Violence - Knowledge

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at home or someone they can count on for guidance and comfort. Schools in bad neighborhoods where youth violence is prevalent should assign counselors to each student so that they receive regular guidance. In addition to counseling/therapy sessions and programs, it has been recommended that schools offer mentoring programs where students can interact with adults who can be a positive influence on them. Another way is to create more neighborhood programs to ensure that each child has a positive and stable place to go when school in not in session. Many children have benefited from formal organizations now which aim to help mentor and provide a safe environment for the youth especially those living in neighborhoods with higher rates of violence. This includes organizations such as Becoming a Man, CeaseFire Illinois, Chicago Area Project, Little Black Pearl, and Rainbow House". These programs are designed to help give the youth a safe place to go, stop the violence from occurring, offering counseling and mentoring to help stop the cycle of violence. If the youth do not have a safe place to go after school hours they will likely get into trouble, receive poor grades, drop out of school and use drugs and alcohol. The gangs look for youth who do not have positive influences in their life and need protection. This is why these programs are so important for the youth to have a safe environment rather than resorting to the streets.

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emergency departments, to mobilize to address it. The information, resources, and infrastructures the health care sector has at its disposal are an important asset for research and prevention work. Second, the magnitude of the problem and its potentially severe lifelong consequences and high costs to individuals and wider society call for population-level interventions typical of the public health approach. Third, the criminal justice approach, the other main approach to addressing violence (link to entry above), has traditionally been more geared towards violence that occurs between male youths and adults in the street and other public places—which makes up the bulk of homicides in most countries—than towards violence occurring in private settings such as child maltreatment, intimate partner violence and elder abuse—which makes up the largest share of non-fatal violence. Fourth, evidence is beginning to accumulate that a science-based public health approach is effective at preventing interpersonal violence.

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people, and to extend better care and safety to entire populations. The public health approach is interdisciplinary, drawing upon knowledge from many disciplines including medicine, epidemiology, sociology, psychology, criminology, education and economics. Because all forms of violence are multi-faceted problems, the public health approach emphasizes a multi-sectoral response. It has been proved time and again that cooperative efforts from such diverse sectors as health, education, social welfare, and criminal justice are often necessary to solve what are usually assumed to be purely "criminal" or "medical" problems. The public health approach considers that violence, rather than being the result of any single factor, is the outcome of multiple risk factors and causes, interacting at four levels of a nested hierarchy (individual, close relationship/family, community and wider society) of the

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forms of violence. We must insist that violence also refers to that which is psychologically destructive, that which demeans, damages, or depersonalizes others. In view of these considerations, violence may be defined as follows: any action, verbal or nonverbal, oral or written, physical or psychical, active or passive, public or private, individual or institutional/societal, human or divine, in whatever degree of intensity, that abuses, violates, injures, or kills. Some of the most pervasive and most dangerous forms of violence are those that are often hidden from view (against women and children, especially); just beneath the surface in many of our homes, churches, and communities is abuse enough to freeze the blood. Moreover, many forms of systemic violence often slip past our attention because they are so much a part of the infrastructure of life (e.g., racism, sexism, ageism).

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infrastructure and depopulated every urban area". Forced movement, such as this forced movement applied by Pol Pot, is a clear display of structural violence. When "symbols of Cambodian society were equally disrupted, social institutions of every kind…were purged or torn down", cultural violence (defined as when "any aspect of culture such as language, religion, ideology, art, or cosmology is used to legitimize direct or structural violence") is added to the structural violence of forced movement and to the direct violence, such as murder, at the Killing Fields. Vietnam eventually intervened and the genocide officially ended. However, ten million landmines left by opposing guerillas in the 1970s continue to create a violent landscape in Cambodia.

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Nazi government's lager or concentration camp can occur). However, when this "in limbo" reality is designed to be in place "until further notice…the state of exception thus ceases to be referred to as an external and provisional state of factual danger and comes to be confused with juridical rule itself". For Agamben, the physical space of the camp "is a piece of land placed outside the normal juridical order, but it is nevertheless not simply an external space". At the scale of the body, in the state of exception, a person is so removed from their rights by "juridical procedures and deployments of power" that "no act committed against them could appear any longer as a crime"; in other words, people become only

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mitigate the effects of the trauma they've experienced, negative repercussions can be reduced or eliminated. As an initial step, the youths need to understand why they may be feeling a certain way and to understand how the violence they have experienced may be causing negative feelings and making them behave differently. Pursuing a greater awareness of their feelings, perceptions, and negative emotions is the first step that should be taken as part of recovering from the trauma they have experienced. "Neuroscience research shows that the only way we can change the way we feel is by becoming aware of our inner experience and learning to befriend what is going on inside ourselves".

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2007. This can be compared to the average world homicide rate of 7.6 per 100,000 people. This illustration highlights the value of accounting for all forms of armed violence rather than an exclusive focus on conflict related violence. Certainly, there are huge variations in the risk of dying from armed conflict at the national and subnational level, and the risk of dying violently in a conflict in specific countries remains extremely high. In Iraq, for example, the direct conflict death rate for 2004–07 was 65 per 100,000 people per year and, in Somalia, 24 per 100,000 people. This rate even reached peaks of 91 per 100,000 in Iraq in 2006 and 74 per 100,000 in Somalia in 2007.

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that humans have a paleolithic adult homicide rate of about 2%. This would be lower than some other animals, but still high. However, this study took into account the infanticide rate by some other animals such as meerkats, but not of humans, where estimates of children killed by infanticide in the Mesolithic and Neolithic eras vary from 15 to 50 percent. Other evidence suggests that organized, large-scale, militaristic, or regular human-on-human violence was absent for the vast majority of the human timeline, and is first documented to have started only relatively recently in the

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strong, inverse relationship between homicide rates and both economic development and economic equality. Poorer countries, especially those with large gaps between the rich and the poor, tend to have higher rates of homicide than wealthier countries. Homicide rates differ markedly by age and sex. Gender differences are least marked for children. For the 15 to 29 age group, male rates were nearly six times those for female rates; for the remaining age groups, male rates were from two to four times those for females.

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health activities to (1) document and characterize the burden of violence, (2) assess the effectiveness of programmes, with particular attention to women and children and community-based initiatives, and (3) promote activities to tackle the problem at the international and national levels. The World Health Organization's initial response to this resolution was to create the Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability and to publish the World report on violence and health (2002).

1048: 1907:, which demonstrates how place, space, and landscape are foremost factors in the real and imagined practices of organized violence both historically and in the present. Evidently, political violence often gives a part for the state to play. When "modern states not only claim a monopoly of the legitimate means of violence; they also routinely use the threat of violence to enforce the rule of law", the law not only becomes a form of violence but is violence. Philosopher 1725:

based on the understanding of causes, in a similar way to prevention efforts for communicable and other diseases. In 1962, Gomez, referring to the WHO definition of health, stated that it is obvious that violence does not contribute to "extending life" or to a "complete state of well-being". He defined violence as an issue that public health experts needed to address and stated that it should not be the primary domain of lawyers, military personnel, or politicians.

2353:, who attributes the decline to a "civilizing process", in which the state's monopolization of violence, the maintenance of socioeconomic interdependencies or "figurations", and the maintenance of behavioural codes in culture all contribute to the development of individual sensibilities, which increase the repugnance of individuals towards violent acts. According to a 2010 study, non-lethal violence, such as assaults or bullying appear to be declining as well. 539: 662: 870:

mental injuries, it is often up to their family members to take care of them, including paying their daily living expenses and medical bills. Their caretakers may have to give up their jobs or work reduced hours to provide help to the victim of violence. This causes a further burden on society because the victim and maybe even their caretakers have to obtain government assistance to help pay their bills. Recent research has found that

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anyone), such as substance use and various personal, social, and economic factors. A 2015 review found that in the United States, about 4% of violence is attributable to people diagnosed with mental illness, and a 2014 study found that 7.5% of crimes committed by mentally ill people were directly related to the symptoms of their mental illness. The majority of people with serious mental illness are never violent.

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times more frequent than suicide. Suicide was the 16th leading cause of death worldwide in 2004 and is projected to increase to the 12th in 2030. Although suicide rates have traditionally been highest among the male elderly, rates among young people have been increasing to such an extent that they are now the group at highest risk in a third of countries, in both developed and developing countries.

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cases of maltreatment to family, friends, or to the authorities. Data on the extent of the problem in institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes and other long-term care facilities are scarce. Elder maltreatment can lead to serious physical injuries and long-term psychological consequences. Elder maltreatment is predicted to increase as many countries are experiencing rapidly ageing populations.

1812: 1390:, which are defined by, or are inherently associated with, conduct problems and violence. There are conflicting findings about the extent to which certain specific symptoms, notably some kinds of psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) that can occur in disorders such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder or mood disorder, are linked to an increased risk of serious violence on average. The 1648:

further crimes—through deterrence (threatening potential offenders with criminal sanctions if they commit crimes), incapacitation (physically preventing offenders from committing further crimes by locking them up) and through rehabilitation (using time spent under state supervision to develop skills or change one's psychological make-up to reduce the likelihood of future offences).

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though we may talk, in a more metaphorical way, of the state acting violently. Likewise, understandings of violence are linked to a perceived aggressor-victim relationship: hence psychologists have shown that people may not recognise defensive use of force as violent, even in cases where the amount of force used is significantly greater than in the original aggression.

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tasks is to "do justice", i.e. to ensure that offenders are properly identified, that the degree of their guilt is as accurately ascertained as possible, and that they are punished appropriately. To prevent and respond to violence, the criminal justice approach relies primarily on deterrence, incarceration and the punishment and rehabilitation of perpetrators.

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cities have experienced some form of community violence." The violence "can also all take place under one roof, or in a given community or neighborhood and can happen at the same time or at different stages of life." Youth violence has immediate and long term adverse impact whether the individual was the recipient of the violence or a witness to it.

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years of human existence. Fry determines that all present ethnographically studied tribal societies, "by the very fact of having been described and published by anthropologists, have been irrevocably impacted by history and modern colonial nation states" and that "many have been affected by state societies for at least 5000 years."

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determine the name". With geography often adding the forgotten spatial aspect to theories of social science, rather than creating them solely within the discipline, it seems that the self-reflexive contemporary geography of today may have an extremely important place in this current (re)imaging of violence, exemplified by Cavarero.

1479:. For instance, evidence suggests that programmes that combine microfinance with gender equity training can reduce intimate partner violence. School-based programmes such as Safe Dates programme in the United States of America and the Youth Relationship Project in Canada have been found to be effective for reducing dating violence. 750:—that is, violence largely between family members and intimate partners, usually, though not exclusively, taking place in the home. Community violence—violence between individuals who are unrelated, and who may or may not know each other, generally taking place outside the home. The former group includes forms of violence such as 5972: 875:

alert state (similar to being stuck in the fight or flight mode). "Researchers claim that the youth who are exposed to violence may have emotional, social, and cognitive problems. They may have trouble controlling emotions, paying attention in school, withdraw from friends, or show signs of post-traumatic stress disorder".

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anti-bullying prevention programmes; and programmes to reduce access to alcohol, illegal drugs and guns. Also, given significant neighbourhood effects on youth violence, interventions involving relocating families to less poor environments have shown promising results. Similarly, urban renewal projects such as

2809:"While the ontological violence of language does, in significant ways, sustain, enable, and encourage physical violence, it is a serious mistake to conflate them. Violence is understood to be ineliminable in the first sense, and this leads to its being treated as a fundamental in the second sense, too."" 2295:

Fry explores Keeley's argument in depth and counters that such sources erroneously focus on the ethnography of hunters and gatherers in the present, whose culture and values have been infiltrated externally by modern civilization, rather than the actual archaeological record spanning some two million

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There are basically two schools of thought on this issue. One holds that warfare... goes back at least to the time of the first thoroughly modern humans and even before then to the primate ancestors of the hominid lineage. The second positions on the origins of warfare sees war as much less common in

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are useful to consider within a geography of violence. The state, in the grip of a perceived, potential crisis (whether legitimate or not) takes preventative legal measures, such as a suspension of rights (it is in this climate, as Agamben demonstrates, that the formation of the Social Democratic and

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Interventions to identify victims of interpersonal violence and provide effective care and support are critical for protecting health and breaking cycles of violence from one generation to the next. Examples for which evidence of effectiveness is emerging includes: screening tools to identify victims

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Cities and counties throughout the United States organize "Violence Prevention Months" where the mayor, by proclamation, or the county, by a resolution, encourage the private, community and public sectors to engage in activities that raise awareness that violence is not acceptable through art, music,

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Research into the media and violence examines whether links between consuming media violence and subsequent aggressive and violent behaviour exists. Although some scholars had claimed media violence may increase aggression, this view is coming increasingly in doubt both in the scholarly community and

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Since violence is a matter of perception as well as a measurable phenomenon, psychologists have found variability in whether people perceive certain physical acts as "violent". For example, in a state where execution is a legalized punishment we do not typically perceive the executioner as "violent",

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A recent theory named "The Criminal Spin" suggests a mutual flywheel effect between partners that is manifested by an escalation in the violence. A violent spin may occur in any other forms of violence, but in Intimate partner violence the added value is the mutual spin, based on the unique situation

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were victims of 329,825 homicides. Although there is a widespread perception that war is the most dangerous form of armed violence in the world, the average person living in a conflict-affected country had a risk of dying violently in the conflict of about 2.0 per 100,000 population between 2004 and

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In the last 45 years, suicide rates have increased by 60% worldwide. Suicide is among the three leading causes of death among those aged 15–44 years in some countries, and the second leading cause of death in the 10–24 years age group. These figures do not include suicide attempts which are up to 20

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For every death due to violence, there are numerous nonfatal injuries. In 2008, over 16 million cases of non-fatal violence-related injuries were severe enough to require medical attention. Beyond deaths and injuries, forms of violence such as child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and elder

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The public health approach is a science-driven, population-based, interdisciplinary, intersectoral approach based on the ecological model which emphasizes primary prevention. Rather than focusing on individuals, the public health approach aims to provide the maximum benefit for the largest number of

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The criminal justice approach, beyond justice and punishment, has traditionally emphasized indicated interventions, aimed at those who have already been involved in violence, either as victims or as perpetrators. One of the main reasons offenders are arrested, prosecuted, and convicted is to prevent

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The criminal justice approach sees its main task as enforcing laws that proscribe violence and ensuring that "justice is done". The notions of individual blame, responsibility, guilt, and culpability are central to criminal justice's approach to violence and one of the criminal justice system's main

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Many strategies have been implemented to prevent elder maltreatment and to take action against it and mitigate its consequences including public and professional awareness campaigns, screening (of potential victims and abusers), caregiver support interventions (e.g. stress management, respite care),

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Population-level surveys based on reports from victims estimate that between 0.3 and 11.5% of women reported experiencing sexual violence. Sexual violence has serious short- and long-term consequences on physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health for victims and for their children as described

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Youth violence impacts individuals, their families, and society. Victims can have lifelong injuries which means ongoing doctor and hospital visits, the cost of which quickly add up. Since the victims of youth-on-youth violence may not be able to attend school or work because of their physical and/or

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Different types of youth on youth violence include witnessing or being involved in physical, emotional and sexual abuse (e.g. physical attacks, bullying, rape), and violent acts like gang shootings and robberies. According to researchers in 2018, "More than half of children and adolescents living in

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Youth violence has a serious, often lifelong, impact on a person's psychological and social functioning. Youth violence greatly increases the costs of health, welfare and criminal justice services; reduces productivity; decreases the value of property; and generally undermines the fabric of society.

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Consequences of child maltreatment include impaired lifelong physical and mental health, and social and occupational functioning (e.g. school, job, and relationship difficulties). These can ultimately slow a country's economic and social development. Preventing child maltreatment before it starts is

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Unlike the other two broad categories, the subcategories of collective violence suggest possible motives for violence committed by larger groups of individuals or by states. Collective violence that is committed to advance a particular social agenda includes, for example, crimes of hate committed by

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Additionally, communities with high level of violence do not provide the level of stability and predictability vital for a prospering business economy. Individuals will be less likely to invest money and effort towards growth in such unstable and violent conditions. One of the possible proves might

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posits that the rise of large-scale warfare is the result of advances in technology and city-states. For instance, the rise of agriculture provided a significant increase in the number of individuals that a region could sustain over hunter-gatherer societies, allowing for development of specialized

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Forms of violence such as child maltreatment and intimate partner violence are highly prevalent. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused. A WHO multi-country study found that between 15 and 71%

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notes that, "as violence spreads and assumes unheard-of forms, it becomes difficult to name in contemporary language". Cavarero proposes that, in facing such a truth, it is prudent to reconsider violence as "horrorism"; that is, "as though ideally all the…victims, instead of their killers, ought to

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The case for the public health sector addressing interpersonal violence rests on four main arguments. First, the significant amount of time health care professionals dedicate to caring for victims and perpetrators of violence has made them familiar with the problem and has led many, particularly in

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aims to reduce crime and violence by altering the conditions that foster it—and not to increase the number of arrests. Indeed, some police leaders have gone so far as to say the police should primarily be a crime prevention agency. Juvenile justice systems—an important component of criminal justice

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more accountable, that reduce inequalities between groups, as well as policies that reduce access to biological, chemical, nuclear and other weapons have been recommended. When planning responses to violent conflicts, recommended approaches include assessing at an early stage who is most vulnerable

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acquired in social development programmes can reduce involvement in violence, improve social skills, boost educational achievement and improve job prospects. Life skills refer to social, emotional, and behavioural competencies which help children and adolescents effectively deal with the challenges

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species and use violence in specific situations. He writes that "Buss and Shackelford (1997a) proposed seven adaptive problems our ancestors recurrently faced that might have been solved by aggression: co-opting the resources of others, defending against attack, inflicting costs on same-sex rivals,

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While there is little information regarding the extent of maltreatment in elderly populations, especially in developing countries, it is estimated that 4–6% of elderly people in high-income countries have experienced some form of maltreatment at home However, older people are often afraid to report

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Few interventions to prevent sexual violence have been demonstrated to be effective. School-based programmes to prevent child sexual abuse by teaching children to recognize and avoid potentially sexually abusive situations are run in many parts of the world and appear promising, but require further

917:(Japan) and 70% (Ethiopia and Peru) of women reported physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner. A growing body of research on men and intimate partner violence focuses on men as both perpetrators and victims of violence, as well as on how to involve men and boys in anti-violence work. 916:

Population-level surveys based on reports from victims provide the most accurate estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual violence in non-conflict settings. A study conducted by WHO in 10 mainly developing countries found that, among women aged 15 to 49 years, between 15%

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Youth who have experienced violence benefit from having a close relationship with one or more people. This is important because the trauma victims need to have people who are safe and trustworthy that they can relate and talk to about their horrible experiences. Some youth do not have adult figures

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Some of the ways to combat the adverse effects of exposure to youth violence would be to try various mindfulness and movement activities, deep breathing exercises and other actions that enable youths to release their pent up emotions. Using these techniques will teach body awareness, reduce anxiety

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Gorelik, G., Shackelford, T.K., Weekes-Shackelford, V.A., 2012. Resource Acquisition, Violence, and Evolutionary Consciousness. In: Shackelford, T.K., Weekes- Shackelford, V.A. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War. Oxford University Press, Oxford,

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For many people, ... only physical violence truly qualifies as violence. But, certainly, violence is more than killing people, unless one includes all those words and actions that kill people slowly. The effect of limitation to a "killing fields" perspective is the widespread neglect of many other

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In countries with high levels of violence, economic growth can be slowed down, personal and collective security eroded, and social development impeded. Families edging out of poverty and investing in schooling their sons and daughters can be ruined through the violent death or severe disability of

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Scientific evidence for warfare has come from settled, sedentary communities. Some studies argue humans have a predisposition for violence (chimpanzees, also great apes, have been known to kill members of competing groups for resources like food). A comparison across mammal species found

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A public health approach emphasizes the primary prevention of violence, i.e. stopping them from occurring in the first place. Until recently, this approach has been relatively neglected in the field, with the majority of resources directed towards secondary or tertiary prevention. Perhaps the most

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noted: "Violence can be justifiable, but it never will be legitimate ... Its justification loses in plausibility the farther its intended end recedes into the future. No one questions the use of violence in self-defence, because the danger is not only clear but also present, and the end justifying

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High-profile cases have led to fears that serious crimes, such as homicide, have increased due to deinstitutionalization, but the evidence does not support this conclusion. Violence that does occur in relation to mental disorder (against the mentally ill or by the mentally ill) typically occurs in

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seem to start from relatively trivial disputes between unrelated men who then escalate to violence and death. He argues that such conflicts occur when there is a status dispute between men of relatively similar status. If there is a great initial status difference, then the lower status individual

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Sexual violence is any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It includes rape, defined as

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can change a child's brain. "Trauma is known to physically affect the brain and the body which causes anxiety, rage, and the ability to concentrate. They can also have problems remembering, trusting, and forming relationships." Since the brain becomes used to violence it may stay continually in an

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In many countries, violence prevention is still a new or emerging field in public health. The public health community has started only recently to realize the contributions it can make to reducing violence and mitigating its consequences. In 1949, Gordon called for injury prevention efforts to be

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Despite public or media opinion, national studies have indicated that severe mental illness does not independently predict future violent behavior, on average, and is not a leading cause of violence in society. There is a statistical association with various factors that do relate to violence (in

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The primary prevention strategy with the best evidence for effectiveness for intimate partner violence is school-based programming for adolescents to prevent violence within dating relationships. Evidence is emerging for the effectiveness of several other primary prevention strategies—those that:

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in a condition of bare life. The Killing Fields—manifestations of Agamben's concept of camps beyond the normal rule of law—featured the state of exception. As part of Pol Pot's "ideological intent…to create a purely agrarian society or cooperative", he "dismantled the country's existing economic

1900:. Along with critical geographers and political geographers, it is these groupings of geographers that most often interact with violence. Keeping this idea of social/spatial justice via geography in mind, it is worthwhile to look at geographical approaches to violence in the context of politics. 1732:

The global public health response to interpersonal violence began in earnest in the mid-1990s. In 1996, the World Health Assembly adopted Resolution WHA49.25 which declared violence "a leading worldwide public health problem" and requested that the World Health Organization (WHO) initiate public

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attitudes, inconsistent disciplinary practices, low emotional attachment to parents or caregivers, and low parental income and involvement. Social risk factors include social rejection, poor academic performance and commitment to school, and gang involvement or association with delinquent peers.

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Worldwide some 250,000 homicides occur among youth 10–29 years of age each year, which is 41% of the total number of homicides globally each year ("Global Burden of Disease", World Health Organization, 2008). For each young person killed, 20–40 more sustain injuries requiring hospital treatment.

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Lozano, R; Naghavi, M; Foreman, K; Lim, S; Shibuya, K; Aboyans, V; Abraham, J; Adair, T; Aggarwal, R; Ahn, SY; Alvarado, M; Anderson, HR; Anderson, LM; Andrews, KG; Atkinson, C; Baddour, LM; Barker-Collo, S; Bartels, DH; Bell, ML; Benjamin, EJ; Bennett, D; Bhalla, K; Bikbov, B; Bin Abdulhak, A;

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Rates and patterns of violent death vary by country and region. In recent years, homicide rates have been highest in developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean and lowest in East Asia, the western Pacific, and some countries in northern Africa. Studies show a

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However, it is only in the last 30 years that public health has begun to address violence, and only in the last fifteen has it done so at the global level. This is a much shorter period of time than public health has been tackling other health problems of comparable magnitude and with similarly

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The third level explores the community context—i.e., schools, workplaces, and neighbourhoods. Risk at this level may be affected by factors such as the existence of a local drug trade, the absence of social networks, and concentrated poverty. All these factors have been shown to be important in

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The second level focuses on close relationships, such as those with family and friends. In youth violence, for example, having friends who engage in or encourage violence can increase a young person's risk of being a victim or perpetrator of violence. For intimate partner violence, a consistent

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There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men

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Internationally, violence resulted in deaths of an estimated 1.28 million people in 2013, up from 1.13 million in 1990. However, the global population grew by roughly 1.9 billion during those years, showing a dramatic reduction in violence per capita. Of the deaths in 2013, roughly 842,000 were

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Disseminating information on the effectiveness of programmes and increasing the scale of proven effective programmes. Approaches to prevent violence, whether targeted at individuals or entire communities, must be properly evaluated for their effectiveness and the results shared. This step also

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routinely against juveniles by police. In 1974, the US Department of Justice assumed primary responsibility for delinquency prevention programmes and created the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, which has supported the "Blueprints for violence prevention" programme at the

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Intimate partner and sexual violence have serious short- and long-term physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems for victims and for their children, and lead to high social and economic costs. These include both fatal and non-fatal injuries, depression and post-traumatic stress

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It is important for youth exposed to violence to understand how their bodies may react so they can take positive steps to counteract any possible short- and long-term negative effects (e.g., poor concentration, feelings of depression, heightened levels of anxiety). By taking immediate steps to

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includes attacks motivated by economic gain—such as attacks carried out with the purpose of disrupting economic activity, denying access to essential services, or creating economic division and fragmentation. Clearly, acts committed by domestic and subnational groups can have multiple motives.

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where pervasive violence and deprivation form a vicious circle that stifles economic growth. For societies, meeting the direct costs of health, criminal justice, and social welfare responses to violence diverts many billions of dollars from more constructive societal spending. The much larger

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created a Wall of Life, where children drew pictures that were put up in the walls of banks and public spaces, displaying a child's view of violence they had witnessed and how it affected them, in an effort to draw attention to how violence affects the community, not just the people involved.

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of at least one violent crime over the course of a year, a proportion eleven times higher than the inner-city average, and higher in every category of crime including violent assaults and theft. People with a diagnosis may find it more difficult to secure prosecutions, however, due in part to

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Factors associated with the perpetration and experiencing of intimate partner violence are low levels of education, history of violence as a perpetrator, a victim or a witness of parental violence, harmful use of alcohol, attitudes that are accepting of violence as well as marital discord and

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is now banned in many countries. According to Pinker, rape, murder, warfare and animal cruelty have all seen drastic declines in the 20th century. Pinker's analyses have also been criticized, concerning the statistical question of how to measure violence and whether it is in fact declining.

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In fact, findings consistently indicate that it is many times more likely that people diagnosed with a serious mental illness living in the community will be the victims rather than the perpetrators of violence. In a study of individuals diagnosed with "severe mental illness" living in a US

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at elementary, middle, high schools, as well as colleges and universities in the United States, led to a considerable body of research on ascertainable behaviors of persons who have planned or carried out such attacks. These studies (1995–2002) investigated what the authors called "targeted

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Prevention programmes shown to be effective or to have promise in reducing youth violence include life skills and social development programmes designed to help children and adolescents manage anger, resolve conflict, and develop the necessary social skills to solve problems; schools-based

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in its Article 19 states that States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including

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On the other hand, individual protective factors include an intolerance towards deviance, higher IQ and GPA, elevated popularity and social skills, as well as religious beliefs. Family protective factors include a connectedness and ability to discuss issues with family members or adults,

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Vittorio Bufacchi describes two different modern concepts of violence, one the "minimalist conception" of violence as an intentional act of excessive or destructive force, the other the "comprehensive conception" which includes violations of rights, including a long list of human needs.

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By way of comparison, the 1.5 millions deaths a year due to violence is greater than the number of deaths due to tuberculosis (1.34 million), road traffic injuries (1.21 million), and malaria (830'000), but slightly less than the number of people who die from HIV/AIDS (1.77 million).

1167:, and consistent parental presence during at least one of the following: when awakening, when arriving home from school, at dinner time, or when going to bed. Social protective factors include quality school relationships, close relationships with non-deviant peers, involvement in 1701:

critical element of a public health approach to prevention is the ability to identify underlying causes rather than focusing upon more visible "symptoms". This allows for the development and testing of effective approaches to address the underlying causes and so improve health.

1950:. The killings were arbitrary; for example, a person could be killed for wearing glasses, since that was seen as associating them with intellectuals and therefore as making them part of the enemy. People were murdered with impunity because it was no crime; Cambodians were made 972:

in the section on intimate partner violence. If perpetrated during childhood, sexual violence can lead to increased smoking, drug and alcohol misuse, and risky sexual behaviors in later life. It is also associated with perpetration of violence and being a victim of violence.

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and smoking, which in turn can contribute to cardiovascular disorders, cancers, depression, diabetes and HIV/AIDS, resulting in premature death. The balances of prevention, mitigation, mediation and exacerbation are complex, and vary with the underpinnings of violence.

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Finally, the fourth level looks at the broad societal factors that help to create a climate in which violence is encouraged or inhibited: the responsiveness of the criminal justice system, social and cultural norms regarding gender roles or parent-child relationships,

812:, which results in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust, or power. Exposure to intimate partner violence is also sometimes included as a form of child maltreatment. 677:

War is a state of prolonged violent large-scale conflict involving two or more groups of people, usually under the auspices of government. It is the most extreme form of collective violence. War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as

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on the effectiveness of strategies to prevent interpersonal violence identified the seven strategies below as being supported by either strong or emerging evidence for effectiveness. These strategies target risk factors at all four levels of the ecological model.

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Martin, Debra L., Ryan P. Harrod, and Ventura R. Pérez, eds. 2012. The Bioarchaeology of Violence. Edited by C. S. Larsen, Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human Past: Local, regional, and global perspectives Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

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the cultural and biological evolution of humans. Here, warfare is a latecomer on the cultural horizon, only arising in very specific material circumstances and being quite rare in human history until the development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years.

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Defining the problem conceptually and numerically, using statistics that accurately describe the nature and scale of violence, the characteristics of those most affected, the geographical distribution of incidents, and the consequences of exposure to such

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violence," described the "path to violence" of those who planned or carried out attacks and laid out suggestions for law enforcement and educators. A major point from these research studies is that targeted violence does not just "come out of the blue".

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possible and requires a multisectoral approach. Effective prevention programmes support parents and teach positive parenting skills. Ongoing care of children and families can reduce the risk of maltreatment reoccurring and can minimize its consequences.

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Winter, Deborah DuNann, and Dana C. Leighton. "Section II: Structural Violence." Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. Eds. Christie, Daniel J., Richard V. Wagner and Deborah DuNann Winter. New York: Prentice-Hall, 2001.

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Wars grab headlines, but the individual risk of dying violently in an armed conflict is today relatively low—much lower than the risk of violent death in many countries that are not suffering from an armed conflict. For example, between 1976 and 2008,

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the means is immediate". Arendt made a clear distinction between violence and power. Most political theorists regarded violence as an extreme manifestation of power whereas Arendt regarded the two concepts as opposites. In the 20th century in acts of

1151:. Both of these factor groups are equally important in the prevention, intervention, and treatment of violence as a whole. The CDC outlines several risk and protective factors for youth violence at the individual, family, social and community levels. 4299:

Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B., Pollack, W., Borum, R., Reddy, M.,& Modzeleski, W. Threat assessment in schools: A guide to managing threatening situations and creating safe school climates. U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Secret Service, May

500:) and legal intervention. For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors' appointments. Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for 2397:

Beyond deaths and injuries, highly prevalent forms of violence (such as child maltreatment and intimate partner violence) have serious lifelong non-injury health consequences. Victims may engage in high-risk behaviours such as alcohol and

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approach is based on the obligations of states to respect, protect and fulfill human rights and therefore to prevent, eradicate and punish violence. It recognizes violence as a violation of many human rights: the rights to life, liberty,

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Some scholars disagree with the argument that all violence is decreasing arguing that not all types of violent behaviour are lower now than in the past. They suggest that research typically focuses on lethal violence, often looks at

1868:, "appears whenever power is in jeopardy" and "in and of itself stands emptied of strength and purpose: it is part of a larger matrix of socio-political power struggles". Violence can be broadly divided into three broad categories— 3190:

Schechter DS, Willheim E, McCaw J, Turner JB, Myers MM, Zeanah CH (2011). "The relationship of violent fathers, posttraumatically stressed mothers, and symptomatic children in a preschool-age inner-city pediatrics clinic sample".

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The first level identifies biological and personal factors that influence how individuals behave and increase their likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence: demographic characteristics (age, education, income),

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research. To achieve lasting change, it is important to enact legislation and develop policies that protect women; address discrimination against women and promote gender equality; and help to move the culture away from violence.

2292:, produces casualty rates of up to 60%, compared to 1% of the combatants as is typical in modern warfare. "Primitive Warfare" of these small groups or tribes was driven by the basic need for sustenance and violent competition. 1958:

Human geography, though coming late to the theorizing table, has tackled violence through many lenses, including anarchist geography, feminist geography, Marxist geography, political geography, and critical geography. However,

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resulted in the deaths of over two million Cambodians (which was 25% of the Cambodian population), forming one of the many contemporary examples of state-sponsored violence. About fourteen thousand of these murders occurred at

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systems—are largely based on the belief in rehabilitation and prevention. In the US, the criminal justice system has, for instance, funded school- and community-based initiatives to reduce children's access to guns and teach

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and what their needs are, co-ordination of activities between various players and working towards global, national and local capabilities so as to deliver effective health services during the various stages of an emergency.

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Based on the idea of human nature, scientists do agree violence is inherent in humans. Among prehistoric humans, there is archaeological evidence for both contentions of violence and peacefulness as primary characteristics.

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Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B. & Holden, G. Threat Assessment: an approach to prevent targeted violence. NCJ 155000. Research in Action, September 1995, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington,

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Investigating why the problem occurs by determining its causes and correlates, the factors that increase or decrease the risk of its occurrence (risk and protective factors) and the factors that might be modifiable through

1450:. There is also emerging evidence that these programmes reduce convictions and violent acts in adolescence and early adulthood, and probably help decrease intimate partner violence and self-directed violence in later life. 1355:

case, as well as in a review of video game violence by the Australian Government (2010) which concluded evidence for harmful effects were inconclusive at best and the rhetoric of some scholars was not matched by good data.

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This initial categorization differentiates between violence that a person inflicts upon themself, violence inflicted by another individual or by a small group of individuals, and violence inflicted by larger groups such as

480:, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation." 1394:

factors of violent acts, however, are most consistently found to be mainly socio-demographic and socio-economic factors such as being young, male, of lower socioeconomic status and, in particular, substance use (including

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Birdsell, Joseph B. (1986). "Some predictions for the Pleistocene based on equilibrium systems among recent hunter gatherers". In Lee, Richard; DeVore, Irven (eds.). Man the Hunter. New York: Aldine Publishing Co. p.

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States, United (1918). "U.S. Compiled Statutes, 1918: Embracing the Statutes of the United States of a General and Permanent Nature in Force July 16, 1918, with an Appendix Covering Acts June 14 to July 16, 1918".

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Reddy, M., Borum, R., Vossekuil, B., Fein, R.A., Berglund, J., & Modzeleski, W. "Evaluating risk for targeted violence in schools: Comparing risk assessment, threat assessment, and other approaches" in

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perspective considers the harm inflicted by the very interpretation of the world as a form of violence that is distinct from physical violence in that it is possible to avoid physical violence whereas some

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may provide evidence that violence within and among groups is not a recent phenomenon. According to the book "The Bioarchaeology of Violence" violence is a behavior that is found throughout human history.

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Tertiary prevention – approaches that focus on long-term care in the wake of violence, such as rehabilitation and reintegration, and attempt to lessen trauma or reduce long-term disability associated with

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Rosenberg ML, Butchart A, Mercy J, Narasimhan V, Waters H, Marshall MS. Interpersonal violence. In Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Prabhat J, Mills A, Musgrove P (eds.)

2326:, argued that modern society is less violent than in periods of the past, whether on the short scale of decades or long scale of centuries or millennia. He argues for a paleolithic homicide rate of 15%. 1692:

Secondary prevention – approaches that focus on the more immediate responses to violence, such as pre-hospital care, emergency services or treatment for sexually transmitted infections following a rape.

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Elder maltreatment is a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person.

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combine microfinance with gender equality training; promote communication and relationship skills within communities; reduce access to, and the harmful use of alcohol; and change cultural gender norms.

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Bruce S. The "A Man" campaign: marketing social norms to men to prevent sexual assault. The report on social norms. Working paper number 5. July 2002. Little Falls, NJ, PaperClip Communications, 2002.

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indirect costs of violence due to lost productivity and lost investment in education work together to slow economic development, increase socioeconomic inequality, and erode human and social capital.

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Following the World Health Organization, youth are defined as people between the ages of 10 and 29 years. Youth violence refers to violence occurring between youths, and includes acts that range from

1786: 1512:, including post-traumatic stress disorder; and protection orders, which prohibit a perpetrator from contacting the victim, to reduce repeat victimization among victims of intimate partner violence. 2471:

report, which estimates the economic impact of violence and conflict on the global economy, the total economic impact of violence on the world economy in 2015 was estimated to be $ 13.6 trillion in

6822: 979:. Risk factors specific to sexual violence perpetration include beliefs in family honor and sexual purity, ideologies of male sexual entitlement and weak legal sanctions for sexual violence. 2925:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1491:

supportive of violence can prevent acts of violence and have been widely used, but the evidence base for their effectiveness is currently weak. The effectiveness of interventions addressing

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M. Moore "Public Health and Criminal Justice Approaches to Prevention."1992. In Vol. 16 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

5371:

Peterson JK, Skeem J, Kennealy P, Bray B, Zvonkovic A (October 2014). "How often and how consistently do symptoms directly precede criminal behavior among offenders with mental illness?".

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In recent decades in many countries in the world, the criminal justice system has taken an increasing interest in preventing violence before it occurs. For instance, much of community and

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The threat and enforcement of physical punishment has been a tried and tested method of preventing some violence since civilisation began. It is used in various degrees in most countries.

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forms "the most prevalent and important form of violence in American families", whose effects contribute to several major societal problems, including later domestic violence and crime.

2818:"Epistemic violence in testimony is a refusal, intentional or unintentional, of an audience to communicatively reciprocate a linguistic exchange owing to pernicious ignorance" 7656: 1174:

With many conceptual factors that occur at varying levels in the lives of those impacted, the exact causes of violence are complex. To represent this complexity, the ecological, or

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and nursing homes. When interpersonal violence occurs in families, its psychological consequences can affect parents, children, and their relationship in the short- and long-terms.

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Exploring ways to prevent the problem by using the above information and designing, monitoring and rigorously assessing the effectiveness of programmes through outcome evaluations.

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While studies showing associations between physical punishment of children and later aggression cannot prove that physical punishment causes an increase in aggression, a number of

1218:, the strength of the social welfare system, the social acceptability of violence, the availability of weapons, the exposure to violence in mass media, and political instability. 3237: 1865: 1324:

negotiating status and hierarchies, deterring rivals from future aggression, deterring mate from infidelity, and reducing resources expended on genetically unrelated children."

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Pronyk PM, et al. (2006). "Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial".

2784:'any interpretation of reality is always a form of violence in the sense that knowledge "can only be a violation of the things to be known" ... Several philosophers following 7449: 2288:

were at war more than once per year, and that 65% of them were fighting continuously. He writes that the attrition rate of numerous close-quarter clashes, which characterize

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Religious and political ideologies have been the cause of interpersonal violence throughout history. Ideologues often falsely accuse others of violence, such as the ancient

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Studies in a number of countries show that, for every homicide among young people age 10 to 24, 20 to 40 other young people receive hospital treatment for a violent injury.

6000: 2994: 4828:, Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11:3, Summer 1999. As Mexican Biologist and Scientologist Adri Rodriguez says, Violence is a recurring motif in today's society. 8054: 2329:

Steven Pinker argues that by every possible measure, every type of violence has drastically decreased since ancient and medieval times. A few centuries ago, for example,

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suggest that the experience of physical punishment has a direct causal effect on later aggressive behaviors. Cross-cultural studies have shown that greater prevalence of

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Stoltenborgh M.; Van IJzendoorn M.H.; Euser E.M.; Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J. (2011). "A global perspective on child abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world".

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accounts for about 883,000, interpersonal violence for 456,000 and collective violence for 18,000. Deaths due to collective violence have decreased from 64,000 in 1990.

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the context of complex social interactions, often in a family setting rather than between strangers. It is also an issue in health care settings and the wider community.

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Among the most effective such programmes to prevent child maltreatment and reduce childhood aggression are the Nurse Family Partnership home-visiting programme and the

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Individual risk factors include poor behavioral control, high emotional stress, low IQ, and antisocial beliefs or attitudes. Family risk factors include authoritarian

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is a long-duration form of violence which is often invisible (at least to those not impacted by it), such as environmental degradation, pollution and climate change.

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As an anthropological concept, "everyday violence" may refer to the incorporation of different forms of violence (mainly political violence) into daily practices.

7378: 7228: 6144:

Caldera; et al. (1997). "Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: 15 year follow-up of a randomized trial".

5973:"Kids Help Draw Line on Hitting: Beyond the primary colors and the stick figures, there's a harrowing message: Some children are growing up on a diet of violence" 1822: 1121:

is the act of causing harm by an inability to understand the conversation of others due to ignorance. Some philosophers think this will harm marginalized groups.

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of intimate partner violence and refer them to appropriate services; psychosocial interventions—such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy—to reduce

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activities, and exposure to school climates that are: well supervised, use clear behavior rules and disciplinary approaches, and engage parents with teachers.

7143:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 3969:"Assessing the long-term effects of the Safe Dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration" 3581: 1266:

Jan Vodka emphasizes that, for those purposes, "violent behavior is defined as overt and intentional physically aggressive behavior against another person."

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Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years of age. It includes all types of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment,

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Not surprisingly, scientific evidence about the effectiveness of interventions to prevent collective violence is lacking. However, policies that facilitate

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usually offers no challenge and if challenged the higher status individual usually ignores the lower status individual. At the same an environment of great

7300: 7142: 3377:

MacMillan HL, Wathen CN, Barlow J, Fergusson DM, Leventhal JM, Taussig HN (2009). "Interventions to prevent child maltreatment and associated impairment".

3865:; Bjørnholt, M.; Boonzaier, F. (2020). "What has masculinity to do with intimate partner violence?". In Gottzén, L.; Bjørnholt, M.; Boonzaier, F. (eds.). 3471:

Mercy, J.A., Butchart, A., Farrington, D., Cerda, M. (2002). Youth violence. In Etienne Krug, L.L. Dahlberg, J.A. Mercy, A.B. Zwi & R. Lozano (Eds.),

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Gilbert R.; Spatz Widom C.; Browne K.; Fergusson D.; Webb E.; Janson J. (2009). "Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries".

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states that violence "represents a violation in the very conditions constituting what it means to be human as such", "is always an attack upon a person's

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Nazaretyan, A.P. (2007). Violence and Non-Violence at Different Stages of World History: A view from the hypothesis of techno-humanitarian balance. In:

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Roberts GL; et al. (1997). "Impact of an education program about domestic violence on nurses and doctors in an Australian emergency department".

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Fein, R.A. & Vossekuil, B. "Assassination in the United States: an operational study of recent assassins, attackers, and near-lethal approaches".

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Charles E. Butterworth and Irene Gendzier. "Frantz Fanon and the Justice of Violence. "Middle East Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Autumn, 1974), pp. 451–58

7886: 6216:"Understanding the impact of a microfinance-based intervention on women's empowerment and the reduction of intimate partner violence in South Africa" 4091: 3475: 2897: 1869: 895: 7975: 7766: 7121: 4337:

Gammeltoft, Tine M. (2016-12-01). "Silence as a Response to Everyday Violence: Understanding Domination and Distress Through the Lens of Fantasy".

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survive only because police violence defends them, and that capitalist economies need war to expand. In this view, capitalism results in a form of

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Farmer, Paul, M. Connors, and J. Simmons, eds. Women, Poverty, and Aids: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 1996.

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Rules or expectations of behaviour – norms – within a cultural or social group can encourage violence. Interventions that challenge cultural and

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Violence in many forms can be preventable. There is a strong relationship between levels of violence and modifiable factors in a country such as

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found that corporal punishment was more prevalent in societies which also had higher rates of homicide, assault, and war. In the United States,

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Fabiano P; et al. (2003). "Engaging men as social justice allies in ending violence against women: evidence for a social norms approach".

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includes adapting programmes to local contexts and subjecting them to rigorous re-evaluation to ensure their effectiveness in the new setting.

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and is a topic of increasing interest to researchers trying to understand violent behavior. It has been discussed at length by researchers in

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was the cause in 180,000 deaths, assault by sharp object was the cause in 114,000 deaths, and the remaining 110,000 deaths from other causes.

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Martin, Debra L., Ryan P. Harrod, and Ventura R. Pérez, eds. 2012. The Bioarchaeology of Violence. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

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Solomon PL, Cavanaugh MM, Gelles RJ (January 2005). "Family violence among adults with severe mental illness: a neglected area of research".

3626: 4412: 4323:

Borum, R., Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B. & Berglund, J. "Threat assessment: Defining an approach for evaluating risk of targeted violence".

7432: 7412: 5283:"The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions" 5187: 4841: 1352: 7477: 1896:

subfields that emerged following the early positivist approaches and subsequent behavioral turn, have long been concerned with social and

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Ploeg Jenny; Fear Jana; Hutchison Brian; MacMillan Harriet; Bolan Gale (2009). "A Systematic Review of Interventions for Elder Abuse".

3605: 3253:

Schechter DS, Willheim E (2009). The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children. In CH Zeanah (Ed.).

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and national constitutions and laws, which stipulate the obligations of states, and include mechanisms to hold states accountable. The

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Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

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could also be said to represent the physicality of the state of exception in space, and can just as easily draw man as homo sacer.

8570: 7515: 7500: 5997: 5507:

Brekke JS, Prindle C, Bae SW, Long JD (October 2001). "Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community".

2991: 8562: 7575: 4742: 8102: 8046: 6735: 6450:

Olive P (2007). "Care for emergency department patients who have experienced domestic violence: a review of the evidence base".

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Barzilai, Gad (2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

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Caldera D, et al. (2007). "Impact of a statewide home visiting program on parenting and on child health and development".

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includes war and related violent conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out by armed groups. There may be multiple

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enforcement is the main means of regulating nonmilitary violence in society. Governments regulate the use of violence through

815:

Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences, which is, however, complex and difficult to study.

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Olds DL, Sadler L, Kitzman H (2007). "Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: recent evidence from randomized trials".

5635: 4068: 3124: 1790: 1789:, for example, requires that countries party to the Convention take all appropriate steps to end violence against women. The 8200: 6957:

Prothrow-Stith D (2004). "Strengthening the collaboration between public health and criminal justice to prevent violence".

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Prothrow-Stith D (2004). "Strengthening the collaboration between public health and criminal justice to prevent violence".

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among teenagers and young adults by challenging social and cultural norms related to gender is supported by some evidence.

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However, there are some specific diagnoses, such as childhood conduct disorder or adult antisocial personality disorder or

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dissatisfaction. Factors associated only with perpetration of intimate partner violence are having multiple partners, and

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Keith Krause, Robert Muggah, and Achim Wennmann, "Global Burden of Armed Violence," Geneva Declaration Secretariat, 2008.

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Bensimon M.; Ronel N. (2012). "The flywheel effect of intimate partner violence: A victim-perpetrator interactive spin".

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means. Gandhi himself once wrote: "A society organized and run on the basis of complete non-violence would be the purest

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and security of the person; the rights to equality and non-discrimination; the rights to be free from torture and cruel,

1035:, the region with the highest murder rate in the world, experienced more than 2.5 million murders between 2000 and 2017. 7675: 7375: 7225: 4426: 1206:, important factors are stress due to the nature of the past relationship between the abused person and the care giver. 8546: 8511: 8494: 8333: 7918: 7814: 7685: 7585: 6811:

Bratton W (with Knobler P). Turnaround: how America's top cop reversed the crime epidemic. New York: Random House, 1998

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Zwi, Garfield, & Loretti (2002) Collective violence, In Krug et al. (Eds) World report on violence and health, WHO

3790: 2064: 6823:"Examining the Situational- and Suspect-Level Predictors of Police Use of Force Among a Juvenile Arrestee Population" 3880: 2511: 2457: 2333:

was a standard practice in all kinds of warfare and was so common that historians did not even bother to mention it.

1851: 968:

the physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the vulva or anus with a penis, other body part or object.

17: 8001: 6639:

David Joseph E (2006). "The One who is More Violent Prevails – Law and Violence from a Talmudic Legal Perspective".

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writes that scholars are divided on the origins of possible increase of violence—in other words, war-like behavior:

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of women reported experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives.

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came late to theorizing violence" in comparison to other social sciences. Social and human geography, rooted in the

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adult protective services and self-help groups. Their effectiveness has, however, not so far been well-established.

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Chou KR, Lu RB, Chang M (December 2001). "Assaultive behavior by psychiatric in-patients and its related factors".

5653:"Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods" 5544:"Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: comparison with the National Crime Victimization Survey" 4018:"Assessing the incremental effects of combining economic and health interventions: the IMAGE study in South Africa" 3574: 2649: 4568: 4530: 4281:

Vossekuil B.; Borum R.; Fein R.A.; Reddy M. "Preventing targeted violence against judicial officials and courts".

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lectures and events. For example, Violence Prevention Month coordinator, Karen Earle Lile in Contra Costa County,

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has been linked to later violent acts against family members and spouses. The American family violence researcher

8394: 8144:, August 27, 1992; Michelle Malkin, Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week kicks off, October 22, 2007; John L. Esposito, 7743: 7297: 5055: 3821: 2584:

have preached that humans are capable of eliminating individual violence and organizing societies through purely

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Bharatan Kumarappa, Editor, "For Pacifists," by M.K. Gandhi, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, India, 1949.

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Ferguson Christopher J (2010). "Blazing Angels or Resident Evil? Can Violent Video Games Be a Force for Good?".

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is often used. The following four-level version of the ecological model is often used in the study of violence:

8463: 8440: 6355:

Wolfe D, et al. (2009). "Dating violence prevention with at risk youth: a controlled outcome evaluation".

1782: 1770: 1666: 899: 305: 2255:

In academia, the idea of the peaceful pre-history and non-violent tribal societies gained popularity with the

721: 4108: 2506: 2205:, an epoch that began about 11,700 years ago, probably with the advent of higher population densities due to 1977: 1927: 859: 737: 6571:"Protection orders and intimate partner violence: an 18-month study of 150 Black, Hispanic, and White women" 1159:

Community risk factors include poverty, low community participation, and diminished economic opportunities.

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The public health approach is an evidence-based and systematic process involving the following four steps:

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Arendt, H. (1972) On Violence in Crises in the Republic, Florida, Harcourt, Brace and Company, pp. 134–55.

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Lögdberg B, Nilsson LL, Levander MT, Levander S (August 2004). "Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime".

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of children tends to predict higher levels of violence in societies. For instance, a 2005 analysis of 186

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reached its height in the late half of the 20th century. However, some newer research in archaeology and

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As of 2010, all forms of violence resulted in about 1.34 million deaths up from about 1 million in 1990.

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Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children

7878: 1798:, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child. 1148: 819:

report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused.

372: 279: 5176: 4069:"Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence" 2567:

that stems from inequality, environmental damage, and the exploitation of women and people of colour.

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Hyndman, J. (2009) Violence in Gregory, D., Johnston, R., Pratt, G., Watts, M. and Whatmore, S. eds.

5416:"Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy" 3898:"Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: a meta-analytic review" 3483: 3281: 3266: 2905: 1652: 1434: 1312: 911: 747: 473: 31: 8032: 5250: 4644:"The link between child abuse and psychopathology: A review of neurobiological and genetic research" 8603: 8453: 8074:"Doctrinal War: Religion and Ideology in International Conflict," in Bruce Kuklick (advisory ed.), 4913:

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The percentages of men killed in war in eight tribal societies. (Lawrence H. Keeley, Archeologist,

729: 610: 367: 325: 129: 122: 8583: 4403: 1826:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Alternatively, violence can primarily be classified as either instrumental or reactive / hostile.

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between people may cause those at the bottom to use more violence in attempts to gain status.

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memorial featuring hundreds of simple stone blocks, one for each child killed by violence in

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From a public health perspective, prevention strategies can be classified into three types:

515:

In 2013, of the estimated 405,000 deaths due to interpersonal violence globally, assault by

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Some philosophers have argued that any interpretation of reality is intrinsically violent.

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42 M.V.M.O. Court Cases with Allegations of Multiple Sexual And Physical Abuse of Children

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marker at this level of the model is marital conflict or discord in the relationship. In

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to approximate the influence of interpersonal violence and depict the influence of high

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Evaluation studies are beginning to support community interventions that aim to prevent

8366: 8295: 8175: 7632: 7605: 7516:"Skeletons from a 10,000-year-old massacre have archaeologists in a fight of their own" 7501:"Skeletons from a 10,000-year-old massacre have archaeologists in a fight of their own" 7353: 7318: 7193: 7141:

Birbeck, G; Blyth, F; Bolliger, I; Boufous, S; Bucello, C; et al. (Dec 15, 2012).

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Keeley, Lawrence H. War before Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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in some countries—and suicide itself. Self-abuse, in contrast, includes acts such as

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Geneva: WHO and International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.

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Violent acts that are not carried out by the military or police and that are not in

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and physical fighting, through more severe sexual and physical assault to homicide.

8358: 8277: 8258:"Destructive creation: capital accumulation and the structural violence of tourism" 8230: 8167: 7947: 7627: 7617: 7348: 7330: 7197: 7175: 7165: 7157: 6966: 6911: 6778: 6648: 6590: 6582: 6541: 6530:"Do protection orders affect the likelihood of future partner violence and injury?" 6502: 6459: 6407: 6364: 6321: 6284: 6276: 6235: 6227: 6180: 6153: 6118: 6081: 6073: 6046: 6026: 5908: 5873: 5830: 5755: 5718: 5708: 5664: 5600: 5563: 5555: 5516: 5479: 5435: 5427: 5400: 5380: 5343: 5335: 5294: 5267: 5255: 5206: 5196: 5120: 5085: 5031: 4985: 4922: 4887: 4712: 4704: 4663: 4655: 4614: 4606: 4485: 4346: 4211: 4174: 4037: 4029: 3988: 3980: 3949: 3920: 3912: 3548: 3441: 3433: 3386: 3349: 3329: 3286: 3200: 3069: 2944: 2936: 2556: 2430: 2399: 2285: 2181: 1960: 1590: 1243: 871: 8282: 8257: 4595:"Psychophysiological correlates of aggression and violence: An integrative review" 3862: 1829: 902:(JBM-HH) roundtable addressing digital stalking, ties to intimate partner violence 469: 8613: 8574: 8558: 8485: 8204: 8141: 8118: 8106: 7908: 7770: 7436: 7416: 7382: 7304: 7232: 6945: 6854: 6122: 6004: 5713: 5695:

Fazel S, Gulati G, Linsell L, Geddes JR, Grann M (August 2009). McGrath J (ed.).

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Pinker's observation of the decline in interpersonal violence echoes the work of

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War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Primary prevention – approaches that aim to prevent violence before it occurs.

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governments may have killed more than 260 million of their own people through

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John Edwards' 'Bumper Sticker' Complaint Not So Off the Mark, New Memo Shows

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Lee, Bandy X. (May–June 2016). "Causes and cures VII: Structural violence".

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offers several explanations for human violence in various contexts, such as

546:

The World Health Organization divides violence into three broad categories:

27:

Use of physical force or psychological power with the intent to inflict harm

8134: 7961: 7641: 7362: 7189: 6978: 6925: 6790: 6604: 6555: 6471: 6419: 6376: 6333: 6249: 6192: 6130: 6095: 6038: 5920: 5885: 5842: 5799: 5791: 5732: 5577: 5528: 5493: 5449: 5392: 5357: 5308: 5220: 5163: 5124: 4726: 4677: 4628: 4610: 4223: 4188: 4051: 4002: 3822:"Why parents in tough Chicago neighborhoods fear after-school program cuts" 3798: 3455: 3398: 3341: 3298: 3212: 2958: 2694: 2593: 2570: 2413: 2300: 2264: 1761: 1661: 1613: 1602: 1573:. Civil societies authorize some amount of violence, exercised through the 1562: 1496: 1488: 1155: 666: 590: 382: 233: 90: 8568:

Hidden in Plain Sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children

7739: 6847: 6586: 6514: 6298: 5678: 5051: 4033: 3984: 3437: 3114: 1787:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

1277:

The concept of violence normalization is known as socially sanctioned, or

1258:

The causes of violent behavior in people are often a topic of research in

565:, organized political groups, militia groups and terrorist organizations. 8126: 7111:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" 7023:

Bowlby, S. (2001) "Social Geography", in Smelser, N. and Baltes, P. eds.

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GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014).

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stated that "something violent is the very symbolization of a thing." An

992: 791: 751: 397: 392: 345: 223: 203: 139: 105: 80: 71: 5759: 4708: 1946:, which is the best-known of the extermination camps referred to as the 1903:

Derek Gregory and Alan Pred assembled the influential edited collection

1047: 8349:

Jinadu Adele (1972). "Fanon: The Revolutionary as Social Philosopher".

5384: 5324:"Mental illness, mass shootings, and the politics of American firearms" 4350: 3617: 3615: 2744: 2729: 2639: 2585: 2552: 2527: 2442: 2304: 1943: 1917: 1421: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1259: 805: 736:(who had been playing music to help Saul feel better), 1860 woodcut by 695: 538: 476:'s definition of violence as "the intentional use of physical force or 4599:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3925: 3539:

Leventhal Tama (2003). "Children and youth in neighborhood contexts".

5259: 3872: 3363: 2789: 2785: 2734: 2601: 2206: 1880:. Thus defined and delineated, it is of note, as Hyndman says, that " 1594: 1550: 1282: 687: 577: 485: 330: 243: 238: 228: 117: 7998: 5619: 4693:"Physical punishment of children: lessons from 20 years of research" 4569:"Risk and Protective Factors |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC" 4531:"Risk and Protective Factors |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC" 3612: 3419: 661: 8474: 6007:, World Health Organization/Liverpool John Moores University, 2009. 2793: 2724: 2523: 2490: 2426: 2358: 2330: 2202: 1885: 1766: 1629: 1598: 1586: 1570: 1537: 1328: 1316: 1247: 1092: 1087: 847: 614: 509: 493: 134: 8551: 8452:

Flannery, D.J., Vazsonyi, A.T. & Waldman, I.D. (Eds.) (2007).

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Abad Gomez H (1962). "Violence requires epidemiological studies".

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and wrote about the counter violence of the "colonized victims."

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Deaths due to interpersonal violence per million persons in 2012

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and violence but concluded that while related they are distinct.

975:

Many of the risk factors for sexual violence are the same as for

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Self-directed violence is subdivided into suicidal behaviour and

516: 489: 85: 8131:

The Great War for Civilisation – The Conquest of the Middle East

7038:, 2006 Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror, and Political Violence 7025:

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5783: 5150:

Goetz, A. T. (2010). "The evolutionary psychology of violence".

4163:"The prevalence of elder abuse and neglect: a systematic review" 686:

or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to

8578: 5898: 5690: 5688: 4772:. Columbus, OH: Center for Effective Discipline. Archived from 3518:

World Health Organization and Liverpool John Moores University.

3422:"Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews" 2644: 1633: 1617: 1566: 1565:

governing individuals and political authorities, including the

1320: 762:. The latter includes youth violence, random acts of violence, 465: 457: 8014:

Baten, Jörg. "Interpersonal violence in South Asia, 900–1900".

7764:

Review of book "War Before Civilization" by Lawrence H. Keeley

4283:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM, Weiner DA (August 2005).

5052:"University Press of Florida: The Bioarchaeology of Violence" 2422: 1980:

from physical violence, per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.

883:

and nervousness, and reduce feelings of anger and annoyance.

770:

by strangers, and violence in institutional settings such as

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The Green Peril: Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat

6939:"WHA49.25 Prevention of violence: a public health priority" 5541: 5461: 5459: 3716: 3714: 3627:"Living with Neighborhood Violence May Shape Teens' Brains" 2800:

have emphasized and explicated this fundamental violence.'

1823:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

1132: 763: 453: 449: 8476:

Globalization and Violence, Vol. 4: Transnational Conflict

8123:

Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on Terror,

6821:

Morrow, Weston J.; Nuño, Lidia E.; Mulvey, Philip (2018).

5076:

Daly Martin; Wilson Margo (1982). "Male Sexual Jealousy".

3257:, 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press, Inc. pp. 197–214. 2341:

have been greatly reduced in the last thousand years, and

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Parsons Kenneth (2007). "Structural Violence and Power".

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Throughout history, most religions and individuals like

8158:

Bufacchi, Vittorio (2005). "Two Concepts of Violence".

7139: 6741:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004. Archived from 5413: 5075: 4469: 4160: 2541:

regard it largely as an ideological and religious war.

1557:

practised within the confines of a specific territory.

1399:) to which some people may be particularly vulnerable. 961:

sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5820: 5630:(3rd ed.). Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 5233: 4142:"WHO European report on preventing elder maltreatment" 3462: 3119:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1319:. Goetz (2010) argues that humans are similar to most 1138: 7934:

Finkelhor D., Turner H., Ormrod R., Hamby S. (2010).

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Kim JC, Watts CH, Hargreaves JR, et al. (2007).

5414:

Swanson JW, McGinty EE, Fazel S, Mays VM (May 2015).

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maltreatment have been found to be highly prevalent.

1555:

monopoly of the legitimate use of force to cause harm

472:. Some definitions are somewhat broader, such as the 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6718:"Atlas – Wars and Democide of the Twentieth Century" 5506: 2238:

classes such as soldiers, or weapons manufacturers.

8133:, Fourth Estate, London, October 2005; Leon Hadar, 8115:

Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror

7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7066: 6897: 3939: 3056:Balcells, Laia; Stanton, Jessica A. (11 May 2021). 2700:

Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)

2412:the main breadwinner. Communities can be caught in 1378:inner-city area, a quarter were found to have been 630:organized groups, terrorist acts and mob violence. 8076:The Monist: The Foundations of International Order 7802: 7397:Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries 7087: 6213: 4427:"Latin America Is the Murder Capital of the World" 4402: 3758: 3720: 3679: 3116:Slow violence and the environmentalism of the poor 2537:Both supporters and opponents of the 21st-century 2310: 1779:right to the highest attainable standard of health 925:, sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. 7603: 7043: 6993: 6016: 4751:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 4642:McCrory, E.; De Brito, S. A.; Viding, E. (2012). 2365:, but ignore the less obvious forms of violence. 37:"Violent" redirects here. For the destroyer, see 8590: 7573: 7063: 6956: 6846:Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence 6820: 6768: 5021: 3868:Men, Masculinities and Intimate Partner Violence 2868:Making of Modern Law: Primary Sources, 1763–1970 2530:spells against women, and modern accusations of 1441: 8255: 8148:, Oxford University Press, USA, September 2003. 7782: 7673: 5002: 4806:Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law 4796: 4484:(2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 236–57. 3791:"WCL: Stop the Violence Resources for Illinois" 3420:Mikton Christopher; Butchart Alexander (2009). 3055: 1577:, to maintain the status quo and enforce laws. 1510:mental health problems associated with violence 8256:Büscher, Bram; Fletcher, Robert (4 May 2017). 7940:Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 7455:. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Archived from 6900:"History of violence as a public health issue" 6638: 5280: 4878:(1969). "Violence, Peace and Peace Research". 4762: 4691:Durrant, Joan; Ensom, Ron (4 September 2012). 4455:. Northwestern University Press. pp. 1–. 4448: 3538: 2990:WHO / Liverpool JMU Centre for Public Health, 1933:In the 1970s, genocides in Cambodia under the 937:and characteristics of intimate relationship. 746:is divided into two subcategories: Family and 7797: 7606:"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence" 7493: 6357:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 5979:. Contra Costa Newspapers. Contra Costa Times 5625: 5321: 4874: 4371: 3520:"Violence prevention: the evidence: overview" 1414: 1038: 422: 8348: 7974:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7580:. University of Chicago Press. p. 422. 7513: 7084:, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York: 368–70. 6878: 6865:Gordon JE, "The epidemiology of accidents," 5188:Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4690: 2385:, with the inscription "stop violence!" in ( 1351:was rejected by the US Supreme Court in the 8469: 7999:"Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study" 7787:. Oxford University Press. pp. 171–73. 7540:"Humans evolved to have a taste for murder" 7243: 7241: 7135: 7133: 7131: 6146:Journal of the American Medical Association 5943:"Code of Hammurabi | Summary & History" 5863: 4444: 4442: 4440: 3966: 3621: 3567: 3541:Current Directions in Psychological Science 3170:The Use of Force in International Relations 3149:The Use of Force in International Relations 2534:against day care center owners and others. 2158: 1383:prejudice and being seen as less credible. 705:the lethality of modern warfare has grown. 682:to conquer territory or loot resources, in 8538:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8506:. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS. pp. 127–48. 8093: 6917:10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.2.mhst1-0902 6492: 6019:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 5745: 5590: 5468:"Violence and mental illness: an overview" 5183:"The Influence of Media Violence on Youth" 4336: 4246:Handbook of injury and violence prevention 4161:Cooper C, Selwood A, Livingston G (2008). 4098:, World Health Organization, 2002, p. 149. 3656:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 862:have shown a reduction in youth violence. 636:determinants of violence against civilians 429: 415: 8552:World Report on Violence Against Children 8392: 8386: 8281: 7951: 7829: 7631: 7621: 7599: 7597: 7352: 7334: 7274:"Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative" 7179: 7169: 7058:Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life 6915: 6641:Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 6594: 6568: 6545: 6397: 6288: 6239: 6085: 5722: 5712: 5668: 5567: 5483: 5439: 5347: 5298: 5249: 5210: 5200: 5005:Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 4716: 4667: 4618: 4178: 4041: 4022:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 3992: 3924: 3445: 3426:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 3280: 3073: 2948: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2812: 2778: 2149: 1852:Learn how and when to remove this message 1433:A review of scientific literature by the 1428: 8157: 7680:. 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How early humans behaved 4475: 4063: 4061: 3819: 3604:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3364:"Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)" 3041:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2911: 2874: 2864: 2368: 1781:. These human rights are enshrined in 1515: 496:), and 31,000 to collective violence ( 492:), 405,000 to interpersonal violence ( 452:to people, or non-human life, such as 341:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 8489:. Cambridge University Press; 2010 . 8321: 8078:, Vol. 89, No. 2 (April 2006), p. 46. 7906: 7846: 7711:"The fraud of primitive authenticity" 7316: 6354: 6059: 5971:Melvin, Gayle Vassar (3 April 1996). 5149: 5145: 5143: 4857: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4089:"World report on violence and health" 4015: 3765:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 3727:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 3686:. 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Grove/Atlantic, Inc. p. 44. 8194:Life After Capitalism – And Now Too 6959:Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 6771:Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 6628:World report on violence and health 5998:"Violence Prevention: the evidence" 4975: 4058: 3759:Van Der Kolk, M.D., Bessel (2015). 3721:Van Der Kolk, M.D., Bessel (2015). 3680:Van Der Kolk, M.D., Bessel (2015). 3473:World Report on Violence and Health 3090:"Country Reports on Terrorism 2019" 2992:"Violence Prevention: The evidence" 2406: 2390: 1783:international and regional treaties 1580:However, German political theorist 1532: 1359: 1139:Factors and models of understanding 890: 623:Nazi Germany's occupation of Poland 24: 8547:American Psychological Association 8393:Freitheim, Terence (Winter 2004). 7654: 7474:"Homicide Victims by Race and Sex" 7385:, World Health Organization, 2008. 7235:, World Health Organization, 2008. 6971:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00451.x 6783:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00451.x 6736:"Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook" 6673: 6400:Journal of American College Health 5878:10.1097/01.JNR.0000347572.60800.00 5300:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537 5140: 4848:, LiveScience.Com, March 16, 2006. 4548: 3233:World Health Organization (2006). 3062:Annual Review of Political Science 2981:, World Health Organization, 2008. 1541:A sign that calls to stop violence 1466: 1163:parent/family use of constructive 25: 8650: 8518: 8486:The Sociology of War and Violence 8013: 7879:"The Big Kill – By John Arquilla" 7867:from the original on 12 May 2013. 6867:American Journal of Public Health 6575:American Journal of Public Health 6569:McFarlane J, et al. 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Geneva, Switzerland: 3413: 3370: 3356: 3313: 3260: 3247: 3227: 3183: 3162: 3141: 3106: 2803: 2618:wrote about the Old Testament: 2323:The Better Angels of Our Nature 2312:The Better Angels of Our Nature 1967: 1771:inhuman and degrading treatment 1740: 1626:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1033:Latin America and the Caribbean 931:antisocial personality disorder 524:concentrated (regional) poverty 8458:. Cambridge University Press. 8262:Journal of Sustainable Tourism 7014:, Wiley-Blackwell, NJ: 798–99. 6898:Dahlberg L.; Mercy J. (2009). 5901:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 5657:Archives of General Psychiatry 5548:Archives of General Psychiatry 5287:Archives of General Psychiatry 3896:Stith SM; et al. (2004). 3082: 3004: 2984: 2965: 2858: 2844:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2831: 2512:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 1978:disability-adjusted life years 1729:severe lifelong consequences. 1667:University of Colorado Boulder 1620:, although not all crimes are 1018:, attempted assassination and 900:Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall 860:business improvement districts 306:Alternative dispute resolution 13: 1: 8283:10.1080/09669582.2016.1159214 7577:The Nature of Paleolithic Art 7162:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 7036:Gregory, Derek and Pred, Alan 7027:, Oxford, Elsevier, 14293–99. 7012:Dictionary of Human Geography 6547:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00576-7 6528:Holt VL, et al. 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(2005). 7376:"Global Burden of Disease" 6369:10.1037/0022-006x.71.2.279 5605:10.1177/009385480102800601 5521:10.1176/appi.ps.52.10.1358 4927:10.1177/002234337100800108 4892:10.1177/002234336900600301 4314:, 2001. 38 (2): pp. 157–72 2972:"Global Burden of Disease" 2573:critiqued the violence of 2488: 2482: 2192: 2188: 1616:are usually classified as 1415:Public awareness campaigns 1367:Mental disorder § Violence 1364: 1343: 1039:Philosophical perspectives 990: 948: 905: 789: 654: 650: 373:Peace and conflict studies 280:Mutual assured destruction 36: 29: 8529:World Health Organization 8503:History & Mathematics 8363:10.1017/s0034670500026188 8338:– via Google Books. 8325:The Wretched of the Earth 8235:10.1080/13623699708409316 8219:"Capitalism and violence" 7574:Guthrie, R. Dale (2005). 7298:"World Health Statistics" 7278:World Health Organization 7118:World Health Organization 6653:10.1017/S0841820900004161 6412:10.1080/07448480309595732 6326:10.1007/s11121-005-0007-0 6078:10.1007/s11121-009-0123-3 5670:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.393 5560:10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.911 5078:Ethology and Sociobiology 4990:10.1016/j.avb.2016.05.003 4915:Journal of Peace Research 4880:Journal of Peace Research 4312:Psychology in the Schools 4216:10.1080/08946560902997181 3954:10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.004 3917:10.1016/j.avb.2003.09.001 3484:World Health Organization 2906:World Health Organization 2259:. The trend, starting in 2257:post-colonial perspective 1653:problem-oriented policing 1435:World Health Organization 1313:sexual jealousy in humans 944: 912:Intimate partner violence 756:child corporal punishment 748:intimate partner violence 709:were over 40 million and 474:World Health Organization 32:Violence (disambiguation) 8160:Political Studies Review 7783:Fry, Douglas P. (2013). 7674:Fry, Douglas P. (2013). 7430:"Violence against women" 6232:10.2105/ajph.2006.095521 5835:10.1177/1524838004272464 5340:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302242 4797:Straus Murray A (2000). 4660:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110222 3762:The Body Keeps The Score 3724:The Body Keeps The Score 3683:The Body Keeps The Score 3291:10.1177/1077559511403920 3205:10.1177/0886260511403747 3168:Šmihula, Daniel (2013): 3147:Šmihula, Daniel (2013): 2771: 2760:Violence begets violence 2710:Nonviolent Communication 2675:Fight-or-flight response 2209:. Social anthropologist 1754:pro-democracy protesters 1458:Evidence shows that the 1339: 1236:pre-industrial societies 826: 808:and commercial or other 533: 512:and social development. 368:Non-aggression principle 326:Conflict style inventory 130:Nonviolent Communication 8629:Harassment and bullying 7623:10.1073/pnas.0505955102 7336:10.4103/0253-7176.78501 6700:"20th Century Democide" 6111:Child Abuse and Neglect 5947:Encyclopædia Britannica 4763:Gershoff, E.T. (2008). 4593:Patrick, C. J. (2008). 4449:Johanna Oksala (2012). 4431:The Wall Street Journal 3629:. The Conversation US. 3553:10.1111/1467-8721.01216 2755:Turning the other cheek 2526:accusations of casting 2502:beating woman in public 2473:purchasing power parity 2462:Economic Value of Peace 2281:War Before Civilization 2248:War Before Civilization 1680:Social ecological model 1346:Media violence research 1327:Goetz writes that most 1309:Evolutionary psychology 1176:social ecological model 711:World War II casualties 215:International relations 145:Speaking truth to power 8351:The Review of Politics 8322:Fanon, Frantz (2007). 8027:Cite journal requires 7910:The Civilizing Process 6830:Justice Policy Journal 5466:Stuart H (June 2003). 5420:Annals of Epidemiology 5373:Law and Human Behavior 5125:10.1002/cd.23219811107 4611:10.1098/rstb.2008.0028 4327:, 1999. 17: pp. 323–37 4271:, 1999. 50: pp. 321–33 2625: 2614:Old Testament scholar 2515: 2503: 2435:interpersonal violence 2394: 2361:rates of death due to 2252: 2220: 2159:Interpersonal violence 2150:Self-directed violence 2131: 2061: 1832:by rewriting it in an 1757: 1542: 1473:violence against women 1429:Interpersonal violence 964: 959:Meeting of victims of 923:unintended pregnancies 903: 843: 744:Interpersonal violence 740: 726: 713:were over 70 million. 707:World War I casualties 674: 626: 596:deliberate self-injury 580:. The former includes 553:interpersonal violence 550:self-directed violence 543: 8473:; Sharma, RR (2006). 7913:. Oxford: Blackwell. 7317:Reddy, M. S. (2010). 7171:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 6587:10.2105/ajph.94.4.613 4740:"Corporal Punishment" 4180:10.1093/ageing/afm194 4034:10.2471/blt.08.056580 3985:10.2105/ajph.94.4.619 3795:ABC 7 Windy City Live 3438:10.2471/blt.08.057075 2720:Nonviolent revolution 2715:Nonviolent resistance 2620: 2509: 2498: 2489:Further information: 2479:Religion and politics 2383:semi-automatic pistol 2376: 2244: 2228:Guns, Germs and Steel 2215: 2067: 1975: 1748: 1640:(e.g. self-defense). 1540: 1522:reductions in poverty 1344:Further information: 1192:personality disorders 958: 898: 834: 732: 724: 703:Industrial Revolution 684:national self-defence 664: 638:in such situations. 613: 541: 290:Nuclear proliferation 8448:Critique of Violence 8198:Capitalism explained 8117:, Free Press; 2004; 8051:World Economic Forum 7410:"Child maltreatment" 7096:Cavarero, A. (2009) 7040:. London: Routledge. 6281:10.2105/ajph.88.1.45 5509:Psychiatric Services 4861:The Structured Crowd 4858:Rowan, John (1978). 4433:. 20 September 2018. 2690:Legislative violence 2532:satanic ritual abuse 2439:economic development 2425:and Gust that used " 2234:The Third Chimpanzee 1802:Geographical context 1638:justifiable homicide 1454:Life skills in youth 1287:medical anthropology 1228:longitudinal studies 760:abuse of the elderly 542:Typology of violence 356:Paradox of tolerance 52:. For the song, see 45:. For the film, see 30:For other uses, see 8543:Violence prevention 8534:Violence prevention 8525:Violence prevention 8274:2017JSusT..25..651B 7836:Scientific American 7661:Scientific American 7056:Agamben, G. (1998) 5760:10.1192/bjp.174.1.9 4709:10.1503/cmaj.101314 4372:Philippe Bourgois. 4129:Preventive Medicine 3801:on 19 November 2018 3631:Scientific American 3113:Nixon, Rob (2011). 2660:Corporal punishment 2616:Terence E. Fretheim 2565:structural violence 2379:Petah Tikva, Israel 2369:Society and culture 2175:Collective violence 1874:structural violence 1658:conflict resolution 1516:Collective violence 1315:, child abuse, and 1279:structural violence 1232:corporal punishment 1115:feminist philosophy 673:during World War II 556:collective violence 285:Nuclear disarmament 184:Conflict escalation 161:Conflict management 65:Conflict resolution 8619:Dispute resolution 8609:Concepts in ethics 8573:2017-11-15 at the 8557:2016-01-11 at the 8483:Malešević, Siniša 8446:Benjamin, Walter, 8203:2007-11-09 at the 8140:2007-11-15 at the 8105:2007-12-22 at the 8053:. 5 January 2017. 7907:Elias, N. (1994). 7769:2008-05-14 at the 7503:. 20 January 2016. 7435:2011-12-28 at the 7415:2011-12-29 at the 7381:2010-12-24 at the 7303:2011-10-30 at the 7231:2010-12-24 at the 7156:(9859): 2095–128. 6944:2013-01-22 at the 6853:2012-01-03 at the 6314:Prevention Science 6066:Prevention Science 6003:2012-08-30 at the 5385:10.1037/lhb0000075 5179:Donnerstein Edward 4844:2007-07-15 at the 4745:2010-10-31 at the 4351:10.1111/etho.12140 4147:2013-01-22 at the 4114:2013-01-22 at the 4094:2015-08-22 at the 4074:2011-11-12 at the 3529:Geneva, WHO, 2009. 3525:2013-01-22 at the 3478:2015-08-22 at the 3269:Child Maltreatment 3240:2012-07-19 at the 2997:2012-08-30 at the 2977:2015-10-09 at the 2900:2015-08-22 at the 2750:Sectarian violence 2740:Religious violence 2522:against Jews, the 2516: 2504: 2485:Religious violence 2467:2017-11-15 at the 2395: 2343:capital punishment 2276:Lawrence H. Keeley 2253: 2132: 2062: 1913:state of exception 1834:encyclopedic style 1821:is written like a 1758: 1543: 1503:Support programmes 1463:of everyday life. 1145:protective factors 1119:epistemic violence 1058:. You can help by 987:Elder maltreatment 965: 904: 844: 837:Kids off the Block 810:child exploitation 786:Child maltreatment 741: 734:Saul attacks David 727: 696:revolutionary wars 675: 632:Political violence 627: 586:attempted suicides 544: 403:Track II diplomacy 351:Prisoner's dilemma 321:Conflict continuum 316:Conflict avoidance 101:Dispute resolution 8584:Heat and Violence 7716:Asia Times Online 7207:on August 1, 2020 6226:(10): 1794–1802. 6179:(9551): 1973–83. 5637:978-0-335-21583-6 4605:(1503): 2543–55. 4378:istmo.denison.edu 3875:. pp. 1–15. 3625:(June 15, 2018). 3199:(18): 3699–3719. 3126:978-0-674-06119-4 2847:. Merriam-Webster 2670:Domestic violence 2655:Communal violence 2555:is violent, that 2263:and spreading to 2182:African Americans 2052: 2,000–3,000 2046: 1,800–2,000 2040: 1,600–1,800 2034: 1,400–1,600 2028: 1,200–1,400 2022: 1,000–1,200 1878:cultural violence 1862: 1861: 1854: 1634:criminal homicide 1216:income inequality 1165:coping strategies 1131:, their sense of 1076: 1075: 977:domestic violence 908:Domestic violence 841:Roseland, Chicago 725:Cain killing Abel 680:war of aggression 640:Economic violence 621:civilians during 582:suicidal thoughts 528:gender inequality 439: 438: 311:Anti-war movement 275:Nuclear blackmail 179:Communal violence 18:Physical violence 16:(Redirected from 8646: 8480: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8414: 8402:Word & World 8399: 8390: 8384: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8319: 8313: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8285: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8214: 8208: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8155: 8149: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8079: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8030: 8025: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8005: 7996: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7973: 7965: 7955: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7808: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7780: 7774: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7707: 7701: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7635: 7625: 7616:(43): 15294–98. 7601: 7592: 7591: 7571: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7454: 7446: 7440: 7426: 7420: 7406: 7400: 7392: 7386: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7356: 7338: 7314: 7308: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7245: 7236: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7206: 7200:. Archived from 7183: 7173: 7147: 7137: 7126: 7125: 7115: 7107: 7101: 7094: 7085: 7078: 7061: 7054: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7015: 7008: 6991: 6990: 6954: 6948: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6919: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6876: 6870: 6863: 6857: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6827: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6740: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6674:Arendt, Hannah. 6671: 6665: 6664: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6598: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6549: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6447: 6441: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6292: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6243: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6089: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6014: 6008: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5726: 5716: 5692: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5571: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5487: 5472:World Psychiatry 5463: 5454: 5453: 5443: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5351: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5302: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5260:10.1037/a0018941 5253: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5204: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5147: 5138: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4864:. Davis-Poynter. 4855: 4849: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4803: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4760: 4754: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4720: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4671: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4622: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4565: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4527: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4446: 4435: 4434: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4334: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4278: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4182: 4158: 4152: 4138: 4132: 4131:: 43, 3, 188–93. 4125: 4119: 4105: 4099: 4085: 4079: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4045: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3996: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3902: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3859: 3853: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3797:. Archived from 3787: 3781: 3780: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3658:. Archived from 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3603: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3536: 3530: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3492: 3486: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3385:(9659): 250–66. 3374: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3284: 3282:10.1.1.1029.9752 3264: 3258: 3251: 3245: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3187: 3181: 3166: 3160: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3040: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3017:. Archived from 3016: 3008: 3002: 2988: 2982: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2935:(9963): 117–71. 2920: 2909: 2891: 2872: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2835: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2782: 2557:private property 2549:Anti-capitalists 2539:War on Terrorism 2431:measurement unit 2421:be the study of 2407:Economic effects 2400:substance misuse 2392: 2303:is known as the 2286:tribal societies 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1961:Adriana Cavarero 1857: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1660:. Despite this, 1591:police brutality 1533:Criminal justice 1360:Mental disorders 1244:Murray A. Straus 1071: 1068: 1050: 1043: 1020:school shootings 891:Intimate partner 669:armoured car in 665:A United States 431: 424: 417: 61: 60: 21: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8604:Social conflict 8589: 8588: 8575:Wayback Machine 8559:Wayback Machine 8521: 8432: 8427: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8397: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8254: 8250: 8215: 8211: 8205:Wayback Machine 8192:Michael Albert 8191: 8187: 8156: 8152: 8142:Wayback Machine 8119:Michael Scheuer 8107:Wayback Machine 8098: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8073: 8069: 8060: 8058: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8028: 8026: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8008: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7983: 7967: 7966: 7932: 7928: 7921: 7905: 7901: 7892: 7890: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7851: 7847: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7796: 7792: 7781: 7777: 7771:Wayback Machine 7762: 7758: 7749: 7747: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7722: 7720: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7672: 7668: 7653: 7649: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7572: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7549: 7547: 7544:The Independent 7538: 7537: 7533: 7524: 7522: 7512: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7459: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7437:Wayback Machine 7427: 7423: 7417:Wayback Machine 7407: 7403: 7393: 7389: 7383:Wayback Machine 7374: 7370: 7315: 7311: 7305:Wayback Machine 7296: 7292: 7282: 7280: 7270: 7266: 7257: 7255: 7247: 7246: 7239: 7233:Wayback Machine 7224: 7220: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7145: 7138: 7129: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7095: 7088: 7079: 7064: 7055: 7044: 7035: 7031: 7022: 7018: 7009: 6994: 6955: 6951: 6946:Wayback Machine 6937: 6933: 6896: 6892: 6877: 6873: 6869:, 1949; 504–15. 6864: 6860: 6855:Wayback Machine 6845: 6841: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6745: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6672: 6668: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6567: 6563: 6526: 6522: 6491: 6487: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6396: 6392: 6353: 6349: 6310: 6306: 6261: 6257: 6212: 6208: 6169: 6165: 6142: 6138: 6107: 6103: 6058: 6054: 6025:(3–4): 355–91. 6015: 6011: 6005:Wayback Machine 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5969: 5965: 5956: 5954: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5897: 5893: 5862: 5858: 5819: 5815: 5744: 5740: 5707:(8): e1000120. 5693: 5686: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5624: 5620: 5589: 5585: 5540: 5536: 5515:(10): 1358–66. 5505: 5501: 5464: 5457: 5412: 5408: 5369: 5365: 5320: 5316: 5279: 5275: 5251:10.1.1.360.3176 5232: 5228: 5175: 5171: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5109: 5105: 5074: 5070: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5020: 5016: 5011:(2): 1040–2659. 5001: 4997: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4911: 4907: 4873: 4869: 4856: 4852: 4846:Wayback Machine 4837:Heather Whipps, 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4747:Wayback Machine 4738: 4734: 4703:(12): 1373–77. 4689: 4685: 4640: 4636: 4591: 4587: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4549: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4513: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4447: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4411:. 9 July 2019. 4409:Financial Times 4401: 4400: 4396: 4387: 4385: 4370: 4366: 4335: 4331: 4322: 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3014: 3012:"Archived copy" 3010: 3009: 3005: 2999:Wayback Machine 2989: 2985: 2979:Wayback Machine 2970: 2966: 2921: 2912: 2902:Wayback Machine 2892: 2875: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2630: 2612:Luther Seminary 2493: 2487: 2481: 2469:Wayback Machine 2460:, released the 2409: 2377:A sculpture in 2371: 2315: 2290:endemic warfare 2198: 2191: 2177: 2161: 2152: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2060: 2059: 2058: >3,000 2055: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2016: 800–1,000 2013: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1970: 1911:'s concepts of 1909:Giorgio Agamben 1898:spatial justice 1870:direct violence 1858: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1830:help improve it 1827: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1743: 1675: 1535: 1526:decision-making 1518: 1505: 1493:dating violence 1485: 1477:gender equality 1469: 1467:Gender equality 1456: 1444: 1431: 1417: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1370: 1362: 1348: 1342: 1256: 1224: 1196:substance abuse 1141: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1056:needs expansion 1041: 1029: 1012: 995: 989: 953: 951:Sexual violence 947: 914: 906:Main articles: 893: 829: 794: 788: 719: 659: 653: 625:, December 1939 608: 600:self-mutilation 574: 536: 435: 363:Liaison officer 270:Nuclear warfare 254:Multilateralism 194:Just war theory 57: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8652: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8624:Human behavior 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8565: 8549: 8540: 8531: 8520: 8519:External links 8517: 8516: 8515: 8512:978-5484010011 8498: 8495:978-0521731690 8481: 8467: 8450: 8444: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8385: 8376: 8341: 8335:978-0802198853 8334: 8314: 8305: 8268:(5): 651–667. 8248: 8209: 8185: 8166:(2): 193–204. 8150: 8111:Richard Clarke 8092: 8080: 8067: 8038: 8029:|journal= 8006: 7991: 7981: 7926: 7920:978-0631192220 7919: 7899: 7885:. 2012-12-03. 7883:Foreign Policy 7870: 7845: 7822: 7816:978-0670022953 7815: 7790: 7775: 7756: 7730: 7702: 7693: 7687:978-0199859009 7686: 7666: 7655:Horgan, John. 7647: 7593: 7587:978-0226311265 7586: 7566: 7556: 7531: 7506: 7492: 7483: 7480:on 2012-03-23. 7465: 7462:on 2011-10-10. 7441: 7421: 7401: 7387: 7368: 7309: 7290: 7264: 7237: 7218: 7127: 7102: 7086: 7062: 7042: 7029: 7016: 6992: 6949: 6931: 6904:Virtual Mentor 6890: 6881:Tribuna Medica 6871: 6858: 6839: 6813: 6804: 6761: 6752: 6748:on 2015-05-03. 6727: 6709: 6691: 6682: 6666: 6647:(2): 385–406. 6631: 6619: 6610: 6581:(94): 613–18. 6561: 6520: 6485: 6458:(9): 1736–48. 6442: 6433: 6390: 6347: 6304: 6255: 6206: 6163: 6136: 6101: 6052: 6009: 5990: 5963: 5934: 5891: 5856: 5813: 5738: 5684: 5663:(5): 393–401. 5643: 5636: 5618: 5583: 5534: 5499: 5455: 5406: 5363: 5314: 5273: 5226: 5169: 5139: 5130: 5119:(11): 93–112. 5103: 5068: 5041: 5014: 4995: 4968: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4905: 4867: 4850: 4830: 4818: 4789: 4755: 4732: 4683: 4634: 4585: 4547: 4522: 4511: 4468: 4462:978-0810128026 4461: 4436: 4418: 4394: 4364: 4329: 4316: 4302: 4292: 4273: 4260: 4250: 4237: 4210:(3): 187–210. 4194: 4153: 4133: 4120: 4100: 4080: 4057: 4028:(11): 824–32. 4008: 3959: 3932: 3888: 3881: 3854: 3838: 3812: 3782: 3776:978-0143127741 3775: 3751: 3738:978-0143127741 3737: 3710: 3697:978-0143127741 3696: 3672: 3643: 3611: 3566: 3531: 3511: 3487: 3461: 3412: 3369: 3366:. 21 May 2021. 3355: 3312: 3259: 3246: 3226: 3182: 3178:978-8022413411 3161: 3157:978-8022413411 3140: 3125: 3105: 3081: 3048: 3003: 2983: 2964: 2910: 2873: 2857: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2680:Harm principle 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2606:libertarianism 2582:Mahatma Gandhi 2483:Main article: 2480: 2477: 2408: 2405: 2370: 2367: 2320:'s 2011 book, 2314: 2309: 2269:bioarchaeology 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Fry 2190: 2187: 2176: 2173: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1969: 1966: 1948:Killing Fields 1928:Guantanamo Bay 1860: 1859: 1818: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1742: 1739: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1674: 1671: 1622:violent crimes 1534: 1531: 1517: 1514: 1504: 1501: 1484: 1483:Cultural norms 1481: 1468: 1465: 1455: 1452: 1443: 1440: 1430: 1427: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1371: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1341: 1338: 1303:bioarchaeology 1264:Neurobiologist 1255: 1252: 1223: 1220: 1140: 1137: 1074: 1073: 1053: 1051: 1040: 1037: 1028: 1025: 1011: 1008: 991:Main article: 988: 985: 949:Main article: 946: 943: 892: 889: 828: 825: 790:Main article: 787: 784: 768:sexual assault 718: 715: 655:Main article: 652: 649: 607: 604: 573: 570: 558: 557: 554: 551: 535: 532: 484:attributed to 446:physical force 444:is the use of 437: 436: 434: 433: 426: 419: 411: 408: 407: 406: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 359: 358: 353: 343: 338: 336:Family therapy 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 300: 299: 295: 294: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 264: 263: 259: 258: 257: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 218: 217: 211: 210: 209: 208: 207: 206: 196: 191: 186: 181: 173: 172: 166: 165: 164: 163: 155: 154: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 126: 125: 123:Party-directed 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 93: 88: 83: 75: 74: 68: 67: 54:Violent (song) 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8651: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8634:Controversies 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8389: 8380: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8357:(3): 433–36. 8356: 8352: 8345: 8337: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8318: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8096: 8089: 8084: 8077: 8071: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8034: 8021: 8010: 8003: 8000: 7995: 7985: 7977: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7946:(3): 238–42. 7945: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7922: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7903: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7832:"Book Review" 7826: 7818: 7812: 7807: 7806: 7800: 7799:Steven Pinker 7794: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7760: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7719:. 4 July 2006 7718: 7717: 7712: 7706: 7697: 7689: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7598: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7570: 7560: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7521: 7517: 7510: 7502: 7496: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7458: 7451: 7445: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7425: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7294: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7222: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7106: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7083: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7059: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7039: 7033: 7026: 7020: 7013: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6910:(2): 167–72. 6909: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6756: 6744: 6737: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6686: 6677: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6540:(24): 16–21. 6539: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6501:(3): 220–26. 6500: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6406:(3): 105–12. 6405: 6401: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6363:(2): 279–91. 6362: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6320:(3): 245–57. 6319: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6275:(88): 45–50. 6274: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6152:(8): 637–43. 6151: 6147: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6117:(8): 829–52. 6116: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5994: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5872:(5): 139–51. 5871: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5701:PLOS Medicine 5698: 5691: 5689: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5599:(6): 655–94. 5598: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5554:(8): 911–21. 5553: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5460: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5426:(5): 366–76. 5425: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5379:(5): 439–49. 5378: 5374: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5293:(2): 152–61. 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5212:2027.42/83429 5208: 5203: 5198: 5195:(3): 81–110. 5194: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5144: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4886:(3): 167–91. 4885: 4881: 4877: 4876:Galtung Johan 4871: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4779:on 2016-01-27 4775: 4768: 4767: 4759: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4654:(4): 151–56. 4653: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345:(4): 427–47. 4344: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4296: 4289:(576): 78–90. 4288: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4264: 4254: 4247: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4173:(2): 151–60. 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4140:Sethi et al. 4137: 4130: 4124: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3979:(4): 619–24. 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3948:(5): 423–29. 3947: 3943: 3936: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3882:9781000217995 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3715: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3662:on 2019-12-21 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3601: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3432:(5): 353–61. 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3275:(2): 79–101. 3274: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3109: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3038: 3024:on 2015-09-15 3020: 3013: 3007: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2893:Krug et al., 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2861: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2815: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2665:De-escalation 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2456:In 2016, the 2454: 2452: 2451:human capital 2448: 2444: 2441:and level of 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2414:poverty traps 2404: 2401: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2351:Norbert Elias 2347: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2318:Steven Pinker 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2225:in his books 2224: 2223:Jared Diamond 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2186: 2183: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2128: 227–878 2122: 127–226 2066: 2010: 600–800 2004: 400–600 1998: 200–400 1992: <200 1986: No data 1979: 1976:Estimates of 1974: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1856: 1853: 1845: 1842:December 2023 1835: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1819:This section 1817: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1715: 1713:intervention. 1711: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1673:Public health 1670: 1668: 1663: 1662:force is used 1659: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1582:Hannah Arendt 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:legal systems 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1475:by promoting 1474: 1464: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1439: 1436: 1426: 1423: 1412: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1368: 1357: 1354: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1222:Child-rearing 1219: 1217: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:brain lesions 1185: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1070: 1067:December 2022 1061: 1057: 1054:This section 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1036: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1016:assassination 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 984: 980: 978: 973: 969: 962: 957: 952: 942: 938: 934: 932: 926: 924: 918: 913: 909: 901: 897: 888: 884: 880: 876: 873: 867: 863: 861: 855: 851: 849: 842: 838: 833: 824: 820: 816: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 793: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 739: 735: 731: 723: 717:Interpersonal 714: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 672: 668: 663: 658: 648: 646: 645:Slow violence 641: 637: 633: 624: 620: 616: 612: 603: 601: 597: 593: 592: 588:—also called 587: 583: 579: 572:Self-directed 569: 566: 564: 555: 552: 549: 548: 547: 540: 531: 529: 526:, income and 525: 520: 518: 513: 511: 507: 506:mental health 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 432: 427: 425: 420: 418: 413: 412: 410: 409: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 388:Peacebuilding 386: 384: 381: 379: 378:Peace process 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 297: 296: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 266: 265: 261: 260: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 220: 219: 216: 213: 212: 205: 202: 201: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 189:De-escalation 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 175: 174: 171: 168: 167: 162: 159: 158: 157: 156: 152: 151: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 124: 121: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111:Collaborative 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 78: 77: 76: 73: 70: 69: 66: 63: 62: 59: 55: 51: 49: 44: 42: 33: 19: 8502: 8484: 8475: 8454: 8447: 8417:. Retrieved 8405: 8401: 8388: 8379: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8324: 8317: 8308: 8265: 8261: 8251: 8229:(1): 63–66. 8226: 8222: 8212: 8188: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8145: 8130: 8122: 8114: 8095: 8083: 8075: 8070: 8059:. Retrieved 8050: 8041: 8020:cite journal 8009: 7994: 7984: 7970:cite journal 7943: 7939: 7929: 7909: 7902: 7891:. Retrieved 7882: 7873: 7858: 7848: 7835: 7825: 7804: 7793: 7784: 7778: 7773:, July 2004. 7759: 7748:. Retrieved 7733: 7721:. Retrieved 7714: 7705: 7696: 7676: 7669: 7660: 7650: 7613: 7609: 7576: 7569: 7559: 7548:. Retrieved 7546:. 2016-09-28 7543: 7534: 7523:. Retrieved 7519: 7509: 7495: 7486: 7478:the original 7468: 7457:the original 7444: 7424: 7404: 7396: 7390: 7371: 7329:(2): 77–82. 7326: 7322: 7312: 7293: 7281:. Retrieved 7277: 7267: 7256:. Retrieved 7252: 7221: 7209:. Retrieved 7202:the original 7153: 7149: 7117: 7105: 7097: 7081: 7057: 7037: 7032: 7024: 7019: 7011: 6965:(1): 82–88. 6962: 6958: 6952: 6934: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6866: 6861: 6842: 6833: 6829: 6816: 6807: 6777:(1): 82–94. 6774: 6770: 6764: 6755: 6743:the original 6730: 6712: 6694: 6685: 6675: 6669: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6613: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6537: 6533: 6523: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6436: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6022: 6018: 6012: 5993: 5981:. Retrieved 5976: 5966: 5955:. Retrieved 5946: 5937: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5829:(1): 40–54. 5826: 5822: 5816: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5704: 5700: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5627: 5621: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5478:(2): 121–4. 5475: 5471: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5334:(2): 240–9. 5331: 5327: 5317: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5244:(2): 68–81. 5241: 5235: 5229: 5192: 5186: 5172: 5158:(1): 15–21. 5155: 5151: 5133: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5084:(1): 11–27. 5081: 5077: 5071: 5060:. Retrieved 5044: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4921:(1): 73–76. 4918: 4914: 4908: 4883: 4879: 4870: 4860: 4853: 4833: 4821: 4805: 4792: 4781:. Retrieved 4774:the original 4765: 4758: 4750: 4735: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4577:. Retrieved 4575:. 2020-05-07 4572: 4539:. Retrieved 4537:. 2023-08-25 4534: 4525: 4514: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4451: 4430: 4421: 4408: 4397: 4386:. 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Retrieved 2842: 2833: 2814: 2805: 2780: 2695:Martial arts 2621: 2610: 2579: 2571:Frantz Fanon 2569: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2517: 2455: 2419: 2410: 2396: 2355: 2348: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2301:World War II 2298: 2294: 2284:that 87% of 2279: 2274: 2265:anthropology 2254: 2246: 2232: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2199: 2178: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2116: 97–126 1968:Epidemiology 1957: 1951: 1932: 1923: 1916: 1904: 1902: 1863: 1848: 1839: 1820: 1796:sexual abuse 1762:human rights 1759: 1741:Human rights 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1703: 1699: 1684: 1676: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1614:self-defense 1611: 1603:labour camps 1579: 1575:police power 1544: 1524:, that make 1519: 1506: 1497:sexual abuse 1489:social norms 1486: 1470: 1457: 1445: 1432: 1418: 1410: 1385: 1376: 1372: 1349: 1334:inequalities 1326: 1307: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1257: 1225: 1212: 1208: 1200: 1180: 1173: 1161: 1156:childrearing 1153: 1149:risk factors 1142: 1123: 1112: 1097: 1083: 1082:in his book 1080:Slavoj Žižek 1077: 1064: 1060:adding to it 1055: 1030: 1013: 1004: 1000: 996: 981: 974: 970: 966: 939: 935: 927: 919: 915: 885: 881: 877: 868: 864: 856: 852: 845: 821: 817: 814: 798:sexual abuse 795: 743: 742: 733: 700: 676: 667:M8 Greyhound 628: 595: 591:para suicide 589: 575: 567: 559: 545: 521: 514: 482: 441: 440: 383:Peace treaty 234:Brinkmanship 169: 91:Conciliation 58: 47: 40: 8471:James, Paul 8127:Robert Fisk 7989:pp. 506–524 7283:25 February 7253:www.who.int 6676:On Violence 6072:(1): 1–12. 5907:(2): 92–7. 5754:(1): 9–14. 4573:www.cdc.gov 4535:www.cdc.gov 4118:Geneva: WHO 3863:Gottzén, L. 3831:December 3, 3805:19 November 3744:December 2, 3623:Darby Saxbe 2705:Nonviolence 2594:voluntarism 2575:colonialism 2520:blood libel 2447:correlation 2443:investments 2391:!די לאלימות 2335:Cannibalism 2261:archaeology 2110: 76–96 2104: 55–75 2098: 33–54 2092: 25–32 2086: 17–24 1935:Khmer Rouge 1460:life skills 1397:alcohol use 1388:psychopathy 1353:Brown v EMA 1204:elder abuse 1093:ontological 1088:ontological 993:Elder abuse 792:Child abuse 752:child abuse 470:destruction 398:Rule of man 393:Peacemaking 346:Game theory 224:Appeasement 140:Negotiation 106:Rule of law 81:Arbitration 72:Nonviolence 8593:Categories 8464:052160785X 8441:0472113151 8419:2010-11-21 8061:2017-06-30 7893:2013-01-22 7809:. 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