soviet Union 2700: 2647:. In 1972–1979, there was 2144: 2133: 2129: 1849:referred to himself as an 1810:in his hugely influential 1793:'s posthumously published 1732:, wrote the utopian novel 1434: 1281: 1236:in 1991 and several other 1218:global spread of communism 11345: 11220: 11189: 11147: 11069: 10691: 10640: 10602: 10538: 10497: 10371: 9626:Columbia University Press 9282:"국민보도연맹(사건) (國民保導聯盟(事件))" 9002:Twentieth-Century Marxism 8692:. p. 12 – via 8632:Luthi, Lorenz M. (2010). 8376:10.1017/S002085900000794X 8336:Kennedy, Malcolm (1957). 7489:Marxists Internet Archive 7411:. p. 92 – via 7364:Marxists Internet Archive 7210:Tucker, G. S. L. (1961). 7148:Moggach, Douglas (2011). 7123:Marxists Internet Archive 6889:Marx, K., and F. Engels, 6588:University of Texas Press 6539:Linebaugh, Peter (2014). 5879:Kaufmann, Moritz (1883). 5801:The Catholic Encyclopedia 5654:Freeman, Michael (2011). 5532:Busky, Donald F. (2002). 5013:Lansford, Thomas (2007). 4936:Foreign relations of Laos 4931:Foreign relations of Cuba 4843:right-wing paramilitaries 4806:African National Congress 4706:some parts of the country 4572:International Workers Day 4269:Soviet General Secretary 4058:central economic planning 3612:massive military invasion 3119:Bulgarian Communist Party 3083:Hungarian Communist Party 2943:African Blood Brotherhood 2899:Socialist-Revolutionaries 2576:Soviet invasion of Poland 2563:and the fall of Spain to 1920:of 1789 in which various 1623:their successors fled to 1501:Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles 10474:Workers' self-management 10193:Daniels, Robert V., ed. 9851:Harvard University Press 9429:"Lunch with the Mugabes" 8850:Rowman & Littlefield 8718:Harvard University Press 8494:Rowman & Littlefield 8302:Getty & Manning 1993 8205:Getty & Manning 1993 7963:Jackson, Julian (1990). 7713:. Springer. p. 98. 7707:Service, Robert (1985). 6490:Fried & Sanders 1992 6463:Fried & Sanders 1992 6379:Woolsey, Theodore Dwight 6351:Fried & Sanders 1992 6292:Morrison, Tessa (2016). 5208:Djilas, Milovan (1991). 5021:. pp. 9–24, 36–44. 4875:is still experiencing a 4851:National Liberation Army 4715:, the veteran communist 4688:. The armed wing of the 4538:, but without any major 4487:, the new leader of the 4474:Yugoslavia was dissolved 4433:death of Josip Broz Tito 4341:Tiananmen Square attacks 4104:Communist Party of Spain 4019:decolonization of Africa 3699:in China in 1949 as the 3667: 3211:Communist Party of China 3160:(humanitarian aid), and 3064:Bavarian Soviet Republic 2986:Revolutions of 1917–1923 2893:, who took power in the 1938:Conspiracy of the Equals 1692:redistribution of wealth 1651:of the 16th century the 1606:during the 15th century 1173:and in 1922 created the 1169:seized power during the 151:Workers' self-management 11312:Revolutionary socialism 10520:Socialization (Marxism) 10278:Escape From The Soviets 10200:Daniels, Robert V. ed. 10102:excerpt and text search 10063:excerpt and text search 9799:Oxford University Press 9793:Major, Patrick (1997). 9682:Oxford University Press 8605:Oxford University Press 8569:Oxford University Press 8296:believed. R. Conquest, 7596:Oxford University Press 7575:Hallas, Duncan (1985). 7550:Pipes, Richard (2003). 7484:The Communist Manifesto 6651:Blaisdell, Bob (2012). 6411:. 1904. pp. 33–34. 5847:Religious Tract Society 5735:Oxford University Press 5620:Brackney, W.H. (2012). 5415:Oxford University Press 5283:Oxford University Press 5186:Encyclopædia Britannica 5087:Oxford University Press 5053:Oxford University Press 4889:Philippine Armed Forces 4638:Prime Minister of Nepal 4568:anti-austerity protests 4493:Soviet Union collapsing 3978:Communist Party of Cuba 3956:Cuba under Fidel Castro 3899:Chinese Communist Party 3846:Johnson–Forest Tendency 3694:Chinese Communist Party 3573:Social Democratic Party 3502:Social Democratic Party 3280:, labelling them to be 3251:agricultural production 3162:Red Sport International 3075:Social Democratic Party 3016:Communist International 2996:Communist International 2978:Communist International 2925:in the capital city of 2860:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2622:Italian Communist Party 2572:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2553:Second Spanish Republic 2496:consolidation of power. 2450:Communist International 2280:The Communist Manifesto 1964:Manifesto of the Equals 1872:wrote a book review on 1835:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly 1819:Discourse on Inequality 1803:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly 1527:in his 1328 papal bull 1515:. With the rise of the 1330:horticultural societies 1238:Marxist–Leninist states 1202:Communist International 1125:. Most modern forms of 1007:Revolutionary socialism 199:Socialization (Marxism) 10285:. E. P. Dutton and Co. 10141:online at ACLS e-books 10139:a standard biography; 9872:van Ree, Erik (2015). 9571:Transaction Publishers 9485:. R C P Publications. 9141:Contexto Internacional 8521:Bracke, Maude (2009). 8291:10.1080/09668139999056 8266:Wheatcroft, Stephen G. 7924:Historical Materialism 6855:Brie, Michael (2019). 6830:UK. pp. 3–5, 22. 6018:A Companion to Jan Hus 5515:Department of the Army 5407:Dawson, Doyne (1992). 4770:representation by the 4424: 4398:Ceaușescu was executed 4285: 4134:abolition of the state 4082:. It was strongest in 4014: 3936:Mao's personality cult 3886: 3838:Vietnamese Trotskyists 3564: 3470:alliance that covered 3214: 3003: 2953:, simply known as the 2872:equal rights for women 2847: 2813:there was a revolution 2748:and key figure in the 2626:French Communist Party 2574:which resulted in the 2394:collectivist anarchist 2357: 2204:Maximilien Robespierre 2176: 2163: 2110:. A second group, the 2051: 1985:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 1909: 1865: 1854: 1830: 1797:(1729). Similarly the 1758:by the French writers 1649:Protestant Reformation 1595: 1368:. Similarly the early 1309: 1308:of primitive communism 1278:Communism in antiquity 11263:Intentional community 10399:Collective leadership 10295:Ulanovskaya, Nadezhda 10135:May 25, 2012, at the 9930:Davin, Delia (2013). 9736:Yale University Press 9441:on February 18, 2022. 9376:on November 12, 2014. 9051:10.4159/9780674275805 9019:Price, Wayne (2017). 8973:Libertarian Socialism 8680:Perkins, Dwight Heald 8005:Yale University Press 7761:Bergman, Jay (2019). 7405:Blanc, Louis (1851). 6893:Ch. VI 3. Online at: 5981:Wagner, M.L. (1983). 5585:Boer, Roland (2019). 5511:Department of Defense 5506:Iran, a Country Study 5264:on September 9, 2017. 5147:Dunn, Dennis (2016). 4667:Nepal Communist Party 4418: 4268: 4115:Further information: 4005: 3970:26th of July Movement 3897:orthodoxy within the 3884: 3862:Revisionism (Marxism) 3741:industrializing China 3717:United Nations forces 3655:United States Embassy 3588:Prague Spring of 1968 3558: 3531:Polish crisis of 1956 3466:and strengthened the 3321:enemies of the people 3208: 3158:International Red Aid 2993: 2833: 2803:led by Lenin and the 2599:militant anti-fascism 2549:French Third Republic 2507:turn which saw rapid 2352: 2168: 2150: 2058:scientific socialists 1901: 1870:Restif de la Bretonne 1862:Restif de la Bretonne 1860: 1845: 1828:sustain to collapse. 1825: 1808:Jean Jacques Rousseau 1766:while English writer 1584: 1539:, originating in the 1495:group originating in 1409:priest and reformist 1299: 1284:Pre-Marxist communism 1282:Further information: 958:Intentional community 74:Collective leadership 11400:History of socialism 11369:Socialism portal 11357:Communism portal 11212:Criticism of Marxism 11202:Communist propaganda 10632:Fourth International 10622:Second International 10409:Communist revolution 10253:. Steerforth Press. 10081:Seton-Watson, Hugh. 10018:Communism: A History 9726:Lindemann, Albert S. 9561:Billington, James H. 8881:. pp. 251–255. 8823:. pp. 131–134. 8789:. pp. 260–271. 7552:Communism: A History 7280:on November 10, 2011 7007:Taylor & Francis 6549:. pp. 205–206. 5797:"Beguines; Beghards" 5155:. pp. 126–131. 5089:. pp. 643–651. 4891:in late March 2021. 4860:led by its chairman 4764:annexation of Crimea 4750:, respectively. The 4717:Dimitris Christofias 4227:improve this section 3986:Cuban Missile Crisis 3789:improve this section 3201:First five-year plan 3081:taking control. The 3012:Second International 3008:Bolshevik government 2559:in Spain amidst the 2387:Second International 1973:Henri de Saint-Simon 1969:French Revolutionary 1903:François-Noël Babeuf 1780:Age of Enlightenment 1658:, who originated in 1273:Origins of communism 1177:, the world's first 1155:industrial societies 1099:history of communism 1061:Socialism portal 1050:Communism portal 905:Criticism of Marxism 895:Communist propaganda 315:Fourth International 305:Second International 84:Communist revolution 11317:Socialist economics 11233:Anti anti-communism 11162:Red flag (politics) 10627:Third International 10617:First International 10444:Market abolitionism 10389:Class consciousness 10273:Tchernavin, Tatiana 10225:Chambers, Whittaker 10040:Priestland, David. 9512:Talking Points Memo 9344:on January 12, 2009 9242:search.worldcat.org 8768:, pp. 293–312. 8741:, pp. 324–332. 8669:, pp. 316–332. 8584:, pp. 179–193. 8550:, pp. 217–218. 8473:, pp. 278–292. 8278:Europe-Asia Studies 7911:, pp. 117–118. 7839:, pp. 115–116. 6816:Corcoran, Paul E.; 6181:Progress Publishers 5501:American University 5490:, pp. 189–191. 4823:, former president 4802:Tripartite alliance 4702:Government of India 4550:for more details). 4472:beginning in 1991. 4446:president of Serbia 4442:Serbian nationalism 4406:Revolutions of 1989 4394:Romanian Revolution 4369:popular mass revolt 4348:Pan-European Picnic 4336:Solidarity movement 4313:one-party structure 4195:Revolutions of 1989 4183:Libertarian Marxism 4166:means of production 4125:Libertarian Marxism 4023:sub-Saharan African 3891:Cultural Revolution 3877:Cultural Revolution 3751:Cultural Revolution 3398:World Peace Council 3243:New Economic Policy 3125:Front organisations 3040:Spartacist uprising 2864:universal education 2493:New Economic Policy 2296:First International 2070:Jean-Jacques Pillot 2005:Philippe Buonarroti 1993:Brissot de Warville 1951:Nicholas Bonneville 1924:, particularly the 1884:communal experiment 1813:The Social Contract 1749:The City of the Sun 1717:communities in the 1672:Münster Anabaptists 1641:Christian anarchist 1576:Wat Tyler Rebellion 1485:Christian communist 1481:early modern period 1437:Christian communism 1338:primitive communism 1292:Religious communism 1288:Primitive communism 1230:altered and revised 1222:Soviet expansionism 1144:collective property 1119:economic enterprise 1107:political movements 1012:Socialist economics 928:Anti anti-communism 917:Related topics 853:Red flag (politics) 310:Third International 300:First International 121:Market abolitionism 64:Class consciousness 11337:Worker cooperative 11295:National communism 11268:Left-wing politics 11173:The Internationale 10525:Economic democracy 10120:Tucker, Robert C. 10059:Lenin: A Biography 9950:Deakin, F. W. ed. 9312:Xinhua News Agency 8977:Palgrave Macmillan 8879:Palgrave-Macmillan 8411:Gaddis, John Lewis 8342:Praeger Publishers 7212:"Ricardo and Marx" 6962:. pp. 18–19. 6955:Political Writings 6828:Palgrave-Macmillan 6389:C. Scribner's Sons 6208:. pp. 33–35. 5595:. pp. 15–16. 5417:. pp. 37–43. 5189:(revised ed.) 5153:Palgrave-Macmillan 5055:. pp. 20–38. 4849:(FARC–EP) and the 4696:, is fighting the 4634:Man Mohan Adhikari 4489:Russian Federation 4444:to seize power as 4438:Slobodan Milošević 4425: 4286: 4146:social hierarchies 4090:and especially in 4015: 3887: 3842:autonomist Marxist 3737:Great Leap Forward 3685:Great Leap Forward 3679:Great Leap Forward 3582:summary executions 3565: 3458:'s entry into the 3439:blockade of Berlin 3286:Jules Humbert-Droz 3215: 3004: 2931:black civil rights 2856:October Revolution 2848: 2750:October Revolution 2725:and leader of the 2703:Russian Revolution 2466:October Revolution 2347:Wilhelm Liebknecht 2329:after the fall of 2245:upper middle class 2177: 2097:League of the Just 2077:Albert Laponneraye 1989:property is theft! 1943:The Code of Nature 1910: 1866: 1855: 1744:Tommaso Campanella 1704:Gerrard Winstanley 1678:into a theocratic 1596: 1586:Tommaso Campanella 1545:Apostolic Brethren 1442:Early Christianity 1310: 1171:Russian Revolution 1032:Worker cooperative 990:National communism 963:Left-wing politics 864:The Internationale 204:Economic democracy 11377: 11376: 11157:Hammer and sickle 10648:Communist Parties 10464:Stateless society 10459:Social revolution 10424:Communist society 10394:Classless society 10291:Ulanovskaya, Maya 10071:Service, Robert. 10033:978-0-691-13585-4 9995:Kotkin, Stephen. 9912:Borkenau, Franz. 9889:978-1-134-48533-8 9860:978-0-674-02530-1 9824:978-0-14-029520-7 9807:Priestland, David 9773:978-90-04-44160-6 9745:978-0-300-03246-8 9670:Gorlizki, Yoram; 9635:978-0-231-08265-5 9606:978-0-06-188548-8 9580:978-1-4128-1401-0 9465:on March 8, 2021. 9319:on March 3, 2008. 9217:The Press Project 9145:Literature review 9060:978-0-674-27580-5 9008:. pp. 42–57. 8979:. pp. 35–56. 8928:Priestland, David 8888:978-0-230-50125-6 8859:978-1-4422-3798-8 8450:Osprey Publishing 8165:, pp. 88–90. 8141:, pp. 62–77. 7997:Haynes, John Earl 7899:, pp. 95–96. 7887:, pp. 92–94. 7875:, pp. 86–90. 7863:, pp. 90–92. 7801:978-0-465-09497-4 7774:978-0-19-884270-5 7747:978-0-631-19525-2 7720:978-1-349-05591-3 7676:978-0-7864-5647-5 7653:, pp. 50–51. 7641:, pp. 48–49. 7516:, pp. 36–37. 7504:, pp. 39–41. 7408:Plus de Girondins 7332:, pp. 27–28. 7274:Chetham's Library 7165:978-0-8101-2729-6 7138:, pp. 24–25. 7092:978-1-317-36449-8 7054:978-1-134-55883-4 7016:978-0-7146-4002-0 6989:, pp. 44–45. 6969:978-1-78873-686-2 6924:, pp. 65–66. 6872:978-3-030-23327-3 6837:978-1-349-17146-0 6803:, pp. 71–72. 6788:, pp. 36–37. 6768:978-1-60846-888-1 6729:, pp. 16–17. 6664:978-0-486-11396-8 6629:, pp. 18–19. 6597:978-0-292-71564-6 6578:Hodges, Donald C. 6556:978-1-60486-747-3 6526:, pp. 81–82. 6509:, pp. 79–80. 6492:, pp. 17–20. 6465:, pp. 31–33. 6445:978-0-909196-86-8 6426:Engels, Friedrich 6353:, pp. 14–15. 6329:, pp. 38–39. 6309:978-1-317-00556-8 6262:978-0-598-99084-6 6253:Burns & Oates 6235:, pp. 22–24. 6215:978-90-8964-350-6 6146:, pp. 23–25. 6131:, pp. 86–89. 6119:, pp. 78–82. 6096:978-0-300-12690-7 6062:978-1-317-89570-1 6028:978-90-04-28272-8 5994:978-0-8361-1257-3 5959:, pp. 58–60. 5939:978-1-57591-012-3 5892:978-0-7905-9010-3 5856:978-0-404-16235-1 5744:978-0-19-280290-3 5633:978-0-8108-7179-3 5602:978-90-04-39477-3 5572:, pp. 14–15. 5549:978-0-275-97748-1 5478:, pp. 12–13. 5458:978-1-887250-25-2 5424:978-0-19-536150-6 5360:978-1-136-23143-8 5320:Purdue University 5292:978-0-19-967328-5 5121:. pp. 6–11. 4881:New People's Army 4704:and is active in 4644:guerrilla leader 4462:Croat nationalism 4386:Nicolae Ceaușescu 4321:George H. W. Bush 4301:Mikhail Gorbachev 4271:Mikhail Gorbachev 4263: 4262: 4255: 4154:personal property 4130:Anarcho-communism 4117:Anarcho-communism 3998:African socialism 3992:African communism 3974:Fulgencio Batista 3825: 3824: 3817: 3725:Nikita Khrushchev 3515:Nikita Khrushchev 3298:Spanish Civil War 3278:Marxist–Leninists 3136:Communist parties 2919:Russian Civil War 2901:, who formed the 2817:workers' councils 2744:, founder of the 2721:, founder of the 2664:Mikhail Gorbachev 2561:Spanish Civil War 2509:industrialization 2462:Russian Civil War 2422:Rudolf Hilferding 2375:Habsburg monarchy 2339:Otto von Bismarck 2266:Marx founded the 2216:Chetham's Library 2197:Utopian socialist 2052:Code la Communaté 1918:French Revolution 1914:French philosophy 1907:French Revolution 1851:auteur communiste 1688:English Civil War 1645:Bohemian Brethren 1635:spiritual leader 1529:Quia vir reprobus 1385:The Assemblywomen 1243:communist society 1206:communist parties 1163:Republic of China 1159:social revolution 1148:classless society 1095: 1094: 848:Hammer and sickle 333:Communist Parties 141:Stateless society 136:Social revolution 99:Communist society 69:Classless society 11407: 11367: 11366: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11258:Internationalism 11248:Communitarianism 10612:Communist League 10515:Common ownership 10484:World revolution 10434:Free association 10358: 10351: 10344: 10335: 10334: 10318: 10300:The Family Story 10286: 10281:. Translated by 10268: 10245:Davis, Hope Hale 10240: 10234: 10209:Gruber, Helmut. 10183:(United Kingdom) 10111:Taubman, William 10092:Taubman, William 9980:Harvey, Robert, 9970:Garver, John W. 9947: 9922:Crozier, Brian. 9897: 9868: 9836: 9802: 9789: 9753: 9721: 9703: 9684:. pp. 3ff. 9666: 9660: 9652: 9643: 9610: 9584: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9461:. Archived from 9449: 9443: 9442: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9411: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9384: 9378: 9377: 9369:Interfax-Ukraine 9360: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9340:. Archived from 9327: 9321: 9320: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9192:on April 6, 2017 9188:. Archived from 9177: 9171: 9170: 9164: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9085: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9016: 9010: 9009: 8999: 8991:Thatcher, Ian D. 8987: 8981: 8980: 8970: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8812: 8801: 8800: 8778: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8407: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8378: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8274: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8234:(4): 1017–1049. 8223: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8184:. Anchor Books. 8181:Gulag: A History 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8078: 8072: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8025: 8019: 8018: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7960: 7954: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7361: 7359: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7285: 7276:. Archived from 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7222:(111): 252–269. 7207: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7191:(I/177): 111–124 7180: 7174: 7173: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7073:Fuchs, Christian 7069: 7063: 7062: 7031: 7025: 7024: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6946: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6818:Fuchs, Christian 6813: 6804: 6798: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6536: 6527: 6521: 6510: 6504: 6493: 6487: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6436:Resistance Books 6422: 6413: 6412: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6375: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6170: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5876: 5865: 5864: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5724: 5715: 5714: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5582: 5573: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5257:. Archived from 5256: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5144: 5133: 5132: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5078: 5067: 5066: 5044: 5033: 5032: 5010: 4986: 4972: 4682:state government 4536:market economies 4528:Marxist–Leninist 4506:Soviet republics 4419:The fall of the 4258: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4207: 4199: 4170:direct democracy 4162:common ownership 4150:private property 4062:social democracy 3962:Cuban Revolution 3952:Cuban Revolution 3946:Cuban Revolution 3926:", most notably 3820: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3769: 3761: 3604:Alexander Dubček 3426:experienced the 3239:Marxism–Leninism 3235:Grigory Zinoviev 3223:Nikolai Bukharin 3166:Willi Münzenberg 3152:(trade unions), 3141:Grigory Zinoviev 3099:Kingdom of Italy 3095:communist revolt 3044:Spartacus League 2935:African American 2891:social democrats 2785:Georgi Plekhanov 2769:Tsar Nicholas II 2738: 2715: 2565:Francisco Franco 2521:social democrats 2513:collectivization 2503:(1929–1934), an 2434:Georgi Plekhanov 2409:Eduard Bernstein 2365: 2239:(the select few 2193:Friedrich Engels 2161: 2124:Communist League 2120:Friedrich Engels 2104:Wilhelm Weitling 2085:Friedrich Engels 2054: 1959:Sylvain Maréchal 1922:anti-monarchists 1874:Victor d'Hupay's 1838: 1760:François Fénelon 1517:Mendicant Orders 1493:proto-Protestant 1477:High Middle Ages 1395:Plato's Republic 1358:Diodorus Siculus 1332:as found in the 1247:authoritarianism 1194:Marxist–Leninist 1190:world revolution 1139:Friedrich Engels 1111:common ownership 1087: 1080: 1073: 1059: 1058: 1048: 1047: 1046: 953:Internationalism 943:Communitarianism 295:Communist League 194:Common ownership 161:World revolution 109:Free association 41: 18: 17: 11415: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11361: 11351: 11349: 11341: 11216: 11185: 11143: 11065: 10687: 10636: 10598: 10534: 10505:Planned economy 10493: 10479:World communism 10454:Labour movement 10414:Communist state 10404:Communist party 10379:Anti-capitalism 10367: 10362: 10311: 10261: 10188:Primary sources 10167:(United States) 10137:Wayback Machine 10055:Service, Robert 9961:Furet, François 9944: 9904: 9902:Further reading 9890: 9861: 9841:Service, Robert 9825: 9774: 9746: 9700: 9672:Khlevniuk, Oleg 9654: 9653: 9636: 9616:Sanders, Ronald 9614:Fried, Albert; 9607: 9581: 9556: 9551: 9541: 9539: 9531: 9530: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9474: 9470: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9425: 9421: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9386: 9385: 9381: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9328: 9324: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9291: 9289: 9278: 9274: 9261: 9257: 9247: 9245: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9209: 9205: 9195: 9193: 9180:Abbott, Jared. 9178: 9174: 9133: 9129: 9086: 9082: 9073: 9071: 9061: 9035: 9031: 9023: 9017: 9013: 8997: 8988: 8984: 8968: 8959: 8955: 8944: 8925: 8921: 8914: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8877:. Basingstoke: 8871: 8867: 8860: 8852:. p. 294. 8842: 8838: 8831: 8813: 8804: 8797: 8779: 8772: 8764: 8760: 8755:(3rd ed.). 8749: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8705: 8701: 8677: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8650: 8630: 8626: 8615: 8592: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8561:Mastny, Vojtech 8558: 8554: 8546: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8519: 8515: 8504: 8484:Bischof, Günter 8481: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8426: 8408: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8353: 8349: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8310:The Independent 8272: 8263: 8259: 8240:10.2307/2166597 8221: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8176:Applebaum, Anne 8173: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8118:. p. 117. 8108: 8104: 8097: 8079: 8075: 8066: 8062: 8056:quote on p. 144 8026: 8022: 8015: 7990: 7986: 7979: 7961: 7957: 7948: 7944: 7919: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7895: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7821: 7819: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7705: 7701: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7588: 7584: 7573: 7569: 7562: 7548: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7526:Priestland 2010 7524: 7520: 7512: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7472: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7403: 7399: 7375: 7371: 7357: 7355: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7312: 7311:. March 2, 2010 7301: 7300: 7296: 7283: 7281: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7228:10.2307/2601601 7208: 7204: 7194: 7192: 7189:New Left Review 7181: 7177: 7166: 7158:. p. 168. 7146: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7108: 7104: 7093: 7085:. p. 357. 7070: 7066: 7055: 7047:. p. 139. 7032: 7028: 7017: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6970: 6947: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6888: 6884: 6873: 6865:. p. 128. 6853: 6849: 6838: 6814: 6807: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6769: 6759:Haymarket Books 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6725: 6721: 6706: 6692: 6688: 6682:Billington 2011 6680: 6676: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6639:Billington 2011 6637: 6633: 6627:Priestland 2010 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6598: 6575: 6568: 6557: 6537: 6530: 6524:Billington 2011 6522: 6513: 6507:Billington 2011 6505: 6496: 6488: 6481: 6477:, pp. 5–7. 6475:Priestland 2010 6473: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6446: 6423: 6416: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6376: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6310: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6263: 6255:. p. 103. 6243: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6216: 6196: 6192: 6171: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6142: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5940: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5893: 5877: 5868: 5857: 5849:. p. 358. 5837: 5833: 5812: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5778: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5737:. p. 180. 5725: 5718: 5707: 5687: 5683: 5672: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5618: 5614: 5603: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5561: 5550: 5530: 5526: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5459: 5440: 5436: 5425: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5361: 5341: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5308: 5304: 5293: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5254: 5248:Shaoguang, Wang 5245: 5241: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5151:. Basingstoke: 5145: 5136: 5129: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5079: 5070: 5063: 5045: 5036: 5029: 5011: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4897: 4866:socialist state 4654:general strikes 4636:briefly became 4524: 4514: 4382:Communist Party 4259: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4224: 4208: 4197: 4191: 4127: 4113: 4096:Antonio Gramsci 4088:Finland's party 4076: 4070: 4000: 3994: 3958: 3950:Main articles: 3948: 3924:capitalist road 3879: 3871:Main articles: 3869: 3864: 3856:Main articles: 3854: 3821: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3786: 3770: 3759: 3687: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3632: 3608:Leonid Brezhnev 3596: 3590: 3553: 3547: 3490: 3484: 3450:'s invasion of 3441:. By 1947, the 3423: 3417: 3374: 3341: 3312: 3306: 3282:social fascists 3209:Members of the 3203: 3195:Main articles: 3193: 3133: 3131:Communist front 3127: 3079:Communist Party 3056:Karl Liebknecht 2988: 2976:Main articles: 2974: 2945:. In 1922, the 2933:. A handful of 2844:workers council 2757: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2727:Bolshevik party 2716: 2705: 2699: 2694: 2525:social fascists 2446: 2397:Mikhail Bakunin 2367: 2359: 2319: 2233:class struggles 2162: 2156: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2089:Auguste Blanqui 2029:Théodore Dézamy 2001: 1981:Charles Fourier 1934:Gracchus Babeuf 1930:Jean-Paul Marat 1840: 1832: 1785:French Catholic 1776: 1727:Lord Chancellor 1711:utopian fiction 1629:Moravian Church 1562:and founder of 1439: 1433: 1322:hunter-gatherer 1294: 1280: 1275: 1182:socialist state 1167:Bolshevik Party 1165:. In 1917, the 1091: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1036: 918: 910: 909: 885: 877: 876: 843: 833: 832: 761: 753: 752: 383: 373: 372: 328: 320: 319: 290: 280: 279: 224: 214: 213: 184:Planned economy 179: 171: 170: 156:World communism 131:Labour movement 115: 89:Communist state 79:Communist party 54:Anti-capitalism 49: 12: 11: 5: 11413: 11403: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11359: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11275: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11224: 11222: 11221:Related topics 11218: 11217: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11197:Anti-communism 11193: 11191: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11153: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10697: 10695: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10644: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10608: 10606: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10584: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10560: 10550: 10544: 10542: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10501: 10499: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10384:Class conflict 10381: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10368: 10361: 10360: 10353: 10346: 10338: 10332: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10309: 10287: 10269: 10259: 10241: 10220: 10219: 10215: 10214: 10207: 10198: 10190: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10176: 10168: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10153: 10145:Ulam, Adam B. 10143: 10118: 10108: 10106:complete text 10089: 10079: 10069: 10052: 10047:Sandle, Mark. 10045: 10038: 10021: 10014:Pipes, Richard 10011: 10004: 9993: 9978: 9968: 9958: 9948: 9942: 9927: 9920: 9909: 9908: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9888: 9869: 9859: 9837: 9823: 9803: 9790: 9772: 9754: 9744: 9722: 9704: 9698: 9667: 9644: 9634: 9611: 9605: 9585: 9579: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9524: 9498: 9491: 9468: 9444: 9419: 9397: 9379: 9355: 9322: 9298: 9272: 9266:두 갈래의 길 - 예스24 9255: 9229: 9203: 9172: 9127: 9100:(1): 122–145. 9080: 9059: 9029: 9011: 8982: 8953: 8942: 8919: 8913:978-1491876442 8912: 8894: 8887: 8865: 8858: 8836: 8830:978-0714632957 8829: 8802: 8796:978-0898758344 8795: 8770: 8758: 8743: 8731: 8708:Vogel, Ezra F. 8699: 8671: 8659: 8649:978-1400837625 8648: 8624: 8613: 8607:. p. 40. 8595:Gittings, John 8586: 8574: 8571:. p. 162. 8552: 8540: 8538:, p. 215. 8528: 8513: 8502: 8475: 8463: 8436: 8424: 8402: 8400:, p. 3ff. 8390: 8369:(3): 297–335. 8347: 8344:. p. 126. 8328: 8316: 8285:(2): 340–342. 8257: 8209: 8197: 8191:978-1400034093 8190: 8167: 8155: 8153:, p. 167. 8143: 8131: 8125:978-0520011342 8124: 8102: 8095: 8089:. p. 85. 8073: 8060: 8038:(1): 124–149. 8020: 8014:978-0300068559 8013: 8007:. p. 42. 7984: 7978:978-0521312523 7977: 7971:. pp. x. 7955: 7953:(1986) p. 157. 7942: 7931:(4): 164–176. 7913: 7901: 7889: 7877: 7865: 7853: 7841: 7829: 7807: 7800: 7780: 7773: 7753: 7746: 7726: 7719: 7699: 7682: 7675: 7655: 7643: 7631: 7619: 7612: 7582: 7567: 7561:978-0812968644 7560: 7542: 7530: 7518: 7506: 7494: 7466: 7454: 7442: 7430: 7426:Lindemann 1983 7418: 7397: 7378:Becker, August 7369: 7334: 7322: 7294: 7261: 7249: 7202: 7175: 7164: 7140: 7128: 7102: 7091: 7064: 7053: 7035:Mehring, Franz 7026: 7015: 7009:. p. 93. 6991: 6979: 6968: 6938: 6934:Lindemann 1983 6926: 6911: 6899: 6882: 6871: 6847: 6836: 6805: 6790: 6778: 6767: 6761:. p. 46. 6743: 6741:, p. 102. 6731: 6719: 6704: 6686: 6674: 6663: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6596: 6566: 6555: 6528: 6511: 6494: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6444: 6438:. p. 11. 6414: 6398: 6367: 6355: 6343: 6331: 6319: 6308: 6302:. p. 52. 6284: 6272: 6261: 6237: 6225: 6214: 6190: 6160: 6148: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6095: 6075: 6061: 6041: 6027: 6007: 5993: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5938: 5932:. p. 79. 5914: 5902: 5891: 5866: 5855: 5831: 5806: 5787: 5776: 5770:. p. 66. 5750: 5743: 5716: 5705: 5699:. p. 63. 5681: 5670: 5664:. p. 19. 5646: 5632: 5612: 5601: 5574: 5559: 5548: 5542:. p. 14. 5524: 5492: 5480: 5468: 5457: 5434: 5423: 5399: 5382: 5370: 5359: 5353:. p. 17. 5332: 5302: 5291: 5285:. p. 54. 5267: 5239: 5200: 5168: 5162:978-3319325668 5161: 5134: 5128:978-0812216202 5127: 5102: 5096:978-0198768203 5095: 5068: 5062:978-0198744337 5061: 5034: 5028:978-0761426288 5027: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4976:Robert Service 4966: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4906:Bolshevization 4903: 4896: 4893: 4804:alongside the 4779:Czech Republic 4768:Verkhovna Rada 4758:following the 4729:European Union 4513: 4510: 4365:Erich Honecker 4261: 4260: 4211: 4209: 4202: 4193:Main article: 4190: 4187: 4176:Left communism 4160:) in favor of 4121:Left communism 4112: 4109: 4100:market economy 4072:Main article: 4069: 4066: 3993: 3990: 3947: 3944: 3907:class struggle 3868: 3865: 3853: 3850: 3823: 3822: 3773: 3771: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3746:Dwight Perkins 3703:headed by the 3683:Main article: 3680: 3677: 3672:Main article: 3669: 3666: 3631: 3628: 3592:Main article: 3589: 3586: 3549:Main article: 3546: 3543: 3539:Polish economy 3486:Main article: 3483: 3482:Eastern Europe 3480: 3472:Western Europe 3419:Main article: 3416: 3413: 3373: 3370: 3340: 3337: 3308:Main article: 3305: 3302: 3192: 3189: 3129:Main article: 3126: 3123: 3111:northern Italy 3062:, forming the 3052:Rosa Luxemburg 2973: 2970: 2907:Samara, Russia 2789:Vladimir Lenin 2781:Robert Service 2777:anti-communist 2767:controlled by 2761:Russian Empire 2740: 2733: 2732: 2719:Vladimir Lenin 2717: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2701:Main article: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2676:Soviet economy 2652: 2629: 2618:Eastern Europe 2612:installed the 2606:Early Cold War 2602: 2583: 2568: 2540: 2497: 2489: 2445: 2442: 2430:Vladimir Lenin 2426:Rosa Luxemburg 2383:United Kingdom 2355:world to win. 2351: 2318: 2315: 2200:Saint-Simonist 2154: 2145:Main article: 2142: 2139: 2134:Main article: 2131: 2128: 2000: 1997: 1847:Victor d'Hupay 1824: 1775: 1772: 1764:Denis Vairasse 1721:, the English 1637:Petr Chelčický 1610:, the radical 1525:Pope John XXII 1435:Main article: 1432: 1429: 1383:in his comedy 1377:Ancient Greece 1370:Church Fathers 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1075: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 998: 997: 987: 982: 977: 976: 975: 970: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 919: 916: 915: 912: 911: 908: 907: 902: 897: 892: 890:Anti-communism 886: 884:Criticism 883: 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 867: 860: 855: 850: 844: 839: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 789: 788: 778: 773: 768: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 384: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 291: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 276: 275: 265: 260: 259: 258: 248: 247: 246: 241: 231: 225: 220: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 59:Class conflict 56: 50: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11412: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11358: 11348: 11347: 11344: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11332:War communism 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11219: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11056:Moufawad-Paul 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10690: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10641:Organisations 10639: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10601: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10571: 10568: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10537: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10496: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10359: 10354: 10352: 10347: 10345: 10340: 10339: 10336: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10322: 10321: 10316: 10312: 10310:9781326667573 10306: 10302: 10301: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10260:9781883642174 10256: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10233: 10232: 10226: 10222: 10221: 10217: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10196: 10192: 10191: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10156: 10155: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10050: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10037: 10036:online review 10034: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10015: 10012: 10009: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9990:0-312-32909-1 9987: 9983: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9943:9780191654039 9939: 9936:. Oxford UP. 9935: 9934: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9895: 9891: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9876: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9852: 9849:. Cambridge: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9820: 9816: 9815:Penguin Books 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9759: 9758:Lowy, Michael 9755: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9708:Kautsky, Karl 9705: 9701: 9699:9780195165814 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9650: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9598: 9597:HarperCollins 9594: 9590: 9589:Brown, Archie 9586: 9582: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9567: 9562: 9558: 9557: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9513: 9509: 9502: 9494: 9492:9780898510072 9488: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9448: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9423: 9415: 9407: 9401: 9393: 9389: 9383: 9375: 9371: 9370: 9365: 9359: 9343: 9339: 9338: 9333: 9326: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9308: 9302: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9268: 9267: 9259: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9218: 9214: 9207: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9163: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9094:Slavic Review 9091: 9084: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9033: 9022: 9015: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8978: 8974: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8949: 8945: 8943:9780802119247 8939: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8923: 8915: 8909: 8905: 8898: 8890: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8869: 8861: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8840: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8798: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8777: 8775: 8767: 8762: 8754: 8747: 8740: 8735: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8709: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8675: 8668: 8663: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8614:9780191622373 8610: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8549: 8544: 8537: 8532: 8524: 8517: 8509: 8505: 8503:9780739143063 8499: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8479: 8472: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8428: 8420: 8419:Penguin Books 8416: 8412: 8406: 8399: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8351: 8343: 8339: 8332: 8326:, p. 76. 8325: 8320: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8201: 8193: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8171: 8164: 8159: 8152: 8147: 8140: 8135: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8106: 8098: 8096:9780521136310 8092: 8088: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8064: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8024: 8016: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7993:Klehr, Harvey 7988: 7980: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7917: 7910: 7905: 7898: 7893: 7886: 7881: 7874: 7869: 7862: 7857: 7851:, p. 86. 7850: 7845: 7838: 7833: 7817: 7811: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7784: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7757: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7730: 7722: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7703: 7695: 7694: 7686: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7659: 7652: 7647: 7640: 7635: 7629:, p. 46. 7628: 7623: 7615: 7613:9780199602056 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7534: 7527: 7522: 7515: 7510: 7503: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7464:, p. 36. 7463: 7458: 7452:, p. 29. 7451: 7446: 7440:, p. 28. 7439: 7434: 7428:, p. 50. 7427: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7365: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7298: 7291: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7259:, p. 13. 7258: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6945: 6943: 6936:, p. 68. 6935: 6930: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6909:, p. 10. 6908: 6903: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6812: 6810: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6705:0-7131-5993-6 6701: 6697: 6690: 6684:, p. 71. 6683: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6647: 6641:, p. 84. 6640: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6617:, p. 26. 6616: 6615:Lansford 2007 6611: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590:. p. 7. 6589: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6535: 6533: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6508: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6491: 6486: 6484: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6410: 6409: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6365:, p. 46. 6364: 6359: 6352: 6347: 6341:, p. 32. 6340: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6288: 6282:, p. 15. 6281: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6158:, p. 16. 6157: 6152: 6145: 6140: 6138: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6079: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6045: 6030: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6011: 5996: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5977: 5971:, p. 21. 5970: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5918: 5912:, p. 12. 5911: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5777:9781136308482 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5723: 5721: 5712: 5708: 5706:9780262304887 5702: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5671:9780745639666 5667: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5650: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5581: 5579: 5571: 5566: 5564: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5403: 5397:, p. 19. 5396: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5380:, p. 17. 5379: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5337: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5271: 5260: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5173: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5117:. Cambridge: 5116: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4984: 4981: 4980:J. Arch Getty 4977: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4825:Robert Mugabe 4822: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4592:according to 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4540:privatization 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4485:Boris Yeltsin 4482: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4283:Ronald Reagan 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4257: 4254: 4246: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4212:This section 4210: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4156:, along with 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080:Eurocommunism 4075: 4074:Eurocommunism 4068:Eurocommunism 4065: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3932:Deng Xiaoping 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3819: 3816: 3808: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3774:This section 3772: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3753:(1966–1969). 3752: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3735:launched the 3734: 3733:Deng Xiaoping 3729: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3709:United States 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697:came to power 3695: 3691: 3686: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3645:organization 3644: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3594:Prague Spring 3585: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3519:Secret Speech 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3464:hydrogen bomb 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3294:popular front 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3219:Joseph Stalin 3212: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006:In 1919, the 3001: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2966:Joseph Stalin 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809:Julius Martov 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2704: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633:Late Cold War 2630: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Eastern Front 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557:Popular Front 2554: 2550: 2545: 2544:Popular Front 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458:War Communism 2455: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401:authoritarian 2398: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2356: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327:Paris Commune 2324: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2307:August Becker 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:working class 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208:David Ricardo 2205: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2153: 2148: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108:Karl Schapper 2105: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2066:Étienne Cabet 2063: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2042:laissez-faire 2038: 2037:individualism 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:Pierre Leroux 2022: 2017: 2015: 2014:Neo-Babouvism 2010: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1799:Abbé de Mably 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1768:Francis Bacon 1765: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1746:'s 1601 work 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:New Jerusalem 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666:, founded by 1665: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1592: 1591:Civitas Solis 1587: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:John Wycliffe 1565: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:Low Countries 1538: 1535:known as the 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:authoritarian 1510: 1506: 1503:known as the 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452:the passages 1451: 1447: 1446:New Testament 1443: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214:United States 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1179:self-declared 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1057: 1051: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1027:War communism 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 996: 993: 992: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 914: 913: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 881: 880: 872: 868: 865: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 842: 837: 836: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 787: 784: 783: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 757: 756: 749: 746: 744: 743:Moufawad-Paul 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 382: 377: 376: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 327:Organisations 324: 323: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 289: 284: 283: 274: 271: 270: 269: 266: 264: 261: 257: 254: 253: 252: 249: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 223: 218: 217: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 175: 174: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 55: 52: 51: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 11243:Anti-fascism 11129:Soviet Union 10603: 10510:Gift economy 10469:Wage slavery 10315:Google Books 10313:– via 10299: 10277: 10265:Google Books 10263:– via 10249: 10237:Random House 10235:. New York: 10230: 10210: 10202: 10194: 10178: 10170: 10162: 10146: 10125: 10121: 10114: 10095: 10082: 10072: 10058: 10048: 10041: 10024: 10017: 10007: 10000: 9996: 9981: 9971: 9964: 9951: 9932: 9923: 9913: 9894:Google Books 9892:– via 9874: 9865:Google Books 9863:– via 9845: 9810: 9794: 9786:Google Books 9784:– via 9762: 9750:Google Books 9748:– via 9730: 9718:Google Books 9712: 9676: 9651:. Cambridge. 9648: 9640:Google Books 9638:– via 9620: 9592: 9565: 9554:Bibliography 9540:. Retrieved 9536: 9527: 9515:. Retrieved 9511: 9501: 9481: 9471: 9463:the original 9456: 9447: 9439:the original 9434:The Guardian 9432: 9422: 9413: 9400: 9391: 9382: 9374:the original 9367: 9358: 9348:December 17, 9346:. Retrieved 9342:the original 9335: 9325: 9317:the original 9310: 9301: 9290:, retrieved 9286:한국민족문화대백과사전 9285: 9275: 9269:(in Korean). 9265: 9258: 9246:. Retrieved 9241: 9232: 9220:. Retrieved 9216: 9206: 9194:. Retrieved 9190:the original 9175: 9166: 9148: 9140: 9130: 9097: 9093: 9083: 9072:, retrieved 9042: 9032: 9014: 9001: 8985: 8972: 8956: 8948:Google Books 8946:– via 8932: 8922: 8903: 8897: 8874: 8868: 8845: 8839: 8819:. New York: 8816: 8785:. Honolulu: 8782: 8761: 8752: 8746: 8734: 8711: 8702: 8694:Google Books 8684: 8674: 8662: 8654:Google Books 8652:– via 8634: 8627: 8619:Google Books 8617:– via 8599: 8589: 8577: 8564: 8555: 8543: 8531: 8522: 8516: 8508:Google Books 8506:– via 8488: 8478: 8466: 8445: 8439: 8427: 8414: 8405: 8393: 8366: 8360: 8350: 8337: 8331: 8319: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8294: 8282: 8276: 8260: 8251: 8231: 8225: 8212: 8200: 8179: 8170: 8158: 8151:Service 2007 8146: 8134: 8111: 8105: 8082: 8076: 8068: 8063: 8055: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8000: 7987: 7964: 7958: 7950: 7949:Joan Urban, 7945: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7909:Service 2007 7904: 7897:Service 2007 7892: 7885:Service 2007 7880: 7873:Service 2007 7868: 7861:Service 2007 7856: 7849:Service 2007 7844: 7837:Service 2007 7832: 7820:. Retrieved 7810: 7790: 7783: 7763: 7756: 7736: 7729: 7709: 7702: 7692: 7685: 7665: 7658: 7651:Service 2007 7646: 7639:Service 2007 7634: 7627:Service 2007 7622: 7591: 7585: 7576: 7570: 7551: 7545: 7538:Service 2007 7533: 7521: 7514:Service 2007 7509: 7502:Service 2007 7497: 7487:– via 7482: 7469: 7462:Service 2007 7457: 7450:Service 2007 7445: 7438:Service 2007 7433: 7421: 7413:Google Books 7407: 7400: 7392:Google Books 7387: 7382: 7372: 7362:– via 7356:. Retrieved 7351: 7337: 7330:Service 2007 7325: 7315:November 25, 7313:. Retrieved 7306: 7297: 7289: 7284:November 25, 7282:. Retrieved 7278:the original 7273: 7264: 7257:Service 2007 7252: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7193:. Retrieved 7188: 7178: 7170:Google Books 7168:– via 7150: 7143: 7136:Service 2007 7131: 7121:– via 7118: 7105: 7097:Google Books 7095:– via 7077: 7067: 7059:Google Books 7057:– via 7039: 7029: 7021:Google Books 7019:– via 7001: 6994: 6987:van Ree 2015 6982: 6974:Google Books 6972:– via 6954: 6929: 6907:van Ree 2015 6902: 6890: 6885: 6877:Google Books 6875:– via 6857: 6850: 6842:Google Books 6840:– via 6822: 6781: 6773:Google Books 6771:– via 6753: 6746: 6739:Woolsey 1880 6734: 6727:Service 2007 6722: 6695: 6689: 6677: 6669:Google Books 6667:– via 6653: 6646: 6634: 6622: 6610: 6602:Google Books 6600:– via 6582: 6561:Google Books 6559:– via 6541: 6470: 6458: 6450:Google Books 6448:– via 6430: 6407: 6401: 6393:Google Books 6383: 6363:van Ree 2015 6358: 6346: 6339:Laidler 2013 6334: 6327:van Ree 2015 6322: 6314:Google Books 6312:– via 6294: 6287: 6280:Service 2007 6275: 6267:Google Books 6265:– via 6247: 6240: 6233:Laidler 2013 6228: 6220:Google Books 6218:– via 6200: 6193: 6185:Google Books 6175: 6156:Service 2007 6151: 6144:van Ree 2015 6129:Kautsky 1897 6124: 6117:Kautsky 1897 6112: 6100:. Retrieved 6085: 6078: 6066:. Retrieved 6051: 6044: 6032:. Retrieved 6017: 6010: 5998:. Retrieved 5983: 5976: 5969:van Ree 2015 5964: 5957:Kautsky 1897 5952: 5944:Google Books 5942:– via 5924: 5917: 5905: 5897:Google Books 5895:– via 5881: 5861:Google Books 5859:– via 5841: 5834: 5826:Google Books 5816: 5809: 5800: 5790: 5782:Google Books 5780:– via 5763: 5753: 5729: 5711:Google Books 5709:– via 5691: 5684: 5676:Google Books 5674:– via 5662:Polity Press 5656: 5649: 5637:. Retrieved 5622: 5615: 5607:Google Books 5605:– via 5587: 5570:Service 2007 5554:Google Books 5552:– via 5534: 5527: 5519:Google Books 5505: 5495: 5483: 5476:Laidler 2013 5471: 5463:Google Books 5461:– via 5447: 5437: 5429:Google Books 5427:– via 5409: 5402: 5395:van Ree 2015 5378:van Ree 2015 5373: 5365:Google Books 5363:– via 5345: 5323:. Retrieved 5313: 5305: 5297:Google Books 5295:– via 5277: 5270: 5259:the original 5242: 5220:(1): 83–92. 5217: 5213: 5203: 5191:. Retrieved 5184: 5148: 5114: 5082: 5048: 5017:. New York: 5014: 4982: 4970: 4870: 4855: 4833: 4818: 4794:South Africa 4791: 4776: 4733: 4710: 4700:against the 4671: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4606: 4576: 4525: 4478: 4426: 4400:. The other 4396:of 1989 and 4361:East Germany 4345: 4333: 4298: 4287: 4249: 4240: 4225:Please help 4213: 4181: 4174: 4128: 4077: 4047: 4016: 3966:Fidel Castro 3959: 3903:revisionists 3888: 3826: 3811: 3802: 3787:Please help 3775: 3730: 3701:Nationalists 3688: 3659: 3643:East Germany 3635:West Germany 3633: 3630:West Germany 3597: 3566: 3513:". However, 3491: 3488:Eastern Bloc 3476: 3436: 3424: 3402: 3375: 3342: 3333:Archie Brown 3329: 3313: 3275: 3231:Leon Trotsky 3216: 3177: 3170: 3156:(peasants), 3134: 3097:against the 3068: 3032: 3005: 2998:published a 2959: 2955:Soviet Union 2939:Cyril Briggs 2884: 2849: 2758: 2742:Leon Trotsky 2723:Soviet Union 2684:West Germany 2682:merged into 2680:East Germany 2614:Eastern Bloc 2580:World War II 2529:Adolf Hitler 2501:Third Period 2447: 2414:Karl Kautsky 2391: 2368: 2358: 2353: 2343:August Bebel 2331:Napoleon III 2320: 2300: 2284: 2279: 2265: 2230: 2223: 2178: 2151: 2094: 2074: 2040: 2018: 2008: 2002: 1962: 1942: 1911: 1877: 1867: 1850: 1831: 1826: 1817: 1811: 1794: 1791:Jean Meslier 1777: 1747: 1739: 1733: 1708: 1668:Jacob Hutter 1644: 1627:forming the 1617:Jan Želivský 1608:Hussite Wars 1597: 1589: 1528: 1474: 1466:Roman Empire 1458:Acts 4:32–37 1454:Acts 2:44–45 1450:Book of Acts 1440: 1388: 1381:Aristophanes 1374: 1347:philosopher 1334:Chalcolithic 1311: 1226: 1198:World War II 1175:Soviet Union 1152: 1098: 1096: 938:Anti-fascism 818:Soviet Union 287: 189:Gift economy 146:Wage slavery 15: 11327:Trade union 11285:LGBT rights 11119:Philippines 10570:Pre-Marxist 10563:Libertarian 9244:(in Korean) 8962:Kinna, Ruth 8720:. pp. 7540:, p. . 7528:, p. . 7195:December 5, 6960:Verso Books 6786:Hodges 2014 5325:February 3, 5181:"Communism" 4873:Philippines 4862:Bob Avakian 4608:North Korea 4594:Hugo Chávez 4501:August Coup 4440:, who used 4421:Berlin Wall 4402:Warsaw Pact 4353:Berlin Wall 4305:perestroika 4275:Warsaw Pact 4142:wage labour 4111:Other forms 4092:Italy's PCI 4084:Spain's PCE 4017:During the 4012:Addis Ababa 3940:Mao's death 3713:South Korea 3639:West Berlin 3616:Warsaw Pact 3452:South Korea 3448:North Korea 3316:Great Purge 3310:Great Purge 3304:Great Purge 3227:Lev Kamenev 3154:Krestintern 2913:as well as 2911:White Guard 2852:World War I 2811:. In 1905, 2672:perestroika 2656:Afghanistan 2637:Third World 2379:Netherlands 2311:Louis Blanc 2249:proletariat 2241:upper class 2237:bourgeoisie 2060:along with 1977:Louis Blanc 1955:Social Club 1778:During the 1730:Thomas More 1725:and future 1686:during the 1660:Switzerland 1656:Anabaptists 1549:Fra Dolcino 1521:Franciscans 1505:Waldensians 1489:communalist 1470:monasticism 1407:Zoroastrian 1354:Greco-Roman 1328:through to 1326:Paleolithic 1263:North Korea 1022:Trade union 980:LGBT rights 808:Philippines 251:Pre-Marxist 244:Libertarian 11384:Categories 10936:Berlinguer 10826:Khrushchev 10172:Communisme 10130:online ed. 9782:1239987105 9537:Benar News 8766:Brown 2009 8739:Brown 2009 8667:Brown 2009 8582:Brown 2009 8548:Major 1997 8536:Major 1997 8471:Brown 2009 8458:B01K3JYZEO 8324:Brown 2009 8253:estimates. 8163:Brown 2009 8139:Brown 2009 7822:October 2, 7475:Marx, Karl 7343:Marx, Karl 7111:Marx, Karl 6950:Marx, Karl 5910:Brown 2009 5488:Plato 2001 5281:. Oxford: 5085:. Oxford: 5051:. Oxford: 4962:References 4516:See also: 4429:Yugoslavia 4384:regime of 4290:Solidarity 4243:April 2022 4138:capitalism 4054:corruption 4052:, rampant 4041:, and the 3996:See also: 3928:Liu Shaoqi 3915:Jiang Qing 3834:Trotskyist 3829:Trotskyism 3805:April 2022 3721:Korean War 3705:Kuomintang 3690:Mao Zedong 3610:ordered a 3460:Korean War 3349:Trotskyism 3259:Kazakhstan 3150:Profintern 2887:anarchists 2880:casualties 2868:healthcare 2805:Mensheviks 2801:Bolsheviks 2779:historian 2505:ultra-left 2418:Otto Bauer 2323:autocratic 2274:and other 2272:socialists 2220:Manchester 2081:Belleville 2046:capitalism 2033:liberalism 1893:communisme 1889:communiste 1876:1779 book 1684:Roundheads 1664:Hutterites 1631:under the 1560:scholastic 1553:Dulcinians 1425:Mazdakians 1306:Golden Age 1224:by proxy. 1103:ideologies 623:Berlinguer 513:Khrushchev 11390:Communism 11307:Red Scare 11190:Criticism 11070:By region 11051:Hatherley 10881:Althusser 10816:Togliatti 10766:Kollontai 10761:Luxemburg 10746:Pannekoek 10741:Malatesta 10736:Kropotkin 10592:Christian 10587:Religious 10582:Primitive 10548:Anarchist 10530:Use value 10498:Economics 10365:Communism 10323:Animation 10049:Communism 9880:Routledge 9833:762107381 9766:. Brill. 9657:cite book 9542:March 27, 9517:March 21, 9155:: 11–53. 9122:203276304 9114:0037-6779 9074:April 21, 9069:249327761 9006:Routledge 8821:Routledge 8385:145428599 7236:0013-0427 7216:Economica 7083:Routledge 7045:Routledge 6922:Lowy 2020 6801:Lowy 2020 6714:780996378 6300:Routledge 5768:Routledge 5697:MIT Press 5351:Routledge 5226:1046-1868 5015:Communism 4839:civil war 4814:Sri Lanka 4789:in 2005. 4731:country. 4646:Prachanda 4602:pink tide 4586:Venezuela 4532:East Asia 4476:in 1992. 4299:In 1985, 4296:in 1980. 4214:does not 3919:Red Guard 3776:does not 3664:agents". 3527:Hungarian 3269:targeted 3247:Stalinist 3217:In 1924, 3197:Stalinism 3191:Stalinism 3148:(youth), 3048:Freikorps 3030:in 1924. 2876:Petrograd 2819:known as 2765:autocracy 2660:Nicaragua 2645:Indonesia 2405:Max Weber 2362:Karl Marx 2261:feudalism 2181:Karl Marx 2170:Karl Marx 2158:Karl Marx 2147:Karl Marx 2141:Karl Marx 2116:Karl Marx 2062:Jules Gay 2021:socialism 1795:Testament 1719:New World 1696:Levellers 1612:Taborites 1572:John Ball 1533:lay order 1475:From the 1415:Sassanian 1318:Karl Marx 1314:communism 1135:Karl Marx 1127:communism 1002:Red Scare 760:By region 738:Hatherley 568:Althusser 503:Togliatti 453:Kollontai 448:Luxemburg 433:Pannekoek 428:Malatesta 423:Kropotkin 273:Christian 268:Religious 263:Primitive 229:Anarchist 209:Use value 178:Economics 31:Communism 11278:New Left 11273:Old Left 11167:Red star 11082:Colombia 11001:Gordillo 10976:Holloway 10921:Guattari 10891:Pasolini 10876:Hobsbawm 10861:Beauvoir 10821:Benjamin 10796:Bukharin 10786:Thälmann 10558:Leninist 10540:Variants 10372:Concepts 10297:(2016). 10275:(1934). 10247:(1994). 10227:(1952). 10175:(France) 10157:Journals 10133:Archived 10124:(1973); 9984:(2004), 9843:(2007). 9809:(2010). 9760:(2020). 9728:(1983). 9710:(1897). 9674:(2004). 9618:(1992). 9591:(2009). 9563:(2011). 9479:(2010). 9392:volby.cz 9263:저, 박번순. 9222:April 5, 9196:April 5, 8993:(2007). 8964:(2012). 8930:(2009). 8710:(2011). 8682:(1984). 8597:(2006). 8563:(1998). 8413:(2006). 8268:(1999). 8178:(2003). 8052:57558503 7477:(1848). 7380:(1844). 7358:July 15, 7347:"Part I" 7345:(1875). 7308:BBC News 7113:(1844). 7075:(2015). 7037:(2013). 6863:Springer 6820:(1983). 6580:(2014). 6547:PM Press 6428:(1999). 6381:(1880). 6102:March 4, 6068:March 4, 6034:March 2, 6000:March 2, 5639:March 2, 5445:(2001). 5234:45290119 5193:June 10, 4895:See also 4835:Colombia 4821:Zimbabwe 4808:and the 4762:and the 4746:and the 4723:won the 4560:Portugal 4309:glasnost 3911:Lin Biao 3858:Cold War 3692:and the 3494:Red Army 3443:Cold War 3396:and the 3378:Cold War 3184:Hyogikai 3087:Béla Kun 3077:and the 3020:Mongolia 2746:Red Army 2668:glasnost 2624:and the 2610:Red Army 2551:and the 2377:and the 2276:leftists 2155:— 1926:Jacobins 1755:eugenics 1723:humanist 1698:and the 1633:pacifist 1564:Lollardy 1537:Beghards 1509:Piedmont 1398:Socrates 1390:Ecclesia 1210:Cold War 1123:property 973:New Left 968:Old Left 858:Red star 771:Colombia 688:Gordillo 663:Holloway 608:Guattari 578:Pasolini 563:Hobsbawm 548:Beauvoir 508:Benjamin 483:Bukharin 473:Thälmann 239:Leninist 222:Variants 48:Concepts 23:a series 21:Part of 11300:Romania 11149:Symbols 11139:Vietnam 11134:Sumatra 11077:Britain 11046:Prashad 11026:Graeber 11006:Gilmore 10991:Sankara 10981:Hampton 10916:Guevara 10866:Nkrumah 10846:Padmore 10806:Gramsci 10776:Trotsky 10751:Du Bois 10711:Meslier 10604:History 10575:Utopian 10553:Marxism 10419:Commune 10231:Witness 10218:Memoirs 10151:online 10149:(1974) 10128:(1990) 10104:; 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