1357:"Hīnayāna" refers to a critical but strictly limited set of views, practices, and results. The pre-Mahāyāna historical traditions such as the Theravāda are far richer, more complex, and more profound than the definition of "Hīnayāna" would allow. ... The term "Hīnayāna" is thus a stereotype that is useful in talking about a particular stage on the Tibetan Buddhist path, but it is really not appropriate to assume that the Tibetan definition of Hīnayāna identifies a venerable living tradition as the Theravāda or any other historical school
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1338:(literally, "hearer vehicle" or "disciples' vehicle") is also sometimes used for the same purpose. Other terms that have been used in similar senses include sectarian Buddhism or conservative Buddhism. Note that nikāya is also a term used in Theravāda Buddhism to refer to a subschool or subsect within Theravada.
1341:
Like the term
Hinayana Buddhism, the term Nikāya Buddhism focuses on the presumed commonality between the schools, and not on the actual schools themselves. This commonality is thought to be found in a certain attitude. The term "Nikāya Buddhism" tries to shift the attention to the more neutral issue
1262:
writes of this, "At the end of a religious ceremony or an act of piety, the bhikkhu who gives benedictions, usually admonishes the congregation to make a resolution to attain
Nirvana by realising one of the three Bodhis - Sravakabodhi, Pratyekabodhi or Samyaksambodhi - as they wish according to their
1392:: "'Nikaya Buddhism' is a coinage of Professor Masatoshi Nagatomi of Harvard University who suggested it to me as a usage for the eighteen schools of Indian Buddhism, to avoid the term 'Hinayana Buddhism,' which is found offensive by some members of the Theravada tradition."
1326:
According to Robert
Thurman, the term "Nikāya Buddhism" was coined by Masatoshi Nagatomi of Harvard University, as a way to avoid the usage of the term Hinayana. "Nikaya Buddhism" is thus an attempt to find a more neutral way of referring to Buddhists who follow one of the
1319:, whereas as a division of Buddhism, it refers solely to the individuals who follow the former vehicle, towards the achievement of Savakabuddhahood, while the Mahāyāna in the sense of the bodhisattva path existed within the early schools already.
1280:
or ordination lineage from the Indian nikāyas, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to one of these nikāyas. This continues today with the
Dharmaguptaka nikāya in East Asia, and the
1206:. Bhāvaviveka also wrote of the Siddhārthikas using a Vidyādhāra Piṭaka, and the Pūrvaśailas and Aparaśailas both using a Bodhisattva Piṭaka, implying organized collections of Mahāyāna texts within these Mahāsāṃghika nikāyas.
1271:
Jan
Nattier writes that there is also no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas.
1143:. Conventionally numbering eighteen, the actual count varied over time. The doctrinal orientation of each school differed somewhat, as did the number of piṭakas in their canon. An example of this is the
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1973:
1258:, or enlightenment. The Theravada nikaya only uses the Pāli Canon, which has three piṭakas, and does not contain separate literature for bodhisattvas.
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It is sensible to use a terms for a division of population which is ideally used by themselves, and failing that, at least not offensive to them.
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1171:. Therefore, for the Mahāsāṃghikas, the bodhisattva ideal and buddhahood was advocated over the ideal of becoming an arhat.
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word meaning "group" or "assemblage", referring to the collection of early
Buddhist schools or non-Mahayana schools.
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A Few Good Men: The
Bodhisattva Path According to the Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā): a Study and Translation
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and the early
Buddhist schools. Some scholars exclude pre-sectarian Buddhism when using the term. The term
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Hīnayāna was coined by the Mahāyāna, and has never been used by Nikāya
Buddhists to refer to themselves.
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Hīnayāna, (literally "inferior vehicle"), is often regarded as an offensive or pejorative term.
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The Mahāsāṃghika nikāyas generally advocated the transcendental and supramundane nature of the
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as using a "Great Āgama Piṭaka", which is then associated with Mahāyāna sūtras such as the
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Thurman, Robert (1981). "The emptiness that is compassion: an essay on
Buddhist ethics".
1394:
Thurman, Robert (1981). "The emptiness that is compassion: an essay on Buddhist ethics".
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generally accepts the three vehicles, but categorizes these as three different types of
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has similarly noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate
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is known to employ the outlook of Buddhist practice as consisting of three vehicles:
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Early Buddhism in India is generally divided into various monastic fraternities, or
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The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikāya Theory
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group of nikāyas, the Pūrvaśailas and the Aparaśailas each were known to have the
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to refer to Nikāya Buddhism. However, that term is now generally seen as flawed:
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refers to Buddhist practices based on these early teachings, as preserved in the
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Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism
1311:
Hīnayāna as a technical term, indicated the vehicles of both the
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Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture
1243:. References to the Bodhisattvayāna and the practice of the Six
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of attitude concerning the authenticity of scriptures.
1476:
1447:
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1628:
Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes
1488:
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1418:
1406:
1576:
1430:
1247:are commonly found in Sarvāstivāda works as well.
1457:
4461:
1297:Many commenters on Buddhism have used the term
1676:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra
1218:, the Sarvāstivādins were a major nikāya. The
1802:
1209:
1154:
1064:
419:
2584:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
1745:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
1147:, which included a Bodhisattva Piṭaka and a
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1809:
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3771:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
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1468:sfn error: no target: CITEREFXing2004 (
1393:
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3974:List of Buddhist architecture in China
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1515:. Access to Insight. Archived from
1091:as a non-derogatory substitute for
13:
3761:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1198:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
522:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
517:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
4486:
4442:
4432:
4431:
3989:Thai temple art and architecture
3734:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1974:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
1840:
1827:
1817:
1038:
457:
43:
1841:
1604:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism
1591:
1557:
1513:"Bodhisattva Ideal in Buddhism"
1099:. Examples of these groups are
16:Group of early Buddhist schools
3979:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3781:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2861:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
2052:Places where the Buddha stayed
1655:. University of Hawaii Press.
1379:
1293:"Hinayana" and Nikaya Buddhism
1:
3994:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1724:. Columbia University Press.
1373:
3751:Buddhism and the Roman world
3727:Decline of Buddhism in India
3722:History of Buddhism in India
1822: Topics in
1174:Avalokitavrata wrote of the
1114:
720:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
2949:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2689:
1361:
1225:
1197:
1134:
10:
4491:
3899:The unanswerable questions
1388:and Masatoshi Nagatomi of
1345:A concise analysis by the
1210:In the Sthaviravāda branch
1155:In the Mahāsāṃghika branch
4427:
4379:
4294:
4209:
3984:Buddhist temples in Korea
3907:
3809:
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3389:
3317:
3144:
3017:
2957:
2592:
2547:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2458:
2450:Three planes of existence
2398:
2243:
2135:
2065:
2057:Buddha in world religions
1919:
1864:
1836:
1167:, and the fallibility of
3766:Persecution of Buddhists
2987:Four stages of awakening
2368:Three marks of existence
1954:Physical characteristics
1267:Relationship to Mahāyāna
1250:The Theravada sect from
3129:Ten principal disciples
2012:(aunt, adoptive mother)
1718:Walser, Joseph (2012).
1631:. Motilal Banarsidass.
740:Philosophical reasoning
3839:Buddhism and democracy
3352:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3347:Chinese Buddhist canon
2579:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2574:Early Buddhist schools
1368:Early Buddhist schools
1359:
1331:, and their practice.
1329:early Buddhist schools
1101:pre-sectarian Buddhism
1097:early Buddhist schools
507:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
245:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
236:Early Buddhist schools
199:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3849:Eight Consciousnesses
1959:Life of Buddha in art
1355:
775:Aids to Enlightenment
600:Dependent Origination
4326:East Asian religions
3756:Buddhism in the West
3327:Early Buddhist texts
2942:Four Right Exertions
2408:Ten spiritual realms
1901:Noble Eightfold Path
1772:. Psychology Press.
1607:. Sarup & Sons.
1566:Religious Traditions
1396:Religious Traditions
745:Devotional practices
568:Noble Eightfold Path
118:Tibetan EBTs in the
63:Early Buddhist Texts
4475:Schools of Buddhism
4449:Religion portal
4196:Temple of the Tooth
4075:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3114:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
2607:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2390:Two truths doctrine
2210:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2010:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1045:Buddhism portal
918:Buddhism by country
680:Sanskrit literature
155:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī
4371:Western philosophy
3969:Dzong architecture
3791:Vipassana movement
3786:Buddhist modernism
3214:Emperor Wen of Sui
2982:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2915:Threefold Training
2717:Vipassana movement
2433:Hungry Ghost realm
2253:Avidyā (Ignorance)
2200:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1949:Great Renunciation
1944:Eight Great Events
1826:
1390:Harvard University
1237:Pratyekabuddhayāna
1226:Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra
1130:In Indian Buddhism
1089:Masatoshi Nagatomi
532:Buddhist modernism
207:Kingdom of Magadha
4457:
4456:
4095:Om mani padme hum
3801:Women in Buddhism
3717:Buddhist councils
3587:Western countries
3375:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
3136:Shaolin Monastery
2713:Samatha-vipassanā
2323:Pratītyasamutpāda
2127:Metteyya/Maitreya
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1874:Four Noble Truths
1779:978-0-415-33344-3
1755:978-1-134-25056-1
1731:978-0-231-50623-6
1710:978-0-8348-2438-6
1686:978-0-7914-7814-1
1662:978-0-8248-2607-9
1638:978-81-208-0272-8
1614:978-81-7625-152-5
1519:on March 18, 2011
1081:
1080:
563:Four Noble Truths
436:
435:
222:Buddhist councils
217:Moggaliputtatissa
4482:
4447:
4446:
4435:
4434:
4274:Sacred languages
4122:Maya Devi Temple
4085:Mahabodhi Temple
3889:Secular Buddhism
3854:Engaged Buddhism
2694:
2542:Tibetan Buddhism
2493:Vietnamese Thiền
2092:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
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2011:
2003:
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1623:Nakamura, Hajime
1618:
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1539:, p. 193-4.
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1347:Tibetan Buddhist
1287:Tibetan Buddhism
1283:Mūlasarvāstivāda
1228:
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1187:Ten Stages Sutra
1073:
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770:Sublime abidings
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350:Mulasarvastivada
114:Śālistamba Sūtra
47:
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3776:Buddhist crisis
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3337:Mahayana sutras
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3309:Thích Nhất Hạnh
3140:
3013:
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2903:Bodhisattva vow
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2353:Taṇhā (Craving)
2288:Five hindrances
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2061:
1915:
1860:
1832:
1815:
1780:
1756:
1732:
1711:
1687:
1663:
1639:
1615:
1599:Baruah, Bibhuti
1594:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1364:
1295:
1269:
1241:Bodhisattvayāna
1216:Sthavira nikāya
1212:
1157:
1137:
1132:
1117:
1085:Nikāya Buddhism
1077:
1037:
1030:
1029:
920:
910:
909:
860:
850:
849:
815:
805:
804:
710:
700:
699:
670:Mahayana Sutras
650:
640:
639:
580:Five Aggregates
558:
557:
537:
536:
527:Later Buddhists
492:
432:
403:
402:
401:
400:
238:
228:
227:
226:
201:
191:
190:
189:
134:
126:
125:
124:
57:
28:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4488:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4470:Nikaya schools
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4439:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4006:Greco-Buddhist
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3957:Burmese pagoda
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3739:Greco-Buddhism
3736:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:United Kingdom
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3617:Czech Republic
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3381:Abhidharmadīpa
3378:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3299:B. R. Ambedkar
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:Songtsen Gampo
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Eight precepts
2895:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2669:Five Strengths
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Mental factors
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:Mahamoggallāna
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2075:Avalokiteśvara
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1760:
1754:
1740:Williams, Paul
1736:
1730:
1715:
1709:
1691:
1685:
1679:. SUNY Press.
1667:
1661:
1643:
1637:
1619:
1613:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1585:, p. 240.
1575:
1556:
1554:, p. 4-5.
1541:
1529:
1499:
1497:, p. 456.
1487:
1485:, p. 189.
1475:
1456:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1386:Robert Thurman
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:pratyekabuddha
1309:
1306:
1294:
1291:
1268:
1265:
1260:Walpola Rahula
1211:
1208:
1181:Prajñāparamitā
1156:
1153:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1095:, meaning the
1087:was coined by
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
916:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
861:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
842:
837:
835:Pratyekabuddha
832:
827:
822:
816:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
797:
792:
790:Buddhist chant
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
711:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
648:Buddhist texts
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
576:
575:
565:
559:
556:
555:
550:
544:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
493:
488:
487:
484:
483:
482:
481:
476:
471:
463:
462:
454:
453:
447:
446:
434:
433:
431:
430:
423:
416:
408:
405:
404:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
391:
390:
376:
369:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
341:
340:
326:
319:
311:
310:
309:
304:
291:
290:
289:
286:
281:
280:
279:
274:
264:
263:
262:
255:Ekavyāvahārika
241:
240:
239:
234:
233:
230:
229:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
203:
202:
197:
196:
193:
192:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
150:Mahāmoggallāna
147:
142:
140:Gautama Buddha
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
84:Gandhāran EBTs
81:
76:
71:
66:
59:
58:
53:
52:
49:
48:
40:
39:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4487:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4211:Miscellaneous
4208:
4202:
4201:Vegetarianism
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Buddha in art
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:United States
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Padmasambhava
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3146:Major figures
3143:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:Western tulku
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
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2893:Five precepts
2891:
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2871:Dhamma vicaya
2869:
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2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Buddhābhiṣeka
2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
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2618:
2615:
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2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Enlightenment
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Dhamma theory
2271:
2269:
2268:Buddha-nature
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
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2208:
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2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Samantabhadra
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
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1793:
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1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:. Routledge.
1747:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:. Shambhala.
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:Ray, Reginald
1692:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1648:
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1610:
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1600:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1552:Williams 2008
1548:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1483:Nakamura 1987
1479:
1471:
1466:, p. 66.
1465:
1460:
1454:, p. 53.
1453:
1448:
1446:
1439:, p. 56.
1438:
1433:
1427:, p. 48.
1426:
1421:
1415:, p. 52.
1414:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1354:
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1332:
1330:
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1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1274:Paul Williams
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:Sarvāstivādin
1217:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:Mahāsāṃghikas
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:Dharmaguptaka
1142:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1074:
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1021:
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838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
809:
808:
801:
800:Vegetarianism
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:Recollections
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:Five precepts
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
704:
703:
696:
693:
691:
690:Chinese canon
688:
686:
685:Tibetan canon
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
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652:
649:
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623:
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608:
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583:
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561:
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541:
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523:
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515:
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452:
449:
448:
444:
440:
439:
429:
424:
422:
417:
415:
410:
409:
407:
406:
388:
387:Dharmaguptaka
384:
383:
381:
377:
374:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
360:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
338:
337:Dharmaguptaka
334:
333:
331:
327:
324:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
308:
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
287:
285:
282:
278:
277:Prajñaptivāda
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:Lokottaravāda
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
237:
232:
231:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
200:
195:
194:
186:
185:Anāthapiṇḍika
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Mahākātyāyana
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
130:
129:
121:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
56:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
27:
21:
20:
4389:Bodhisattvas
4309:Christianity
4304:Baháʼí Faith
4169:Dharmachakra
4159:Prayer wheel
4149:Prayer beads
3917:Architecture
3796:969 Movement
3580:Saudi Arabia
3558:Central Asia
3551:South Africa
3373:
3356:
3289:Panchen Lama
3194:Buddhapālita
2790:Satipatthana
2785:Mindful Yoga
2698:Recollection
2612:Brahmavihara
2483:Japanese Zen
2478:Chinese Chan
2438:Animal realm
2245:Key concepts
2067:Bodhisattvas
1879:Three Jewels
1768:
1744:
1720:
1699:
1675:
1651:
1647:Nattier, Jan
1627:
1603:
1592:Bibliography
1578:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1537:Nattier 2003
1532:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1490:
1478:
1459:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1381:
1356:
1351:Reginald Ray
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1313:Sāvakabuddha
1296:
1270:
1249:
1222:
1213:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1165:bodhisattvas
1158:
1138:
1119:
1118:
1084:
1082:
750:Merit making
715:Three Jewels
655:Buddhavacana
585:Impermanence
573:Dharma wheel
362:Vibhajyavāda
314:Sarvāstivāda
303:Vātsīputrīya
250:Mahāsāṃghika
133:Early sangha
4234:Dharma talk
4063:Asalha Puja
3859:Eschatology
3662:Switzerland
3642:New Zealand
3570:Middle East
3479:Philippines
3399:Afghanistan
3204:Bodhidharma
3189:Buddhaghosa
3109:Householder
3019:Monasticism
2972:Bodhisattva
2827:Prostration
2780:Mindfulness
2708:Anapanasati
2691:Kammaṭṭhāna
2488:Korean Seon
2428:Asura realm
2423:Human realm
2363:Ten Fetters
2318:Parinirvana
2220:Uppalavanna
2185:Mahākaccana
2170:Mahākassapa
2102:Kṣitigarbha
2097:Ākāśagarbha
1994:Suddhodāna
1939:Four sights
1866:Foundations
1764:Xing, Guang
1671:Padma, Sree
1495:Baruah 2000
1452:Walser 2012
1425:Baruah 2000
1413:Baruah 2000
1336:Śrāvakayāna
1263:capacity."
1233:Śrāvakayāna
985:New Zealand
840:Bodhisattva
825:Four Stages
780:Monasticism
760:Mindfulness
730:Perfections
660:Early Texts
345:Sautrāntika
318:(Haimavata)
299:Pudgalavada
288:(Haimavata)
272:Bahuśrutīya
160:Mahakasyapa
4464:Categories
4351:Psychology
4331:Gnosticism
4319:Comparison
4314:Influences
4296:Comparison
4179:Bhavacakra
4137:Kushinagar
4112:Pilgrimage
4058:Māgha Pūjā
4013:Bodhi Tree
3829:Buddhology
3819:Abhidharma
3811:Philosophy
3744:Menander I
3612:Costa Rica
3563:Uzbekistan
3404:Bangladesh
3358:Dhammapada
3342:Pali Canon
3304:Ajahn Chah
3284:Dalai Lama
3184:Kumārajīva
3179:Vasubandhu
3154:The Buddha
3062:Zen master
2997:Sakadagami
2977:Buddhahood
2908:Pratimokṣa
2723:Shikantaza
2679:Meditation
2654:Deity yoga
2525:Madhyamaka
2418:Deva realm
2313:Mindstream
2263:Bodhicitta
2175:Aṅgulimāla
2042:Devadatta
2018:Yaśodharā
1921:The Buddha
1911:Middle Way
1523:2011-02-20
1437:Padma 2008
1374:References
1285:nikāya in
1109:Pāli Canon
858:Traditions
795:Pilgrimage
735:Meditation
695:Post-canon
675:Pāli Canon
605:Middle Way
502:The Buddha
380:Mahīśāsaka
355:Vaibhāṣika
330:Mahīśāsaka
94:Abhidharma
89:Prātimokṣa
55:Scriptures
4419:Festivals
4399:Buddhists
4361:Theosophy
4164:Symbolism
4154:Hama yumi
4127:Bodh Gaya
3894:Socialism
3869:Evolution
3844:Economics
3682:Venezuela
3597:Australia
3592:Argentina
3516:Sri Lanka
3511:Singapore
3429:Indonesia
3391:Countries
3332:Tripiṭaka
3294:Ajahn Mun
3169:Nagarjuna
3164:Aśvaghoṣa
3047:Anagārika
3042:Śrāmaṇerī
3037:Śrāmaṇera
3032:Bhikkhunī
2992:Sotāpanna
2881:Passaddhi
2822:Offerings
2797:Nekkhamma
2674:Iddhipada
2594:Practices
2564:Theravada
2537:Vajrayana
2530:Yogachara
2500:Pure Land
2413:Six Paths
2400:Cosmology
2180:Anuruddha
2155:Sāriputta
2145:Kaundinya
2137:Disciples
2112:Vajrapāṇi
1964:Footprint
1929:Tathāgata
1464:Xing 2004
1334:The term
1252:Sri Lanka
1245:pāramitās
1190:. In the
1115:Etymology
1105:Theravada
1083:The term
1005:Sri Lanka
995:Singapore
950:Indonesia
890:Vajrayāna
865:Theravāda
820:Awakening
708:Practices
665:Tripiṭaka
635:Cosmology
610:Emptiness
590:Suffering
373:Kāśyapīya
367:Theravāda
323:Kāśyapīya
307:Saṃmitīya
294:Sthaviras
180:Devadatta
145:Sāriputta
109:Mahāvastu
69:Tripiṭaka
4437:Category
4366:Violence
4336:Hinduism
4284:Sanskrit
4239:Hinayana
4224:Amitābha
4184:Swastika
4053:Uposatha
4043:Holidays
4028:Calendar
3874:Humanism
3712:Kanishka
3702:Timeline
3526:Thailand
3494:Kalmykia
3489:Buryatia
3474:Pakistan
3459:Mongolia
3454:Maldives
3449:Malaysia
3414:Cambodia
3279:Shamarpa
3274:Nichiren
3224:Xuanzang
3159:Nagasena
3077:Rinpoche
2807:Pāramitā
2649:Devotion
2569:Navayana
2557:Dzogchen
2520:Nichiren
2468:Mahayana
2460:Branches
2338:Saṅkhāra
2087:Mañjuśrī
2044:(cousin)
2036:(cousin)
2004:(mother)
1996:(father)
1984:Miracles
1934:Birthday
1851:Glossary
1824:Buddhism
1766:(2005).
1742:(2008).
1697:(2002).
1673:(2008).
1649:(2003).
1625:(1987).
1601:(2000).
1583:Ray 2002
1572:: fn 10.
1402:: fn 10.
1362:See also
1315:and the
1299:Hīnayāna
1184:and the
1151:Piṭaka.
1135:Overview
1093:Hinayana
1015:Thailand
975:Mongolia
970:Malaysia
935:Cambodia
900:Navayana
880:Hinayana
875:Mahāyāna
785:Lay life
615:Morality
595:Not-self
553:Concepts
512:Councils
497:Timeline
469:Glossary
451:Buddhism
443:a series
441:Part of
267:Gokulika
104:Avadanas
37:Buddhism
26:a series
4414:Temples
4394:Buddhas
4356:Science
4346:Judaism
4341:Jainism
4259:Lineage
4219:Abhijñā
4189:Thangka
4132:Sarnath
4117:Lumbini
4038:Funeral
4033:Cuisine
3909:Culture
3884:Reality
3834:Creator
3824:Atomism
3694:History
3667:Ukraine
3627:Germany
3546:Senegal
3536:Vietnam
3464:Myanmar
3264:Shinran
3254:Karmapa
3229:Shandao
3199:Dignāga
3124:Śrāvaka
3104:Donchee
3099:Kappiya
3057:Sayadaw
3027:Bhikkhu
3002:Anāgāmi
2959:Nirvana
2925:Samadhi
2812:Paritta
2753:Tonglen
2748:Mandala
2703:Smarana
2684:Mantras
2632:Upekkha
2602:Bhavana
2552:Shingon
2505:Tiantai
2358:Tathātā
2348:Śūnyatā
2343:Skandha
2333:Saṃsāra
2328:Rebirth
2303:Kleshas
2293:Indriya
2195:Subhūti
2080:Guanyin
2034:Ānanda
2026:Rāhula
1906:Nirvana
1846:Outline
1214:In the
1204:Prakrit
1192:Caitika
1161:buddhas
1149:Dhāraṇī
1141:nikāyas
1025:Vietnam
980:Myanmar
895:Tibetan
885:Chinese
813:Nirvāṇa
630:Saṃsāra
625:Rebirth
490:History
479:Outline
284:Caitika
120:Kangyur
99:Jatakas
74:Nikayas
23:Part of
4409:Sutras
4404:Suttas
4269:Siddhi
4254:Koliya
4229:Brahmā
4144:Poetry
4090:Mantra
4080:Kasaya
3952:Pagoda
3932:Kyaung
3927:Vihāra
3922:Temple
3864:Ethics
3707:Ashoka
3657:Sweden
3652:Poland
3647:Norway
3637:Mexico
3622:France
3607:Canada
3602:Brazil
3541:Africa
3521:Taiwan
3484:Russia
3409:Bhutan
3369:Vinaya
3249:Naropa
3239:Saraha
3174:Asanga
2930:Prajñā
2839:Refuge
2802:Nianfo
2763:Tertön
2758:Tantra
2743:Ganana
2733:Tukdam
2659:Dhyāna
2627:Mudita
2622:Karuṇā
2515:Risshū
2510:Huayan
2443:Naraka
2383:Anattā
2378:Dukkha
2373:Anicca
2278:Dharma
2230:Channa
2165:Ānanda
2150:Assaji
2117:Skanda
2020:(wife)
1989:Family
1969:Relics
1894:Sangha
1889:Dharma
1884:Buddha
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1278:vinaya
1239:, and
1169:arhats
1120:Nikāya
1010:Taiwan
990:Russia
930:Brazil
925:Bhutan
845:Buddha
765:Wisdom
548:Dharma
212:Ashoka
165:Ānanda
79:Āgamas
35:Early
4381:Lists
4249:Kalpa
4244:Iddhi
4107:Music
4102:Mudra
4068:Vassa
4048:Vesak
4018:Budai
3964:Candi
3947:Stupa
3879:Logic
3632:Italy
3531:Tibet
3469:Nepal
3439:Korea
3434:Japan
3424:India
3419:China
3364:Sutra
3319:Texts
3269:Dōgen
3259:Hōnen
3244:Atiśa
3209:Zhiyi
3119:Achar
3087:Tulku
3082:Geshe
3067:Rōshi
3052:Ajahn
3007:Arhat
2967:Bodhi
2937:Vīrya
2854:Sacca
2849:Satya
2844:Sādhu
2832:Music
2775:Merit
2768:Terma
2728:Zazen
2664:Faith
2617:Mettā
2298:Karma
2258:Bardo
2225:Asita
2215:Khema
2205:Upāli
2190:Nanda
2028:(son)
2002:Māyā
1979:Films
1856:Index
1256:bodhi
1122:is a
1020:Tibet
960:Korea
955:Japan
945:India
940:China
905:Newar
830:Arhat
620:Karma
474:Index
170:Upāli
65:(EBT)
4279:Pāḷi
4264:Māra
4174:Flag
3575:Iran
3499:Tuva
3444:Laos
3072:Lama
2920:Śīla
2888:Śīla
2876:Pīti
2866:Sati
2817:Puja
2738:Koan
2644:Dāna
2235:Yasa
2122:Tārā
1774:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1470:help
1163:and
1124:Pali
965:Laos
870:Pāli
4001:Art
3937:Wat
2473:Zen
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3503:ru
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