147:
four-phased examination process, with Phase 4 launched on 16 March 2016. Phase I consists of a review of legislation implementing the conventions in the member country with the goal of evaluating the adequacy of the laws. Phase 2 assesses the effectiveness with which the legislation is applied. Phase 3 assesses how well adherents are enforcing the convention, the 2009 recommendation, and any follow-up recommendations from Phase 2. Phase 4 is intended to be a tailored review specific to the needs of the adherent country. The
Working Group on Bribery prepares a public report at the end of each phase. These reports are adopted under the principle of consensus minus one, meaning that the country under examination cannot block publication of the report.
186:
783:
261:
216:
321:
813:
584:
828:
723:
599:
738:
306:
554:
539:
171:
708:
246:
693:
659:
291:
370:
460:
445:
430:
678:
355:
340:
201:
798:
524:
475:
614:
569:
415:
276:
400:
629:
768:
644:
231:
385:
490:
753:
509:
120:
A 2017 study found that multinational corporations that were subject to the convention were less likely to engage in bribery than corporations that were based in non-member states. A 2021 study found that the convention may increase bribery by firms from non-ABC member countries and lead firms in ABC
146:
The OECD has no authority to implement the convention, but instead monitors implementation by participating countries. Countries are responsible for implementing laws and regulations that conform to the convention and therefore provide for enforcement. The OECD performs its monitoring function in a
117:. The convention is a legally binding international agreement that focuses on the supply side of bribery by criminalizing acts of offering or giving bribes to foreign public officials by companies or individuals. Its goal is to create a level playing field in the international business environment.
133:
working group for comparative review of national legislations regarding the bribery of foreign public officials. In 1994, the OECD Ministerial
Council adopted the Recommendation of the Council on Bribery in International Business Transactions. The convention was signed on 17 December 1997 and came
142:
Parties to the convention agree to establish the bribery of foreign public officials as a criminal offence under their laws and to investigate, prosecute and sanction this offence. Key elements of their commitments include creating a framework in which companies—not just individuals—can be held
143:
responsible for foreign bribery, establishing dissuasive sanctions and a basis for jurisdiction that is effective in combating bribery of foreign public officials, and co-operating with foreign law enforcement agencies in the fight against foreign bribery.
156:
2133:
134:
into force on 15 February 1999. A 2009 recommendation provides further guidance for signatory countries on how to deter and detect the supply side of foreign bribery and on how to investigate allegations.
1906:
2126:
1733:
2171:
2119:
973:
Jensen, Nathan M.; Malesky, Edmund J. (2017). "Nonstate Actors and
Compliance with International Agreements: An Empirical Analysis of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention".
2028:
2453:
1967:
926:
106:
1825:
1784:
1766:
1164:
2458:
2166:
1802:
159:. As of 2018, 46 countries (the 38 member countries of the OECD and 8 non-member countries) have ratified or acceded to the convention:
2187:
1935:
2228:
2192:
2038:
2018:
897:
2443:
2076:
1911:
1755:
1923:
1819:
1226:
844:
On 23 July 2017, Costa Rica, Lithuania, Colombia and Latvia ratified the convention. 16 May 2017, 19 January 2013 and 30 May 2014,
1853:
2463:
2423:
2278:
1895:
1760:
2428:
1983:
1900:
1847:
1789:
1718:
882:
1142:
2358:
2066:
2061:
1842:
1772:
1303:
2223:
1988:
1883:
1877:
1200:
155:
The convention is open to accession by any country which is a member of the OECD or has become a full participant in the
1713:
877:
2398:
2233:
1889:
1813:
2418:
2403:
2363:
2081:
2071:
1978:
2348:
2091:
1778:
2111:
2243:
2238:
2096:
1865:
1859:
1331:
1251:
2438:
2393:
2388:
2378:
2273:
1973:
1871:
1831:
1092:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2253:
2248:
2023:
1917:
1807:
1362:
948:
2433:
2413:
2383:
2373:
2368:
2353:
2343:
2328:
2308:
2298:
2263:
2258:
1071:
923:"OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions"
2408:
2338:
2333:
2268:
1728:
1065:
OECD Convention on
Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions
1018:""Leakage" in International Regulatory Regimes: Did the OECD Anti-bribery Convention Increase Bribery?"
892:
872:
2056:
1533:
1749:
1486:
1296:
1117:
1189:
96:
Convention on
Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions
27:
Convention on
Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions
2448:
1367:
114:
1276:
922:
2213:
1498:
1998:
1723:
1503:
1466:
1254:(Press release). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 7 April 2014
1421:
1346:
1017:
8:
1528:
1289:
1064:
465:
121:
member countries to shift to bribery through intermediaries in non-ABC member countries.
1929:
1611:
1471:
1416:
1045:
998:
1659:
1606:
1434:
1429:
1341:
1049:
1037:
1002:
990:
1016:
Chapman, Terrence L.; Jensen, Nathan M.; Malesky, Edmund J.; Wolford, Scott (2021).
2218:
1993:
1703:
1674:
1561:
1491:
1481:
1461:
1029:
982:
2141:
1950:
1654:
1649:
1326:
99:
1708:
1664:
1581:
818:
326:
1118:"Text of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials"
1093:"OECD Recommendation on Further Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials"
986:
2207:
1628:
1571:
1041:
994:
833:
1669:
1621:
1616:
1576:
1476:
1446:
1397:
847:
Countries that have participated as observers in the
Working Group include
728:
1633:
1591:
1586:
1551:
1518:
1401:
1033:
788:
743:
604:
589:
2157:
Convention on the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
2086:
1907:
Commission for the
Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
1601:
1556:
1513:
1312:
559:
311:
1523:
1451:
1411:
1392:
887:
856:
544:
191:
176:
2156:
157:
OECD Working Group on
Bribery in International Business Transactions
1596:
1566:
1336:
860:
713:
698:
664:
296:
251:
1508:
1406:
949:"OECD Anti-Bribery Convention at 25: Time to step up enforcement"
683:
450:
435:
405:
375:
360:
345:
221:
206:
110:
2172:
Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
1165:"Phase 2 country monitoring of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention"
1836:
803:
773:
649:
619:
574:
529:
480:
420:
390:
266:
236:
102:
2143:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
1796:
1456:
1281:
848:
758:
514:
495:
281:
16:
Anti-corruption agreement among high-economic power countries
2142:
1441:
1204:
1168:
1121:
1096:
1015:
852:
634:
1832:
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
917:
915:
913:
2029:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
1143:"Country monitoring of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention"
927:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
910:
1826:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
1785:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
1201:"Costa Rica to join the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention"
1767:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
1968:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
109:that requires signatory countries to criminalize
2205:
809:
317:
824:
2454:Treaties extended to the Caribbean Netherlands
2167:Programme for International Student Assessment
1936:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
1803:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
1734:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
719:
2127:
1297:
1252:"Latvia to join OECD Anti-Bribery Convention"
1227:"Colombia joins OECD Anti-Bribery Convention"
972:
779:
734:
595:
580:
2039:United Nations Convention against Corruption
2019:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
898:United Nations Convention against Corruption
550:
302:
2077:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
1912:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
1756:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
535:
182:
167:
2134:
2120:
1924:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
1820:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
1304:
1290:
704:
689:
655:
287:
242:
888:ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems
674:
456:
441:
426:
396:
366:
351:
336:
212:
197:
1854:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
1218:
794:
764:
640:
610:
565:
520:
471:
411:
381:
257:
227:
1896:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
1761:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
1224:
1062:
749:
505:
486:
272:
2459:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
2206:
1984:Freedom of information laws by country
1901:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
1244:
1022:Quarterly Journal of Political Science
625:
2115:
1848:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
1790:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
1719:International Anti-Corruption Academy
1285:
883:International Anti-Corruption Academy
2067:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
2062:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
1843:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
1773:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
2229:Treaties entered into force in 1999
1989:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
1884:National Anticorruption Directorate
1878:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
1063:Boorman, Jack (18 September 2001).
13:
2444:International development treaties
1714:Group of States Against Corruption
1225:Carrere, Jean (30 November 2011).
1056:
878:Group of States Against Corruption
14:
2475:
1890:Investigative Committee of Russia
1270:
129:In 1989, the OECD established an
2082:Russian anti-corruption campaign
2072:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
1979:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
946:
826:
811:
796:
781:
766:
751:
736:
721:
706:
691:
676:
657:
642:
627:
612:
597:
582:
567:
552:
537:
522:
507:
488:
473:
458:
443:
428:
413:
398:
383:
368:
353:
338:
319:
304:
289:
274:
259:
244:
229:
214:
199:
184:
169:
1918:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
1779:National Supervisory Commission
1193:
1182:
2464:Treaties extended to Greenland
2424:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2279:Treaties of the Czech Republic
1866:Investigation Task Force Sweep
1860:National Accountability Bureau
1332:Corruption in local government
1320:Corruption in different fields
1311:
1157:
1135:
1110:
1085:
1009:
966:
940:
1:
2429:Treaties of the United States
1974:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
1872:Central Anticorruption Bureau
903:
137:
2162:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
2034:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
2024:International asset recovery
1808:Central Vigilance Commission
1363:Corruption Perceptions Index
1277:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
92:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
65:
22:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
7:
2359:Treaties of the Netherlands
2092:2017–2019 Romanian protests
866:
10:
2480:
2224:Treaties concluded in 1997
2097:2017–2018 Russian protests
1729:Transparency International
1704:Global Financial Integrity
975:International Organization
953:Transparency International
893:Transparency International
873:European Public Prosecutor
150:
124:
50:15 February 1999
35:17 December 1997
2188:Multinational Enterprises
2180:
2149:
2057:2011 Azerbaijani protests
2047:
2007:
1958:
1949:
1742:
1696:
1687:
1642:
1544:
1534:Offshore financial centre
1385:
1376:
1355:
1337:Interest group corruption
1319:
987:10.1017/S0020818317000443
71:
61:
46:
31:
26:
2399:Treaties of South Africa
2234:Anti-corruption measures
1999:Whistleblower protection
1487:Cryptocurrency and crime
115:foreign public officials
2419:Treaties of Switzerland
2404:Treaties of South Korea
2364:Treaties of New Zealand
1368:Economics of corruption
2349:Treaties of Luxembourg
1994:UK Bribery Act of 2010
1750:Oficina AnticorrupciĂłn
1499:Noble cause corruption
1356:Measures of corruption
2244:Treaties of Argentina
2239:Treaties of Australia
1724:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
1504:Professional courtesy
1467:Honest services fraud
1188:Ratification status.
2439:Treaties of Bulgaria
2394:Treaties of Slovenia
2389:Treaties of Slovakia
2379:Treaties of Portugal
2274:Treaties of Colombia
2193:Testing of Chemicals
1688:Institutions dealing
1422:Conflict of interest
1347:Political corruption
1034:10.1561/100.00019193
2324:Treaties of Ireland
2319:Treaties of Iceland
2314:Treaties of Hungary
2304:Treaties of Germany
2294:Treaties of Finland
2289:Treaties of Estonia
2284:Treaties of Denmark
2254:Treaties of Belgium
2249:Treaties of Austria
1529:Offshore investment
23:
2434:Treaties of Turkey
2414:Treaties of Sweden
2384:Treaties of Russia
2374:Treaties of Poland
2369:Treaties of Norway
2354:Treaties of Mexico
2344:Treaties of Latvia
2329:Treaties of Israel
2309:Treaties of Greece
2299:Treaties of France
2264:Treaties of Canada
2259:Treaties of Brazil
1930:Warioba Commission
1868:(Papua New Guinea)
1612:Regulatory capture
1417:Commercial bribery
21:
2409:Treaties of Spain
2339:Treaties of Japan
2334:Treaties of Italy
2269:Treaties of Chile
2201:
2200:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
1945:
1944:
1683:
1682:
1660:Election security
1607:Political scandal
1342:Police corruption
1203:(Press release).
842:
841:
88:
87:
2471:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2112:
1956:
1955:
1694:
1693:
1675:Vote suppression
1562:Crony capitalism
1492:Hawala and crime
1482:Money laundering
1462:Graft (politics)
1442:Confidence trick
1383:
1382:
1377:Forms or aspects
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1231:Colombia Reports
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1013:
1007:
1006:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
919:
836:
832:
830:
829:
821:
817:
815:
814:
806:
802:
800:
799:
791:
787:
785:
784:
776:
772:
770:
769:
761:
757:
755:
754:
746:
742:
740:
739:
731:
727:
725:
724:
716:
712:
710:
709:
701:
697:
695:
694:
686:
682:
680:
679:
667:
663:
661:
660:
652:
648:
646:
645:
637:
633:
631:
630:
622:
618:
616:
615:
607:
603:
601:
600:
592:
588:
586:
585:
577:
573:
571:
570:
562:
558:
556:
555:
547:
543:
541:
540:
532:
528:
526:
525:
517:
513:
511:
510:
498:
494:
492:
491:
483:
479:
477:
476:
468:
464:
462:
461:
453:
449:
447:
446:
438:
434:
432:
431:
423:
419:
417:
416:
408:
404:
402:
401:
393:
389:
387:
386:
378:
374:
372:
371:
363:
359:
357:
356:
348:
344:
342:
341:
329:
325:
323:
322:
314:
310:
308:
307:
299:
295:
293:
292:
284:
280:
278:
277:
269:
265:
263:
262:
254:
250:
248:
247:
239:
235:
233:
232:
224:
220:
218:
217:
209:
205:
203:
202:
194:
190:
188:
187:
179:
175:
173:
172:
162:
161:
94:(officially the
57:
55:
42:
40:
24:
20:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2176:
2145:
2140:
2110:
2101:
2049:
2043:
2011:
2009:
2003:
1960:
1951:Anti-corruption
1941:
1738:
1690:with corruption
1689:
1679:
1655:Electoral fraud
1650:Ballot stuffing
1638:
1540:
1378:
1372:
1351:
1327:Corporate crime
1315:
1310:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1014:
1010:
971:
967:
957:
955:
947:Dell, Gillian.
945:
941:
931:
929:
921:
920:
911:
906:
869:
827:
825:
812:
810:
797:
795:
782:
780:
767:
765:
752:
750:
737:
735:
722:
720:
707:
705:
692:
690:
677:
675:
658:
656:
643:
641:
628:
626:
613:
611:
598:
596:
583:
581:
568:
566:
553:
551:
538:
536:
523:
521:
508:
506:
489:
487:
474:
472:
459:
457:
444:
442:
429:
427:
414:
412:
399:
397:
384:
382:
369:
367:
354:
352:
339:
337:
320:
318:
305:
303:
290:
288:
275:
273:
260:
258:
245:
243:
230:
228:
215:
213:
200:
198:
185:
183:
170:
168:
153:
140:
127:
100:anti-corruption
84:
53:
51:
38:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:1997 in France
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Global Witness
1706:
1700:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:Gerrymandering
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Ghost soldiers
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1271:External links
1269:
1266:
1265:
1243:
1217:
1192:
1181:
1156:
1134:
1109:
1084:
1055:
1028:(4): 387–427.
1008:
965:
939:
908:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
868:
865:
840:
839:
838:
837:
822:
819:United Kingdom
807:
792:
777:
762:
747:
732:
717:
702:
687:
670:
669:
668:
653:
638:
623:
608:
593:
578:
563:
548:
533:
518:
501:
500:
499:
484:
469:
454:
439:
424:
409:
394:
379:
364:
349:
332:
331:
330:
327:Czech Republic
315:
300:
285:
270:
255:
240:
225:
210:
195:
180:
152:
149:
139:
136:
126:
123:
86:
85:
83:
82:
79:
75:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
48:
44:
43:
33:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2476:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:OECD treaties
2212:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2008:International
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:(South Korea)
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:International
1695:
1692:
1686:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:State capture
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Elite capture
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:of corruption
1375:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1253:
1247:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1144:
1138:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
954:
950:
943:
928:
924:
918:
916:
914:
909:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
835:
834:United States
823:
820:
808:
805:
793:
790:
778:
775:
763:
760:
748:
745:
733:
730:
718:
715:
703:
700:
688:
685:
673:
672:
671:
666:
654:
651:
639:
636:
624:
621:
609:
606:
594:
591:
579:
576:
564:
561:
549:
546:
534:
531:
519:
516:
504:
503:
502:
497:
485:
482:
470:
467:
455:
452:
440:
437:
425:
422:
410:
407:
395:
392:
380:
377:
365:
362:
350:
347:
335:
334:
333:
328:
316:
313:
301:
298:
286:
283:
271:
268:
256:
253:
241:
238:
226:
223:
211:
208:
196:
193:
181:
178:
166:
165:
164:
163:
160:
158:
148:
144:
135:
132:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
80:
77:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
49:
45:
34:
30:
25:
19:
2161:
2033:
1839:(Madagascar)
1763:(Bangladesh)
1670:Vote pairing
1622:Rent-setting
1617:Rent-seeking
1577:Failed state
1477:Match fixing
1447:Embezzlement
1426:Corporation
1398:Black market
1256:. Retrieved
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1220:
1210:30 September
1208:. Retrieved
1195:
1184:
1174:30 September
1172:. Retrieved
1159:
1149:30 September
1147:. Retrieved
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1058:
1025:
1021:
1011:
978:
974:
968:
956:. Retrieved
952:
942:
930:. Retrieved
846:
843:
786:
729:South Africa
154:
145:
141:
130:
128:
119:
95:
91:
89:
18:
2012:and efforts
2010:instruments
1961:enforcement
1903:(Singapore)
1816:(Indonesia)
1752:(Argentina)
1634:State crime
1592:Mafia state
1587:Kleptocracy
1552:Clientelism
1519:Tax evasion
1402:Grey market
1127:14 December
1102:14 December
789:Switzerland
744:South Korea
605:New Zealand
590:Netherlands
62:Signatories
2208:Categories
2181:Guidelines
2087:Yo Soy 132
1932:(Tanzania)
1862:(Pakistan)
1775:(Cameroon)
1602:Plutocracy
1557:Coronelism
1514:Slush fund
1313:Corruption
1258:4 December
1070:(Report).
904:References
560:Luxembourg
312:Costa Rica
138:Principles
103:convention
54:1999-02-15
39:1997-12-17
2050:movements
1970:(pending)
1938:(Vietnam)
1926:(Ukraine)
1886:(Romania)
1880:(Romania)
1856:(Nigeria)
1850:(Myanmar)
1828:(Liberia)
1799:(Croatia)
1769:(Burundi)
1643:Elections
1524:Tax haven
1452:Extortion
1412:Collusion
1393:Baksheesh
1050:210063866
1042:1554-0626
1003:158446483
995:0020-8183
981:: 33–69.
932:30 August
857:Indonesia
545:Lithuania
192:Australia
177:Argentina
72:Languages
47:Effective
1959:Laws and
1892:(Russia)
1874:(Poland)
1822:(Latvia)
1781:(China)
1743:National
1597:Nepotism
1567:Cronyism
1472:Kickback
1236:18 March
1077:18 March
867:See also
861:Malaysia
714:Slovenia
699:Slovakia
665:Portugal
297:Colombia
252:Bulgaria
98:) is an
66:See text
2219:Bribery
2150:History
2048:Protest
1920:(Spain)
1810:(India)
1509:Scandal
1407:Bribery
1386:General
684:Romania
466:Ireland
451:Iceland
436:Hungary
406:Germany
376:Finland
361:Estonia
346:Denmark
222:Belgium
207:Austria
151:Members
125:History
111:bribery
105:of the
78:English
52: (
37: (
1837:BIANCO
1145:. OECD
1048:
1040:
1001:
993:
958:27 May
859:, and
831:
816:
804:Turkey
801:
774:Sweden
771:
756:
741:
726:
711:
696:
681:
662:
650:Poland
647:
632:
620:Norway
617:
602:
587:
575:Mexico
572:
557:
542:
530:Latvia
527:
512:
493:
481:Israel
478:
463:
448:
433:
421:Greece
418:
403:
391:France
388:
373:
358:
343:
324:
309:
294:
279:
267:Canada
264:
249:
237:Brazil
234:
219:
204:
189:
174:
131:ad hoc
81:French
32:Signed
1797:USKOK
1545:State
1457:Fraud
1435:Shell
1430:Dummy
1068:(PDF)
1046:S2CID
999:S2CID
849:China
759:Spain
515:Japan
496:Italy
282:Chile
1260:2014
1238:2012
1212:2017
1205:OECD
1176:2017
1169:OECD
1151:2017
1129:2020
1122:OECD
1104:2020
1097:OECD
1079:2012
1038:ISSN
991:ISSN
960:2024
934:2018
853:Peru
635:Oman
107:OECD
90:The
1814:KPK
1072:IMF
1030:doi
983:doi
113:of
2210::
1400:/
1229:.
1167:.
1120:.
1095:.
1044:.
1036:.
1026:16
1024:.
1020:.
997:.
989:.
979:72
977:.
951:.
925:.
912:^
863:.
855:,
851:,
2135:e
2128:t
2121:v
1305:e
1298:t
1291:v
1262:.
1240:.
1214:.
1178:.
1153:.
1131:.
1106:.
1081:.
1052:.
1032::
1005:.
985::
962:.
936:.
56:)
41:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.