751:
1259:
846:
736:
869:
create or maintain the loyalty and allegiance of their populations", "individuals and groups typically revert to or develop alternative patterns of affiliation". This causes the family, tribe, clan or other group to become "the main reference points for political action, often in opposition to the state". According to
Williams, globalization has "not only... challenged individual
1104:
engage strategically with VNSAs. This tendency has strengthened since the end of the Cold War, partly because of the strong discouragement of humanitarian engagement with VNSAs in counterterrorism legislation and donor funding restrictions. In their opinion, further study is necessary to identify ways in which humanitarian agencies can develop productive dialogue with VNSAs.
868:
Phil
Williams stated in 2008 that in the 21st century, they "have become a pervasive challenge to nation-states". Williams argues that VNSAs develop out of poor state governance but also contribute to the further undermining of governance by the state. He explains that when weak states are "unable to
1103:
propose that engagement with VNSAs, which they call armed non-state actors, is essential to humanitarian efforts in conflicts. They claim that it is often necessary to do so to facilitate access to those affected and to provide humanitarian assistance. However, humanitarian agencies often fail to
1066:
Violent non-state actors have drawn international condemnation for relying heavily on children under the age of 18 as combatants, scouts, porters, spies, informants, and in other roles (although many state armed forces also recruit children). In 2017, for example, the United
Nations identified 14
1038:
is disputed. An attempt at a global definition appears in the working draft of
Comprehensive Convention Against International Terrorism, which defines terrorism as a type of act, rather than as a type of group. Specifically, "terrorism" in the draft refers to the threatened or actual intentional
873:
to manage economic affairs, it has also provided facilitators and force multipliers for VNSAs". Transnational flows of arms, for example, are no longer under the exclusive surveillance of states. Globalization helps VNSAs develop transnational social capital and alliances as well as funding
856:
Thomas, Kiser, and
Casebeer asserted in 2005 that "VNSA play a prominent, often destabilizing role in nearly every humanitarian and political crisis faced by the international community". As a new type of actor in international relations, VNSAs represent a departure from the traditional
1090:
guerilla movement in
Colombia agreed in 2016 to stop recruiting children. In other situations, the use of children was increasing in 2017, particularly in Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria and Syria, where Islamist militants and groups opposing them intensified efforts to recruit children.
1107:
The
International Security Department and the International Law Programme at Chatham House are seeking to understand the dynamics that will determine support for a principle-based approach to engagement by humanitarian actors with VNSAs.
2071:
990:, who are leaders using armed violence to exercise military, economic, and political control over territory within a sovereign state. Warlords have a long history in Afghanistan, for example.
1043:
when the purpose of the conduct, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a
Government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act.
2402:
950:
in the Indian Ocean. Private military companies are also active in counter-piracy, and thus provide an example of violent non-state actors combating other violent non-state actors.
2391:
2317:
2369:
819:
While some VNSAs oppose governments, others are allied to them. Some VNSAs are organized as paramilitary groups, adopting methods and structure similar to those of state
2380:
1858:
1436:
Affi, Ladan; Elmi, Afyare A.; Knight, W. Andy; Mohamed, Said (2016-05-03). "Countering piracy through private security in the Horn of Africa: prospects and pitfalls".
1078:
Not all armed groups use children, and approximately 60 that used to do so have entered agreements to reduce or end the practice since 1999. For example, by 2017 the
156:
2119:
1072:
566:
1800:
1804:
2358:
1068:
525:
2495:
1745:
651:
2151:
230:
1943:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism"
1829:
1813:
1075:, Iraq, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria, Gaza - Palestinian Territories, The Philippines, Singapore, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen.
2106:
1772:
656:
646:
1087:
684:
621:
187:
17:
2339:
2306:
2228:
2209:
2017:
1484:
1230:
1964:
2090:
611:
606:
488:
1177:
722:
626:
616:
520:
1942:
2277:
1894:
601:
2480:
956:. Both pirates and private military companies are also part of this group, along other less malicious actors, such as
2421:
1882:
Ghost Wars: The Secret
History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
981:
576:
494:
641:
2500:
1756:
980:
groups, which make use of military methods and structures to pursue their agenda, such as the now-decommissioned
953:
933:
581:
2135:
2072:"Floating armouries in the Indian Ocean and the risk of diversion involving private maritime security companies"
1729:
2110:
1100:
923:
635:
479:
901:, for example, may carry out assassinations, kidnappings, thefts, extortions; operate protection rackets; and
861:
system of states in two ways: by providing an alternative to state governance; and by challenging the state's
2035:
1079:
1380:
264:
2510:
2505:
1132:
824:
375:
344:
273:
62:
1985:
1771:
Casebeer, William, (USAF, USAF Academy); Thomas, Maj. Troy (USAF 1st
Fighter Wing IN.) (December 2002).
689:
177:
162:
571:
1117:
1061:
970:
Citizen militia, which may form to protect a locality from (or threaten it with) attack, such as the
755:
591:
369:
360:
1057:
1053:
1031:
943:
805:
2331:
Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001
1845:
890:
2404:
Towards a Principled Approach to Engagement with Non-state Armed Groups for Humanitarian Purposes
2255:
1013:
946:, and corporations that either have their own, or hire, private military services. An example is
858:
762:
715:
412:
289:
279:
52:
2469:. INSS Occasional Paper 43. USAF Institute for National Security Studies USAF Academy, Colorado.
2107:"Briefing Paper: Talking to the other side: Humanitarian engagement with armed non-state actors"
823:. Others may be informally structured and use violence in other ways, such as kidnapping, using
501:
457:
192:
141:
87:
2431:
San-Akca, Belgin (2009). "Supporting Non-state Armed Groups (NAGs): A Resort to Illegality?".
1760:
1034:, and the term is frequently used as a political tactic to denounce opponents whose status as
2393:
Humanitarian Action and Non-state Armed Groups: The Impact of Banking Restrictions on UK NGOs
2329:
2199:
1794:
1137:
1127:
1018:
294:
132:
107:
2168:
2007:
932:, outlaws that rob ships or take hostages in order to get a ransom. Recent examples include
2240:"UN Officials congratulate MILF for completion of disengagement of children from its ranks"
862:
750:
318:
202:
112:
57:
8:
797:
694:
631:
407:
259:
235:
137:
122:
97:
92:
1886:
1880:
2448:
2159:
2058:
1777:
1461:
919:
708:
350:
340:
304:
34:
2239:
1786:
2452:
2417:
2335:
2302:
2224:
2205:
2179:
2036:"Engaging non-state armed actors in state and peace-building: options and strategies"
2013:
1890:
1465:
1453:
1388:
1236:
1226:
1142:
1122:
957:
915:
679:
442:
422:
220:
152:
2062:
1920:
Drake, C J M (21 Dec 2007). "The role of ideology in terrorists' target selection".
2440:
2298:
Conflict and Transnational Crime: Borders, Bullets & Business in Southeast Asia
2050:
1929:
1445:
947:
437:
299:
1449:
1067:
countries where children were widely used by armed groups: Afghanistan, Colombia,
1039:
injury to others, and serious damage to property resulting in major economic loss:
2371:
Humanitarian Action and Non-state Armed Groups: The International Legal Framework
1152:
1147:
911:
840:
828:
556:
467:
447:
225:
147:
1830:"A law unto themselves? Confronting the recruitment of children by armed groups"
870:
484:
402:
335:
269:
167:
102:
2444:
2054:
1933:
1240:
2489:
2461:
2382:
Humanitarian Action and Non-state Armed Groups: The UK Regulatory Environment
2183:
1990:
1864:
1457:
1392:
967:
in and around Nigeria, that espouse armed violence as a moral or sacred duty.
462:
197:
1814:"Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers"
1222:
The new dogs of war : nonstate actor violence in international politics
902:
845:
1728:
Bahiss, Ibraheem; Jackson, Ashley; Mayhew, Leigh; Weigand, Florian (2022).
1220:
1172:
1157:
977:
937:
813:
801:
472:
397:
1641:
1503:
735:
1602:
1083:
971:
936:. Some pirates also state that they serve as "coastguards" in place of a
898:
878:
793:
385:
380:
284:
2296:
2219:
Thomas, Troy S.; Kiser, Stephen D.; Casebeer, William D. (August 2005).
2012:(illustrated ed.). Elsevier (Butterworth-Heinemann). pp. 4–5.
1629:
994:
Phil Williams, in an overview article, identifies five types of VNSAs:
964:
786:
432:
427:
390:
1746:"Modeling Violent Non-State Actors: A Summary of Concepts and Methods"
792:
VNSAs vary widely in their goals, size, and methods. They may include
785:), are individuals or groups that are wholly or partly independent of
1592:
1590:
1551:
1491:
1167:
1162:
1035:
1008:
743:
42:
2278:"Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017"
1744:
Bartolomei, Jason; Casebeer, William; Thomas, Troy (November 2004).
1730:"Rethinking armed group control: Towards a new conceptual framework"
1619:
1617:
1324:
1202:
1200:
1198:
820:
365:
75:
1905:
1755:(4). Colorado: Institute for Information Technology Applications,
1665:
1587:
2463:
Lords of the Silk Route: Violent Non-State Actors in Central Asia
2193:(57). USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy.
1003:
998:
987:
809:
739:
417:
355:
2256:"Draft comprehensive convention against international terrorism"
1614:
1195:
2006:
Halibozek, Edward P.; Jones, Andy; Kovacich, Gerald L. (2008).
929:
452:
1677:
1575:
1381:"Somali pirate: 'We're not murderers... we just attack ships'"
1348:
1843:
1827:
1647:
1608:
1509:
849:
816:
established by state governments to further their interests.
1811:
1635:
2120:"Understanding agency in civilian-armed group interactions"
2009:
The corporate security professional's handbook on terrorism
1086:
had released nearly 2,000 children from its ranks, and the
789:
and which threaten or use violence to achieve their goals.
2136:"Crime and communities: Life under criminal group control"
1727:
1336:
877:
The term has been used in several papers published by the
2134:
Jackson, Ashley; Weigand, Florian; Tindall, Theo (2023).
2118:
Jackson, Ashley; Weigand, Florian; Tindall, Theo (2022).
1773:"Deterring Violent Non-State Actors in the New Millenium"
1704:
1539:
1417:
1312:
1247:
2198:
Sinclair, Samuel Justin; Antonius, Daniel (7 May 2012).
2182:; Farah, Douglas; Lochard, Itamara V. (September 2004).
2034:
Hofmann, Claudia; Schneckener, Ulrich (September 2011).
1743:
1563:
1330:
2323:. Zurich: International Relations and Security Network.
2091:"Afghanistan: Taliban Child Soldier Recruitment Surges"
2152:"Violent Non-State Actors: Countering Dynamic Systems"
2005:
1694:
1692:
1557:
2221:
Warlords Rising: Confronting Violent Non-state Actors
2133:
2117:
1435:
1360:
2275:
2150:
Thomas, Troy S.; Casebeer, William D. (March 2004).
1671:
1623:
1527:
1497:
1405:
27:
Groups independent of governments which use violence
2360:
Humanitarian Engagement with Non-state Armed Groups
2253:
2218:
1962:
1860:
Humanitarian Engagement with Non-state Armed Groups
1689:
1596:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1265:
2178:
2088:
2033:
1683:
1653:
1354:
1300:
1206:
2481:Transnational and Non-State Armed Groups Database
1515:
1472:
893:. Common and influential types of VNSAs include:
889:Violent non-state actors engage in combat in all
2487:
2197:
1581:
1283:
1271:
2460:Thomas, Troy S.; Kiser, Stephen D. (May 2002).
2149:
1770:
1342:
1318:
2400:
2069:
1986:"India's Naxalites: A spectre haunting India"
1906:"Blackwater and Private Military Contractors"
1857:
1753:IITA Research Publication, Information Series
1710:
1423:
1253:
716:
2389:
2184:"Armed Groups: A Tier-One Security Priority"
1846:"Des Milliers de vies à réparer (in French)"
1799:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1025:
2459:
2401:Lewis, Patricia; Keatinge, Michael (2016).
800:, religious and ideological organizations,
2414:Violent Non-State Actors in World Politics
2327:
1803:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1569:
1094:
922:) to pursue their aims. An example is the
723:
709:
2276:United Nations Secretary-General (2017).
1984:
1366:
963:Religious or ideological groups, such as
2430:
2315:
2254:United Nations General Assembly (2005).
1965:"Understanding definitions of terrorism"
1940:
1903:
1545:
1533:
1483:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDrake1998 (
1411:
1306:
1294:
1277:
844:
749:
734:
178:Special-interest / Single-issue
2367:
2294:
2104:
2089:Human Rights Watch (17 February 2016).
1698:
1378:
14:
2488:
2390:Keatinge, Tom; Keen, Florence (2017).
2237:
1844:Child Soldiers International (2016b).
1828:Child Soldiers International (2016a).
1659:
1331:Bartolomei, Casebeer & Thomas 2004
1218:
526:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
2411:
2378:
2356:
2043:International Review of the Red Cross
1919:
1812:Child Soldiers International (2012).
1478:
914:or sections of them that have chosen
1878:
1558:Halibozek, Jones & Kovacich 2008
1521:
2496:International relations terminology
2316:Williams, Phil (28 November 2008).
1178:Grey-zone (international relations)
908:from rival groups and the military.
24:
2350:
1648:Child Soldiers International 2016a
1609:Child Soldiers International 2016a
1510:Child Soldiers International 2016b
1047:
25:
2522:
2474:
2368:Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara (2017).
2201:The Psychology of Terrorism Fears
1636:Child Soldiers International 2012
1266:Thomas, Kiser & Casebeer 2005
982:Provisional Irish Republican Army
2204:. Oxford University Press, USA.
1922:Terrorism and Political Violence
1355:Shultz, Farah & Lochard 2004
1073:Democratic Republic of the Congo
974:in the Central African Republic.
1757:United States Air Force Academy
1429:
1372:
954:Violent non-state actors at sea
934:piracy off the coast of Somalia
2111:Overseas Development Institute
2070:Holtom, P; Chapsos, I (2015).
1212:
1207:Hofmann & Schneckener 2011
1101:Overseas Development Institute
1030:There is no commonly accepted
834:
13:
1:
1904:Daugaard, C A (August 2012).
1450:10.1080/01436597.2015.1114882
1183:
1080:Moro Islamic Liberation Front
2433:Journal of Strategic Studies
2416:. London: C Hurst & Co.
2143:ODI / Centre on Armed Groups
2127:ODI / Centre on Armed Groups
1963:European Parliament (2015).
1737:ODI / Centre on Armed Groups
1582:Sinclair & Antonius 2012
1225:. Cornell University Press.
1188:
825:improvised explosive devices
806:private military contractors
7:
1379:Bahadur, Jay (2011-05-24).
1133:List of guerrilla movements
1111:
521:Designated terrorist groups
10:
2527:
2318:"Violent Non-State Actors"
2238:UNICEF (4 December 2017).
1720:
1343:Thomas & Casebeer 2004
1319:Casebeer & Thomas 2002
1051:
944:Private military companies
924:Naxalite-Maoist insurgency
838:
690:Anti-terrorism legislation
2445:10.1080/01402390902987012
2328:Williamson, Myra (2009).
2295:Weigand, Florian (2020).
2055:10.1017/S1816383112000148
1934:10.1080/09546559808427457
1672:UN Secretary-General 2017
1624:UN Secretary-General 2017
1498:UN Secretary-General 2017
1424:Holtom & Chapsos 2015
1118:Fourth-generation warfare
1062:Impact of war on children
1032:definition of "terrorism"
1026:Relationship to terrorism
685:International conventions
592:State-sponsored terrorism
1597:UN General Assembly 2005
1069:Central African Republic
1058:Child soldiers in Africa
1054:Children in the military
897:Criminal organizations,
884:
767:violent non-state actors
548:Violent non-state actors
1684:Human Rights Watch 2016
1095:Humanitarian engagement
1014:Terrorist organizations
859:Westphalian sovereignty
831:into computer systems.
763:international relations
290:Clandestine cell system
2501:International security
2412:Mulaj, Klejda (2010).
2357:Bryce, Hannah (2016).
2334:. Ashgate Publishing.
1785:(10): . Archived from
1045:
1019:Criminal organizations
853:
779:non-state armed groups
775:non-state armed actors
758:
756:Lord's Resistance Army
747:
458:Propaganda of the deed
18:Non-state armed groups
2191:INSS Occasional Paper
1438:Third World Quarterly
1219:Thomas, Ward (2021).
1138:Lone wolf (terrorism)
1128:Law without the state
1041:
848:
753:
738:
674:Response to terrorism
295:Leaderless resistance
2379:Jones, Kate (2017).
1941:Emmerson, B (2016).
1885:. Penguin. pp.
1766:on October 18, 2011.
972:anti-balaka movement
863:monopoly of violence
798:liberation movements
113:Right-wing/Far-right
2223:. Lexington Books.
2167:(3). Archived from
2105:Jackson, A (2012).
1099:Researchers at the
814:paramilitary groups
695:Terrorism insurance
496:Rockets and mortars
236:Resistance movement
2511:Political violence
2506:Irregular military
2180:Shultz, Richard H.
2160:Strategic Insights
1778:Strategic Insights
1711:Chatham House 2016
1254:Chatham House 2016
948:floating armouries
920:asymmetric warfare
912:People's movements
854:
759:
748:
341:Aircraft hijacking
98:Left-wing/Far-left
2341:978-0-7546-7403-0
2308:978 1 78990 519 9
2230:978-0-7391-1190-1
2211:978-0-19-538811-4
2174:on March 1, 2009.
2019:978-0-7506-8257-2
1789:on March 6, 2008.
1232:978-1-5017-5890-4
1143:National security
1123:Guerrilla warfare
926:in central India.
916:guerrilla tactics
794:narcotics cartels
773:), also known as
733:
732:
680:Counter-terrorism
665:
664:
423:Individual terror
244:
243:
221:Violent extremism
16:(Redirected from
2518:
2470:
2468:
2456:
2427:
2408:
2397:
2386:
2375:
2364:
2345:
2324:
2322:
2312:
2301:. Edward Elgar.
2291:
2289:
2288:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2234:
2215:
2194:
2188:
2175:
2173:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2130:
2124:
2114:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2049:(883): 603–621.
2040:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1937:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1900:
1879:Coll, S (2004).
1875:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1808:
1798:
1790:
1767:
1765:
1759:. Archived from
1750:
1740:
1734:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1548:, p. 10-11.
1543:
1537:
1536:, pp. 9–16.
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1500:, p. 30-31.
1495:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1216:
1210:
1204:
808:), self-defence
725:
718:
711:
542:
541:
515:Terrorist groups
497:
231:Militia movement
198:Green/Ecological
103:Narcotics-driven
81:
80:
30:
29:
21:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2466:
2424:
2353:
2351:Further reading
2348:
2342:
2320:
2309:
2286:
2284:
2267:
2265:
2258:
2244:
2242:
2231:
2212:
2186:
2171:
2154:
2138:
2122:
2095:
2093:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2038:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1997:
1995:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1910:
1908:
1897:
1869:
1867:
1850:
1848:
1834:
1832:
1818:
1816:
1792:
1791:
1763:
1748:
1732:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1570:Williamson 2009
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:, pp. 6–7.
1305:
1301:
1293:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1196:
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2169:the original
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2078:. Retrieved
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2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1994:. 2006-04-12
1989:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:
1928:(2): 53–85.
1925:
1921:
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1881:
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1859:
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1833:. Retrieved
1817:. Retrieved
1795:cite journal
1787:the original
1782:
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1761:the original
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1699:Jackson 2012
1679:
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1517:
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1396:. Retrieved
1385:The Guardian
1384:
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1326:
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1280:, p. 4.
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1173:War on Drugs
1158:Paramilitary
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978:Paramilitary
938:failed state
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802:corporations
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754:Flag of the
642:Saudi Arabia
636:Soviet Union
572:Soviet Union
547:
398:Bioterrorism
361:Animal-borne
2025:17 December
1660:UNICEF 2017
1268:, p. .
1084:Philippines
879:US military
835:Description
787:governments
285:Death squad
188:Suffragette
108:Nationalist
53:Definitions
2490:Categories
2287:2018-01-24
2282:www.un.org
2268:2018-01-24
2263:www.un.org
2245:25 January
2096:25 January
2080:24 January
1998:2009-07-13
1977:2018-01-24
1955:2018-01-24
1950:www.un.org
1911:18 January
1851:18 January
1835:19 January
1819:19 January
1479:Drake 1998
1398:2020-05-25
1241:1236896058
1184:References
1052:See also:
1036:terrorists
1009:Insurgents
965:Boko Haram
839:See also:
796:, popular
582:Uzbekistan
567:Kazakhstan
433:Kidnapping
428:Insurgency
376:Improvised
203:Misogynist
2453:216087570
1522:Coll 2004
1466:155886392
1458:0143-6597
1393:0261-3077
1189:Citations
1168:Vigilante
1163:Terrorism
1021:and gangs
744:Nicaragua
657:Venezuela
538:Adherents
438:Lone wolf
351:Beheading
300:Lone wolf
260:Financing
253:Structure
138:Christian
123:Religious
93:Communist
88:Anarchist
63:Incidents
43:Terrorism
2063:56050385
1112:See also
1004:Militias
999:Warlords
988:Warlords
891:terrains
622:Pakistan
480:Stabbing
463:Shooting
305:Domestic
265:Fronting
133:Buddhist
76:ideology
35:a series
33:Part of
1721:Sources
1088:FARC-EP
930:Pirates
829:hacking
810:militia
740:Contras
487: (
443:Nuclear
408:Dry run
368: (
356:Bombing
343: (
325:Tactics
322:Methods
153:Islamic
58:History
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2016:
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1870:6 July
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1060:, and
812:, and
804:(e.g.
746:, 1987
632:Russia
612:Kuwait
607:Israel
468:School
453:Piracy
386:Threat
381:Letter
274:online
163:Jewish
142:Mormon
2467:(PDF)
2449:S2CID
2321:(PDF)
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2059:S2CID
2039:(PDF)
1968:(PDF)
1946:(PDF)
1764:(PDF)
1749:(PDF)
1733:(PDF)
1462:S2CID
885:Types
850:MS-13
827:, or
783:NSAGs
771:VNSAs
647:Syria
627:Qatar
617:Libya
473:Spree
448:Paper
391:Proxy
148:Hindu
2418:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2247:2018
2225:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2098:2018
2082:2018
2027:2016
2014:ISBN
1913:2018
1891:ISBN
1872:2017
1853:2018
1837:2018
1821:2018
1805:link
1801:link
1485:help
1454:ISSN
1389:ISSN
1237:OCLC
1227:ISBN
905:turf
602:Iran
489:list
370:list
345:list
168:Sikh
2441:doi
2165:III
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1930:doi
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