5536:
of
Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
3517:
2469:.) Thus, by a shrewd timing of elections, in a parliamentary system, a party can extend its rule for longer than is feasible in a presidential system. This problem can be alleviated somewhat by setting fixed dates for parliamentary elections, as is the case in several of Australia's state parliaments. In other systems, such as the Dutch and the Belgian, the ruling party or coalition has some flexibility in determining the election date. Conversely, flexibility in the timing of parliamentary elections can avoid periods of legislative gridlock that can occur in a fixed period presidential system. In any case, voters ultimately have the power to choose whether to vote for the ruling party or someone else.
5056:
4153:
3402:
3506:
5046:
5079:
1550:
3538:
1329:
3667:
3338:
3220:
1563:
3069:
4239:
3460:
3092:
4310:
3496:
5143:
5005:
1628:
4744:
4717:
3528:
3029:
5111:
3370:
3124:
1615:
804:
33:
8873:
8357:
8346:
4695:
3601:
4870:
4629:
4145:
4046:
3059:
2981:
1481:
3552:
3156:
4929:
4261:
3928:
3645:
3252:
2937:
2911:
1602:
4907:
4838:
4078:
4024:
3434:
1876:
1654:
2667:
2595:
2488:
4409:
4673:
4533:
4505:
4483:
4283:
4200:
3960:
3575:
3306:
3274:
1850:
1589:
5197:
4377:
4345:
4215:
4178:
4110:
3904:
3706:
3003:
2959:
1769:
1641:
2300:
1420:
1230:
4885:
4607:
3852:
3794:
3188:
1954:
4767:
4585:
4461:
3623:
1726:
5175:
4651:
3998:
4431:
1782:
2798:
3878:
3772:
4977:
1923:
4798:
4559:
1679:
4951:
3826:
3738:
1863:
1795:
1576:
8885:
2740:
2366:
1528:
prime minister and other ministers to be a member of the legislature, in other countries like Canada and the United
Kingdom this only exists as a convention, some other countries including Norway, Sweden and the Benelux countries require a sitting member of the legislature to resign such positions upon being appointed to the executive.
2726:, he writes that an advantage of presidential systems is their ability to allow and accommodate more diverse viewpoints. He states that because "legislators are not compelled to vote against their constituents on matters of local concern, parties can serve as organizational and roll-call cuing vehicles without forcing out dissidents."
2651:
does have its drawbacks. For instance, the flip-flopping of legislation back and forth as the majority in parliament changed between the
Conservatives and Labour over the period 1940–1980, contesting over the nationalisation and privatisation of the British Steel Industry resulted in major instability for the British steel sector.
5292:
6583:
powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in
Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
2251:
Parliamentary systems like that found in the United
Kingdom are widely considered to be more flexible, allowing a rapid change in legislation and policy as long as there is a stable majority or coalition in parliament, allowing the government to have 'few legal limits on what it can do' When combined
2091:
which operates under a stricter separation of powers, whereby the executive does not form part of—nor is appointed by—the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, parliaments or congresses do not select or dismiss heads of government, and governments cannot request an early dissolution as
2650:
The ability for strong parliamentary governments to push legislation through with the ease of fused power systems such as in the United
Kingdom, whilst positive in allowing rapid adaptation when necessary e.g. the nationalisation of services during the world wars, in the opinion of some commentators
5535:
The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in
England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House
2436:
to be unnatural, as it can potentially allow a president who has disappointed the public with a dismal performance in the second year of his term to continue on until the end of his four-year term. Under a parliamentary system, a prime minister that has lost support in the middle of his term can be
1527:
Implementations of the parliamentary system can also differ as to how the prime minister and government are appointed and whether the government needs the explicit approval of the parliament, rather than just the absence of its disapproval. While most parliamentary systems such as India require the
2568:
large enough to amend the
Hungarian constitution, there was no institution that was able to balance the concentration of power. In a presidential system it would require at least two separate elections to create the same effect; the presidential election, and the legislative election, and that the
2273:
saying "the president blames
Congress, the Congress blames the president, and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington". Furthermore, ministers of the U.K. cabinet are subject to weekly Question Periods in which their actions/policies are scrutinised; no such regular
6582:
Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in
Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such
2460:
Although Bagehot praised parliamentary governments for allowing an election to take place at any time, the lack of a definite election calendar can be abused. Under some systems, such as the British, a ruling party can schedule elections when it believes that it is likely to retain power, and so
5288:
2569:
president's party has the legislative supermajority required for constitutional amendments. Safeguards against this situation implementable in both systems include the establishment of an upper house or a requirement for external ratification of constitutional amendments such as a
2268:
The United Kingdom's fused power system is often noted to be advantageous with regard to accountability. The centralised government allows for more transparency as to where decisions originate from, this contrasts with the American system with Treasury Secretary
2559:
in Hungary has been claimed to show how parliamentary systems can be subverted. The situation in Hungary was according to Fontaine allowed by the deficient separation of powers that characterises parliamentary and semi-presidential systems. Once
1996:
In Israel, parliament may vote to dissolve itself in order to call an election, or the prime minister may call a snap election with presidential consent if his government is deadlocked. A non-passage of the budget automatically calls a snap
2158:, Pakistan and Bangladesh have enacted laws that prohibit floor crossing or switching parties after the election. Under these laws, elected representatives will lose their seat in the parliament if they go against their party in votes.
1539:
are the leaders of the largest party in parliament, technically the appointment of the prime minister is a prerogative exercised by the head of state (be it the monarch, the governor-general, or the president). This system is used
1054:. The gradual democratisation of parliament with the broadening of the voting franchise increased parliament's role in controlling government, and in deciding whom the king could ask to form a government. By the 19th century, the
2854:
All current parliamentary democracies see the indirect election or appointment of their head of government. As a result, the electorate has limited power to remove or install the person or party wielding the most power. Although
4400:
is later appointed by the President of the Republic under proposal of the approved Prime Minister candidate. The Riigikogu may remove the Prime Minister and any other member of the government through a motion of no confidence.
1405:) allow outsiders to be appointed to the Ministry through an appointed Upper House, although a majority of Ministers (which, by necessity, includes the Prime Minister) must come from within (the lower house of) Parliament.
1069:
of government, with an executive answerable to the lower house of a bicameral parliament, and exercising, in the name of the head of state, powers nominally vested in the head of state – hence the use of phrases such as
972:
The first written record of a parliament, in particular in the sense of an assembly separate from the population called in presence of a King was 1188 Alfonso IX, King of Leon (Spain) convened the three states in the
981:
were the first parliament of Europe that officially obtained the power to pass legislation, apart from the custom. An early example of parliamentary government developed in today's Netherlands and Belgium during the
897:, where a mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of government is from the legislature. In a few countries, the head of government is also head of state but is elected by the legislature. In
1901:, the power to appoint someone to form a government has been moved from the monarch to the Speaker of Parliament and the parliament itself. The speaker nominates a candidate, who is then elected to prime minister (
2256:, this system produces the classic "Westminster model" with the twin virtues of strong but responsive party government. This electoral system providing a strong majority in the House of Commons, paired with the
1497:
The Western European parliamentary model (e.g., Spain, Germany) tends to have a more consensual debating system and usually has semi-circular debating chambers. Consensus systems have more of a tendency to use
1110:
have severed institutional ties to Great Britain by becoming republics with their own ceremonial Presidents, but retain the Westminster system of government. The idea of parliamentary accountability and
1510:. Most Western European countries do not employ strict monism, and allow extra-parliamentary ministers as a matter of course. The Netherlands, Slovakia and Sweden outright implement the principle of
2187:
have weak or non-existent checks on the legislative power of their Parliaments, where any newly approved Act shall take precedence over all prior Acts. All laws are equally unentrenched, wherein
2004:
against the government, a supermajority vote in favour of an early election or a prolonged deadlock in parliament. These requirements can still be circumvented. For example, in Germany in 2005,
1082:). Such a system became particularly prevalent in older British dominions, many of which had their constitutions enacted by the British parliament; such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the
7814:
5831:
1208:. The experiences of the war in the occupied nations where the legitimate democratic governments were allowed to return strengthened the public commitment to parliamentary principles; in
1759:
votes on a candidate nominated by the federal president. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state. This system is used in:
2547:, parliamentary systems in Europe have yielded very powerful heads of government which is rather what is often criticized about presidential systems. Fontaine compares United Kingdom's
2238:
Parliamentarism metrics allow a quantitative comparison of the strength of parliamentary systems for individual countries. One parliamentarism metric is the Parliamentary Powers Index.
76:
4223:
In theory, chancellor and ministers are appointed by the President. As a practical matter, they are unable to govern without the support (or at least toleration) of a majority in the
5424:
2428:
praised parliamentary governments for producing serious debates, for allowing for a change in power without an election, and for allowing elections at any time. Bagehot considered
8246:
1940:
Example: Israel, 1996–2001, where the prime minister was elected in a general election, with no regard to political affiliation, and whose procedure can also be described as of a
1905:) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote against the candidate (i.e. they can be elected even if more members of parliament vote
878:. This is in contrast to a presidential system, which features a president who is not fully accountable to the legislature, and cannot be replaced by a simple majority vote.
2161:
In the UK parliament, a member is free to cross over to a different party. In Canada and Australia, there are no restraints on legislators switching sides. In New Zealand,
4858:
listens to the parties in the Assembly of the Republic and invites someone to form a government, usually the leader of the biggest party. Then the president swears in the
2859:
may enable the party of the prime minister to be removed or empowered, this can be at the expense of voters first preferences in the many parliamentary systems utilising
6209:
4334:
4322:
7807:
116:
6125:
6103:
2750:
2376:
2100:
that draws on both presidential systems and parliamentary systems by combining a powerful president with an executive responsible to parliament: for example, the
4822:
semi-presidential – the President of Poland has the power to veto legislation passed by parliament and can dissolve the parliament under certain conditions. The
5965:
7733:
6479:
7800:
6449:
3411:
6183:
3419:
2887:
5557:
3415:
1397:. Most Westminster systems employ strict monism, where Ministers must be members of Parliament simultaneously; while some Westminster systems, such as
6668:
5805:
2165:
provides that MPs who switch parties or are expelled from their party may be expelled from Parliament at the request of their former party's leader.
1129:, partially imposed by the democratic victors, the United States, Great Britain and France, on the defeated countries and their successors, notably
1700:
to receive the confidence of the parliament within three days. If said leader fails to obtain the confidence of parliament, then the leader of the
6070:
1361:
and countries which were influenced by the British political tradition. These parliaments tend to have a more adversarial style of debate and the
3469:
3101:
230:
6596:
5827:
5612:
2761:
2387:
7980:
4619:
3423:
2466:
109:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
6239:
8251:
8241:
5518:
2223:
1201:
5416:
1212:, a new constitution was written in 1953, while a long and acrimonious debate in Norway resulted in no changes being made to that country's
1752:
6262:
2437:
easily replaced by his own peers with a more popular alternative, as the Conservative Party in the UK did with successive prime ministers
5369:
2871:
958:
date back to Europe in the Middle Ages. The earliest example of a parliament is disputed, especially depending how the term is defined.
5493:
1973:
Furthermore, there are variations as to what conditions exist (if any) for the government to have the right to dissolve the parliament:
8350:
8261:
5870:
3718:
is nominated by a political party that has secured the best results in the parliamentary election. The nominee must be approved by the
3347:
2573:. Fontaine also notes as a warning example of the flaws of parliamentary systems that if the United States had a parliamentary system,
1157:
increasingly impossible to ignore; these forces came to dominate many states that transitioned to parliamentarism, particularly in the
832:
2677:
2605:
2501:
to this section by making broad generalisations based solely on one citation, and looking solely at one country's parliamentary system
2498:
8393:
8316:
6781:
3355:
2035:
17:
6509:
2226:– bypassing the 2/3rd supermajority required for an early dissolution under the FTPA -, which enabled the early dissolution for the
7877:
7678:
4443:
2222:(FTPA), these can be bypassed through the enactment of another that amends or ignores these supermajorities away, such as with the
1006:
8610:
5152:
4915:
3351:
3109:
2555:
noting the former head of government was much more powerful despite governing under a parliamentary system. The rise to power of
2136:
2132:
2043:
8256:
8197:
7867:
5019:
1090:. Some of these parliaments were reformed from, or were initially developed as distinct from their original British model: the
6205:
6661:
6280:
5755:
5728:
5506:
Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries
5363:
5015:
4397:
3473:
3105:
2561:
2321:
1441:
1393:. Regardless of which system is used, the voting systems tend to allow the voter to vote for a named candidate rather than a
1247:
937:
6037:
5590:
2863:, or having no effect in dislodging those parties who consistently form part of a coalition government, as with the current
8291:
8276:
5451:
5160:
5120:
5023:
4963:
2227:
4757:
1044:'s inability to speak English led to the responsibility for chairing cabinet to go to the leading minister, literally the
8271:
8207:
5395:
5233:
5088:
4851:
4091:
3359:
3315:
3283:
2690:
2618:
2511:
1694:
The head of state appoints the leader of the political party holding a plurality of seats in parliament as prime minister
1378:
1002:, and later in Europe and elsewhere in the 19th and 20th centuries, with the expansion of like institutions, and beyond
223:
7009:
6136:
6095:
5995:
8326:
7975:
5799:
5701:
5674:
5487:
5156:
4227:. The cabinet is politically answerable to the National Council and can be dismissed by the National Council through a
3780:
3587:
3531:
3197:
969:
first gathered around the year 930 (it conducted its business orally, with no written record allowing an exact date).
8306:
8301:
8281:
8106:
6450:"Arturo Fontaine: "Si se estableciera el semipresidencialismo, a poco andar el pueblo sentiría que ha sido engañado""
6031:
5981:
5864:
5645:
5584:
5336:
5268:
4725:
4659:
4637:
3062:
2864:
2841:
2779:
2709:
2637:
2530:
2405:
2347:
1467:
1269:
1014:
987:
700:
2823:
2329:
1696:. For example, in Greece, if no party has a majority, the leader of the party with a plurality of seats is given an
1449:
8917:
8889:
8360:
8296:
7828:
7265:
6654:
5461:
4273:
3477:
3379:
3133:
2192:
2124:
2120:
1345:
306:
1518:, where Members of Parliament have to resign their place in Parliament upon being appointed (or elected) minister.
8331:
6175:
5228:
5128:
4318:
3727:
3719:
3657:
3387:
3141:
2949:
2462:
2219:
2200:
2092:
may be the case for parliaments (although the parliament may still be able to dissolve itself, as in the case of
1898:
6161:
1506:
than the Westminster Model legislatures. The committees of these Parliaments tend to be more important than the
8927:
8266:
8023:
7711:
7514:
5027:
4818:
from the largest party or coalition as the head of government. However, the Polish system is often regarded as
3972:
3481:
3113:
2989:
2945:
2808:
2433:
2325:
2196:
1445:
1251:
933:
825:
695:
473:
321:
216:
3988:
3696:
in which the premier is appointed by the president. The Legislative Yuan may vote for motion of no confidence.
2461:
avoid elections at times of unpopularity. (From 2011, election timing in the UK was partially fixed under the
8670:
8524:
8386:
8177:
7645:
5183:
5124:
5096:
5031:
4326:
4269:
3383:
3260:
3165:
3137:
3011:
2072:
2016:
710:
5549:
3516:
8286:
7842:
7767:
7700:
7519:
7245:
5248:
5018:(MP) and of the political party which commands or is likely to command the confidence of a majority of the
4959:
4937:
4491:
3984:
3916:. He appoints the Prime Minister (a Sunni Muslim) and the cabinet. The Parliament thereafter approves the
3685:
in which the premier is nominated and appointed by the president, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan.
3442:
459:
291:
262:
6549:
8932:
8753:
8311:
8192:
8073:
7953:
7772:
7667:
6776:
6064:"The Anti-Defection Law – Intent and Impact Background Note for the Conference on Effective Legislatures"
5289:"The Decreta of León of 1188 – The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system"
5164:
5092:
4753:
4118:
4059:
3583:
3499:
3323:
3291:
2967:
2875:
2068:
1499:
1374:
763:
119:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
5918:
2053:
In Italy the government has no power to call a snap election. A snap election can only be called by the
8225:
8187:
8018:
7777:
7656:
4859:
4729:
4247:
4224:
4095:
3941:
3860:
3762:
3237:
3229:
3205:
3169:
3037:
2860:
2253:
2155:
2148:
1981:, such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand, the prime minister has the
949:
296:
267:
106:
7792:
8778:
8730:
8320:
7744:
6936:
6725:
6607:
5450:
4389:
4295:
4126:
3715:
3391:
3319:
3287:
3041:
3019:
2971:
2174:
2128:
1941:
1300:, with just one parliamentary chamber. A bicameral parliament usually consists of a directly elected
1041:
818:
423:
6545:
6505:
5055:
2008:
deliberately allowed his government to lose a confidence motion, in order to call an early election.
1365:
of parliament is more important than committees. Some parliaments in this model are elected using a
8877:
8773:
8582:
8529:
8379:
8172:
7722:
7155:
6961:
6231:
6063:
5238:
4990:
4815:
4784:
4707:
4703:
3886:
3864:
3811:
3233:
3201:
2544:
2420:
2310:
2097:
2015:
is only elected to fill out the previous Riksdag's term. The last time this option was used was in
1745:
a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment.
1430:
1390:
1037:
1010:
995:
538:
428:
5522:
2754:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
2380:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
8474:
8063:
8003:
7928:
7220:
6745:
5049:
4733:
4228:
4055:
4010:
3838:
3758:
3045:
2819:
2655:
2314:
1821:
1667:
The head of state appoints a prime minister who must gain a vote of confidence within a set time.
1434:
1366:
1358:
1283:
1240:
1134:
991:
882:
468:
141:
56:
6415:
5720:
Settler Self-Government, 1840–1900: The Development of Representative and Responsible Government
2191:
may not outright annul nor amend them, as frequently occurs in other parliamentary systems like
174:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
8509:
7014:
6951:
6946:
6603:
5263:
5258:
5132:
4941:
4919:
4823:
4063:
4032:
3894:
3653:
3555:
3450:
3145:
2919:
2578:
2207:
to any bill passed by their Parliament, this check has not been exercised in Britain since the
2047:
1533:
The head of state appoints a prime minister who will likely have majority support in parliament
1293:
1213:
1181:
1162:
1112:
1079:
966:
894:
705:
647:
593:
181:
131:
66:
5691:
5521:. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from
5353:
2815:
2757:
2685:
2613:
2506:
2383:
1165:
and its centre-left allies dominated the government for several decades. However, the rise of
965:
consisting of prominent individuals among the free landowners of the various districts of the
8622:
8565:
8459:
8444:
8068:
8028:
7892:
7857:
7824:
7627:
7125:
6861:
5787:
5718:
5662:
5477:
5205:
5059:
4855:
4847:
4681:
4641:
4417:
4186:
4152:
4130:
3968:
3945:
3913:
3613:
3591:
3509:
3446:
3295:
3173:
2923:
2208:
2101:
2001:
1990:
1985:
power to call an election, at will. In Spain, the prime minister is the only person with the
1382:
1333:
1205:
1197:
1158:
1142:
1102:; whereas since 1950 there is no upper house in New Zealand. Many of these countries such as
1087:
1022:
1018:
898:
525:
358:
5854:
5635:
1814:
a candidate whom the head of state is constitutionally obliged to appoint as prime minister.
8605:
8123:
8058:
7968:
7958:
7260:
5243:
5100:
4994:
4897:
4893:
4597:
4549:
4514:
4447:
4393:
4157:
4122:
4087:
4067:
3976:
3723:
3631:
3072:
3015:
2993:
1829:
1748:
1515:
1320:
distinguish two types of parliamentary democracies: the Westminster and Consensus systems.
1150:
1095:
890:
635:
506:
496:
481:
326:
5045:
2218:
or additional legislative procedures for certain legislation, such as previously with the
8:
8922:
8858:
8627:
8615:
8572:
8182:
8140:
8094:
8008:
7948:
7689:
7305:
7130:
7004:
6941:
6926:
6520:
4807:
4469:
4354:
4299:
4291:
4099:
4036:
4006:
3949:
3807:
3264:
3177:
2927:
2429:
2108:
2088:
2031:
2027:
1855:
1373:), such as the United Kingdom, Canada, India and Malaysia, while others use some form of
1370:
1103:
1030:
1026:
1009:
is remembered as one of the figures relevant later for convening two famous parliaments.
866:
legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of the
747:
657:
511:
413:
363:
301:
82:
5479:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
2005:
8823:
8162:
8150:
8145:
8101:
8051:
7908:
7887:
7882:
7416:
7235:
7160:
6931:
6720:
6710:
6379:
6371:
6328:
5209:
4776:
4685:
4593:
4575:
4567:
4518:
4495:
4451:
4421:
4396:(normally this candidate is the leader of the parliamentary coalition of parties). The
4362:
4330:
4251:
4190:
3980:
3917:
3746:
3635:
3505:
3327:
2162:
2076:
2054:
1978:
1536:
1511:
1485:
1354:
1341:
1169:
in the 1930s put an end to parliamentary democracy in Italy and Germany, among others.
909:
871:
859:
785:
378:
87:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
6398:
2214:
Whilst both the UK and New Zealand have some Acts or parliamentary rules establishing
1308:
which may be appointed or elected through a different mechanism from the lower house.
1013:, in 1258, stripped the king of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included
8725:
8705:
8650:
8202:
8157:
8133:
8116:
8013:
7998:
7963:
7913:
7581:
7544:
7475:
7426:
7300:
7029:
6740:
6383:
6363:
6320:
6276:
6027:
5987:
5977:
5860:
5795:
5751:
5724:
5697:
5670:
5641:
5580:
5483:
5359:
5332:
4788:
4541:
4473:
3890:
3868:
3815:
3241:
3209:
2548:
2270:
2260:
results in a particularly powerful government able to provide change and 'innovate'.
2080:
1837:
1386:
1091:
1066:
1040:, the monarch, in theory, chaired the cabinet and chose ministers. In practice, King
901:
parliaments, the head of government is generally, though not always, a member of the
780:
454:
316:
311:
272:
245:
151:
5941:"The Assembleia da República as a body that exercises sovereign power / Folketinget"
986:(1581), when the sovereign, legislative and executive powers were taken over by the
974:
8785:
8632:
8600:
8577:
8413:
8167:
8128:
8089:
7591:
7446:
7135:
7115:
7049:
7019:
6994:
6956:
6735:
6564:
6421:
6355:
6312:
6268:
5961:
5892:
5187:
4967:
4663:
4571:
4014:
3842:
3806:
that has the best chance of forming a coalition is given a mandate to do so by the
3689:
3678:
2856:
2257:
2112:
1817:
1328:
1173:
1154:
1083:
1055:
730:
486:
340:
5747:
Westminster Legacies: Democracy and Responsible Government in Asia and the Pacific
2119:
which has an executive council (Byråd) as a part of the parliamentary system. The
2011:
In Sweden, the government may call a snap election at will, but the newly elected
8848:
8838:
8795:
8745:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8555:
8550:
8494:
8484:
8423:
8418:
8111:
8046:
7918:
7431:
7185:
7165:
7120:
6906:
6021:
5745:
5572:
3784:
3068:
2188:
1507:
1503:
1362:
1122:
808:
790:
615:
600:
161:
50:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
6569:
3537:
2556:
8833:
8802:
8790:
8758:
8700:
8665:
8660:
8592:
8454:
8449:
8402:
7923:
7862:
7852:
7847:
7601:
7596:
7480:
7250:
7175:
7079:
7044:
6695:
6359:
5391:
3693:
3682:
3609:
3495:
2425:
2180:
1633:
1401:, permit the appointment of extra-parliamentary Ministers, and others (such as
1317:
1189:
1130:
1099:
1051:
1046:
999:
978:
921:
913:
686:
605:
559:
501:
171:
5355:
The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War
8911:
8843:
8768:
8720:
8545:
8504:
8499:
8479:
8469:
7622:
7230:
7089:
6881:
6811:
6715:
6367:
6324:
6272:
5991:
3834:
3520:
2565:
2552:
2446:
2438:
2215:
1891:
A public officeholder (other than the head of state or their representative)
1825:
1297:
1185:
875:
610:
588:
563:
393:
96:
3527:
2286:
study found that parliamentary systems are associated with less corruption.
2057:, following a consultation with the presidents of both houses of parliament.
1895:
a candidate, who, if approved by parliament, is appointed as prime minister.
8828:
8763:
8715:
8710:
8642:
8519:
8514:
7632:
7441:
7346:
7210:
7039:
7024:
6750:
6480:"'Teflon' Mark Rutte set for fourth Dutch term after record-breaking talks"
6425:
6049:
5446:
3937:
2574:
2204:
1492:, Germany. The Consensus system is used in most Western European countries.
1289:
1138:
983:
373:
6646:
8680:
8655:
8489:
8439:
7606:
7539:
7356:
7275:
7059:
7034:
6984:
6896:
6856:
6851:
6831:
6826:
6816:
6801:
6796:
6454:
6162:"[Columns] Anti-Defection Laws in India: Its flaws and its falls"
5392:"Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked"
5253:
4366:
4358:
2454:
2442:
2184:
2083:, is dissolved – in effect electing all of the Parliament simultaneously.
1620:
1394:
1305:
1301:
1177:
1126:
902:
867:
677:
642:
545:
533:
398:
6550:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
6510:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
6332:
5828:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
5788:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
5663:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
5613:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
5151:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
5119:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
5087:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
4054:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3936:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3468:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3410:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3378:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3346:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3314:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3282:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3228:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3196:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3164:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3132:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3100:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
2127:, may hold early elections – this has only occurred with regards to the
803:
8853:
8735:
8675:
8464:
7822:
7361:
7290:
7180:
7099:
7084:
7064:
6876:
6846:
6836:
6806:
6681:
6375:
5456:
5223:
4780:
4144:
2867:
2570:
2283:
2000:
Other countries only permit an election to be called in the event of a
1398:
1254: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
955:
855:
767:
757:
752:
491:
353:
38:
5976:(in French). No. 78. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. pp. 107–120.
4357:
appoints, based on recommendations from the leaders of the parties in
3551:
3058:
2888:
List of countries by system of government § Parliamentary systems
1480:
1062:
deciding who was prime minister and the complexion of the government.
32:
7565:
7485:
7404:
7379:
7341:
7270:
7145:
7054:
6989:
6914:
6901:
6886:
6871:
6841:
6821:
6346:
Norris, Pippa (1995). "The Politics of Electoral Reform in Britain".
6316:
5940:
4545:
4439:
4385:
4321:
appoints usually the leader of the largest party or coalition in the
3754:
3545:
2450:
1833:
1756:
1555:
1146:
1118:
998:, in particular in the period 1707 to 1800 and its contemporary, the
889:
is the head of state while the head of government is almost always a
850:
652:
550:
433:
388:
368:
127:
5476:
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).
2826:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2299:
1419:
1229:
7529:
7285:
7140:
7074:
6999:
6966:
6866:
6755:
6677:
5974:
Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques
4361:, the cabinet leader who is most likely to successfully assemble a
3750:
2061:
1881:
1659:
1607:
1107:
1094:, for instance, has since its inception more closely reflected the
863:
775:
735:
418:
403:
383:
252:
207:
8371:
5482:(4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–9.
2812:. Nothing in the citation supports the statements in this section.
8818:
7872:
7571:
7336:
7295:
7240:
7215:
7069:
6891:
6791:
4986:
3803:
3541:
2012:
1787:
1774:
1646:
1594:
1402:
1209:
1196:) parliamentary constitutions were implemented, resulting in the
1166:
962:
917:
886:
690:
348:
199:
6020:
Frosini, Justin Orlando (2008). Ferrari, Giuseppe Franco (ed.).
2680:
to by making broad generalisations but citing only one authority
2608:
to by making broad generalisations but citing only one authority
7576:
7411:
7366:
6705:
6700:
4615:
4522:
3586:
appoints and (no sooner than one year) can dismiss through the
2874:'s 4 terms in office, despite their peak support reaching only
2147:"Anti-defection law" redirects here. For the law in India, see
2093:
2039:
2023:
1959:
1928:
1731:
1568:
1489:
1337:
1193:
925:
740:
682:
580:
6517:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
6126:"ANTI-DEFECTION LAW: A DEATH KNELL FOR PARLIAMENTARY DISSENT?"
164:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
6633:
6303:
Weaver, R. Kent (1985). "Are Parliamentary Systems Better?".
5723:(1. publ. ed.). New York: Greenwood Press. p. xxi.
1968:
1868:
1800:
1684:
1581:
1304:
with the power to determine the executive government, and an
1184:. In those countries occupied by the Allied democracies (the
1065:
Other countries gradually adopted what came to be called the
6417:
Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter
6403:. Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
5573:"The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister"
4521:. Ministers can not even resign without being discharged by
8560:
4811:
2751:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2377:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2116:
1125:
became increasingly prevalent in Europe in the years after
929:
6420:. Policy Research Working Papers. World Bank. p. 27.
5744:
Patapan, Haig; Wanna, John; Weller, Patrick Moray (2005).
4779:
appoints the MP leading the largest party or coalition in
4094:(usually the leader of the largest party or coalition) as
190: Dependent territories and places without governments
144:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
7372:
5893:"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh"
2060:
Norway is unique among parliamentary systems in that the
1989:
power to call an election, granted by Article 115 of the
4814:
are elected by popular vote. The President appoints the
1535:. While in the majority of cases prime ministers in the
1522:
1058:
of 1832 led to parliamentary dominance, with its choice
1747:
Example: Spain, where the King sends a proposal to the
874:
is usually, but not always, distinct from a ceremonial
6264:
The Handbook of National Legislatures: A Global Survey
5475:
5331:. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 92.
4148:
The administrative building of the Albanian Parliament
3983:. However, Myanmar is currently under the rule of the
1977:
In some countries, especially those operating under a
5071:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
4170:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
3567:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
3412:
House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3084:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
2903:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
1389:
is elected using proportional representation through
184:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
6597:"Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland"
5696:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 571.
5034:
on the nomination and advice of the Prime Minister.
3420:
Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2067:
In Australia, under certain, unique conditions, the
1149:
had already made the parliamentarist demands of the
1000:
Parliamentary System in Sweden between 1721 and 1772
6447:
5417:"The January Parliament and how it defined Britain"
4854:or the resignation of the previous government, the
2564:of the seats in Parliament in a single election, a
2274:check on the government exists in the U.S. system.
6478:
5743:
5690:Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008).
4090:appoints the MP or individual nominated by in the
3920:through a vote of confidence (a simple majority).
3416:Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2577:, as head of government, could have dissolved the
2087:The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a
77:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
7883:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
5329:La Diputació del General de Catalunya (1413-1479)
2477:
134:holds significant executive and legislative power
8909:
5716:
4993:, who in turn appoints the other members of the
6448:Valenzuela Manguini, Álvaro (5 November 2021).
6443:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6435:
5689:
5548:Blick, Andrew; Jones, George (1 January 2012).
4365:which will not be disapproved by a majority in
3912:Maronite Christian president is elected by the
3470:House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago
3102:House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda
2154:A few parliamentary democratic nations such as
6400:Constitutional reform and effective government
5859:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
5853:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003).
5852:
5792:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
5667:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
5640:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
5634:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003).
5633:
5465:. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
4620:Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia
3749:appoints the leader of the political party or
2729:
2467:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
2263:
2123:are also parliamentary and which, as with the
2064:always serves the whole of its four-year term.
8387:
7808:
7734:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
6662:
5717:Fieldhouse, David; Madden, Frederick (1990).
2694:that contextualizes different points of view.
2622:that contextualizes different points of view.
2515:that contextualizes different points of view.
2224:Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019
2195:. Whilst the head of state for both nations (
826:
224:
6432:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
5830:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013.
2584:
2179:A few parliamentary democracies such as the
2168:
2034:when his or her term ends. In January 2015,
1751:for approval. Also, Germany where under the
881:Countries with parliamentary systems may be
6676:
6538:
6260:
6208:. New Zealand Parliament. 20 January 2016.
3863:approves the Crown Prince who appoints the
3424:Cabinet of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2328:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2079:, whereby all rather than only half of the
2036:this constitutional provision was exploited
1448:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1214:strongly entrenched democratic constitution
1021:pioneered some of the ideas and systems of
870:, to which they are held accountable. This
205:
197:
8394:
8380:
7929:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
7815:
7801:
6669:
6655:
6261:Fish, M. Steven; Kroenig, Matthew (2009).
5615:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013
5547:
3753:that has the support of a majority in the
3348:National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis
2654:
1969:Power of dissolution and call for election
833:
819:
231:
217:
6588:
6568:
6396:
6289:
6267:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5785:
5693:The Historical Foundations of World Order
5660:
5519:"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"
4570:grants and revokes its confidence in the
4160:, the lower chamber of Spanish Parliament
3356:Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
2842:Learn how and when to remove this message
2780:Learn how and when to remove this message
2710:Learn how and when to remove this message
2638:Learn how and when to remove this message
2531:Learn how and when to remove this message
2406:Learn how and when to remove this message
2348:Learn how and when to remove this message
1468:Learn how and when to remove this message
1270:Learn how and when to remove this message
6413:
5960:
5954:
5919:"Sådan dannes en regering / Folketinget"
5770:
5054:
5044:
4151:
4143:
3810:. On success, they are appointed as the
3550:
3536:
3526:
3515:
3504:
3494:
3067:
3057:
2432:such as the four-year election rule for
2277:
1708:. If that fails, then the leader of the
1479:
1327:
924:, with other users scattered throughout
908:Parliamentary democracy is the dominant
31:
6544:
6504:
6019:
5452:"Montfort, Simon of (1208?-1265)"
5445:
5326:
3814:. The Prime Minister then appoints the
3726:. The Prime Minister then appoints the
3352:Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3110:Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda
2289:
1377:, such as Ireland and New Zealand. The
14:
8910:
6476:
6348:International Political Science Review
6345:
6302:
6186:from the original on 28 September 2022
6023:Forms of State and Forms of Government
5570:
5351:
2121:devolved nations of the United Kingdom
2026:, a general election is called if the
1712:-largest political party is given the
938:local governments in the United States
37:World's states coloured by systems of
8375:
7796:
6650:
6637:
6594:
6498:
6013:
5834:from the original on 16 December 2013
5511:
4398:Government of the Republic of Estonia
4323:Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament
4070:on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3952:on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3474:Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
3106:Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
2142:
2107:Parliamentarianism may also apply to
1523:Appointment of the head of government
1323:
1288:A parliamentary system may be either
8884:
6242:from the original on 21 October 2022
6212:from the original on 17 October 2022
6106:from the original on 2 December 2019
5556:. Government of the United Kingdom.
5427:from the original on 23 January 2015
5398:from the original on 19 January 2015
5291:. UNESCO Memory of the World. 2013.
5167:on the advice of the Prime Minister
5161:Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
5135:on the advice of the Prime Minister
5121:New Zealand House of Representatives
5103:on the advice of the Prime Minister
4726:Second Chamber of the States-General
3484:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3426:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3394:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3362:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3330:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3298:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3244:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3212:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3180:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3148:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3116:on the advice of the Prime Minister
2791:
2733:
2660:
2588:
2481:
2359:
2326:adding citations to reliable sources
2293:
2203:) has the de jure power to withhold
1716:, and so on. This system is used in:
1446:adding citations to reliable sources
1413:
1252:adding citations to reliable sources
1223:
1198:parliamentary constitutions of Italy
8401:
7888:Speaker / President of the assembly
6096:"Anti-defection law the challenges"
6076:from the original on 19 August 2019
6040:from the original on 19 August 2020
6026:. Giuffrè Editore. pp. 54–55.
5873:from the original on 19 August 2020
5775:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
5593:from the original on 19 August 2020
5560:from the original on 10 March 2016.
5550:"The Institution of Prime Minister"
5234:List of political systems in France
5089:Australian House of Representatives
5030:, who then appoints members of the
3722:and then formally appointed by the
3512:, parliament building of Bangladesh
3316:House of Representatives of Jamaica
3284:House of Representatives of Grenada
1409:
1379:Australian House of Representatives
24:
7976:International development minister
6414:Lederman, Daniel (November 2001).
5808:from the original on 1 August 2020
5737:
5439:
5372:from the original on 1 August 2020
5157:Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
3588:constructive vote of no confidence
3532:Council of Representatives of Iraq
3198:House of Representatives of Belize
3063:House of Representatives of Belize
1219:
1204:(now all of Germany) and the 1947
1074:(in constitutional monarchies) or
1017:. Later, in the 17th century, the
25:
8944:
8351:Government ministers by portfolio
8107:Ministry of Education and Culture
6629:
5856:Reforming parliamentary democracy
5637:Reforming parliamentary democracy
5496:from the original on 30 June 2020
5295:from the original on 24 June 2016
5269:Strengthened parliamentary system
4329:. The Prime Minister must gain a
4325:as Prime Minister, who forms the
2724:Are Parliamentary Systems Better?
988:States General of the Netherlands
701:Biology and political orientation
8883:
8872:
8871:
8356:
8355:
8345:
8344:
6602:. School of Law and Government,
6477:Henley, Jon (14 December 2021).
6232:"Fixed-term Parliament Act 2011"
5968:[The crowned republics]
5790:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
5665:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
5462:Dictionary of National Biography
5195:
5173:
5141:
5109:
5077:
5014:The Leader, almost invariably a
5003:
4975:
4949:
4927:
4905:
4883:
4868:
4836:
4826:defines the country's system as
4796:
4765:
4742:
4715:
4693:
4671:
4649:
4627:
4605:
4583:
4557:
4531:
4503:
4481:
4459:
4429:
4407:
4375:
4343:
4308:
4281:
4274:Council of Ministers of Bulgaria
4259:
4237:
4213:
4198:
4176:
4108:
4076:
4044:
4022:
3996:
3958:
3926:
3902:
3876:
3850:
3824:
3792:
3770:
3736:
3704:
3665:
3643:
3621:
3599:
3573:
3478:President of Trinidad and Tobago
3458:
3432:
3407:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3400:
3380:House of Assembly of Saint Lucia
3368:
3360:Cabinet of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3336:
3304:
3272:
3250:
3218:
3186:
3154:
3134:House of Assembly of the Bahamas
3122:
3090:
3027:
3001:
2979:
2957:
2935:
2909:
2796:
2738:
2665:
2593:
2486:
2472:
2364:
2298:
1952:
1938:Direct election by popular vote.
1921:
1874:
1861:
1848:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1724:
1677:
1652:
1639:
1626:
1613:
1600:
1587:
1574:
1561:
1548:
1418:
1228:
1180:were occupied by the victorious
1015:ordinary citizens from the towns
862:(chief executive) derives their
802:
7679:Social and political philosophy
6470:
6407:
6390:
6339:
6254:
6224:
6198:
6168:
6154:
6118:
6088:
6056:
5933:
5911:
5885:
5846:
5820:
5779:
5764:
5710:
5683:
5654:
5627:
5605:
5564:
5541:
5315:The Life and Death of Democracy
5229:List of legislatures by country
5129:Governor-General of New Zealand
4810:and the governing party in the
4548:, who is then appointed by the
4319:President of the Czech Republic
3388:Governor-General of Saint Lucia
3142:Governor-General of the Bahamas
2463:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2434:presidents of the United States
2246:
2220:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2044:trigger a snap election, win it
1899:Instrument of Government (1974)
1239:needs additional citations for
204:systems of government, not the
8024:Ministry of trade and industry
7515:Political history of the world
6638:
5966:"Les monarchies républicaines"
5579:. Princeton University Press.
5469:
5409:
5384:
5358:. Bloomsbury. pp. 173–4.
5345:
5320:
5307:
5281:
3523:, parliament building of India
3482:Cabinet of Trinidad and Tobago
3114:Cabinet of Antigua and Barbuda
2946:Federal Parliamentary Assembly
2478:Incomplete separation of power
1316:Scholars of democracy such as
696:Theories of political behavior
322:Political history of the world
13:
1:
8671:Needle and syringe programmes
8525:Universal access to education
8178:Ministry of religious affairs
5274:
5125:Prime Minister of New Zealand
5097:Governor-General of Australia
4758:Government of North Macedonia
3384:Prime Minister of Saint Lucia
3166:House of Assembly of Barbados
3138:Prime Minister of the Bahamas
3012:Federal Parliament of Somalia
2241:
1153:and the emerging movement of
932:. A similar system, called a
711:Critique of political economy
154:: Monarch has unlimited power
117:Assembly-independent republic
7520:History of political thought
6397:Sundquist, James L. (1992).
6135:. March 2012. Archived from
5577:Office of the Prime Minister
5249:Rule according to higher law
4517:appoints and discharges the
3985:State Administration Council
3500:National Assembly of Armenia
2968:National Assembly of Lesotho
2881:
2562:Orbán's party got two-thirds
2465:, which was repealed by the
1704:-largest party is given the
1346:British Houses of Parliament
920:, and throughout the former
292:Outline of political science
142:Semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
8754:Publicly funded health care
8193:Ministry of social security
8074:Ministry of water resources
7954:Ministry of foreign affairs
7823:Common types of government
6570:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
5217:
5165:Cabinet of Papua New Guinea
5093:Prime Minister of Australia
4964:President of the Government
4446:(after nomination from the
4392:candidate nominated by the
4060:Prime Minister of Singapore
4013:who, by turn, appoints the
3563:
3324:Governor-General of Jamaica
3292:Governor-General of Grenada
3080:
3053:
2822:the claims made and adding
2730:Democratic unaccountability
2264:Scrutiny and accountability
1897:Example: Under the Swedish
1500:proportional representation
1375:proportional representation
1115:spread with these systems.
1076:His Excellency's government
994:. Significant developments
961:For example, the Icelandic
92: Presidential republic
69:with a ceremonial president
10:
8949:
8226:Minister without portfolio
8188:Ministry of social affairs
8019:Ministry of infrastructure
6360:10.1177/019251219501600105
6206:"Our system of government"
5571:Carter, Byrum E. (2015) .
5554:History of Government Blog
5040:
4730:Cabinet of the Netherlands
3942:Prime Minister of Malaysia
3781:Council of Representatives
3763:Union Council of Ministers
3672:Republic of China (Taiwan)
3238:Governor General of Canada
3230:House of Commons of Canada
3206:Governor-General of Belize
3170:Prime Minister of Barbados
3038:Parliament of South Africa
2885:
2254:first-past-the-post voting
2233:
2209:1708 Scottish Militia Bill
2172:
2149:Anti-defection law (India)
2146:
1944:. This system was used in:
1828:. Also Ireland, where the
1816:Example: Japan, where the
1281:
950:History of parliamentarism
947:
943:
934:council–manager government
297:Index of politics articles
107:Semi-presidential republic
8867:
8811:
8779:National health insurance
8744:
8731:Supervised injection site
8641:
8591:
8538:
8432:
8409:
8340:
8277:Communications ministries
8234:
8218:
8082:
8037:
7989:
7937:
7901:
7835:
7763:
7756:
7615:
7557:
7505:
7498:
7466:
7459:
7399:
7392:
7327:
7318:
7201:
7194:
7108:
6977:
6764:
6726:National unity government
6688:
6644:
5794:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
5669:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
4394:President of the Republic
4139:
3987:, which assumed power by
3320:Prime Minister of Jamaica
3288:Prime Minister of Grenada
2972:Prime Minister of Lesotho
2892:
2722:In R. Kent Weaver's book
2585:Legislative flip-flopping
2175:Parliamentary sovereignty
2169:Parliamentary sovereignty
2129:Northern Ireland Assembly
2096:). There also exists the
1942:semi-parliamentary system
1840:. This system is used in:
1824:on the nomination of the
1131:Germany's Weimar Republic
883:constitutional monarchies
59:with a ceremonial monarch
18:Parliamentary democracies
8774:Single-payer health care
8583:Universal basic services
8530:Universal basic services
8272:Climate change ministers
8173:Ministry of home affairs
7156:Environmental regulation
6962:Representative democracy
6273:10.1017/cbo9780511575655
6176:"UK Parliament glossary"
5771:Lijphart, Arend (1999).
5394:. BBC. 19 January 2015.
5327:Sánchez, Isabel (2004).
5239:Parliament in the Making
5163:, who then appoints the
5131:, who then appoints the
5099:, who then appoints the
4960:The Congress of Deputies
4852:Assembly of the Republic
4830:parliamentary republic.
4708:Government of Montenegro
4704:Parliament of Montenegro
4660:House of Representatives
4092:House of Representatives
4066:, who then appoints the
3948:, who then appoints the
3812:Prime Minister of Israel
3480:, who then appoints the
3422:, who then appoints the
3390:, who then appoints the
3358:, who then appoints the
3326:, who then appoints the
3294:, who then appoints the
3240:, who then appoints the
3234:Prime Minister of Canada
3208:, who then appoints the
3202:Prime Minister of Belize
3176:, who then appoints the
3144:, who then appoints the
3112:, who then appoints the
2421:The English Constitution
2163:waka-jumping legislation
2098:semi-presidential system
1391:single transferable vote
1357:is usually found in the
1311:
1072:Her Majesty's government
1038:Kingdom of Great Britain
996:Kingdom of Great Britain
8918:Parliamentary procedure
8475:Public good (economics)
8361:Ministries by portfolio
8332:Public works ministries
8064:Ministry of electricity
8004:Ministry of the economy
7878:Office of the president
7221:Uncodified constitution
6746:Administrative division
6546:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
6506:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
5352:Jobson, Adrian (2012).
5317:, London 2009, 169–176.
5050:Parliament of Australia
4734:motion of no confidence
4296:President of Government
4229:motion of no confidence
4056:Parliament of Singapore
3759:Prime Minister of India
3677:1947 Constitution: The
3490:
2656:Political fragmentation
1913:This system is used in:
1669:This system is used in:
1367:plurality voting system
1359:Commonwealth of Nations
1284:Parliamentary procedure
1135:First Austrian Republic
1080:parliamentary republics
992:King Philip II of Spain
895:parliamentary republics
706:Political organisations
469:International relations
307:Politics by subdivision
57:Constitutional monarchy
8297:Environment ministries
8267:Agriculture ministries
8262:Presidents of assembly
8257:Deputy prime ministers
6604:Dublin City University
6426:10.1596/1813-9450-2708
6100:legalservicesindia.com
5264:Parliamentary republic
5259:Parliamentary monarchy
5133:Cabinet of New Zealand
5062:
5052:
4942:Government of Slovenia
4920:Government of Slovakia
4824:Constitution of Poland
4302:nominated by him/her.
4161:
4149:
4064:President of Singapore
4033:Parliament of Pakistan
3654:Parliament of Cambodia
3558:
3556:Parliament of Malaysia
3548:
3534:
3524:
3513:
3502:
3392:Cabinet of Saint Lucia
3146:Cabinet of the Bahamas
3075:
3065:
2920:Parliament of Botswana
2760:by rewriting it in an
2579:United States Congress
2551:to the United States'
2386:by rewriting it in an
1493:
1349:
1340:, United Kingdom. The
1294:chambers of parliament
1113:responsible government
967:Icelandic Commonwealth
238:
206:
198:
196:this chart represents
182:Provisional government
67:Parliamentary republic
8928:Political terminology
8623:Public infrastructure
8460:Public administration
8445:Free-culture movement
8292:Environment ministers
8198:Minister for Veterans
8069:Ministry of Petroleum
8029:Ministry of transport
7868:Deputy First Minister
7858:Deputy prime minister
7712:aspects of capitalism
7628:History of philosophy
7126:Unemployment benefits
6862:Military dictatorship
5773:Patterns of democracy
5206:Parliament of Vanuatu
5060:Parliament of Vanuatu
5058:
5048:
4682:Parliament of Moldova
4642:Cabinet of Luxembourg
4418:Parliament of Finland
4187:Parliament of Albania
4155:
4147:
3969:Assembly of the Union
3946:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
3914:Parliament of Lebanon
3761:, who then forms the
3688:2005 Amendments: The
3614:Cabinet of Bangladesh
3592:Government of Armenia
3554:
3540:
3530:
3519:
3510:Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban
3508:
3498:
3343:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3174:President of Barbados
3071:
3061:
2688:by rewriting it in a
2616:by rewriting it in a
2509:by rewriting it in a
2278:Distribution of power
2228:2019 general election
2173:Further information:
2102:French Fifth Republic
2030:fails to elect a new
2002:vote of no confidence
1836:on the nomination of
1483:
1383:instant-runoff voting
1334:Palace of Westminster
1331:
1282:Further information:
1206:Constitution of Japan
1159:French Third Republic
1143:Industrial Revolution
1137:. Nineteenth-century
1088:Union of South Africa
1019:Parliament of England
948:Further information:
786:Political campaigning
526:Public administration
359:Collective leadership
212:degree of democracy.
46:Parliamentary systems
35:
8287:Education ministries
8124:Information minister
8059:Environment minister
7969:Ministry of interior
7959:Immigration minister
7646:Political ideologies
6922:Parliamentary system
6305:The Brookings Review
6238:. 26 November 2021.
5897:bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd
5244:Parliamentary leader
5184:Legislative Assembly
5101:Cabinet of Australia
5016:Member of Parliament
4898:Government of Serbia
4862:and the Government.
4598:Government of Kosovo
4550:President of Ireland
4515:President of Iceland
4448:President of Germany
4158:Congress of Deputies
4068:Cabinet of Singapore
3728:Cabinet of Ministers
3658:Council of Ministers
3632:Parliament of Bhutan
3073:Parliament of Canada
2994:Cabinet of Mauritius
2950:Council of Ministers
2865:Dutch prime minister
2430:fixed-term elections
2322:improve this section
2290:Calling of elections
1830:President of Ireland
1749:Congress of Deputies
1516:separation of powers
1442:improve this section
1344:originates from the
1248:improve this article
891:member of parliament
636:Separation of powers
507:Political psychology
482:Comparative politics
460:political scientists
447:Academic disciplines
327:Political philosophy
8859:Public viewing area
8628:Public water system
8616:Municipal broadband
8573:Public broadcasting
8183:Ministry of science
8141:Ministry of justice
8134:Ministry of housing
8095:Ministry of culture
8009:Ministry of finance
7949:Ministry of defence
7768:Forms of government
7701:Conservatism navbox
7306:Legislative council
7131:National healthcare
7005:Christian democracy
6927:Presidential system
6782:Countries by system
6613:on 12 February 2012
6182:. 27 October 2022.
5423:. 20 January 2015.
5153:National Parliament
4808:President of Poland
4638:Chamber of Deputies
4574:, appointed by the
4523:presidential decree
4470:Hellenic Parliament
4335:Chamber of Deputies
4292:Croatian Parliament
4100:Cabinet of Thailand
4037:Cabinet of Pakistan
4007:Parliament of Nepal
3950:Cabinet of Malaysia
3808:President of Israel
3465:Trinidad and Tobago
3451:Cabinet of Suriname
3449:, who appoints the
3265:Cabinet of Dominica
3178:Cabinet of Barbados
3097:Antigua and Barbuda
2861:first past the post
2089:presidential system
1755:(constitution) the
1714:exploratory mandate
1706:exploratory mandate
1698:exploratory mandate
1371:first past the post
1178:fascist Axis powers
1104:Trinidad and Tobago
1050:or first minister,
1031:Bill of Rights 1689
1029:and passage of the
1027:Glorious Revolution
1025:culminating in the
809:Politics portal
658:Election commission
629:Government branches
512:Political sociology
364:Confessional system
302:Politics by country
83:Presidential system
8933:Types of democracy
8824:Government auction
8510:Public procurement
8327:Interior ministers
8208:Minister for women
8163:Ministry of sports
8151:Ministry of labour
8146:Minister of labour
8117:Ministry of health
8102:Education minister
8052:Ministry of energy
7909:Secretary of state
7773:Types of democracy
7668:Political spectrum
7281:Legislative bodies
7236:Head of government
7161:Banking regulation
6721:Federal government
6711:Central government
6508:(September 2005).
5964:(September 1996).
5921:. 29 November 2016
5786:Julian Go (2007).
5661:Julian Go (2007).
5525:on 24 October 2014
5210:Cabinet of Vanuatu
5063:
5053:
4686:Cabinet of Moldova
4594:Assembly of Kosovo
4576:President of Italy
4568:Italian Parliament
4519:Cabinet of Iceland
4496:Cabinet of Hungary
4444:Federal Chancellor
4422:Cabinet of Finland
4331:vote of confidence
4252:Cabinet of Belgium
4248:Federal Parliament
4191:Cabinet of Albania
4162:
4150:
4001:
3981:Cabinet of Myanmar
3918:Cabinet of Lebanon
3893:who nominates the
3747:President of India
3636:Lhengye Zhungtshog
3559:
3549:
3535:
3525:
3514:
3503:
3328:Cabinet of Jamaica
3296:Cabinet of Grenada
3076:
3066:
2870:and his party the
2807:possibly contains
2762:encyclopedic style
2749:is written like a
2388:encyclopedic style
2375:is written like a
2258:fused power system
2143:Anti-defection law
2077:double dissolution
1979:Westminster system
1741:The head of state
1537:Westminster system
1494:
1486:Reichstag Building
1355:Westminster system
1350:
1342:Westminster system
1324:Westminster system
1123:parliamentarianism
1067:Westminster system
990:from the monarch,
979:Corts of Catalonia
936:, is used by many
910:form of government
872:head of government
860:head of government
492:Political analysis
424:Semi-parliamentary
239:
8905:
8904:
8899:
8898:
8726:Public university
8706:Public open space
8651:Drinking fountain
8611:Telecommunication
8369:
8368:
8317:Health ministries
8312:Forest ministries
8307:Foreign ministers
8302:Finance ministers
8282:Defence ministers
8203:Ministry of women
8158:Regional minister
8040:natural resources
8014:Industry minister
7999:Commerce minister
7964:Interior minister
7940:foreign affairs /
7914:Minister of state
7790:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7778:Political parties
7657:Political culture
7582:International law
7553:
7552:
7545:U.S. Constitution
7494:
7493:
7476:Political science
7455:
7454:
7427:Political parties
7388:
7387:
7314:
7313:
7030:Constitutionalism
6741:County government
6595:McMenamin, Iain.
6548:(December 2005).
6526:on 19 August 2008
6282:978-0-521-51466-8
6001:on 1 October 2018
5962:Duverger, Maurice
5757:978-0-86840-848-4
5730:978-0-313-27326-1
5365:978-1-84725-226-5
5215:
5214:
5038:
5037:
5028:British sovereign
4938:National Assembly
4894:National Assembly
4492:National Assembly
4474:Cabinet of Greece
4450:), who forms the
4270:National Assembly
4137:
4136:
4119:National Assembly
3973:electoral college
3887:National Assembly
3869:Cabinet of Kuwait
3867:who appoints the
3861:National Assembly
3841:who appoints the
3816:Cabinet of Israel
3584:National Assembly
3488:
3487:
3443:National Assembly
3242:Cabinet of Canada
3210:Cabinet of Belize
3051:
3050:
3044:who appoints the
3018:who appoints the
2990:National Assembly
2926:who appoints the
2852:
2851:
2844:
2809:original research
2790:
2789:
2782:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2674:This section may
2648:
2647:
2640:
2602:This section may
2549:Margaret Thatcher
2541:
2540:
2533:
2495:This section may
2418:In his 1867 book
2416:
2415:
2408:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2271:C. Douglas Dillon
2113:local governments
1478:
1477:
1470:
1381:is elected using
1280:
1279:
1272:
1098:than the British
1092:Australian Senate
1023:liberal democracy
1007:Simon de Montfort
843:
842:
791:Political parties
731:Electoral systems
455:Political science
429:Semi-presidential
341:Political systems
317:Political history
312:Political economy
152:Absolute monarchy
27:Government System
16:(Redirected from
8940:
8887:
8886:
8875:
8874:
8786:Social insurance
8633:Waste management
8601:Electric utility
8578:Public transport
8495:Public ownership
8414:Municipalization
8396:
8389:
8382:
8373:
8372:
8359:
8358:
8348:
8347:
8168:Tourism minister
8129:Housing minister
8090:Culture minister
7817:
7810:
7803:
7794:
7793:
7761:
7760:
7749:
7745:World government
7743:
7738:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7716:
7710:
7705:
7699:
7694:
7688:
7683:
7677:
7672:
7666:
7661:
7655:
7650:
7644:
7592:World government
7503:
7502:
7464:
7463:
7447:Environmentalism
7397:
7396:
7325:
7324:
7199:
7198:
7136:Public education
7116:Social insurance
7050:Environmentalism
7020:Communitarianism
6995:Authoritarianism
6957:Direct Democracy
6736:Local government
6671:
6664:
6657:
6648:
6647:
6635:
6634:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6612:
6606:. Archived from
6601:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6579:
6577:
6572:
6554:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6525:
6519:. Archived from
6514:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6482:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6445:
6430:
6429:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6317:10.2307/20079894
6300:
6287:
6286:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6164:. 1 August 2019.
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6141:
6130:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6075:
6068:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6000:
5994:. Archived from
5971:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5454:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5324:
5318:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5285:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5188:Cabinet of Samoa
5179:
5177:
5176:
5148:Papua New Guinea
5147:
5145:
5144:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5065:
5064:
5020:House of Commons
5011:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4966:, who forms the
4955:
4953:
4952:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4916:National Council
4911:
4909:
4908:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4787:, who forms the
4771:
4769:
4768:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4728:can dismiss the
4721:
4719:
4718:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4664:Cabinet of Malta
4655:
4653:
4652:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4572:Cabinet of Italy
4563:
4561:
4560:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4465:
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4435:
4433:
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4413:
4411:
4410:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4225:National Council
4219:
4217:
4216:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4164:
4163:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4098:, who forms the
4082:
4080:
4079:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4015:Cabinet of Nepal
4002:
4000:
3999:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3843:Cabinet of Japan
3830:
3828:
3827:
3802:A member of the
3798:
3796:
3795:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3690:Legislative Yuan
3679:Legislative Yuan
3671:
3669:
3668:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3561:
3560:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3078:
3077:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2896:
2857:strategic voting
2847:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:inline citations
2800:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2691:balanced fashion
2669:
2668:
2661:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2619:balanced fashion
2597:
2596:
2589:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2512:balanced fashion
2490:
2489:
2482:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2302:
2294:
2201:Governor General
2115:. An example is
2073:Governor General
2071:can request the
2046:and oust rivals
2006:Gerhard Schröder
1958:
1956:
1955:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1753:German Basic Law
1730:
1728:
1727:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1632:
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1629:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1504:open party lists
1473:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1422:
1414:
1410:Consensus system
1275:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1232:
1224:
1174:Second World War
1155:social democrats
1084:Irish Free State
1056:Great Reform Act
835:
828:
821:
807:
806:
597:
542:
497:Political theory
487:Election science
477:
463:
241:
240:
233:
226:
219:
211:
203:
189:
179:
169:
159:
149:
139:
125:
114:
104:
91:
74:
64:
54:
21:
8948:
8947:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8937:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8863:
8849:Public security
8839:Public offering
8807:
8796:Social security
8746:Social services
8740:
8696:Public hospital
8691:Public computer
8686:Public bookcase
8637:
8587:
8556:Law enforcement
8551:Fire department
8534:
8485:Public interest
8428:
8424:Progressive tax
8419:Nationalization
8405:
8403:Public services
8400:
8370:
8365:
8336:
8252:Prime ministers
8247:Vice presidents
8230:
8214:
8112:Health minister
8078:
8047:Energy minister
8039:
8033:
7991:
7985:
7941:
7939:
7933:
7919:Deputy minister
7897:
7831:
7821:
7791:
7782:
7752:
7747:
7741:
7736:
7730:
7725:
7723:Western culture
7719:
7714:
7708:
7703:
7697:
7692:
7686:
7681:
7675:
7670:
7664:
7659:
7653:
7648:
7642:
7611:
7549:
7490:
7471:Fields of study
7451:
7432:Advocacy groups
7384:
7320:
7310:
7190:
7186:Street cleaning
7166:Food inspection
7121:Law enforcement
7104:
6973:
6907:Totalitarianism
6760:
6684:
6675:
6640:
6632:
6627:
6626:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6599:
6593:
6589:
6575:
6573:
6557:French Politics
6552:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6512:
6503:
6499:
6489:
6487:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6446:
6433:
6412:
6408:
6395:
6391:
6344:
6340:
6301:
6290:
6283:
6259:
6255:
6245:
6243:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6133:NUJS Law Review
6128:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6043:
6041:
6034:
6018:
6014:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5984:
5969:
5959:
5955:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5902:
5900:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5874:
5867:
5851:
5847:
5837:
5835:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5811:
5809:
5802:
5784:
5780:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5616:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5594:
5587:
5569:
5565:
5546:
5542:
5528:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5499:
5497:
5490:
5474:
5470:
5444:
5440:
5430:
5428:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5401:
5399:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5366:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5325:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5220:
5196:
5194:
5174:
5172:
5142:
5140:
5110:
5108:
5078:
5076:
5043:
5022:, is appointed
5004:
5002:
5001:
4976:
4974:
4950:
4948:
4928:
4926:
4906:
4904:
4884:
4882:
4869:
4867:
4837:
4835:
4797:
4795:
4766:
4764:
4749:North Macedonia
4743:
4741:
4740:
4716:
4714:
4694:
4692:
4672:
4670:
4650:
4648:
4628:
4626:
4606:
4604:
4584:
4582:
4558:
4556:
4532:
4530:
4504:
4502:
4482:
4480:
4460:
4458:
4430:
4428:
4408:
4406:
4376:
4374:
4344:
4342:
4309:
4307:
4282:
4280:
4260:
4258:
4238:
4236:
4214:
4212:
4199:
4197:
4177:
4175:
4142:
4109:
4107:
4077:
4075:
4045:
4043:
4023:
4021:
3997:
3995:
3959:
3957:
3927:
3925:
3903:
3901:
3877:
3875:
3851:
3849:
3825:
3823:
3793:
3791:
3785:Cabinet of Iraq
3771:
3769:
3737:
3735:
3705:
3703:
3666:
3664:
3644:
3642:
3622:
3620:
3600:
3598:
3574:
3572:
3493:
3459:
3457:
3433:
3431:
3401:
3399:
3369:
3367:
3337:
3335:
3305:
3303:
3273:
3271:
3251:
3249:
3219:
3217:
3187:
3185:
3155:
3153:
3123:
3121:
3091:
3089:
3056:
3028:
3026:
3002:
3000:
2980:
2978:
2970:determines the
2958:
2956:
2936:
2934:
2910:
2908:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2848:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2813:
2801:
2797:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2758:help improve it
2755:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2716:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2686:help improve it
2683:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2614:help improve it
2611:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2545:Arturo Fontaine
2537:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2507:help improve it
2504:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2412:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2384:help improve it
2381:
2369:
2365:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2319:
2303:
2292:
2280:
2266:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2216:supermajorities
2189:judicial review
2177:
2171:
2152:
2145:
1971:
1953:
1951:
1922:
1920:
1875:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1779:
1768:
1766:
1725:
1723:
1678:
1676:
1653:
1651:
1640:
1638:
1627:
1625:
1614:
1612:
1601:
1599:
1588:
1586:
1575:
1573:
1562:
1560:
1549:
1547:
1525:
1508:plenary chamber
1474:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1439:
1423:
1412:
1363:plenary session
1326:
1314:
1296:(or houses) or
1286:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1245:
1233:
1222:
1220:Characteristics
1176:, the defeated
952:
946:
839:
801:
796:
795:
726:
725:
716:
715:
673:
672:
663:
662:
631:
630:
621:
620:
616:Public interest
601:Domestic policy
591:
584:
583:
572:
571:
536:
529:
528:
517:
516:
478:
471:
464:
457:
449:
448:
439:
438:
344:
343:
332:
331:
287:
286:
277:
246:Politics series
237:
192:
191:
187:
185:
177:
175:
167:
165:
162:One-party state
157:
155:
147:
145:
137:
135:
123:
121:
120:
112:
110:
102:
94:
93:
89:
80:
79:
72:
70:
62:
60:
52:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8946:
8936:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8903:
8902:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8893:
8881:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8834:Public holiday
8831:
8826:
8821:
8815:
8813:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8805:
8803:Youth services
8800:
8799:
8798:
8793:
8791:Social pension
8783:
8782:
8781:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8759:Public housing
8756:
8750:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8701:Public library
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8666:Infrastructure
8663:
8661:Free education
8658:
8653:
8647:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8608:
8603:
8597:
8595:
8593:Public utility
8589:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8566:Savings system
8561:Postal service
8558:
8553:
8548:
8542:
8540:
8539:Basic services
8536:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8455:Product sample
8452:
8450:Free newspaper
8447:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8399:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8376:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8363:
8353:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8238:
8236:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8222:
8220:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8143:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8126:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8086:
8084:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8043:
8041:
8038:Environment /
8035:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7992:infrastructure
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7924:Undersecretary
7921:
7916:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7863:First minister
7860:
7855:
7853:Prime minister
7850:
7848:Vice president
7845:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7832:
7820:
7819:
7812:
7805:
7797:
7788:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7764:
7758:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7739:
7728:
7717:
7706:
7695:
7684:
7673:
7662:
7651:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7602:European Union
7599:
7597:United Nations
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7481:Urban planning
7478:
7473:
7467:
7461:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7400:
7394:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7377:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7251:Prime minister
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7202:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7176:Traffic lights
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7095:Theoreticians:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7080:Fundamentalism
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7045:Egalitarianism
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6981:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6964:
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6266:
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6241:
6237:
6236:UK Parliament
6233:
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6211:
6207:
6201:
6185:
6181:
6180:UK Parliament
6177:
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6163:
6157:
6138:
6134:
6127:
6121:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6072:
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6033:9788814143885
6029:
6025:
6024:
6016:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5983:2-02-030123-7
5979:
5975:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5942:
5936:
5920:
5914:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5872:
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5866:9780773525085
5862:
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5807:
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5797:
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5789:
5782:
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5647:9780773525085
5643:
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5608:
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5586:9781400878260
5582:
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5555:
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5495:
5491:
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5480:
5472:
5464:
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5458:
5453:
5448:
5447:Norgate, Kate
5442:
5426:
5422:
5421:The Telegraph
5418:
5412:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5371:
5367:
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5340:
5338:9788472837508
5334:
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5240:
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5232:
5230:
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5225:
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5208:appoints the
5207:
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5193:
5192:
5189:
5186:appoints the
5185:
5182:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5155:is appointed
5154:
5150:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5123:is appointed
5122:
5118:
5107:
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5102:
5098:
5094:
5091:is appointed
5090:
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5075:
5074:
5070:
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4958:
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4940:appoints the
4939:
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4918:approves the
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4903:
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4899:
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4877:
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4857:
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4809:
4805:
4794:
4793:
4790:
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4778:
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4762:
4759:
4756:approves the
4755:
4752:
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4709:
4706:appoints the
4705:
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4683:
4680:
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4640:appoints the
4639:
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4621:
4618:appoints the
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4603:
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4596:appoints the
4595:
4592:
4581:
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4577:
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4569:
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4547:
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4540:
4529:
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4524:
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4512:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4494:approves the
4493:
4490:
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4478:
4475:
4472:approves the
4471:
4468:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4445:
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4438:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4420:appoints the
4419:
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4404:
4399:
4395:
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4384:
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4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
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4324:
4320:
4317:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4272:appoints the
4271:
4268:
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4256:
4253:
4250:approves the
4249:
4246:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4189:approves the
4188:
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4174:
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4169:
4166:
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4159:
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4132:
4128:
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4106:
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4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4058:is appointed
4057:
4053:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4035:appoints the
4034:
4031:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:, elects the
3974:
3970:
3967:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3940:is appointed
3939:
3935:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:National Diet
3833:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:approves the
3782:
3779:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3692:approves the
3691:
3687:
3684:
3681:approves the
3680:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3656:approves the
3655:
3652:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3634:approves the
3633:
3630:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3612:approves the
3611:
3608:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:of Israel in
3543:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3521:Sansad Bhavan
3518:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3472:is appointed
3471:
3467:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:is appointed
3413:
3409:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3382:is appointed
3381:
3377:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3350:is appointed
3349:
3345:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:is appointed
3317:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:is appointed
3285:
3281:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3263:approves the
3262:
3259:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:is appointed
3231:
3227:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:is appointed
3199:
3195:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:is appointed
3167:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:is appointed
3135:
3131:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:is appointed
3103:
3099:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2992:appoints the
2991:
2988:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2948:appoints the
2947:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2876:26.6% in 2012
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2846:
2843:
2835:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2805:This section
2803:
2794:
2793:
2784:
2781:
2773:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2747:This section
2745:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2714:
2711:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2639:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2566:supermajority
2563:
2558:
2554:
2553:Ronald Reagan
2550:
2546:
2543:According to
2535:
2532:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2473:Disadvantages
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:Boris Johnson
2444:
2440:
2439:David Cameron
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2407:
2399:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:This section
2371:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2349:
2341:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2307:This section
2305:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:UK Parliament
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:head of state
2052:
2049:
2048:New Democracy
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:head of state
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:statsminister
1900:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:appoints the
1831:
1827:
1826:National Diet
1823:
1820:appoints the
1819:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1791:
1789:
1778:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1648:
1637:
1635:
1624:
1622:
1611:
1609:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1583:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1517:
1514:as a form of
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1469:
1461:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1427:This section
1425:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1237:This section
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:United States
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:Radical Party
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
976:
970:
968:
964:
959:
957:
951:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
876:head of state
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:is a form of
853:
852:
848:
847:parliamentary
836:
831:
829:
824:
822:
817:
816:
814:
813:
810:
805:
800:
799:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
769:
765:
761:
760:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
688:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
667:
666:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
637:
634:
633:
625:
624:
617:
614:
612:
611:Civil society
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
595:
590:
589:Public policy
587:
586:
582:
576:
575:
565:
561:
557:
556:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
540:
535:
532:
531:
527:
521:
520:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
475:
470:
466:
461:
456:
452:
451:
443:
442:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Parliamentary
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
394:Hybrid regime
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
342:
336:
335:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
281:
280:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
258:
257:
254:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
234:
229:
227:
222:
220:
215:
214:
210:
209:
202:
201:
195:
183:
173:
163:
153:
143:
133:
129:
118:
108:
100:
98:
86:
84:
78:
68:
58:
49:
47:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
8888:
8876:
8829:Public float
8764:Job creation
8716:Public space
8643:Public works
8520:Public value
8515:Public trust
7748:}}
7742:{{
7737:}}
7731:{{
7726:}}
7720:{{
7715:}}
7709:{{
7704:}}
7698:{{
7693:}}
7687:{{
7682:}}
7676:{{
7671:}}
7665:{{
7660:}}
7654:{{
7649:}}
7643:{{
7637:
7633:Civilization
7586:
7564:
7534:
7524:
7509:
7470:
7442:Civil rights
7436:
7421:
7403:
7371:
7351:
7347:Town meeting
7331:
7280:
7255:
7225:
7211:Constitution
7205:
7170:
7150:
7094:
7040:Distributism
7025:Conservatism
7010:Collectivism
6978:Philosophies
6952:Cosmopolitan
6947:Conservative
6921:
6913:
6786:
6777:Govt systems
6771:
6751:Municipality
6730:
6615:. Retrieved
6608:the original
6590:
6581:
6574:. Retrieved
6560:
6556:
6540:
6528:. Retrieved
6521:the original
6516:
6500:
6488:. Retrieved
6485:The Guardian
6484:
6472:
6460:. Retrieved
6458:(in Spanish)
6453:
6416:
6409:
6399:
6392:
6354:(1): 65–78.
6351:
6347:
6341:
6311:(4): 16–25.
6308:
6304:
6263:
6256:
6244:. Retrieved
6235:
6226:
6214:. Retrieved
6200:
6188:. Retrieved
6179:
6170:
6156:
6144:. Retrieved
6137:the original
6132:
6120:
6108:. Retrieved
6099:
6090:
6078:. Retrieved
6058:
6050:Google Books
6048:– via
6042:. Retrieved
6022:
6015:
6005:10 September
6003:. Retrieved
5996:the original
5973:
5956:
5946:16 September
5944:. Retrieved
5935:
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5899:. Article 56
5896:
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5855:
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5822:
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5791:
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5607:
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5576:
5566:
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5527:. Retrieved
5523:the original
5513:
5505:
5498:. Retrieved
5478:
5471:
5460:
5441:
5429:. Retrieved
5420:
5411:
5400:. Retrieved
5386:
5374:. Retrieved
5354:
5347:
5328:
5322:
5314:
5313:John Keane:
5309:
5297:. Retrieved
5283:
4827:
4819:
4542:Dáil Éireann
3938:Dewan Rakyat
3034:South Africa
2853:
2838:
2832:January 2024
2829:
2806:
2776:
2770:January 2024
2767:
2748:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2700:January 2024
2697:
2689:
2678:undue weight
2675:
2649:
2634:
2628:January 2024
2625:
2617:
2606:undue weight
2603:
2575:Donald Trump
2557:Viktor Orbán
2542:
2527:
2521:January 2024
2518:
2510:
2499:undue weight
2496:
2459:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2396:January 2024
2393:
2374:
2344:
2335:
2320:Please help
2308:
2281:
2267:
2250:
2247:Adaptability
2237:
2213:
2178:
2160:
2153:
2106:
2086:
1991:Constitution
1986:
1982:
1972:
1937:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1838:Dáil Éireann
1811:
1809:
1742:
1740:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1666:
1532:
1526:
1464:
1455:
1440:Please help
1428:
1385:, while the
1315:
1287:
1266:
1260:January 2016
1257:
1246:Please help
1241:verification
1238:
1202:West Germany
1171:
1139:urbanisation
1117:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1045:
1035:
1005:In England,
1004:
984:Dutch revolt
971:
960:
953:
907:
880:
849:
846:
844:
539:street-level
414:Presidential
408:
374:Dictatorship
244:Part of the
193:
95:
81:
45:
44:
36:
29:
8681:Public bank
8656:Free clinic
8490:Public land
8440:Common good
7990:Economics /
7607:World Court
7540:Magna Carta
7357:Legislation
7319:Governance
7276:Legislature
7151:Regulation:
7060:Familialism
7035:Corporatism
7015:Communalism
6985:Agrarianism
6897:Technocracy
6857:Meritocracy
6852:Kleptocracy
6832:Ergatocracy
6827:Electocracy
6817:Colonialism
6802:Bureaucracy
6797:Aristocracy
6617:11 December
6110:16 December
6080:16 December
6044:13 November
5838:16 December
5619:16 December
5457:Lee, Sidney
5254:Rule of law
5116:New Zealand
4989:elects the
4962:elects the
4722:Netherlands
4442:elects the
4388:elects the
4367:Folketinget
4359:Folketinget
4121:elects the
4009:elects the
3989:coup d'état
3889:elects the
3445:elects the
3375:Saint Lucia
3129:The Bahamas
3040:elects the
3014:elects the
2922:elects the
2455:Rishi Sunak
2443:Theresa May
2185:New Zealand
2050:from power.
1962:(1996–2001)
1810:Parliament
1621:New Zealand
1395:closed list
1306:upper house
1302:lower house
1292:, with two
1127:World War I
956:parliaments
903:lower house
868:legislature
678:Sovereignty
643:Legislature
546:Technocracy
534:Bureaucracy
399:Meritocracy
379:Directorial
8923:Liberalism
8912:Categories
8854:Public use
8736:Urban park
8676:Public art
8465:Public bad
8242:Presidents
7938:Defence /
7836:Leadership
7829:ministries
7757:Categories
7690:liberalism
7638:Templates:
7535:Documents:
7510:Overviews:
7362:Regulation
7291:Parliament
7195:Components
7181:Sanitation
7171:Municipal:
7100:John Locke
7085:Liberalism
7065:Fanaticism
6877:Plutocracy
6847:Geniocracy
6837:Federalism
6807:Capitalism
6682:government
6639:Government
6490:27 October
6462:7 November
6246:27 October
6216:27 October
6190:27 October
5903:8 February
5529:30 October
5431:28 January
5402:19 January
5275:References
5224:Law reform
4995:Government
4875:San Marino
4846:After the
4781:Stortinget
4732:through a
4700:Montenegro
4634:Luxembourg
3720:Parliament
3606:Bangladesh
3261:Parliament
2868:Mark Rutte
2816:improve it
2571:referendum
2338:April 2022
2284:World Bank
2242:Advantages
2028:Parliament
1458:April 2022
1399:Bangladesh
1298:unicameral
1172:After the
1161:where the
1060:invariably
954:The first
885:, where a
864:democratic
858:where the
856:government
768:Governance
758:Government
753:Federalism
354:City-state
130:republic:
128:Theocratic
39:government
7843:President
7825:ministers
7566:Diplomacy
7486:Sociology
7417:Campaigns
7405:Elections
7380:Precedent
7352:Outcomes:
7342:Committee
7321:processes
7271:Judiciary
7246:President
7206:Documents
7146:Espionage
7109:Functions
7055:Extremism
6990:Anarchism
6942:Consensus
6932:Cellular
6915:Democracy
6902:Theocracy
6887:Socialism
6872:Oligarchy
6842:Feudalism
6822:Communism
6689:Overviews
6576:21 August
6530:21 August
6384:144867316
6368:0192-5121
6325:0745-1253
5992:0152-0768
5084:Australia
4856:president
4848:elections
4546:Taoiseach
4440:Bundestag
4386:Riigikogu
4294:approves
4123:President
4051:Singapore
3977:President
3891:President
3755:Lok Sabha
3724:President
3546:Jerusalem
3447:President
3042:President
3016:President
2986:Mauritius
2924:President
2882:Countries
2820:verifying
2451:Liz Truss
2309:does not
2199:, and or
1997:election.
1893:nominates
1834:Taoiseach
1812:nominates
1757:Bundestag
1743:nominates
1556:Australia
1429:does not
1290:bicameral
1147:modernism
1119:Democracy
1096:US Senate
1011:The first
899:bicameral
851:democracy
748:Unitarism
736:Elections
724:Subseries
653:Judiciary
648:Executive
551:Adhocracy
434:Theocracy
389:Feudalism
369:Democracy
8878:Category
8812:See also
8433:Concepts
7893:Minister
7530:Suffrage
7460:Academic
7393:Politics
7332:Process:
7301:Assembly
7286:Congress
7266:Ministry
7141:Military
7075:Feminism
7000:Centrism
6967:Republic
6867:Monarchy
6787:Systems:
6756:Township
6678:Politics
6333:20079894
6240:Archived
6210:Archived
6184:Archived
6104:Archived
6071:Archived
6038:Archived
5871:Archived
5832:Archived
5806:Archived
5591:Archived
5558:Archived
5494:Archived
5449:(1894).
5425:Archived
5396:Archived
5370:Archived
5293:Archived
5218:See also
4934:Slovenia
4912:Slovakia
4850:for the
4843:Portugal
4820:de facto
4754:Assembly
4298:and the
4266:Bulgaria
4083:Thailand
4029:Pakistan
3971:, by an
3933:Malaysia
3751:alliance
3650:Cambodia
3580:Armenia
3439:Suriname
3257:Dominica
3161:Barbados
3054:Americas
2942:Ethiopia
2916:Botswana
2109:regional
2062:Storting
1983:de facto
1882:Thailand
1660:Portugal
1608:Malaysia
1151:Radicals
1133:and the
1108:Barbados
1086:and the
1042:George I
776:Ideology
594:doctrine
555:Service
419:Republic
404:Monarchy
384:Federacy
273:Category
253:Politics
208:de facto
8890:Commons
8819:Commons
7873:Premier
7616:Related
7572:Embassy
7525:Reforms
7499:History
7437:Issues:
7422:Groups:
7337:Hearing
7296:Council
7261:Cabinet
7256:Bodies:
7241:Monarch
7216:Charter
7070:Fascism
6892:Statism
6792:Anarchy
6765:Systems
6731:Levels:
6376:1601169
5925:31 July
5459:(ed.).
5202:Vanuatu
5159:by the
5127:by the
5095:by the
5068:Country
5041:Oceania
5032:Cabinet
5026:by the
4987:Riksdag
4968:Cabinet
4828:de jure
4789:Cabinet
4777:Monarch
4678:Moldova
4538:Ireland
4510:Iceland
4488:Hungary
4452:Cabinet
4436:Germany
4414:Finland
4382:Estonia
4363:Cabinet
4355:Monarch
4350:Denmark
4333:by the
4327:Cabinet
4300:Cabinet
4288:Croatia
4244:Belgium
4220:Austria
4205:Andorra
4183:Albania
4167:Country
4131:Cabinet
4115:Vietnam
4088:Monarch
4062:by the
3965:Myanmar
3944:by the
3909:Lebanon
3804:Knesset
3711:Georgia
3564:Country
3542:Knesset
3476:by the
3418:by the
3386:by the
3354:by the
3322:by the
3311:Jamaica
3290:by the
3279:Grenada
3236:by the
3204:by the
3172:by the
3140:by the
3108:by the
3081:Country
3046:Cabinet
3008:Somalia
2964:Lesotho
2928:Cabinet
2900:Country
2814:Please
2756:Please
2684:Please
2612:Please
2505:Please
2382:Please
2330:removed
2315:sources
2282:A 2001
2234:Metrics
2197:Monarch
2193:Germany
2013:Riksdag
1987:de jure
1856:Ireland
1818:Emperor
1788:Germany
1775:Estonia
1647:Denmark
1595:Jamaica
1512:dualism
1450:removed
1435:sources
1403:Jamaica
1210:Denmark
1167:Fascism
1036:In the
963:Althing
944:History
918:Oceania
912:in the
887:monarch
781:Culture
691:Country
349:Anarchy
263:Outline
200:de jure
8349:
8083:Social
7981:Europe
7902:Titles
7587:World:
7577:Treaty
7412:Voting
7367:Zoning
7226:Roles:
6772:Lists:
6706:Empire
6701:Nation
6382:
6374:
6366:
6331:
6323:
6279:
6146:15 May
6030:
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4954:
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4890:Serbia
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4803:Poland
4801:
4772:Norway
4770:
4747:
4720:
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4654:
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4616:Saeima
4612:Latvia
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4590:Kosovo
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4466:Greece
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3225:Canada
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3193:Belize
3191:
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3095:
3032:
3006:
2984:
2962:
2940:
2914:
2893:Africa
2453:, and
2205:assent
2094:Cyprus
2081:Senate
2040:Syriza
2024:Greece
1960:Israel
1957:
1929:Sweden
1926:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1732:Greece
1729:
1702:second
1682:
1657:
1644:
1631:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1569:Canada
1566:
1553:
1490:Berlin
1387:Senate
1338:London
1194:France
1192:, and
1182:Allies
1141:, the
977:. The
926:Africa
741:voting
683:Polity
581:Policy
560:Public
474:theory
188:
180:
178:
170:
168:
160:
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150:
148:
140:
138:
126:
124:
115:
113:
105:
103:
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63:
55:
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8235:Lists
8219:Other
6696:State
6611:(PDF)
6600:(PDF)
6553:(PDF)
6524:(PDF)
6513:(PDF)
6380:S2CID
6372:JSTOR
6329:JSTOR
6140:(PDF)
6129:(PDF)
6074:(PDF)
6067:(PDF)
5999:(PDF)
5970:(PDF)
5455:. In
5180:Samoa
4956:Spain
4656:Malta
4564:Italy
4003:Nepal
3831:Japan
3743:India
2676:lend
2604:lend
2497:lend
2252:with
2156:India
1911:Yes).
1909:than
1869:Japan
1801:Spain
1710:third
1685:Italy
1582:India
1502:with
1312:Types
1047:prime
893:, or
764:forms
687:State
564:Civil
268:Index
194:Note:
7827:and
6680:and
6619:2017
6578:2017
6532:2017
6492:2022
6464:2021
6455:Emol
6364:ISSN
6321:ISSN
6277:ISBN
6248:2022
6218:2022
6192:2022
6148:2016
6112:2019
6082:2019
6046:2016
6028:ISBN
6007:2016
5988:ISSN
5978:ISBN
5948:2024
5927:2024
5905:2023
5879:2020
5861:ISBN
5840:2013
5814:2020
5796:ISBN
5752:ISBN
5725:ISBN
5698:ISBN
5671:ISBN
5642:ISBN
5621:2013
5599:2020
5581:ISBN
5531:2014
5502:2020
5484:ISBN
5433:2015
5404:2015
5378:2020
5360:ISBN
5333:ISBN
5301:2016
4985:The
4812:Sejm
4806:The
4775:The
4513:The
4353:The
4156:The
4125:and
4086:The
3883:Laos
3777:Iraq
3714:The
3590:the
3491:Asia
2313:any
2311:cite
2183:and
2137:2022
2135:and
2133:2017
2117:Oslo
2111:and
2017:1958
1484:The
1433:any
1431:cite
1353:The
1332:The
1200:and
1145:and
1121:and
1106:and
1078:(in
930:Asia
928:and
7373:Law
6565:doi
6422:doi
6356:doi
6313:doi
6269:doi
4783:as
3757:as
2872:VVD
2818:by
2324:by
2131:in
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