Operation Gladio - Knowledge

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as a technical committee to bring national SBOs together. It took its guidance from the CPC and organized multinational exercises. The authority of SACEUR when it came to clandestine operations was discussed in the early 1950s as one can gather from the document 'SHAPE Problems Outstanding with the Standing Group', which, under sub-heading 'IV. Special Plans' calls for the 'Delineation of Responsibilities of the Clandestine Services and of SACEUR on Clandestine Matters Including Pertinent Definitions and Organizations' and 'Principles for Unorthodox Warfare Planning'. While all this concerned the highest level of NATO command, coordination in time of crisis had to be arranged. Thus, to coordinate these activities at different command levels in wartime, SACEUR created the Allied Clandestine Coordinating Groups (ACCG) staffed with personnel from NATO nations at SHAPE and the subordinate commands. In case of war, SACEUR was meant to exercise operational control of national clandestine services' assets, according to each nation's existing policies, through the ACCG. By 1961 though, 'both SHAPE and CPC accepted that such SB activity was a purely national responsibility'.

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secret structures met every year in one of the capitals... At the stay-behind meetings representatives of the CIA were always present. They had no voting rights and were from the CIA headquarters of the capital in which the meeting took place... members of the US Forces Europe Command were present, also without voting rights. " Next to the CPC a second secret command post was created in 1957, the Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC). According to the Belgian Parliamentary Committee on Gladio, the ACC was "responsible for coordinating the 'Stay-behind' networks in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Holland, Norway, United Kingdom and the United States". During peacetime, the activities of the ACC "included elaborating the directives for the network, developing its clandestine capability and organising bases in Britain and the United States. In wartime, it was to plan stay-behind operations in conjunction with SHAPE; organisers were to activate clandestine bases and organise operations from there". General Serravalle declared to the

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NATO's plans, their radios had to be hooked to a future exile location, and the specialised equipment had to be secured from CIA and secretly cached in snowy hideouts for later use. In the other set of countries, CIA would have to do the job alone or with, at best, "unofficial" local help, since the politics of those governments barred them from collaborating with NATO, and any exposure would arouse immediate protest from the local Communist press, Soviet diplomats and loyal Scandinavians who hoped that neutrality or nonalignment would allow them to slip through a World War III unharmed.

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exaggerated notions of the scale and impact of covert activities, misunderstandings of the management and coordination of operations within and between national governments, and... an almost complete failure to place the actions and decisions in question in the appropriate historical context." According to Davies, "the underlying problem is that Ganser has not really undertaken the most basic necessary research to be able to discuss covert action and special operations effectively." Olav Riste of the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, writing for the journal

681:(SACEUR) established such an 'ad hoc' committee, the Clandestine Planning Committee (CPC) at SHAPE. The peacetime role of the CPC would have been to coordinate the different military and paramilitary plans and programmes in NATO nations (and partners like Switzerland and Austria) in order to avoid duplication of effort. The CPC itself had at least two working groups – one on communications and one on networks. SACEUR also established a Special Projects Branch to develop and coordinate 'clandestine forces operating in support of SACEUR's military forces'. 1909:, had suffered "like a dog" during the commission's investigations. Carlo Schmid declared to the press: "I was shocked that something like that is at all possible," and said to the press he was glad to leave the "conspirational atmosphere" which had weighted upon him like a "black shadow" during the investigations. Hubacher found it especially disturbing that, apart from its official mandate of organizing resistance in case of a Soviet invasion, P-26 had also a mandate to become active should the left succeed in achieving a parliamentary majority. 415: 333: 242: 135: 190: 255: 163: 1536:. While there is evidence suggesting that the activities of Soucek and Rössner were tolerated to an extent by local occupation authorities, available American archives do not suggest that they had any connection to U.S. intelligence. A secret review of the situation by US forces in Austria in early January 1948 implies that while the group were presenting themselves as anti-communist allies, the Americans did not trust them, viewing them as "adventurers and opportunists." 2123:, mentions several instances where his own research on the stay-behind network in Norway was twisted by Ganser and concludes that "a detailed refutation of the many unfounded allegations that Ganser accepts as historical findings would fill an entire book." In a later joint article with Leopoldo Nuti of the University of Rome, the two concluded that the book's "ambitious conclusions do not seem to be entirely corroborated by a sound evaluation of the sources available." 268: 346: 2025: 1258:

preferred not to inform other Cabinet members or Parliament about the secret organization. It was modelled on the nation's World War II experiences of having to evacuate the royal family and transfer government to a government-in-exile, originally aiming to provide an underground intelligence network to a government-in-exile in the event of a foreign invasion, although it included elements of guerrilla warfare. Former Dutch Defence Minister

402: 376: 320: 2131:, Beatrice Heuser praises Ganser's "fascinating study" while also noting that "it would definitely have improved the work if Ganser had used a less polemical tone, and had occasionally conceded that the Soviet Empire was by no means nicer." Security analyst John Prados writes "Ganser, the principal analyst of Gladio, presents evidence across many nations that Gladio networks amounted to anti-democratic elements in their own societies." 216: 294: 1553:"), with the cooperation of MI6 and the CIA. He later explained that "we bought cars under this name. We installed communication centres in several regions of Austria", confirming that "special units were trained in the use of weapons and plastic explosives". He stated that "there must have been a couple of thousand people working for us... Only very, very highly positioned politicians and some members of the union knew about it". 307: 281: 1923: 146: 389: 203: 229: 359: 857:". It stated that "Those massacres, those bombs, those military actions had been organized or promoted or supported by men inside Italian state institutions and, as has been discovered more recently, by men linked to the structures of United States intelligence." The report stated that US intelligence agents were informed in advance about several terrorist bombings, including the December 1969 2909: 880:(new order) subversive organisation, received regular funding from a press officer at the US embassy in Rome. 'So even before the 'stabilising' plans that Atlantic circles had prepared for Italy became operational through the bombings, one of the leading members of the terrorist group was in the pay of the American embassy in Rome.' a report released by the 1888:

agreements with P-26 to provide training in combat, communications, and sabotage. The latest agreement was signed in 1987... P-26 cadres participated regularly in training exercises in Britain... British advisers – possibly from the SAS – visited secret training establishments in Switzerland." P-26 was led by Efrem Cattelan, known to British intelligence.

2178:. The alleged Soviet-authored forgery, disseminated in the 1970s, explicitly formulated the need for a "strategy of tension" involving violent attacks blamed on radical left-wing groups in order to convince allied governments of the need for counter-action. It also rejected a Communist Greek journalist's allegations made in December 2005. 673:

various bilateral, triparty, and multilateral fora in the creation, training, and running of clandestine Stay-behind organisations (SBO) soon after World War II. In 1947, France, the United Kingdom, and the Benelux countries had created a joint policy on SB in the Western Union Clandestine Committee (WUCC), a forum of the

2919: 1124:" whom he had recruited. A man with the name he put on file was arrested by the KGB following treason in the BND, but was obviously innocent, his name having been chosen at random from the public phone book by Juretzko. According to Juretzko, the BND built up its branch of Gladio, but discovered after the fall of the 2108:, describing Ganser's work as "a journalistic book with a big spoonful of conspiracy theories" that "fails to present proof of and an in-depth explanation of the claimed conspiracy between USA, CIA, NATO and the European countries." Hansen also criticized Ganser for basing his "claim of the big conspiracy" on 752:

plans, was outside the scope of the original stay-behind and, therefore, 'never to be considered among the purposes of the operation'. The pressure put forward by the Americans during the 1960s to use 'Gladio' for purposes other than those of a stay-behind network would appear to have failed in the long term."

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Civilians recruited as stay-behind partisans were equipped with a clandestine shortwave radio homed in on a fixed frequency. It had a keyboard with digital encryption, making use of traditional Morse code obsolete. They had a cache of further equipment for signalling helicopters or submarines to drop

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early on. When the network was dismantled, further odd details emerged. One fellow "spymaster" had kept the radio equipment in his cellar at home with his wife doing the engineering test call every four months, on the grounds that the equipment was too "valuable" to remain in civilian hands. Juretzko

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New legislation governing intelligence agencies' missions and methods was passed in 1998, following two government inquiries and the creation of a permanent parliamentary committee in 1991, which was to bring them under the authority of Belgium's federal agencies. The commission was created following

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NATO provided a forum to integrate, coordinate, and optimise the use of all SB assets as part of the Emergency War Plan. This coordination included the military SB units, which were part of NATO's order of battle, and the clandestine SBOs run by NATO nations. Western secret services had cooperated in

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In 1991, a report by Swiss magistrate Pierre Cornu was released by the Swiss defence ministry. It found that P-26 was without "political or legal legitimacy", and described the group's collaboration with British secret services as "intense". "Unknown to the Swiss government, British officials signed

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Already in 1990, it was known that the weapons cache near Velp, while accidentally 'discovered' in 1983, had been plundered partially before. It still contained dozens of hand grenades, semiautomatic rifles, automatic pistols, munitions and explosives at the time of discovery, but five hand grenades

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maintains that, "Ganser fails to document his thesis that the CIA, MI6, and NATO and its friends turned GLADIO into a terrorist organization." Philip HJ Davies of the Brunel University Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies likewise concludes that the book is "marred by imagined conspiracies,

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from 1975 to 1990, declared that although it had been known that "special services" existed within the army, as a politician he never at any time could have known that P-26 was behind this. Hubacher pointed out that the President of the parliamentary investigation into P26 (PUK-EMD), the right-wing

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between 1977 and 1980, explained how he was informed of the existence of a secret organisation in the middle of his term of office. According to him, it already became clear in 1980 in the wake of the Schilling/Bachmann affair that there was also a secret group in Switzerland. But former MP, Helmut

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In Austria, the first secret stay-behind army was exposed in 1947. It had been set up by the far-right Theodor Soucek and Hugo Rössner, who both insisted during their trial that "they were carrying out the secret operation with the full knowledge and support of the US and British occupying powers."

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Researcher Francesco Cacciatore, in an article based on recently de-classified documents, writes that a "note from March 1972 specified that the possibility of using 'Gladio' in the event of internal subversions, not provided for by the organization's statute and not supported by NATO directives or

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In 1957, the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Benelux countries, all of which ran SBOs in Western Europe, established the 'Six Powers Lines Committee' which became the Allied Clandestine Committee in 1958 and, after 1976, the Allied Coordination Committee (ACC). The ACC has been described

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published a communiqué in January 2006 that, while confirming the existence of NATO stay-behind efforts, in general, and the presence of the "Gladio" stay-behind unit in Italy, in particular, with the purpose of aiding resistance in the event of Soviet aggression directed westward, from the Warsaw

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had existed in the country, but incorrectly added that neither NATO nor the CIA had been involved. Paul Garbler, a CIA officer who had served in Sweden, corrected that Sweden was a "direct participant" in the network, adding, "I'm not able to talk about it without causing the Swedes a good deal of

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told the Dutch Parliament that his office was running a secret organisation that had been set up inside the Dutch defence ministry in the 1950s, but denied it was supervised directly by NATO or other foreign bodies. He went on to inform that successive prime ministers and defence chiefs had always

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General Gerardo Serravalle, who commanded the Italian Gladio from 1971 to 1974, related that "in the 1970s the members of the CPC were the officers responsible for the secret structures of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Italy. These representatives of the

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were required to defer in its foreign policy to the Soviet power directly on its borders. Thus, in one set of these countries the governments themselves would build their own stay-behind nets, counting on activating them from exile to carry on the struggle. These nets had to be co-ordinated with

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Lawrence Kaplan wrote a mixed review commending Ganser for making "heroic efforts to tease out the many strands that connect this interlocking right-wing conspiracy," but also arguing that "connecting the dots between terrorist organizations in NATO countries and a master plan centred in NATO's

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which the state department, as well as an independent congressional inquiry, have alleged to be a Soviet forgery. The State Department also highlighted the fact that, in the case of Richard Welch, "Grivas bizarrely accuses the CIA of playing a role in the assassination of one of its own senior

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in Belgium. In 1990, following France's denial of any "stay-behind" French army, Giulio Andreotti publicly said the last Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) meeting, at which the French branch of Gladio was present, had been on October 23 and 24, 1990, under the presidency of Belgian General Van

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During the Cold War, West European countries set up clandestine 'stay behind' networks, which were designed to form the nucleus of resistance movements if the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Western Europe. ... A thirty year-old Soviet forgery has been cited as one of the central pieces of

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review that "following the discovery of the stay-behind armies across Western Europe in late 1990, Swiss and international security researchers found themselves confronted with two clear-cut questions: Did Switzerland also operate a secret stay-behind army? And if yes, was it part of NATO's

4295: 1165:, who was sharply criticized in the US for having revealed sensitive information, insisted that "paramilitary groups, directed by CIA officers, operated in the sixties throughout Europe perhaps no activity of the CIA could be as clearly linked to the possibility of internal subversion." 787:

Andreotti declared that the Italian military services (predecessors of the SISMI) had joined in 1964 the Allied Clandestine Committee created in 1957 by the US, France, Belgium and Greece, and which was in charge of directing Gladio's operations. However, Gladio was actually set up under

1339:(who had taken part in the founding of the OAS), ran a secret stay-behind army and trained its members in covert action techniques amounting to terrorism, including bombings, silent assassinations, subversion techniques, clandestine communication and infiltration and colonial warfare. 1413:, the Turkish branch of Operation Gladio. Historians and outside investigators have speculated that Counter-Guerrilla and several subordinate Intelligence, Special Forces, and Gendarmerie units were possibly involved in numerous acts of state-sponsored terrorism and engineering the 816:, found out that several far-right terrorist organizations were the trench troops of a secret army who were linked to the CIA. Salvini said: "The role of the Americans was ambiguous, halfway between knowing and not preventing and actually inducing people to commit atrocities". 707:– a former member of the Belgian military security service and of the network – said Gladio was not just anti-Communist but was for fighting subversion in general. He added that his predecessor had given Gladio 142 million francs ($ 4.6 million) to buy new radio equipment." 1199:, forming the first socialist government of Greece's post-war history. According to his own testimony, Ganser alleges, he discovered the existence of the secret NATO army, then codenamed "Red Sheepskin", as acting prime minister in 1984 and had given orders to dissolve it. 1250:, chanced upon a large hidden cache of arms, containing dozens of hand grenades, semiautomatic rifles, automatic pistols, munitions and explosives. That discovery forced the Dutch government to confirm that the arms were related to NATO planning for unorthodox warfare. 4316: 4232: 4253: 796:'s supervision. Besides, the list of Gladio members given by Andreotti was incomplete. It didn't include, for example, Antonio Arconte, who described an organization very different from the one brushed by Giulio Andreotti: an organization closely tied to the 4103: 4190: 1617:'). This operation was organized by Finnish general staff officers (without foreign help) in 1944 to hide weapons in order to sustain large-scale guerrilla warfare in the event the Soviet Union tried to occupy Finland following the end of combat on the 2127:

military headquarters requires a stretch of facts that Ganser cannot manage." Kaplan believes that some of Ganser's conspiracy theories "may be correct," but that "they do damage to the book's credibility." In a mostly positive review for the journal

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revealed the existence of a secret stay-behind army in France codenamed "Plan Bleu". The next year, the "Western Union Clandestine Committee" (WUCC) was created to coordinate secret unorthodox warfare. In 1949, the WUCC was integrated into

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a list of 622 civilians who according to him were part of Gladio. Andreotti also stated that 127 weapons caches had been dismantled, and said that Gladio had not been involved in any of the bombings committed from the 1960s to the 1980s.

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behind enemy lines. Arms caches were hidden, escape routes prepared, and loyal members recruited, whether in Italy or in other European countries. Its clandestine "cells" were to stay behind in enemy-controlled territory and to act as

1591:—insisted: "The aim was noble, the aim was correct, to try to help Austria if it was under occupation. What went wrong is that successive Washington administrations simply decided not to talk to the Austrian government about it." 1599:

In 1944, Sweden worked with Finnish Intelligence to set up a stay-behind network of agents within Finland to keep track of post-war activities in that country. While this network was allegedly never put in place, Finnish codes,

1098:, a former German army officer referred to by the CIA as an "unreconstructed Nazi". "The network was disbanded in 1953 amid political concerns that some members' neo-Nazi sympathies would be exposed in the West German press." 1511: 1398:, Turkey is one of the first countries to participate in Operation Gladio and, some say, the only country where it has not been purged. The counter-guerrillas' existence in Turkey was revealed in 1973 by then-prime minister 3023:

Francesco Cacciatore (2021): Stay-behind networks and interim flexible strategy: the 'Gladio' case and US covert intervention in Italy in the Cold War, Intelligence and National Security, doi:10.1080/02684527.2021.1911436

1876:, a private foreign intelligence agency funded partly by the government, and by a special unit of Swiss army intelligence which had built up files on nearly 8,000 "suspect persons" including "leftists", "bill stickers", " 1586:

as the US Permanent Representative to the Atlantic Treaty Organization, where, as ambassador to NATO, he headed the combined State-Defense Department United States Mission to NATO and coordinated the NATO response to the

3336: 2195:. In Frank's version, U.S. Department of State officers recruit a stay-behind network in Hungary to fight an insurgency against the Soviet Union after the Soviet Union launches an attack on and captures Western Europe. 1087: 4337: 4118: 4169: 1230:

officials" while "Sheepskin" couldn't have assassinated Stephen Saunders for the simple reason that, according to the US government, "the Greek government stated it dismantled the 'stay behind' network in 1988."

1621:. Of those 5,000 to 10,000 people involved in the case, 1,488 of them were convicted. Most of them received prison terms of 1–4 months. Overall, the prison sentences of those convicted totaled nearly 400 years. 1153:, i.e., "mountain raiding companies"), were integrated into the European stay-behind network. The CIA and LOK reconfirmed on March 25, 1955, their mutual cooperation in a secret document signed by US General 1573:

insisted that they had known nothing of the existence of the secret army and demanded that the US launch a full-scale investigation into the violation of Austria's neutrality, which was denied by President

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In 2004 the German author Norbert Juretzko published a book about his work at the BND. He went into details about recruiting partisans for the German stay-behind network. He was sacked from BND following a

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had gone missing. A Dutch investigative television program revealed on 9 September 2007, that another arms cache that had belonged to Gladio had been ransacked in the 1980s. It was located in a park near

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In 1990, Colonel Herbert Alboth, a former commander of P-26, declared in a confidential letter to the Defence Department that he was willing to reveal "the whole truth". He was later found in his house,

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Documents shown to the Italian parliamentary terrorism committee revealed that in the 1970s British and French officials involved in the network visited a training base in Germany built with US money.

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In 1965, police discovered a stay-behind arms cache in an old mine close to Windisch-Bleiberg and forced the British authorities to hand over a list with the location of 33 other caches in Austria.

669:, which elaborated on the original. Farrar-Hockley had aroused controversy in 1983 when he became involved in trying to organise a campaign for a new Home Guard against a potential Soviet invasion. 1748:

newspaper revealed, quoting former Gladio agent Alberto Volo, who had a role in the revelations of the existence of the network in 1990, that a Gladio meeting had been organized in August 1991 on

1017:, whose headquarters were established in France, under the name "Clandestine Planning Committee" (CPC). In 1958, NATO founded the Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) to coordinate secret warfare. 3604: 779:

publicly recognized the existence of Gladio on 24 October 1990. Andreotti spoke of a "structure of information, response and safeguard", with arms caches and reserve officers. He gave to the

572:, a Royal Engineers officer who specialised in demolition by explosives and covert raiding operations. To the extent that they were publicly visible, the Auxiliary Units were disguised as 1809:. In 1953, the police arrested Swedish Nazi Otto Hallberg and discovered the preparations for the Swedish stay-behind army. Hallberg was set free and charges against him were dropped. 6508: 1202:

Following Giulio Andreotti's revelations in 1990, the Greek defence minister confirmed that a branch of the network, known as Operation Sheepskin, operated in his country until 1988.

928:, the Minister of Defense, acknowledged the existence of a Belgian "stay-behind" army, raising concerns about a similar implication in terrorist acts as in Italy. The same year, the 1559:

In 1990, when secret "stay-behind" armies were uncovered all around Europe, the Austrian government said that no secret army had existed in the country. However, six years later,

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secret service and the Atlanticist strategy. According to Andreotti, the stay-behind organisations set up in all of Europe did not come "under broad NATO supervision until 1959."

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stated in 2006 that Ganser had been taken in by long-discredited Cold War era disinformation and "fooled by the forgery". In an article about the Gladio/stay-behind networks and

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described the setting-up of stay-behind armies in the Nordic countries, including Finland, with or without the assistance of local governments, to prepare for a Soviet invasion.

4374:

Fram till krigsslutet och något år därefter verkar hans aktiviteter huvudsakligen ha kanaliserats genom partiet och dess tidning Den svenske folksocialisten, som han redigerade.

4274: 3332: 692:(EU) drafted a resolution sharply criticizing the fact. Yet only Italy, Belgium and Switzerland carried out parliamentary investigations, while the administration of President 2417: 813: 1021: 7843: 2088:

Ganser states that Gladio units closely cooperated with NATO and the CIA and that Gladio in Italy was responsible for terrorist attacks against its own civilian population.

4439: 1715:, Spain's first democratically elected prime minister after Franco's death, denied ever having heard of Gladio. President of the Spanish government in 1981–82, during the 4114: 1133:

found out because this spymaster had dismantled his section of the network so quickly, there had been no time for measures such as recovering all caches of supplies.

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A network of resistance fighters was formed across Britain and arms caches were established. The network was recruited, in part, from the 5th (Ski) Battalion of the

3042: 1192:" (1967–1974), complaining that it represented "a rape of democracy"—to which Jack Maury, the CIA chief of station in Athens, answered, "How can you rape a whore?" 1029: 824: 3787: 1636:

called the revelations "a fairy tale", adding cautiously "or at least an incredible story, of which I know nothing." However, in his memoirs, former CIA director

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rejected the view that they supported terrorists and maintains that the operation served only to resist a potential invasion of Western European countries by the

3962: 3803: 6694: 4004: 3673: 2748: 2627: 6125: 1161:, chief of staff of the Greek military. In addition to preparing for a Soviet invasion, the CIA instructed LOK to prevent a leftist coup. Former CIA agent 4843: 4806:

Francesco Cacciatore (2021). "Stay-behind Networks and Interim Flexible Strategy: The 'Gladio' Case and US Covert Intervention in Italy in the Cold War."

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gained control of communication centres, parliament, the royal palace, and according to detailed lists, arrested over 10,000 people. According to Ganser,

2265:. It gives an outline of Gladio together with the discovery of a hidden arms and equipment cache dating back to 1940 and subsequently assigned to Gladio. 1738:

from 1971 to 1974, France and the US had backed Spain's entrance to Gladio, but Italy would have opposed it. Following Andreotti's revelations, however,

6173: 2669:'evidence' for the false notion that West European 'stay-behind' networks engaged in terrorism, allegedly at U.S. instigation. This is not true ... . 1944: 1937: 1550: 542: 1066:

in France until his alleged suicide on April 7, 1994. Grossouvre would have asked Constantin Melnik, leader of the French secret services during the

591:

While David Lampe published a book on the Auxiliary Units in 1968, their existence did not become widely known by the public until reporters such as

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denied these allegations. Eventually, the matter was resolved in 1958, after Norway was assured about how stay-behind networks were to be operated.

649:, declared on November 16, 1990, that a contingency plan involving "stay behind and resistance in depth" was drawn up after the war. The same week, 7828: 7355: 6105: 4398: 2483: 921: 1242:

arose from the accidental discovery of large arms caches in 1980 and 1983. In the latter incident, people walking in a forest near the village of

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secretary Heidrun Hofer was arrested after having revealed the secrets of the West German stay-behind army to her husband, who was a spy of the

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is used as an informal name for all of them. Stay-behind operations were prepared in many NATO member countries, and in some neutral countries.

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André Moyen, former Belgian secret agent, also declared that Gladio had operated in Spain. He said that Gladio had bases in Madrid, Barcelona,

1313:), a businessman accused of being involved in selling illegal alcohol. Meyer claimed that the weapons were supplied by Norwegian intelligence. 8003: 1884:

demonstrators. On 14 November, the Swiss government hurriedly dissolved P26 – the head of which, it emerged, had been paid £100,000 a year."

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In 1945, Lauri Kumpulainen, a Finnish soldier with left-wing sympathies, exposed a secret stay-behind army which was closed down (so-called '

827:, there were instructions to infiltrate left-wing groups and provoke social tension by carrying out attacks and then blame them on the left. 4054: 8023: 7904: 5082: 4692: 3560: 2651: 1094:, "One network included at least two former Nazi SS members—Staff Sgt. Heinrich Hoffman and Lt. Col. Hans Rues—and one was run by Lt. Col. 5008: 3864: 541:. It was revealed half a century later that SOE was complemented by a stay-behind organisation in Britain, created in extreme secrecy, to 8058: 7878: 6765: 8053: 8043: 7998: 7868: 585: 4557: 2035: 7993: 7957: 4981: 3352: 1847:), Swiss members of parliament started investigating the Defense Department in the summer of 1990. According to Felix Würsten of the 1303: 150: 5097: 3500: 8048: 7909: 5942: 932:

sharply condemned NATO and the United States in a resolution for having manipulated European politics with the stay-behind armies.

7345: 5989: 3834: 1270:. Some of the stolen weapons, including hand grenades and machine guns, later turned up when police officials arrested criminals 1214: 1146: 4436: 3371: 7988: 7838: 6110: 3034: 2777: 1987: 1901: 1860:

stay-behind network? The answer to the first question is clearly yes... The answer to the second question remains disputed..."

1222: 8088: 8033: 7833: 5768: 5455: 5433: 4545: 4064: 3945: 3759: 3513: 3438: 2990: 2241: 1959: 1042:

and his Algerian policy. A section of the 11th Choc regiment split over the 1962 Évian peace accords, and became part of the

665: 6856: 3899: 3104: 2255:, a 2017 English drama with Gladio as a main plot point, produced in the Netherlands by Alex ter Beek and Klaas van Eikeren. 1302:. This concerned SB, Psywar and Counter Intelligence." These activities supposedly included the blacklisting of Norwegians. 8093: 8038: 6675: 6600: 6260: 5860: 3454: 1868:. The detailed parliamentary report on the Swiss secret army was presented to the public on 17 November 1990. According to 865:

in Brescia five years later, but did nothing to alert the Italian authorities or to prevent the attacks from taking place.

837: 1532:, to prevent them from potentially becoming martyrs. In August 1952, the convicts were pardoned and released by President 1176:, which took place one month before the scheduled national elections. Under the command of paratrooper Lieutenant Colonel 1025: 663:, which was a fictionalized scenario of a Soviet Army invasion of West Germany in 1985. The novel was followed in 1982 by 8028: 7873: 6280: 5413: 699:

NATO's "stay-behind" organizations were never called upon to resist a Soviet invasion. According to a November 13, 1990,

642: 5522: 5450: 1966: 8068: 7962: 7315: 6410: 5388: 5273: 5227: 5222: 5168: 5106: 5038: 4808: 4800: 4490: 4148: 2681: 1539: 678: 3578: 3536: 1648:

Several events prior to Spain's 1982 membership in NATO have also been tied to Gladio. In May 1976, half a year after

8078: 7047: 6610: 5880: 5821: 4959: 4941: 4919: 4879: 4861: 4839: 4681: 4367: 3865:"United States and NATO Inspired 'Psychological Warfare Operations' Against The 'Kurdish Communist Threat' in Turkey" 3263: 2719: 2006: 1317:, defence minister at that time, stated the network was not in any way answerable to NATO and had no CIA connection. 505: 47: 5618: 3144: 2142:

they stated, "Ganser treats the forgery as if it was a genuine document in his 2005 book on 'stay behind' networks,

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In 1978, the police discovered an arms cache and radio equipment at a mountain cabin and arrested Hans Otto Meyer (

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special agents who were to stay in the partisan's homes while mounting sabotage operations against the communists.

1070:(1954–62), to return to activity. He was living in comfortable exile in the US, where he maintained links with the 962: 6428: 6290: 5974: 3681: 3309: 2745: 2654:. USINFO. U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs. 20 January 2006. Archived from 2624: 1973: 677:, the European defence alliance predating NATO. The format entered into NATO structures around 1951–1952 when the 7470: 6851: 6780: 6680: 6558: 6330: 6320: 5907: 5294: 1906: 1716: 1278:

feared at the time that disclosure of the Gladio history of these weapons would have been politically sensitive.

1044: 577: 6245: 6132: 6120: 8073: 6901: 6670: 6250: 6152: 5885: 5329: 5324: 4778: 4760: 4740: 2944: 2294: 1287: 1090:, show that the CIA organized "stay-behind" networks of West German agents between 1949 and 1953. According to 6570: 6300: 5811: 5583: 2159:

Pact, dismissed claims of any United States ordered, supported, or authorized terrorism by stay-behind units.

1422: 1418: 1362: 7848: 6863: 6816: 6580: 6503: 6235: 4437:

The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland: An Unfinished Debate on NATO's Cold War Stay-behind Armies

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Arrested and then exiled in Canada and Sweden, Andreas Papandreou later returned to Greece, where he won the

915:

After the 1967 withdrawal of France from NATO's military structure, the SHAPE headquarters were displaced to

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was discovered, by coincidence, a few months before Giulio Andreotti's October 1990 revelations. After the "

1533: 6881: 6841: 6811: 6760: 6620: 6538: 6534: 6405: 6335: 6100: 5917: 5683: 5578: 5510: 2799: 2336: 2045: 1507: 1298:, as described by the chairman of CPC: " was extremely worried about activities carried out by officers at 1067: 797: 638: 534: 5068: 4390: 4081: 1723:

stated that Spain had not been informed of Gladio when it entered NATO. Asked about Gladio's relations to

1173: 748:, and Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, had been involved in the Gladio organization and coverup ..." 659:

that a secret arms network was established in Britain after the war. Hackett had written in 1978 a novel,

8103: 7853: 7325: 7320: 7037: 6715: 6443: 6188: 6147: 6091: 5994: 5875: 5833: 5738: 5263: 5217: 3725: 2175: 2110: 1450: 910: 862: 789: 729: 721: 180: 8063: 7690: 6911: 6896: 6886: 6740: 6340: 5828: 5631: 5398: 4170:

Un informe oficial italiano implica en el crimen de Atocha al 'ultra' Cicuttini, relacionado con Gladio

3988: 1813: 1588: 1528:

Sentenced to death, they had their sentences commuted to life in prison and 20 years, respectively, by

1487: 1475: 1454: 1409:, who became President of Turkey following a successful coup d'état in 1980, served as the head of the 1209:, a Greek Sunday newspaper, in which he accused "Sheepskin" for the assassination of CIA station chief 1125: 5116: 3163: 7983: 7919: 7795: 7740: 7560: 6548: 6255: 5816: 5428: 5345: 4784: 4212:

Calvo Sotelo asegura que España no fue informada, cuando entró en la OTAN, de la existencia de Gladio

1851:, "P-26 was not directly involved in the network of NATO's secret armies but it had close contact to 1708:. Cicuttini was a naturalized Spaniard and exiled in Spain since 1972 (date of the Peteano bombing). 1226: 1225:' was responsible for both assassinations", and that Grivas's central piece of evidence had been the 646: 5016: 4039: 1059: 480:

According to several Western European researchers, the operation involved the use of assassination,

8083: 7545: 7112: 6375: 6265: 6019: 5563: 5074: 3081: 2897:"Secret Cold-War Network Group Hid Arms, Belgian Member Says". Brussels. Reuters. 13 November 1990. 1608: 674: 446: 139: 7285: 4911: 1742:, Spanish Minister of Defence, opened up an investigation concerning Spain's links to Gladio. The 8013: 8008: 6775: 6720: 6705: 6645: 6453: 6433: 6193: 5870: 5475: 3564: 2655: 2377: 2200: 1933: 1793:, based at the CIA station in Stockholm, supported the training of stay-behind armies in neutral 1705: 1701: 1697: 1434: 1105: 852: 848: 568:– an expert in guerrilla warfare (who would later lead SOE). The units were trained, in part, by 5678: 4455: 1865: 19:

This article is about the military operation. For the sword of ancient Roman foot soldiers, see

7565: 7069: 6463: 6137: 5613: 5373: 5368: 5161: 4359:

Brunt! Nationalistisk & nazistisk mobilisering i vår närmaste omvärld under efterkrigstiden

1877: 1354: 1336: 858: 653:, former commander-in-chief of NATO's Forces in Northern Europe from 1979 to 1982, declared to 650: 7775: 3775:"Secret Anti-Communist Network Exposed in Norway in 1978". Associated Press. 14 November 1990. 1980: 537:(SOE) to both assist resistance movements and carry out sabotage and subversive operations in 7800: 7084: 7079: 6846: 6735: 6690: 6650: 6585: 6529: 6448: 6230: 6044: 5922: 5840: 5748: 5713: 5623: 5568: 5465: 5306: 4970: 4467: 3188: 3068: 1720: 1388: 881: 820: 809: 481: 458: 1752:

island. Alberto Volo also declared that as a Gladio operative, he had received trainings in

8108: 7340: 7107: 6962: 6916: 6831: 6826: 6625: 6524: 6473: 6468: 6360: 6315: 6270: 6208: 6039: 6014: 5964: 5892: 5806: 5656: 5258: 5237: 2367: 2326: 2081: 1840: 1693: 1681: 1661: 1358: 873: 793: 737: 725: 580:. The network was allegedly disbanded in 1944; some of its members subsequently joined the 497: 1048:(OAS), but it is unclear if this also involved members of the French stay-behind network. 8: 7785: 7700: 7695: 7595: 7458: 7255: 7139: 7054: 6942: 6795: 6790: 6770: 6755: 6665: 6660: 6565: 6498: 6488: 6400: 6395: 6385: 6285: 6225: 6198: 6024: 6009: 5979: 5957: 5743: 5733: 5460: 5383: 5353: 5337: 3459: 3307:

Official site of the Belgian Permanent Committee for the Control of Intelligence Services

3125: 3064: 2914: 2422: 2322: 2155: 2097: 2077: 2041: 1657: 1624:

In 1991, the Swedish media claimed that a secret stay-behind army had existed in neutral

1604:

equipment and documents were brought to Sweden and apparently exploited until the 1980s.

1376: 1295: 1262:

confirmed the group had set up arms caches around the Netherlands for sabotage purposes.

1218: 929: 898: 842: 627: 581: 6640: 6553: 3278:

Belgian Parliamentary Commission of Enquiry into Gladio, quoted by Daniele Ganser (2005)

3236: 1442: 736:

revealed it to the Chamber of Deputies on 24 October 1990, although far-right terrorist

7939: 7735: 7720: 7645: 7625: 7620: 7605: 7452: 7200: 6952: 6836: 6590: 6493: 6478: 6390: 6380: 6355: 6350: 6115: 6069: 5984: 5969: 5912: 5728: 5651: 5527: 5418: 5408: 4728: 3911: 3881: 3872: 3411: 2592: 2537: 1896: 1724: 1614: 1426: 1425:. Many of the high ranking plotters of the 1971 and 1980 coup, such as Generals Evren, 1314: 1310: 1188:, the US ambassador in Athens, disapproved of the military coup which established the " 1181: 1158: 1038:, that certain elements from the network were involved in terrorist activities against 573: 7635: 7464: 5053: 4509: 3647: 3289: 1009: 7952: 7805: 7750: 7725: 7680: 7610: 7585: 7550: 7540: 7509: 7396: 7280: 7250: 6987: 6977: 6891: 6785: 6630: 6345: 6142: 5999: 5952: 5850: 5801: 5775: 5753: 5593: 5573: 5517: 5505: 5319: 5154: 5034: 4955: 4937: 4915: 4893: 4875: 4857: 4835: 4796: 4774: 4756: 4736: 4677: 4541: 4451: 4363: 4060: 4024: 3941: 3755: 3509: 3434: 3415: 3379: 3259: 3112: 2986: 2715: 2596: 2584: 2545: 2529: 2427: 2387: 2318: 2306: 2290: 2274: 2252: 2237: 1579: 1446: 1410: 1384: 1348: 1039: 974:, released his memoirs in which he described the setting-up of stay-behind armies in 941: 937: 745: 740:

had already revealed its existence during his 1984 trial. According to media analyst

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against him because the BND could not find out the real name of his Russian source "

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Indicios de que la red Gladio utilizó una vieja estación de la NASA en Gran Canaria

4233:

Italia vetó la entrada de España en Gladio, según un ex jefe del espionaje italiano

3931: 3519: 3403: 2963: 2863: 2829: 2576: 2521: 2372: 2278: 2208:

mentions having been involved in Operation Gladio when younger. It is described by

2135: 2080:. Ganser alleges that on various occasions, stay-behind movements became linked to 1728: 1677: 1665: 1649: 1618: 1561: 1479: 1373:

The Turkish Deep State: State Consolidation, Civil-Military Relations and Democracy

1177: 1071: 776: 756: 741: 733: 526: 501: 4817: 3789:

The Turkish Deep State State Consolidation, Civil Military Relations And Democracy

3086: 1778: 1712: 1399: 1082:

US intelligence also assisted in the set up of a West German stay-behind network.

7934: 7790: 7780: 7765: 7745: 7730: 7705: 7650: 7415: 7383: 7275: 7235: 6997: 6992: 6932: 6873: 6605: 6483: 6310: 6275: 6183: 6178: 5902: 5796: 5470: 5403: 5393: 5358: 5314: 5301: 5253: 5101: 4853: 4789:

Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia

4443: 4357: 4296:

El secretario de la OTAN elude precisar si España tuvo relación con la red Gladio

3935: 3479:(Secaucus: Lyle Stuart Inc., 1978), p.154 (quoted by Daniele Ganser) (2005) p.216 3340: 3313: 3140: 2795: 2752: 2631: 2612:

Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia

2330: 1689: 1570: 1430: 1395: 1185: 1154: 592: 561: 538: 5897: 4908:

L'Affaire Gladio. Les réseaux secrets américains au cœur du terrorisme en Europe

1739: 1565:

revealed the existence of secret CIA arms caches in Austria. Austrian President

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politician from Appenzell and member of the Council of States for that Canton,

1762:

also revealed that the Gladio organization was suspected of having used former

1633: 1583: 1566: 1259: 1169: 732:) supervision. Gladio's existence came to public knowledge when Prime Minister 689: 493: 195: 5126: 4472:

The Gladio File: did fear of communism throw West into the arms of terrorists?

4391:"Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO's Secret Stay-Behind Armies" 4104:"Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO's Secret Stay-Behind Armies" 3984: 3407: 2580: 704: 7977: 7924: 7770: 7665: 7630: 7615: 7575: 7117: 6947: 6685: 6595: 6458: 6438: 6325: 6086: 6064: 6029: 5608: 5603: 5558: 5480: 5440: 5189: 4999: 4986: 4766: 3328: 2868: 2851: 2834: 2817: 2588: 2533: 2431: 2205: 1790: 1637: 1414: 1332: 1326: 1291: 1271: 1210: 967: 916: 720:

The Italian NATO stay-behind organization, dubbed "Gladio", was set up under

565: 168: 106: 5078: 4156: 2689: 2564: 2309:. German documentary, 2011. Directed by Frank Gutermuth and Wolfgang Schoen. 1514:. Nazar was such a person, and he became the CIA's station chief to Turkey. 1213:

in Athens in 1975, as well as the assassination of British military attaché

552:(which had originally been formed, but was not deployed, to fight alongside 7710: 7660: 7590: 7580: 7434: 7422: 7409: 7215: 7042: 6543: 5791: 5641: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5196: 4968:

François Vitrani, "L'Italie, un Etat de 'souveraineté limitée' ?", in

4495: 4476: 4191:

Suárez afirma que en su etapa de presidente nunca se habló de la red Gladio

3541: 3394:

Cogan, Charles (2007). "'Stay-Behind' in France: Much ado about nothing?".

3241: 3149: 2949: 2782: 2549: 2382: 2362: 2217: 1881: 1771: 1749: 1700:

in Madrid, killing five people (including several lawyers), members of the

1575: 1503: 1491: 1471: 1267: 1254: 1117: 877: 764: 655: 614: 610: 597: 569: 549: 509: 221: 215: 70: 925: 492:

parties in Western European countries, and even went so far as to support

7755: 7360: 7330: 7185: 7175: 7074: 6937: 6730: 6219: 6049: 6034: 5845: 5693: 5661: 5548: 5363: 5268: 5207: 4633:

Olav Riste and Leopoldo Nuti, "Introduction: Strategy of 'Stay-Behind',"

4514: 3472: 2232: 2227: 1817: 1529: 1461: 1438: 1406: 1189: 1180:, LOK took control of the Greek Defence Ministry while Brigadier General 1162: 1095: 975: 760: 634: 470: 442: 420: 260: 102: 3214: 3006: 2312: 2300: 2284: 2268: 2246: 2187:

An analogue of Operation Gladio was described in the 1949 fiction novel

1517: 1121: 960:, and led by E. J. Harder. It was hidden in the military secret service 835:

In 2000, a parliamentary commission report from the left-wing coalition

830: 52:

Italian Military Secret Service (SIFAR) report on Operation Gladio, 1959

7514: 7225: 7195: 7149: 7064: 7032: 7024: 6967: 6655: 6370: 6059: 5947: 5553: 5061: 4423: 3747: 3306: 2760: 2639: 2541: 2509: 2258: 2163: 2073: 1873: 1848: 1836: 1830: 1767: 1753: 1542: 1467: 1366: 1294:, protested strongly against the pro-active intelligence activities at 1034: 901:

that the Italian Gladio members trained at a military base in Britain.

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NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe

4342: 4321: 4300: 4279: 4258: 4237: 4216: 4195: 4174: 3502:

NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe

2469:

NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe

2114:, a supposed Cold War-era forged document. Hayden Peake's book review 2072:, accused Gladio of trying to influence policies through the means of 2070:

NATO's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe

1758: 1205:

In December 2005, journalist Kleanthis Grivas published an article in

994:

held to the neutrality that had taken her through two world wars, and

759:, during the 1980s and 1990s Andreotti was the political reference of 609:

After World War II, the UK and the US decided to create "stay-behind"

7810: 7655: 7504: 7477: 7290: 7245: 7154: 7122: 7102: 7094: 6423: 6213: 4704: 4338:

La red secreta de la OTAN operaba en España, según un ex agente belga

3035:"Gelli, Renzi e la P2 – Interviste a Claudio Martelli e Rino Formica" 2484:"Evolution in Europe; Italy Discloses Its Web Of Cold War Guerrillas" 2397: 2209: 2192: 1892: 1891:

In a 2005 conference presenting Daniele Ganser's research on Gladio,

1744: 1673: 1629: 1464: 1243: 641:. Following Giulio Andreotti's October 1990 revelations, General Sir 489: 4117:, South Orange NJ, Winter/Spring 2005, Vol. 6, No. 1. Archived from 3164:"la Repubblica/fatti: Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente Usa" 2525: 2482:

Haberman, Clyde; Times, Special to The New York (16 November 1990).

1922: 1672:), demonstrating connections between Gladio and the South American " 1299: 770: 7389: 7230: 7127: 7002: 6821: 6725: 5865: 5723: 5177: 2510:"The United States and "Psychological Warfare" in Italy, 1948–1955" 1499: 1495: 1380: 618: 462: 351: 39: 6509:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

5052: 4275:

La 'red Gladio' continúa operando, según el ex agente Alberto Volo

1460:

Additionally, the CIA employed people from the far-right, such as

7335: 7220: 7210: 7159: 6700: 5445: 3862: 2358: 2213: 2171: 1806: 1798: 1653: 1625: 995: 987: 957: 700: 637:

units were created with the experience and involvement of former

553: 407: 381: 325: 247: 20: 5073:. Edited by Daniele Ganser and Christian Nuenlist, 29 Nov 2004. 3674:"Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies" 3648:"Secret Gladio Network Planted Weapons Caches in NATO Countries" 3353:"Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies" 2907: 2162:

The State Department said that the accusations of US-sponsored "

1512:

some of its spies found haven in the U.S. intelligence community

1274:

and Sam Klepper in 1991. The Dutch military intelligence agency

7403: 7205: 7144: 6079: 4426:, 2005. Published 10 February 2005. Retrieved February 7, 2007. 3561:"Misinformation about 'Gladio/Stay Behind' Networks Resurfaces" 3067:, in charge of investigations on bombings committed during the 2652:"Misinformation about 'Gladio/Stay Behind' Networks Resurfaces" 2146:

and includes it as a key document on his website on the book."

2144:

Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe

1802: 1794: 1601: 1379:

via Operation Gladio. Specifically, Operation Gladio empowered

1247: 1145:

When Greece joined NATO in 1952, the country's special forces,

991: 983: 394: 338: 312: 299: 286: 208: 98: 5070:

Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies

2757:

Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies

2636:

Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies

1692:(who took part in the 1972 Peteano bombing in Italy alongside 1688:(executive committee for Intelligence and Security Services), 755:

According to the former Italian Ministry of Grace and Justice

613:

organizations, with the official aim of countering a possible

457:(established in 1947), in collaboration with several European 7888: 7844:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

7350: 7133: 5212: 5138: 4578:

International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence

3930: 3571: 2221: 2102:

International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence

1735: 1685: 1510:

for the creation of a Turkistan. After Germany lost the war,

823:

found out that in a conference that had the patronage of the

630:, conducting sabotage, guerrilla warfare and assassinations. 364: 234: 4000: 2885:

Intelligence, Crises and Security: Prospects and Retrospects

2712:

The Last Ditch: Britain's Resistance Plans against the Nazis

515: 445:" operations of armed resistance that were organized by the 432:

Continued operations into the 1990s, exposure and disclosure

7428: 7310: 5202: 5146: 4830:

Claudio Sestieri; Giovanni Pellegrino; Giovanni Fasanella:

4356:

Deland, Mats (2007). Deland, Mats; Westin, Charles (eds.).

1763: 1275: 1063: 1032:, Admiral Pierre Lacoste, alleged in a 1992 interview with 1014: 500:

as they tortured communists and assassinated them, such as

450: 154: 145: 16:

Clandestine Western military operations during the Cold War

4115:

Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations

2852:"Eyes on target: 'Stay-behind' forces during the Cold War" 2818:"Eyes on target: 'Stay-behind' forces during the Cold War" 1660:

by far-right terrorists, among whom were Gladio operative

982:

The situation in each Scandinavian country was different.

7883: 7863: 7858: 3999: 3804:"İtalyan Gladiosu'nu çözen savcı: En etkili Gladio sizde" 2565:"The CIA in Western Europe and the abuse of human rights" 2348:

includes stay-behind ammunition dumps as part of the plot

1852: 1129: 1109: 1083: 971: 520: 454: 4576:

Peer Henrik Hansen, "Falling Flat on the Stay-Behinds,"

1547:Österreichischer Wander-, Sport- und Geselligkeitsverein 1221:, who responded that "the Greek terrorist organization ' 4149:"CARLISMO MONTEJURRA LIBERTAD Actos de Montejurra 2006" 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3579:"Clarion: Nato network in France, Guardian 14 Nov 1990" 2908:

Pedrick, Clare; Lardner, George Jr (14 November 1990).

1734:

According to General Fausto Fortunato, head of Italian

1375:, Söyler details how certain Western forces encouraged 3754:. Routledge. pp. 45–48 (New problems with NATO). 3678:

Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (PHP)

2983:

Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy

2149: 1727:, he said that such a network was not necessary under 1371:

In an excerpt from Mehtap Söyler's 2015 book entitled

688:

Upon learning of the discovery, the parliament of the

469:

specifically refers to the Italian branch of the NATO

1518:

Parallel stay-behind operations in non-NATO countries

831:

2000 parliamentary report and the strategy of tension

4607:

Philip HJ Davies, "Review of NATO's Secret Armies,"

4536:

Andreas Anton, Michael Schetsche, Michael K. Walter

3633: 3032: 2100:, wrote two scathing criticisms of the book for the 4659:Beatrice Heuser, "Review of NATO's Secret Armies," 4646:Lawrence Kaplan, "Review of NATO's Secret Armies," 3863:Fernandes, Desmond; Ozden, Iskender (Spring 2001). 3563:. United States Department of State. Archived from 2277:. Three-part BBC TV documentary, 1992. Directed by 5143:. Documentary (2009). Directed by Andreas Pichler. 4952:Andreotti. Politik zwischen Geheimdienst und Mafia 4832:Segreto di Stato: la verità da Gladio al caso Moro 4254:Serra ordena indagar sobre la red Gladio en España 3605:"Jongeren vinden wapenarsenaal van geheime dienst" 3063:The parliamentary commission later led by senator 2475: 1551:Austrian Association of Hiking, Sports and Society 887: 5015:trials in Italy") by Philippe Foro, published by 4954:, 1997, Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, Munich ( 4566:Web Archive – archived website of August 26, 2007 3384:Quoted in Ganser's "Terrorism in Western Europe". 3316:See "history" section in the "Presentation" part. 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 1238:Speculation that the Netherlands was involved in 771:Giulio Andreotti's revelations on 24 October 1990 7975: 7829:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 4450:review, vol.20, n°4, December 2005, pp. 553–580 4415: 4413: 4399:Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 3851:Türkiye'deki gizli ordunun adı kontr gerilladır. 3835:"Savcı, Ergenekon'u Kenan Evren'e sormalı asıl!" 3369: 6266:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 5673:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 4872:Gladio. Die geheime Terrororganisation der Nato 4005:"Die Aktion Sacher deckte die Verschwörung auf" 3537:NATO's secret network 'also operated in France' 3335:," Chapter 3. (Former CIA director's memoirs.) 1912: 1445:, served at various times under the command of 710: 543:prepare for a possible invasion by Nazi Germany 4674:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA 4620:Olav Riste, "Review of NATO's Secret Armies," 3906:. Archived from the original on 17 April 2006. 3393: 2789: 2724: 2618: 1756:, on Gran Canaria in the 1960s and the 1970s. 855:, from reaching executive power in the country 5162: 4892:, 1991, RoRoRo-Taschenbuch Aktuell no 12993 ( 4874:, 1997, Elefanten Press Verlag GmbH, Berlin ( 4518:(in German) (50): 194b–200a. 10 December 1990 4410: 3937:The Rise and Fall of the Bulgarian Connection 3785: 3752:The Norwegian Intelligence Service: 1945–1970 3431:Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volumen 1 2910:"CIA Organized Secret Army in Western Europe" 2772: 2770: 2768: 2481: 2418:"CIA Organized Secret Army in Western Europe" 2038:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 1020:The network was supported with elements from 7905:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 5456:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 5021:Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immédiate 4422:, Conference "Nato Secret Armies and P-26," 4362:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bokförlaget Atlas. 3555: 3553: 3551: 3126:Gladio e caso Moro: Arconte su morte Ferraro 2800:Obituary: General Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley 2674: 1855:." Daniele Ganser (ETH Zurich) wrote in the 1286:In 1957, the director of the secret service 845:had been supported by the United States to " 449:(WU) (founded in 1948), and subsequently by 6766:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 4052: 3810:(in Turkish). 28 April 2008. Archived from 3704:"MIVD verzwijgt wapenvondst in onderwereld" 2939: 2937: 952:The Danish stay-behind army was code-named 601:revived interest in them during the 1990s. 560:). The network, which became known as the 7869:United States involvement in regime change 5424:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 5169: 5155: 4990:magazine, n°217 (January 1998) Concerning 4982:L'affaire Sofri: un procès en sorcellerie? 4461: 4097: 4095: 3796: 3746: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3290:"European Parliament resolution on Gladio" 3111:(in Italian). January 2005. Archived from 2765: 2048:this issue before removing this message. 1086:documents released in June 2006 under the 1062:was Gladio's leader for the region around 940:and the activities of the far-right group 920:Calster, director of the Belgian military 46: 4429: 3940:. New York: Sheridan Square. p. 63. 3900:"Oral Çelik: 'Ülkücüleri Naziler eğitti'" 3548: 3134: 2867: 2833: 2007:Learn how and when to remove this message 1880:", people with "abnormal tendencies" and 1058:("Rainbow") network were part of Gladio. 516:History and general stay-behind structure 151:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe 5055:European Parliament resolution on Gladio 4384: 4382: 4053:Biddiscombe, Prof Perry (30 June 2004). 3447: 3324: 3322: 3237:US 'supported anti-left terror in Italy' 2934: 2609: 2507: 2451: 2166:" operations are rehashed former Soviet 2116:Intelligence in Recent Public Literature 1731:, since "the regime itself was Gladio." 1711:Following Andreotti's 1990 revelations, 1394:As one of the nations that prompted the 936:events in the 1980s, which included the 5995:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 4092: 4079: 4059:. The History Press. pp. 299–300. 3856: 3482: 2415: 2084:, crime and attempted coups d'état. In 1684:. According to a report by the Italian 1582:—appointed in August 2001 by President 8099:Central Intelligence Agency operations 7976: 7839:Russian espionage in the United States 6111:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5131:. BBC documentary (1992). Directed by 5096:. by Daniele Ganser, 2005. Full text. 4930:Le Prisonnier. 55 jours avec Aldo Moro 4388: 4355: 3728:. Brandpunt Reporter. 9 September 2007 3495: 3372:"The C.I.A.'s Secret Armies in Europe" 3287: 2980: 2966:(June 1991). "Hiding Western Terror". 2962: 2956: 2776:Norton-Taylor, Richard and David Gow. 2562: 2466: 2091: 1943:Please improve this article by adding 1835:In Switzerland, a secret force called 1335:which, under the direction of Captain 838:Gruppo Democratici di Sinistra l'Ulivo 521:British experience during World War II 7834:Soviet espionage in the United States 5990:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 5769:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 5434:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 5150: 4928:Anna Laura Braghetti, Paola Tavella, 4483: 4379: 4138:, Frank Cass Publishers, 2002, p. 202 3960: 3897: 3832: 3477:Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe 3433:. Taylor & Francis. p. 510. 3319: 3033:Filippo D'Angelo (18 December 2015). 2849: 2815: 2454:Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe 2204:episode "Lo Scandalo", the character 2181: 1704:trade-unions closely linked with the 1174:military coup d'état on 21 April 1967 876:party, journalist and founder of the 803: 666:The Third World War: The Untold Story 8004:Organizations disestablished in 1990 7910:Soviet Union–United States relations 6261:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 5023:(Study group on immediate history). 4591:The Intelligence Officer's Bookshelf 3428: 2170:based on documents that the Soviets 2018: 1916: 1680:. This incident became known as the 1391:— a product of that CIA initiative. 1104:In 1976, West German secret service 1024:, and had military support from the 604: 8024:CIA activities in Russia and Europe 7874:Soviet involvement in regime change 4890:Gladio. Das Erbe des kalten Krieges 4080:Lendman, Stephen (September 2010). 3706:(in Dutch). Nu.nl. 9 September 2007 2416:Pedrick, Clare (14 November 1990). 2150:US State Department's 2006 response 2042:create a more balanced presentation 1545:set up a new secret army codenamed 1383:through the founding member of the 1088:1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act 851:, and to a certain degree also the 645:, former commander-in-chief of the 13: 8059:Military operations involving NATO 7915:Soviet Union–United States summits 5389:1947 Polish parliamentary election 5274:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 4809:Intelligence and National Security 4717: 4711:. J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1949 4622:Intelligence and National Security 4448:Intelligence and National Security 4101: 3378:. pp. 446–447. Archived from 3189:"Three jailed for 1969 Milan bomb" 3181: 3156: 2877: 2569:Intelligence and National Security 2563:Ganser, Daniele (1 October 2006). 2452:Agee, Philip; Wolf, Louis (1978). 2121:Intelligence and National Security 1857:Intelligence and National Security 775:Christian Democrat Prime Minister 679:Supreme Allied Commander in Europe 441:was the codename for clandestine " 14: 8120: 8054:History of the Republic of Turkey 7999:Organizations established in 1956 6676:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 6611:United States invasion of Grenada 5881:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 5822:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 5045: 4932:, 1999 (translated from Italian: 4733:Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA 3961:Akbas, Tutkun (15 January 2008). 3612:Mijngelderlandmedia.azureedge.net 3370:Kwitny, Jonathan (6 April 1992). 2293:. Documentary, 2010. Directed by 2096:Peer Henrik Hansen, a scholar at 506:United States Department of State 7994:1990 disestablishments in Europe 6751:United States invasion of Panama 6601:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 6241:1971 Turkish military memorandum 6204:Communist insurgency in Thailand 6174:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 6106:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 5933:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 5861:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 5379:Restatement of Policy on Germany 4648:The International History Review 4635:The Journal of Strategic Studies 4609:The Journal of Strategic Studies 3045:from the original on 14 May 2020 2850:Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020). 2816:Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020). 2361:, a stay-behind organization by 2023: 1921: 1895:, General Chief of Staff of the 1666:Apostolic Anticommunist Alliance 1217:in 2000. This was denied by the 963:Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste 922:General Service for Intelligence 744:, "both the President of Italy, 661:The Third World War: August 1985 413: 400: 387: 374: 357: 344: 331: 318: 305: 292: 279: 266: 253: 240: 227: 214: 201: 188: 174: 161: 144: 133: 8049:History of the Italian Republic 7471:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6852:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 6781:Fall of the inner German border 6681:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 6331:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 6321:Spanish transition to democracy 6281:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 5908:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 5414:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 5295:Occupation of the Baltic states 4698: 4686: 4666: 4653: 4640: 4627: 4614: 4601: 4583: 4570: 4562:Journal of Intelligence History 4550: 4530: 4502: 4349: 4331: 4310: 4289: 4268: 4247: 4226: 4205: 4184: 4163: 4141: 4128: 4073: 4046: 3993: 3954: 3924: 3891: 3826: 3779: 3768: 3740: 3718: 3696: 3666: 3597: 3529: 3466: 3422: 3387: 3363: 3345: 3300: 3281: 3272: 3248: 3229: 3207: 3119: 3097: 3074: 3057: 3026: 3017: 2999: 2985:. iUniverse. pp. 149–150. 2974: 2901: 2890: 2843: 2809: 2704: 2514:The Journal of American History 2342:The 2019 Dutch film and series 2321:. Drama, 2005. Concerning the " 2302:Gladio – Geheimarmeen in Europa 2106:Journal of Intelligence History 1128:that it was fully known to the 888:General Serravalle's statements 6251:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 5886:Mozambican War of Independence 5325:Indonesian National Revolution 5009:Les procès Andreotti en Italie 4906:Jean-François Brozzu-Gentile, 4824: 4558:Review of NATO's Secret Armies 3934:; Brodhead, Frank (May 1986). 3898:Gezer, Şenol (17 April 2006). 2644: 2603: 2556: 2501: 2460: 2445: 2409: 1824: 1233: 1: 8044:History of Greece (1949–1974) 7989:1956 establishments in Europe 7849:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 6864:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 6817:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 6539:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 6504:Seven Days to the River Rhine 6236:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 5523:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 5451:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 4818:10.1080/02684527.2021.1911436 4491:UK trained secret Swiss force 4153:Montejurra-jurramendi.3a2.com 3216:Gladio (TV Movie 1992) – IMDb 3105:"Caso Moro. Morire di Gladio" 2403: 1945:secondary or tertiary sources 1578:. State Department spokesman 1253:In 1990, then-Prime Minister 89:Western intelligence agencies 8089:Anti-communist organizations 8034:Contemporary British history 6842:Fall of communism in Albania 6812:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 6761:Polish Round Table Agreement 6101:1968 Polish political crisis 5918:Eritrean War of Independence 5684:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 5579:East German uprising of 1953 5511:Chinese Communist Revolution 5176: 4134:C. G. McKay, Bengt Beckman, 3969:(in Turkish). Archived from 3833:Üstel, Aziz (14 July 2008). 3455:CIA Ties With Ex-Nazis Shown 3396:Journal of Strategic Studies 2953:, June 21, 2001. (Obituary.) 2883:Len Scott, R. Gerald Hughes 2337:Valley of the Wolves: Gladio 1913:Daniele Ganser and criticism 1866:stabbed with his own bayonet 1619:Finnish-Soviet front of WWII 1068:Algerian War of Independence 814:Italian Massacres Commission 711:Operations in NATO countries 535:Special Operations Executive 453:(formed in 1949) and by the 7: 8094:Organisations based in Rome 8039:Contemporary French history 6716:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 6444:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 6189:Corrective Movement (Syria) 6153:New People's Army rebellion 6148:Sino-Soviet border conflict 5876:Angolan War of Independence 5739:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 5619:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 5264:Jamaican political conflict 4996:The judge and the historian 4936:), Éditions Denoël, Paris ( 4852:Jan Willems, Gladio, 1991, 4611:, December 2005, 1064–1068. 4499:, September 20, 1991, p. 7. 4136:Swedish Signal Intelligence 3258:(Rome: Edizione Associate, 2352: 2140:US Army Field Manual 30-31B 2111:US Army Field Manual 30-31B 1900:Hubacher, President of the 1632:. Finnish Defence Minister 1451:Tactical Mobilisation Group 1320: 1008:In 1947, Interior Minister 911:Belgian stay-behind network 863:Piazza della Loggia bombing 488:operations to delegitimize 10: 8125: 8029:Cold War history of Norway 6912:Sino-Indian border dispute 6741:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 6671:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 6429:1976 Argentine coup d'état 6341:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 6291:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 5975:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 5943:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 5632:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 5399:Asian Relations Conference 4731:and Peter Forbath (1978). 4722: 4650:, September 2006, 685-686. 4624:, September 2005, 550-551. 4540:p. 175, Springer VS 2014, 2610:Williams, Paul L. (2015). 1828: 1781:, and the Canary islands. 1606: 1594: 1589:September 11, 2001 attacks 1522: 1455:Special Warfare Department 1352: 1346: 1324: 1172:, LOK was involved in the 1126:German Democratic Republic 1077: 1045:Organisation armée secrète 947: 908: 904: 558:Soviet invasion of Finland 36:Secret stay-behind network 18: 8069:Stay-behind organizations 7948: 7897: 7819: 7796:William Appleman Williams 7741:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 7523: 7495: 7444: 7376: 7369: 7303: 7168: 7093: 7023: 7016: 6925: 6872: 6804: 6517: 6256:Bangladesh Liberation War 6246:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 6161: 6133:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 6121:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 5784: 5559:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 5536: 5246: 5184: 5017:University of Toulouse II 4834:. Torino: Einaudi, 2000. 4663:, November 2006, 567-568. 4420:The Dark Side of the West 4001:https://austria-forum.org 3916:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3545:, November 14, 1990, p. 6 3429:Cook, Bernard A. (2001). 3408:10.1080/01402390701676493 2887:, Routledge, 2008, p. 123 2581:10.1080/02684520600957712 2176:Westmoreland Field Manual 1784: 1506:in order to fight on the 1502:to join the Nazis during 1486:), the youth wing of the 1342: 1281: 1227:Westmoreland Field Manual 1151:Lochoi Oreinōn Katadromōn 1140: 1028:. The former director of 1003: 970:, former director of the 647:British Army on the Rhine 428: 128: 113: 93: 85: 77: 65: 57: 45: 35: 30: 8079:Western Union (alliance) 6571:1980 Turkish coup d'état 6406:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 6376:1978 Somali coup attempt 6336:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 6301:1973 Chilean coup d'état 6126:Revolutionary Government 6020:South African Border War 5812:1960 Turkish coup d'état 5729:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 5584:1953 Iranian coup d'état 5564:1952 Egyptian revolution 5075:Parallel History Project 4844:civic website of Bologna 4580:, January 2006, 182-186. 4489:Norton-Taylor, Richard. 4389:Ganser, Daniele (2005). 3357:Parallel History Project 2981:Willan, Phillip (2002). 2869:10.1177/0968344520914345 2835:10.1177/0968344520914345 2686:Scots Guards Association 2508:Del Pero, Mario (2001). 2467:Ganser, Daniele (2004). 1801:and in the NATO members 1643: 1609:Operation Stella Polaris 1441:and Air Force Commander 1363:1980 Turkish coup d'état 1331:In 1966, the CIA set up 715: 117:1 January 1952 8019:Anti-communism in Italy 6776:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6721:People Power Revolution 6706:Central American crisis 6646:1986 Black Sea incident 6296:1973 Afghan coup d'état 6194:Western Sahara conflict 6005:1966 Syrian coup d'état 5928:1963 Syrian coup d'état 5871:Portuguese Colonial War 5834:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 5599:1954 Syrian coup d'état 5476:Annexation of Hyderabad 5419:1947–1949 Palestine war 5031:Gli assassini del karma 4946:(in Italian and French) 4458:print 1743–9019 online. 3963:"Türkeş'i CIA kurtardı" 3583:Cambridge Clarion Group 3145:How M16 and SAS Join In 3128:, "La Nuova Sardegna" 2378:CIA activities in Italy 2216:CIA shitshow, starring 1902:Social Democratic Party 1717:transition to democracy 1706:Spanish Communist Party 1698:1977 Massacre of Atocha 1696:), participated in the 872:, former leader of the 97:Counter an invasion of 7070:Neoclassical economics 6581:Gulf of Sidra incident 6138:1969 Libyan revolution 5829:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 5614:1954 Geneva Conference 5374:Turkish straits crisis 5369:Corfu Channel incident 5100:July 19, 2023, at the 4082:"NATO's Secret Armies" 3786:Mehtap Söyler (2015). 3288:Parliament, European. 3109:La Voce della Campania 2220:and a bunch of former 1932:relies excessively on 1872:, "P-26 was backed by 1628:with an exile base in 1483: 1355:Ergenekon (allegation) 1190:Regime of the Colonels 1060:François de Grossouvre 1001: 868:It also reported that 859:Piazza Fontana bombing 825:Chief Staff of Defense 763:and the Masonic lodge 651:Anthony Farrar-Hockley 564:, was headed by Major 369:Others/Western states: 8074:False flag operations 7920:Russia–NATO relations 7801:Jonathan Reed Winkler 7085:Democratic capitalism 7080:Supply-side economics 7048:American conservatism 6847:Breakup of Yugoslavia 6736:Bougainville conflict 6651:South Yemen civil war 6586:Martial law in Poland 6449:Nicaraguan Revolution 6424:Dirty War (Argentina) 6231:1971 JVP insurrection 6045:Years of Lead (Italy) 5923:North Yemen civil war 5841:Berlin Crisis of 1961 5817:Albanian–Soviet split 5749:1959 Tibetan uprising 5714:Syrian Crisis of 1957 5569:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 5429:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4971:Le Monde diplomatique 4912:Éditions Albin Michel 4637:, December 2007, 930. 4556:Peer Henrik Hansen, " 4468:Richard Norton-Taylor 3082:Gladio: et la France? 2339:. Turkish drama, 2009 1498:who had deserted the 1325:Further information: 980: 882:Democrats of the Left 482:psychological warfare 459:intelligence agencies 7341:Non-Aligned Movement 6963:Peaceful coexistence 6917:North Borneo dispute 6832:German reunification 6827:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 6525:Salvadoran Civil War 6474:Grand Mosque seizure 6469:Yemenite War of 1979 6361:Mozambican Civil War 6316:Carnation Revolution 6271:Yemenite War of 1972 6209:1970 Polish protests 6040:1967 Hong Kong riots 6015:Argentine Revolution 5965:Guatemalan Civil War 5893:Cuban Missile Crisis 5807:Bay of Pigs Invasion 5679:1956 Poznań protests 5657:Geneva Summit (1955) 5259:Hukbalahap Rebellion 5238:Non-Aligned Movement 5140:NATO's Secret Armies 5121:NATO's Secret Armies 5111:NATO's Secret Armies 5109:from book launch of 5093:NATO's Secret Armies 4980:Patrick Boucheron, " 4510:"Schwarzer Schatten" 4446:", published by the 4325:, November 26, 1990 4304:, November 24, 1990 4262:, November 16, 1990 4241:, November 17, 1990 4220:, November 21, 1990 4199:, November 18, 1990 3525:on 11 December 2022. 3254:Gerardo Serravalle, 3115:on 15 February 2009. 3090:, November 10, 1990 2945:Paolo Emilio Taviani 2368:Operation Northwoods 2327:Banda della Magliana 2286:NATO's Secret Armies 2086:NATO's Secret Armies 2082:right-wing terrorism 2068:, in his 2005 book, 1841:secret files scandal 1702:Workers' Commissions 1694:Vincenzo Vinciguerra 1662:Stefano Delle Chiaie 1549:(OeWSGV, literally " 1359:Deep state in Turkey 924:(SGR). In November, 874:MSI Fiamma-Tricolore 812:, who worked in the 792:(from 1953 to 1958) 738:Vincenzo Vinciguerra 724:(from 1953 to 1958) 696:refused to comment. 628:resistance movements 556:forces fighting the 498:right-wing terrorism 7786:Alex von Tunzelmann 7776:Vladimir Tismăneanu 7701:Thomas J. McCormick 7696:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 7596:Robert Hugh Ferrell 7459:Crusade for Freedom 7256:Illiberal democracy 7140:Ho Chi Minh Thought 6943:Eisenhower Doctrine 6796:Peaceful Revolution 6791:Romanian Revolution 6771:Revolutions of 1989 6756:1988 Polish strikes 6666:Operation INFEKTION 6661:1987 Lieyu massacre 6566:Eritrean Civil Wars 6549:Peruvian Revolution 6499:1979 Herat uprising 6489:Sino-Vietnamese War 6454:Uganda–Tanzania War 6434:Egyptian–Libyan War 6401:Third Indochina War 6396:Sino-Albanian split 6386:Ethiopian Civil War 6286:Eritrean Civil Wars 6226:Ping-pong diplomacy 6199:Cambodian Civil War 6025:Korean DMZ Conflict 6010:Cultural Revolution 5980:Dominican Civil War 5958:Tlatelolco massacre 5744:1959 Mosul uprising 5734:1958 Lebanon crisis 5461:Al-Wathbah uprising 5384:First Indochina War 5354:Iran crisis of 1946 5033:Roma: Robin, 2004. 4346:, November 14, 1990 4178:, December 2, 1990 4159:on 26 October 2005. 4003:, Austria-Forum |. 3684:on 12 December 2008 3460:The Washington Post 3382:on 11 October 2007. 3065:Giovanni Pellegrino 3007:"Operazione Gladio" 2922:on 18 November 2010 2915:The Washington Post 2786:, November 17, 1990 2778:Secret Italian Unit 2692:on 22 December 2014 2423:The Washington Post 2323:strategy of tension 2212:as "a weird crypto- 2174:; specifically the 2156:US State Department 2098:Roskilde University 2092:Criticism of Ganser 2078:strategy of tension 1878:Jehovah's witnesses 1818:stay-behind network 1816:, confirmed that a 1789:In 1951, CIA agent 1682:Montejurra incident 1664:and members of the 1449:or the subordinate 1377:Turkish nationalism 1219:US State Department 1092:The Washington Post 958:a Danish archbishop 930:European Parliament 899:Giovanni Pellegrino 843:strategy of tension 790:Minister of Defence 722:Minister of Defense 582:Special Air Service 8104:Cold War conflicts 7940:Russian Revolution 7736:Mary Elise Sarotte 7721:William B. Pickett 7646:Patrick J. Hearden 7626:Gabriel Gorodetsky 7621:Timothy Garton Ash 7606:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 7201:Ethnic nationalism 6953:Hallstein Doctrine 6837:Yemeni unification 6626:1985 Geneva Summit 6591:Casamance conflict 6494:New Jewel Movement 6479:Iranian Revolution 6464:Chadian–Libyan War 6411:Cambodian conflict 6391:Lebanese Civil War 6381:Western Sahara War 6356:June 1976 protests 6351:Cambodian genocide 6116:17 July Revolution 6070:Nigerian Civil War 5985:Rhodesian Bush War 5970:Colombian conflict 5913:Ramadan Revolution 5652:Bandung Conference 5528:Operation Valuable 5409:Partition of India 4870:Jens Mecklenburg, 4729:William Egan Colby 4709:An Affair of State 4480:, December 5, 1990 4442:2010-07-13 at the 4435:Ganser, Daniele. " 4283:, August 19, 1991 3887:on 21 August 2023. 3814:on 13 January 2020 3654:. 13 November 1990 3585:. 14 November 1990 3453:Lee, Christopher. 3339:2016-04-29 at the 3333:A Scandinavian Spy 3312:2006-06-23 at the 3153:, December 5, 1990 3080:Barbera, Myriam. " 2751:2008-12-12 at the 2630:2008-12-12 at the 2488:The New York Times 2189:An Affair of State 2182:In popular culture 1956:"Operation Gladio" 1897:Swiss Armed Forces 1615:Weapons Cache Case 1435:Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu 1182:Stylianos Pattakos 1159:Konstantinos Dovas 1026:11th Choc regiment 990:were NATO allies, 897:headed by senator 895:Commissione Stragi 821:Gerardo D'Ambrosio 804:Judicial Inquiries 781:Commissione Stragi 584:and saw action in 570:"Mad Mike" Calvert 8064:Military scandals 7971: 7970: 7958:List of conflicts 7806:Rudolph Winnacker 7751:Giles Scott-Smith 7726:Ronald E. Powaski 7681:Melvyn P. Leffler 7611:John Lewis Gaddis 7586:Robert D. English 7551:Warren H. Carroll 7541:Michael Beschloss 7510:Nuclear arms race 7491: 7490: 7397:Neues Deutschland 7299: 7298: 7281:White nationalism 7251:Liberal democracy 6988:Ulbricht Doctrine 6978:Brezhnev Doctrine 6786:Velvet Revolution 6530:Soviet–Afghan War 6346:Angolan Civil War 6143:Goulash Communism 6000:ASEAN Declaration 5953:Mexican Dirty War 5851:Annexation of Goa 5802:1960 U-2 incident 5776:Sino-Soviet split 5754:Laotian Civil War 5594:Bricker Amendment 5574:Mau Mau rebellion 5518:Malayan Emergency 5506:Chinese Civil War 5466:Tito–Stalin split 5320:Division of Korea 5029:Angelo Paratico: 4974:, December 1990. 4546:978-3-531-19324-3 4124:on 18 March 2023. 4102:Ganser, Daniele. 4066:978-0-7524-9642-9 4032:External link in 3947:978-0-940380-06-6 3761:978-0-7146-4900-9 3567:on 28 March 2008. 3515:978-0-7146-8500-7 3440:978-0-8153-4057-7 3294:En.wikisource.org 3266:, 1991), p.78-79 3235:Willan, Philip. " 2992:978-1-4697-1084-6 2943:Willan, Philip. " 2388:Alpo K. Marttinen 2314:Romanzo Criminale 2242:978-1-910-70108-9 2076:operations and a 2062: 2061: 2040:. Please help to 2032:This section may 2017: 2016: 2009: 1991: 1812:In 1990, General 1766:installations in 1540:Interior Minister 1447:Counter-Guerrilla 1411:Counter-Guerrilla 1385:Counter-Guerrilla 1349:Counter-Guerrilla 1337:Yves Guérin-Sérac 1157:for the CIA, and 1052:La Rose des Vents 942:Westland New Post 938:Brabant massacres 861:in Milan and the 746:Francesco Cossiga 694:George H. W. Bush 623:guerrilla warfare 617:invasion through 605:Post-war creation 586:North-West Europe 531:Winston Churchill 436: 435: 61:Covert operations 58:Operational scope 8116: 7984:Operation Gladio 7716:David S. Painter 7641:John Earl Haynes 7571:Nicholas J. Cull 7556:Adrian Cioroianu 7536:Thomas A. Bailey 7483:Voice of America 7374: 7373: 7286:White separatism 7266:Social democracy 7261:Guided democracy 7241:Authoritarianism 7191:Ultranationalism 7181:Anti-imperialism 7108:Marxism–Leninism 7021: 7020: 7008:Kinmen Agreement 6973:Johnson Doctrine 6958:Kennedy Doctrine 6874:Frozen conflicts 6857:1991 August Coup 6746:Afghan Civil War 6641:Reykjavík Summit 6636:Somali Rebellion 6576:Ugandan Bush War 6554:Gdańsk Agreement 6075:Protests of 1968 6055:War of Attrition 5764:Cuban Revolution 5700:We will bury you 5667:Cyprus Emergency 5647:Kashmir Princess 5637:Jebel Akhdar War 5486:Western betrayal 5171: 5164: 5157: 5148: 5147: 5133:Allan Francovich 5128:Operation Gladio 5084:Internet Archive 5065: 5059: 5026: 5004: 4977: 4965: 4947: 4925: 4903: 4885: 4867: 4849: 4793:Prometheus Books 4785:Paul L. Williams 4712: 4702: 4696: 4693:State Department 4690: 4684: 4670: 4664: 4661:Cold War History 4657: 4651: 4644: 4638: 4631: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4587: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4554: 4548: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4506: 4500: 4487: 4481: 4465: 4459: 4433: 4427: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4376: 4353: 4347: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4155:. Archived from 4145: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3907: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3880:. Archived from 3869: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3680:. Archived from 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3644: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3620: 3614:. Archived from 3609: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3557: 3546: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3518:. Archived from 3507: 3493: 3480: 3475:and Louis Wolf, 3470: 3464: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3349: 3343: 3326: 3317: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3252: 3246: 3245:, June 24, 2000. 3233: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3160: 3154: 3141:Pallister, David 3138: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3078: 3072: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2964:Herman, Edward S 2960: 2954: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2918:. Archived from 2905: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2813: 2807: 2793: 2787: 2774: 2763: 2743: 2722: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2688:. Archived from 2678: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2663: 2658:on 28 March 2008 2648: 2642: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2520:(4): 1304–1334. 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2413: 2373:Operation Condor 2279:Allan Francovich 2136:State Department 2129:Cold War History 2064:Swiss historian 2057: 2054: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1949: 1925: 1917: 1814:Bengt Gustafsson 1774:, in the 1970s. 1678:Operation Condor 1562:The Boston Globe 1474:), to train the 1443:Tahsin Şahinkaya 1389:Alparslan Türkeş 1215:Stephen Saunders 1178:Costas Aslanides 1072:Rand Corporation 841:asserted that a 777:Giulio Andreotti 757:Claudio Martelli 742:Edward S. Herman 734:Giulio Andreotti 635:stay-behind (SB) 502:Eduardo Mondlane 475:Operation Gladio 439:Operation Gladio 419: 417: 416: 406: 404: 403: 393: 391: 390: 380: 378: 377: 363: 361: 360: 350: 348: 347: 337: 335: 334: 324: 322: 321: 311: 309: 308: 298: 296: 295: 285: 283: 282: 272: 270: 269: 259: 257: 256: 246: 244: 243: 233: 231: 230: 219: 218: 207: 205: 204: 194: 192: 191: 179: 178: 177: 167: 165: 164: 149: 148: 138: 137: 136: 129:Executed by 124: 122: 50: 31:Operation Gladio 28: 27: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8084:History of NATO 7974: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7944: 7935:Second Cold War 7893: 7821: 7815: 7791:Odd Arne Westad 7781:Patrick Vaughan 7766:Athan Theoharis 7746:Ellen Schrecker 7731:Yakov M. Rabkin 7706:Timothy Naftali 7651:Tvrtko Jakovina 7636:Jussi Hanhimäki 7519: 7497: 7487: 7465:Paix et Liberté 7440: 7384:Active measures 7365: 7295: 7276:White supremacy 7236:Totalitarianism 7164: 7089: 7012: 6998:Reagan Doctrine 6993:Carter Doctrine 6933:Truman Doctrine 6921: 6868: 6800: 6695:Soviet reaction 6606:Ndogboyosoi War 6513: 6484:Saur Revolution 6311:1973 oil crisis 6276:Munich massacre 6184:Alcora Exercise 6179:Black September 6157: 5903:Sino-Indian War 5797:Simba rebellion 5780: 5624:Capture of the 5532: 5471:Berlin Blockade 5404:May 1947 crises 5394:Truman Doctrine 5359:Greek Civil War 5348:Blacklist Forty 5315:Gouzenko Affair 5302:Cursed soldiers 5254:Morgenthau Plan 5242: 5180: 5175: 5102:Wayback Machine 5051: 5048: 5024: 5002: 4975: 4963: 4945: 4923: 4901: 4888:Leo A. Müller, 4883: 4865: 4847: 4827: 4771:The Lone Gladio 4725: 4720: 4718:Further reading 4715: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4564:, Summer 2005. 4555: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4488: 4484: 4466: 4462: 4444:Wayback Machine 4434: 4430: 4418: 4411: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4168: 4164: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4106: 4100: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4051: 4047: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4014: 4012: 3998: 3994: 3976: 3974: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3929: 3925: 3909: 3908: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3844: 3842: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3652:AP News Archive 3646: 3645: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3621:on 21 June 2023 3618: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3559: 3558: 3549: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3516: 3505: 3497:Ganser, Daniele 3494: 3483: 3471: 3467: 3463:, June 7, 2006. 3452: 3448: 3441: 3427: 3423: 3392: 3388: 3368: 3364: 3359:. October 2016. 3351: 3350: 3346: 3341:Wayback Machine 3327: 3320: 3314:Wayback Machine 3305: 3301: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3253: 3249: 3234: 3230: 3221: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3079: 3075: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3011:Rough Diplomacy 3005: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2979: 2975: 2961: 2957: 2942: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2882: 2878: 2848: 2844: 2814: 2810: 2806:. 15 March 2006 2796:Dan van der Vat 2794: 2790: 2775: 2766: 2753:Wayback Machine 2744: 2725: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2632:Wayback Machine 2623: 2619: 2608: 2604: 2561: 2557: 2526:10.2307/2674730 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2480: 2476: 2465: 2461: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2355: 2331:Michele Placido 2295:Andreas Pichler 2184: 2152: 2094: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2028: 2024: 2013: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1950: 1948: 1942: 1938:primary sources 1926: 1915: 1833: 1827: 1787: 1725:Francoist Spain 1690:Carlo Cicuttini 1656:militants were 1646: 1611: 1597: 1571:Franz Vranitzky 1569:and Chancellor 1525: 1520: 1490:. Nazar was an 1396:Truman Doctrine 1369: 1351: 1345: 1329: 1323: 1284: 1236: 1186:Phillips Talbot 1143: 1080: 1010:Édouard Depreux 1006: 966:(FE). In 1978, 950: 913: 907: 890: 833: 806: 773: 718: 713: 607: 593:David Pallister 578:GHQ Home Forces 562:Auxiliary Units 539:occupied Europe 523: 518: 473:organizations, 414: 412: 401: 399: 388: 386: 375: 373: 367: 358: 356: 345: 343: 332: 330: 319: 317: 306: 304: 293: 291: 280: 278: 267: 265: 254: 252: 241: 239: 228: 226: 213: 202: 200: 189: 187: 175: 173: 162: 160: 143: 142: 134: 132: 120: 118: 86:Planned by 73: 53: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8122: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8014:1950s in Italy 8011: 8009:1940s in Italy 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7761:Timothy Snyder 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7691:Vojtech Mastny 7688: 7686:Geir Lundestad 7683: 7678: 7676:Walter Laqueur 7673: 7671:Walter LaFeber 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7601:André Fontaine 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7531:Gar Alperovitz 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7461: 7456: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7271:Third-Worldism 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7060:Libertarianism 7057: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7038:Chicago school 7035: 7029: 7027: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6983:Nixon Doctrine 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6926:Foreign policy 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6711:Operation RYAN 6708: 6703: 6698: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6616:Able Archer 83 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6366:Oromo conflict 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6306:Yom Kippur War 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5938:Aden Emergency 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5856:Papua conflict 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5761: 5759:Kitchen Debate 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5719:Sputnik crisis 5716: 5711: 5703: 5696: 5691: 5689:Polish October 5686: 5681: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5589:Pact of Madrid 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:Bamboo Curtain 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5343: 5335: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5284: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5124: 5114: 5104: 5089: 5066: 5047: 5046:External links 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039:978-8873710646 5027: 5005: 4992:Carlo Ginzburg 4978: 4966: 4948: 4934:Il Prigioniero 4926: 4904: 4886: 4868: 4850: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4804: 4801:978-1616149741 4782: 4764: 4747:Daniele Ganser 4744: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4697: 4685: 4665: 4652: 4639: 4626: 4613: 4600: 4598:April 15, 2007 4594:Hayden Peake, 4582: 4569: 4549: 4529: 4501: 4482: 4460: 4428: 4409: 4378: 4368: 4348: 4330: 4309: 4288: 4267: 4246: 4225: 4204: 4183: 4162: 4140: 4127: 4091: 4072: 4065: 4056:The Last Nazis 4045: 3992: 3973:on 22 May 2011 3953: 3946: 3932:Herman, Edward 3923: 3890: 3855: 3825: 3795: 3778: 3767: 3760: 3739: 3717: 3695: 3665: 3632: 3596: 3570: 3547: 3528: 3514: 3508:. Frank Cass. 3481: 3465: 3446: 3439: 3421: 3402:(6): 937–954. 3386: 3362: 3344: 3329:Colby, William 3318: 3299: 3280: 3271: 3247: 3228: 3206: 3180: 3155: 3133: 3118: 3096: 3073: 3056: 3041:(in Italian). 3025: 3016: 2998: 2991: 2973: 2955: 2933: 2900: 2889: 2876: 2862:(3): 681–700. 2856:War in History 2842: 2828:(3): 681–700. 2822:War in History 2808: 2788: 2764: 2723: 2703: 2673: 2643: 2617: 2602: 2575:(5): 760–781. 2555: 2500: 2474: 2459: 2444: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2393:Propaganda Due 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2345:Amsterdam Vice 2340: 2334: 2329:. Directed by 2310: 2298: 2282: 2266: 2261:'s 2001 novel 2256: 2244: 2230:'s 2015 novel 2225: 2196: 2183: 2180: 2168:disinformation 2151: 2148: 2093: 2090: 2066:Daniele Ganser 2060: 2059: 2044:. Discuss and 2031: 2029: 2022: 2015: 2014: 1929: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1829:Main article: 1826: 1823: 1786: 1783: 1652:'s death, two 1645: 1642: 1634:Elisabeth Rehn 1596: 1593: 1580:Nicholas Burns 1567:Thomas Klestil 1534:Theodor Körner 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1415:military coups 1347:Main article: 1344: 1341: 1322: 1319: 1283: 1280: 1260:Henk Vredeling 1235: 1232: 1207:To Proto Thema 1170:Daniele Ganser 1142: 1139: 1079: 1076: 1005: 1002: 949: 946: 909:Main article: 906: 903: 889: 886: 832: 829: 805: 802: 772: 769: 717: 714: 712: 709: 690:European Union 606: 603: 527:fall of France 525:Following the 522: 519: 517: 514: 494:anti-communist 434: 433: 430: 426: 425: 424: 423: 410: 397: 384: 371: 354: 341: 328: 315: 302: 289: 276: 263: 250: 237: 224: 211: 198: 196:United Kingdom 185: 184: 183: 130: 126: 125: 115: 111: 110: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 71:Western Europe 69: 67: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8121: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 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7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666:Gabriel Kolko 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7631:Fred Halliday 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7616:Lloyd Gardner 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7576:Norman Davies 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7561:John Costello 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7496:Technological 7494: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377:Pro-communist 7375: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304:Organizations 7302: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7118:Eurocommunism 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948:Domino theory 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6902:South Ossetia 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6686:8888 Uprising 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6631:Iran–Iraq War 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6596:Falklands War 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:NDF Rebellion 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6439:German Autumn 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326:Metapolitefsi 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6087:Prague Spring 6085: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6065:Al-Wadiah War 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6030:12-3 incident 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609:Domino theory 5607: 5605: 5604:Petrov Affair 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481:Madiun Affair 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5441:Marshall Plan 5439: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5190:United States 5187: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 5000:Adriano Sofri 4997: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4960:3-7766-1951-1 4957: 4953: 4950:Regine Igel, 4949: 4943: 4942:2-207-24888-7 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4920:2-226-06919-4 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4880:3-88520-612-9 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4862:2-87262-051-6 4859: 4856:, Bruxelles ( 4855: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4840:9788806156251 4837: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4767:Sibel Edmonds 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4682:9781615780112 4679: 4676:2006, p. 95, 4675: 4669: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4369:9789185677535 4365: 4361: 4360: 4352: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4137: 4131: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4049: 4041: 4026: 4010: 4009:Austria-Forum 4006: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3927: 3919: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3771: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3727: 3721: 3705: 3699: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3275: 3265: 3264:88-267-0145-8 3261: 3257: 3251: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3232: 3218: 3217: 3210: 3195:. 2 July 2001 3194: 3190: 3184: 3169: 3168:Repubblica.it 3165: 3159: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3127: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3077: 3070: 3069:Years of Lead 3066: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3020: 3013:. April 2018. 3012: 3008: 3002: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2904: 2893: 2886: 2880: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2721: 2720:0-304-92519-5 2717: 2714:Cassell 1968 2713: 2710:David Lampe, 2707: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2448: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:Malory Archer 2203: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2011: 2008: 2000: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1958: – 1957: 1953: 1952:Find sources: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1930:This article 1928: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:William Colby 1782: 1780: 1779:San Sebastián 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:Adolfo Suárez 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1638:William Colby 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1508:Eastern Front 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Memduh Tağmaç 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1400:Bülent Ecevit 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1333:Aginter Press 1328: 1327:Aginter Press 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292:Vilhelm Evang 1289: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1272:John Mieremet 1269: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:Richard Welch 1208: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1197:1981 election 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168:According to 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 985: 979: 977: 973: 969: 968:William Colby 965: 964: 959: 955: 945: 943: 939: 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 912: 902: 900: 896: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 854: 850: 844: 840: 839: 828: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 810:Guido Salvini 801: 799: 795: 794:Paolo Taviani 791: 785: 782: 778: 768: 766: 762: 758: 753: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 726:Paolo Taviani 723: 708: 706: 702: 697: 695: 691: 686: 682: 680: 676: 675:Western Union 670: 668: 667: 662: 658: 657: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 602: 600: 599: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 576:units, under 575: 571: 567: 566:Colin Gubbins 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 513: 511: 507: 504:in 1969. The 503: 499: 496:militias and 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 447:Western Union 444: 440: 431: 427: 422: 411: 409: 398: 396: 385: 383: 372: 370: 366: 355: 353: 342: 340: 329: 327: 316: 314: 303: 301: 290: 288: 277: 275: 264: 262: 251: 249: 238: 236: 225: 223: 217: 212: 210: 199: 197: 186: 182: 172: 171: 170: 169:United States 159: 158: 156: 152: 147: 141: 140:Western Union 131: 127: 116: 112: 108: 107:US Government 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 49: 44: 41: 34: 29: 26: 22: 7930:Brinkmanship 7822:intelligence 7711:Marius Oprea 7661:Harvey Klehr 7591:Herbert Feis 7581:Willem Drees 7546:Archie Brown 7463: 7451: 7433: 7423:Trybuna Ludu 7421: 7414: 7410:Radio Moscow 7402: 7395: 7388: 7216:Anti-Zionism 7132: 7055:Keynesianism 7043:Conservatism 6907:Transnistria 6887:China-Taiwan 6544:Gera Demands 6417: 6218: 6093: 5898:El Porteñazo 5792:Congo Crisis 5707: 5705: 5642:Algerian War 5625: 5501:Western Bloc 5496:Eastern Bloc 5491:Iron Curtain 5347: 5339: 5331: 5308: 5288: 5280: 5197:Soviet Union 5195: 5188: 5139: 5127: 5120: 5110: 5092: 5083: 5069: 5060:– via 5054: 5030: 5020: 4995: 4985: 4969: 4951: 4933: 4929: 4907: 4889: 4871: 4848:(in Italian) 4831: 4807: 4788: 4770: 4751: 4732: 4708: 4700: 4688: 4673: 4668: 4660: 4655: 4647: 4642: 4634: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4577: 4572: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4538:Konspiration 4537: 4532: 4520:. 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