391:
2740:
251:
948:
along with
Venezuela and Ecuador, with its capital in Bogota. From the colonial times and periods and also during most of the 19th century and until 1903, and even though there are still lexical similarities shared by the two countries (e.g.,
1874:
Cedergren, Henrietta J.; Rousseau, Pascale; Sankoff, David (1986). "La variabilidad de /r/ implosiva en el español de Panamá y los modelos de ordenación de reglas". In Núñez Cedeño, R.; Páez
Urdaneta, I.; Guitart, L. (eds.).
1369:
Lexically, Panamanian
Spanish presents a variety of new terms introduced and being incorporated into the daily language all the time. The following quotation shows some common Panamanian expressions:
2517:
2043:
1562:
1103:
is pronounced , rather than . It is found primarily among less-educated speakers, but it can sometimes be observed among better-educated speakers, as in
1865:
Cedergren, Henrietta J. (1978). "En torno a la variación de la /s/ final de sílaba en Panamá: análisis cuantitativo". In López
Morales, Humberto (ed.).
875:
738:
1809:
2703:
2036:
1935:"El lenguaje de los negros congos de Panamá y el lumbalú palenquero de Colombia: función sociolingüística de criptolectos afrohispánicos"
1836:
Broce, Marlene; Torres
Cacoullos, Rena (2002). "'Dialectología urbana' rural: la estratificación social de (r) y (l) en Coclé, Panamá".
961:
means "kid" or "child"), phonetically, Panamanian
Spanish is very similar with the Spanish as spoken in the coastal areas around the
2029:
830:
944:, with its capital in Panama, during the 17th century, and after independence from Spain, Panama voluntarily became part of the
985:. As Panama is located in Central America, Panamanian Spanish is transitional between Central American and Caribbean dialects.
868:
2205:
1059:
1011:, 'waterfall', pronounced (like "h" in the English word "he") instead of . This results in a phonetic merger with
2845:
683:
433:
362:
1826:
461:
2835:
2696:
2258:
1746:
1736:
1722:
861:
268:
2099:
1280:
1092:
442:
352:
2224:
2052:
806:
544:
489:
289:
2840:
2689:
1141:
167:
2419:
1264:
1257:
1245:
1241:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1187:
1164:
1137:
1123:
1086:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1303:. These were once more common, but have fallen into disuse in 'standard' Spanish. In the Costa Arriba of
1270:
1158:
263:
1201:
2400:
1268:
1249:
1233:
1210:
1199:
1191:
1156:
1090:
945:
501:
99:
89:
2814:
2809:
2772:
2147:
1791:
1235:
1212:
1193:
937:
915:
588:
2021:
1251:
811:
533:
506:
104:
79:
2197:
1921:
Graell
Stanziola, Matilde; Quilis, Antonio (1991). "Datos sobre la lengua española en Panamá".
187:
109:
2793:
2076:
844:
623:
172:
1970:
Quesada
Pacheco, Miguel A. (1996). "El español de América Central". In Alvar, Manuel (ed.).
2241:
2132:
690:
518:
456:
197:
8:
2712:
2433:
2236:
2160:
2137:
1028:
849:
695:
648:
603:
528:
479:
428:
114:
2306:
1119:, the latter is where this sound is also more stigmatized among less-educated speakers.
2477:
2468:
2451:
2394:
2339:
2333:
2187:
2175:
2165:
2081:
1853:
1803:
1521:
1288:
1104:
1032:
1020:
974:
720:
705:
678:
668:
658:
653:
628:
618:
553:
513:
2762:
1299:
Rural
Panamanian Spanish has a few grammatical forms which are often considered to be
1144:, that is, with both of the lips rather than with the bottom lip and the upper teeth.
2487:
2446:
2367:
2300:
2122:
2109:
1822:
1742:
1718:
1465:
1276:
994:
925:
900:
715:
613:
598:
583:
563:
421:
416:
398:
338:
128:
124:
94:
2381:
2230:
2210:
1997:
1980:
1782:
1765:
1361:'some other' is still used. Rural western Panama has more forms considered archaic.
1304:
1148:
1067:
358:
2533:
2482:
2413:
2276:
2266:
2170:
2155:
2071:
2056:
1992:
1907:
1897:
1845:
1777:
1710:
1461:
1284:
1036:
899:. Despite Panama's location in Central America, Panamanian Spanish is considered a
892:
710:
673:
633:
578:
573:
568:
496:
382:
230:
119:
84:
36:
2565:
1179:'fed up'. This is related to the historical aspiration and eventual loss of Latin
1152:
1071:
2777:
2512:
2353:
2287:
2281:
2248:
2086:
1473:
1024:
998:
941:
700:
643:
638:
593:
470:
71:
61:
1934:
1676:
2555:
2545:
2271:
1930:
1732:
1702:
1136:
Throughout rural Panama, as in much of the rest of the
Spanish-speaking world,
786:
558:
219:
1540:
2829:
2767:
2745:
2670:
2117:
2012:
1082:
767:
608:
523:
484:
2181:
2606:
2320:
1902:
1885:
1485:
911:
729:
226:
182:
906:
The variations among different speaker groups of the same language can be
2571:
1075:
970:
451:
390:
192:
2657:
791:
2616:
2586:
1857:
1545:
1183:
in Spanish. In a few areas, this kept being pronounced in some words.
993:
A notable characteristic of Panamanian Spanish, and other varieties of
821:
2681:
1912:
2637:
2596:
2579:
1457:
1207:
1206:, which is more common in other dialects) or often the corresponding
1130:
982:
962:
839:
816:
796:
325:
313:
299:
281:
177:
2503:
1849:
936:
were part of the same political entity. Colombia, governed from the
758:
753:
743:
2643:
2493:
1709:. Creole Language Library. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
1389:
1300:
1043:
can also be pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative when before
978:
954:
933:
801:
370:
2051:
1714:
2550:
2539:
907:
776:
366:
1923:
Actas del III Congreso Internacional de 'El Español de América'
1520:, and so on. Many of these quotes and phrases are based in the
1497:
1112:
958:
929:
919:
896:
781:
256:
47:
1766:"El español del Caribe: unidad frente a diversidad dialectal"
1116:
748:
1867:
Corrientes actuales en la dialectología del Caribe hispánico
1005:
sound at the end of a syllable or word, such as in the word
1869:. Río Piedras: Universidad de Puerto Rico. pp. 80–103.
1513:
1307:, some verbs are found with prothetic vowels and prefixes:
1108:
966:
369:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1580:
1972:
Manual de dialectología hispánica. El español de América
1961:
Malmberg, B. (1965). "Estructura silábica del español".
1873:
1147:
In much of rural Panama, but not in the Costa Arriba of
1978:
1920:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1890:
Estudios de Lingüística de la Universidad de Alicante
1835:
1126:
is typically deleted in informal Panamanian Spanish.
1122:
As in most of the Spanish-speaking world, word-final
1081:
Another change observed in Panamanian Spanish is the
2735:
1948:. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana: 147–165
1796:
El español de Panamá; estudio fonético y fonológico
1656:
1637:
1625:
1604:
1592:
1877:Estudios sobre la fonología del español del Caribe
1790:
1167:) is actually pronounced in several words such as
396:
2827:
2621:(Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)
1677:"El aporte cultural de la etnia negra en Panamá"
1228:is often converted to a simple aspirate , while
1969:
1464:, partly due to the prolonged existence of the
1979:Quilis, Antonio; Graell Stanziola, M. (1992).
1883:
2697:
2037:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1174:
1168:
1133:is often pronounced with a preceding sound.
1098:
1006:
869:
1879:. Caracas: La Casa de Bello. pp. 13–20.
1107:. The sound is also typical in dialects of
1066:is more often elided on the Costa Arriba of
1886:"Algunos préstamos en el español de Panamá"
1819:Panamanian Spanish Slang: Words and Phrases
2704:
2690:
2044:
2030:
1808:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
876:
862:
1996:
1911:
1901:
1864:
1781:
1707:The speech of the negros congos of Panama
1349:'any' can be used as an adjective, as in
1089:(as "ch" in the English word "chips") to
1015:. The aspiration is also observed in the
1960:
1097:(as "sh" in the English word "she"), so
2711:
1054:As in many other varieties, word-final
363:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2828:
1929:
1731:
1701:
1662:
1650:
1631:
1619:
1598:
1586:
940:during the 16th century, then part of
2685:
2025:
1974:. Barcelona: Ariel. pp. 101–115.
1816:
1508:(this term is used in a unisex way),
1232:may be backed to a velar approximant
895:language as spoken in the country of
35:
1763:
1256:, and the most common option is for
1675:Wilson, Carlos "Cubena" Guillermo.
1387:pero si me das de comer un poco de
13:
1817:Banse, Timoteo (17 January 2022).
1757:
1674:
1062:in Panamanian Spanish. Word-final
14:
2857:
2006:
1224:are often elided. Syllable-final
1217:, and almost never being elided.
2738:
1563:"ISO 639-2 Language Code search"
1244:, although it's more common for
389:
249:
1884:Giralt Latorre, Javier (1991).
1694:
1524:presented in Panamanian slang.
918:(word forms), or in the use of
1981:"La lengua española en Panamá"
1963:Estudios de Fonética Hispánica
1668:
1555:
1534:
1186:In at least the Costa Arriba,
269:Academia Panameña de la Lengua
1:
2360:Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela
1998:10.3989/rfe.1992.v72.i3/4.585
1985:Revista de Filología Española
1783:10.3989/rfe.1992.v72.i3/4.582
1770:Revista de Filología Española
1527:
1364:
1423:ya no tiene ñame, guineo ni
1381:... pero te voy a contar un
1198:(rather than an approximant
1142:voiceless bilabial fricative
988:
977:and the Caribbean coasts of
7:
1190:is rendered as a fricative
1140:is usually pronounced as a
37:[espaˈɲolpanaˈmeɲo]
10:
2862:
2650:Coastal Argentina, Uruguay
2518:spoken by Catalan speakers
1456:Panamanians sometimes use
1294:
64:: 463,000 in Panama (2014)
2802:
2786:
2755:
2733:
2719:
2629:
2526:
2464:
2327:Central western Argentina
2257:
2196:
2146:
2108:
2095:
2064:
1792:Alvarado de Ricord, Elsie
1516:) instead of the Spanish
1488:) instead of the Spanish
1476:) instead of the Spanish
1401:, sancocho y mondongo....
1281:American Spanish dialects
946:Republic of Gran Colombia
349:
337:
323:
311:
297:
279:
274:
262:
244:Official language in
242:
237:
216:
160:
68:
53:
43:
31:
26:
21:
2836:Central American Spanish
2810:Panamanian Sign Language
938:Real Audiencia of Panama
2407:Colombia-Ecuador border
1551:(subscription required)
1355:'anyone', and the term
1267:is realized as glottal
1260:to simply be deleted.
1017:coastal regions of Peru
397:
59:2.5 million (2014)
2846:Panama–Spain relations
2815:Chiriquí Sign Language
2053:Dialects and varieties
1903:10.14198/ELUA1991.7.07
1764:Alba, Orlando (1992).
1738:Latin American Spanish
1452:
1419:que viene allí ... Su
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1240:. The same happens to
1175:
1169:
1099:
1070:, east of the city of
1029:Argentina, and Uruguay
1007:
822:Palenquero or Palenque
817:Chavacano or Chabacano
351:This article contains
1500:) instead of Spanish
1427:. Lo que tiene es un
1371:
2756:Indigenous languages
1925:. pp. 997–1005.
1589:, pp. 294, 299.
1377:, y no me gusta esa
395:A manuscript of the
198:Early Modern Spanish
2841:Languages of Panama
2713:Languages of Panama
1741:. London: Longman.
1567:Library of Congress
1442:, el cambio en ese
1435:. Según la comadre
1373:"Vecina, yo no soy
850:Instituto Cervantes
168:Proto-Indo-European
2294:Chiloé Archipelago
1965:. Madrid: C.S.I.C.
1522:Macaronic language
1352:cualquiera persona
1343:'look for'. Also,
1289:Andalusian Spanish
1105:Andalusian Spanish
975:Dominican Republic
889:Panamanian Spanish
134:Panamanian Spanish
22:Panamanian Spanish
2823:
2822:
2720:Official language
2679:
2678:
2665:
2651:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2575:
2509:
2499:
2460:
2459:
2441:
2440:Coastal Argentina
2427:
2408:
2389:
2375:
2361:
2347:
2328:
2314:
2313:Central Argentina
2295:
2220:
1933:(December 1997).
1549:(18th ed., 2015)
1466:Panama Canal Zone
1446:no se debe a una
995:Caribbean Spanish
914:(pronunciation),
886:
885:
399:Cantar de mio Cid
377:
376:
359:rendering support
355:phonetic symbols.
264:Regulated by
129:Colombian Spanish
125:Caribbean Spanish
2853:
2787:Creole languages
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2663:
2649:
2620:
2611:(mixed language)
2610:
2600:
2590:
2569:
2507:
2497:
2439:
2425:
2406:
2387:
2373:
2359:
2345:
2326:
2312:
2293:
2214:
2106:
2105:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2002:
2000:
1991:(3–4): 583–638.
1975:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1939:
1926:
1917:
1915:
1905:
1880:
1870:
1861:
1832:
1821:. Middle Coast.
1813:
1807:
1799:
1787:
1785:
1776:(3–4): 525–540.
1752:
1728:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1541:Spanish → Panama
1538:
1417:sombrero montuno
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1139:
1125:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1065:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1014:
1010:
1004:
878:
871:
864:
589:Central American
402:
393:
383:Spanish language
379:
378:
345:
316:
307:
302:
293:
292:
284:
255:
253:
252:
231:Spanish alphabet
222:
74:
39:
27:Español panameño
19:
18:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2798:
2782:
2773:Northern Embera
2751:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2715:
2710:
2680:
2675:
2664:Central America
2625:
2522:
2466:
2456:
2346:Coastal Ecuador
2253:
2192:
2148:Central America
2142:
2097:
2091:
2065:Africa and Asia
2060:
2050:
2019:
2009:
1951:
1949:
1937:
1931:Lipski, John M.
1850:10.2307/4141096
1829:
1801:
1800:
1760:
1758:Further reading
1755:
1749:
1733:Lipski, John M.
1725:
1703:Lipski, John M.
1697:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1474:circuit breaker
1468:. Examples are
1402:
1386:
1367:
1297:
1222:/f,p,b,t,d,k,g/
1220:Syllable-final
1155:, word-initial
1039:of Spain. This
999:debuccalization
991:
965:, specifically
942:Castilla de Oro
882:
812:Roquetas Pidgin
534:irregular verbs
404:
357:Without proper
343:
312:
305:
298:
288:
287:
280:
250:
248:
245:
238:Official status
223:
218:
212:
163:
156:
90:Latino-Faliscan
75:
72:Language family
70:
60:
56:
55:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2803:Sign languages
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2794:Bocas del Toro
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2576:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2556:Tetuani Ladino
2546:Judaeo-Spanish
2543:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2018:en Wikcionario
2016:
2015:
2013:Jerga Panameña
2008:
2007:External links
2005:
2004:
2003:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1944:(in Spanish).
1927:
1918:
1896:(7): 137–158.
1881:
1871:
1862:
1844:(2): 342–354.
1833:
1828:978-0934523431
1827:
1814:
1788:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1729:
1723:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1667:
1655:
1636:
1624:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1554:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1407:flacuchento y
1366:
1363:
1305:Colón Province
1296:
1293:
1163:(phonemically
1149:Colón Province
1068:Colón Province
1037:Canary Islands
990:
987:
910:(vocabulary),
884:
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2508:(Extremadura)
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2100:Interamerican
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2077:Equatoguinean
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1942:América Negra
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1748:9780582087613
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1734:
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1726:
1724:9789027252241
1720:
1716:
1715:10.1075/cll.4
1712:
1708:
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1700:
1699:
1678:
1671:
1665:, p. 53.
1664:
1659:
1653:, p. 51.
1652:
1647:
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1643:
1641:
1634:, p. 55.
1633:
1628:
1622:, p. 52.
1621:
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1610:
1608:
1601:, p. 62.
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1083:deaffrication
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916:morphological
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624:Equatoguinean
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417:Pronunciation
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188:Proto-Romance
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106:
105:Ibero-Romance
103:
102:
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93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:Indo-European
77:
73:
67:
63:
58:
52:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
32:Pronunciation
30:
25:
20:
2726:
2656:
2642:
2636:
2615:
2607:Media Lengua
2605:
2595:
2585:
2578:
2564:
2538:
2502:
2492:
2432:
2426:Coastal Peru
2418:
2399:
2388:Paisa Region
2380:
2366:
2352:
2338:
2319:
2305:
2286:
2242:Sabine River
2229:
2216:
2211:
2180:
2133:Puerto Rican
2127:
2059:by continent
2017:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1945:
1941:
1922:
1893:
1889:
1876:
1866:
1841:
1837:
1818:
1795:
1773:
1769:
1737:
1706:
1695:Bibliography
1680:. Retrieved
1670:
1658:
1627:
1594:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1544:
1536:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1486:light switch
1481:
1477:
1469:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1319:'remember',
1298:
1262:
1219:
1185:
1180:
1146:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1080:
1053:
992:
950:
926:Historically
924:
912:phonological
905:
888:
887:
730:Dialectology
691:Puerto Rican
663:
519:Prepositions
350:
331:
324:
183:Vulgar Latin
173:Proto-Italic
133:
110:West Iberian
2572:Para-Romani
2434:Rioplatense
2374:Zulia State
2237:New Mexican
2225:Californian
2161:Costa Rican
2138:Trinidadian
1663:Lipski 1989
1651:Lipski 1989
1632:Lipski 1989
1620:Lipski 1989
1599:Lipski 1989
1587:Lipski 1994
1490:interruptor
1478:interruptor
1411:vestido de
1076:Panama City
971:Puerto Rico
922:(grammar).
696:Rioplatense
649:New Mexican
604:Costa Rican
529:conjugation
480:Determiners
429:Orthography
365:instead of
193:Old Spanish
162:Early forms
2830:Categories
2617:Papiamento
2587:Palenquero
2478:Andalusian
2469:Peninsular
2452:Venezuelan
2395:Paraguayan
2340:Equatorial
2334:Ecuadorian
2188:Salvadoran
2176:Nicaraguan
2166:Guatemalan
2128:Panamanian
2082:Philippine
1913:10045/6523
1546:Ethnologue
1528:References
1440:radiobemba
1399:carimañola
1365:Vocabulary
1346:cualquiera
1334:arrebuscar
1310:arrecordar
1291:dialects.
1279:and other
1248:to become
1173:'deep' or
1074:, than in
721:Venezuelan
706:Salvadoran
679:Philippine
669:Peninsular
664:Panamanian
654:Nicaraguan
629:Guatemalan
619:Ecuadorian
554:Andalusian
514:Adjectives
462:Influences
2638:Cocoliche
2597:Chavacano
2580:Spanglish
2498:(Galicia)
2488:Castilian
2447:Uruguayan
2368:Maracucho
2301:Colombian
2123:Dominican
2110:Caribbean
1804:cite book
1798:. Panama.
1458:loanwords
1433:chécheres
1413:guayabera
1383:bochinche
1322:entodavía
1301:archaisms
1277:Caribbean
1208:affricate
1131:trilled R
1060:velarized
1058:is often
1033:Andalusia
1031:; and in
997:, is the
989:Phonology
983:Venezuela
963:Caribbean
903:variety.
901:Caribbean
840:Hispanism
797:Spanglish
716:Uruguayan
614:Dominican
599:Colombian
584:Caribbean
564:Argentine
326:Glottolog
314:ISO 639-3
300:ISO 639-2
282:ISO 639-1
178:Old Latin
115:Castilian
2658:Malespín
2644:Lunfardo
2601:(creole)
2591:(creole)
2534:Standard
2494:Castrapo
2483:Canarian
2420:Ribereño
2414:Peruvian
2307:Cordobés
2277:Bolivian
2267:Amazonic
2171:Honduran
2156:Belizean
2096:Americas
2072:Canarian
1952:26 March
1838:Hispania
1794:(1971).
1735:(1994).
1705:(1989).
1682:26 March
1395:concolón
1390:chicheme
1375:vidajena
1340:rebuscar
1316:recordar
1285:Canarian
1275:, as in
1151:east of
1111:, north
1100:muchacho
1035:and the
979:Colombia
955:Colombia
953:in both
934:Colombia
831:Teaching
802:Castrapo
792:Portuñol
711:Standard
674:Peruvian
659:Paraguay
634:Honduran
579:Canarian
574:Bolivian
569:Belizean
545:Dialects
502:personal
497:Pronouns
409:Overview
371:Help:IPA
2727:Spanish
2630:Extinct
2551:Haketia
2540:Llanito
2513:Murcian
2401:Pastuso
2354:Llanero
2288:Chilote
2282:Chilean
2249:Mexican
2217:Chicano
2182:Pachuco
2087:Saharan
2057:Spanish
1858:4141096
1572:22 June
1470:breaker
1462:English
1429:pocotón
1415:azul y
1358:algotro
1328:todavía
1295:Grammar
1021:Ecuador
1008:cascada
1001:of the
908:lexical
893:Spanish
891:is the
807:Creoles
777:Llanito
701:Saharan
644:Murcian
639:Mexican
594:Chilean
471:Grammar
443:History
367:Unicode
120:Spanish
100:Western
95:Romance
16:Dialect
2778:Teribe
2763:Guaymí
2504:Castúo
2465:Europe
2321:Cuyano
2272:Andean
2231:Isleño
1856:
1825:
1745:
1721:
1512:(from
1498:friend
1496:(from
1484:(from
1482:switch
1472:(from
1425:guandú
1421:motete
1287:, and
1115:, and
1113:Mexico
973:, the
959:Panama
930:Panama
920:syntax
897:Panama
782:Jopara
759:Loísmo
754:Leísmo
744:Yeísmo
684:status
559:Andean
507:object
490:gender
457:Middle
422:stress
257:Panama
254:
85:Italic
48:Panama
2671:Bozal
2527:Other
2382:Paisa
2118:Cuban
1938:(PDF)
1854:JSTOR
1506:amiga
1502:amigo
1460:from
1450:..."
1448:macuá
1379:vaina
1273:]
1269:[
1254:]
1250:[
1238:]
1234:[
1230:/p,b/
1215:]
1211:[
1204:]
1200:[
1196:]
1192:[
1176:harto
1170:hondo
1161:]
1157:[
1153:Colón
1117:Chile
1095:]
1091:[
1072:Colón
1025:Chile
1023:; in
951:pelao
749:Voseo
739:Seseo
609:Cuban
524:Verbs
485:Nouns
434:Names
344:es-PA
227:Latin
2768:Kuna
2641:and
2566:Caló
2212:Caló
1954:2022
1823:ISBN
1810:link
1743:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1684:2022
1574:2019
1518:vale
1514:okay
1494:fren
1444:lapé
1437:fula
1409:ñato
1403:Ese
1385:...
1337:for
1325:for
1313:for
1263:The
1129:The
1109:Cuba
1087:/tʃ/
1019:and
981:and
967:Cuba
957:and
932:and
339:IETF
332:None
2055:of
1993:doi
1908:hdl
1898:doi
1846:doi
1778:doi
1711:doi
1543:at
1504:or
1431:de
1405:man
1265:/x/
1258:/t/
1246:/t/
1242:/t/
1226:/f/
1188:/ʝ/
1165:/x/
1138:/f/
1124:/d/
1085:of
1064:/n/
1056:/n/
1049:/g/
1047:or
1045:/k/
1041:/s/
1013:/x/
1003:/s/
845:RAE
452:Old
353:IPA
306:spa
127:or
2832::
1989:72
1987:.
1983:.
1946:14
1940:.
1906:.
1892:.
1888:.
1852:.
1842:85
1840:.
1806:}}
1802:{{
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