3354:
4536:: "The principal significance of this plan lies in the fact, noted by Yehuda Shenhav, that this was the first time in Zionist history that Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries were all packaged together in one category as the target of an immigration plan. There were earlier plans to bring specific groups, such as the Yemenites, but the "one million plan" was, as Shenhav says, "the zero point," the moment when the category of Mizrahi Jews in the current sense of this term, as an ethnic group distinct from European-born Jews, was invented."
3057:), Oriental communities, grew in Israel under the circumstances of the meeting of waves of Jewish immigrants from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, followers of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Temani (Yemenite) rites. In modern Israeli usage, it refers to all Jews from Central and West Asian countries, many of them Arabic-speaking Muslim-majority countries. The term came to be widely used more by Mizrahi activists in the early 1990s. Since then in Israel it has become an accepted semi-official and media designation.
3970:
3290:). Over the last few centuries, the previously distinctive rites of the Mizrahi communities were influenced, superimposed upon or altogether replaced by the rite of the Sephardim, perceived as more prestigious. Even before this assimilation, the original rite of many Jewish Oriental communities was already closer to the Sephardi rite than to the Ashkenazi one. For this reason, "Sephardim" has come to mean not only "Spanish Jews" proper but "Jews of the Spanish rite", just as "
8849:
3643:
3198:
8863:
72:
3131:
4110:
over the years. Intermarriage between
Ashkenazim and Mizrahim is increasingly common in Israel and by the late 1990s 28% of all Israeli children had multi-ethnic parents (up from 14% in the 1950s). It has been claimed that intermarriage does not tend to decrease ethnic differences in socio-economic status, however, that does not apply to the children of inter-ethnic marriages.
3957:, primarily in Iran, but also Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. There are few Maghrebim remaining in the Arab world. About 3,000 remain in Morocco and 1,100 in Tunisia. Other countries with remnants of ancient Jewish communities with official recognition, such as Lebanon, have 100 or fewer Jews. A trickle of emigration continues, mainly to Israel and the United States.
3306:
the
Sephardi rite, led to the popular designation and conflation of most non-Ashkenazi Jewish communities from Western Asia and North Africa as "Sephardi rite", whether or not they were descended from Spanish Jews, which is what the terms "Sephardi Jews" and "Sfaradim" properly implied when used in the ethnic as opposed to the religious sense.
3123:
says that he wonders why the real
Easterners of his time who were the Eastern European Jewish peasants from the villages weren't labeled as "Mizrahi" in Israel, despite fitting it more than the Oriental Jews who were labeled that way. Michael is also against the inclusion of Oriental Jewish communities who do not descend from
3580:", they were allowed to practice their own religion, but they had an inferior status in an Islamic society. Even though Jews in the Middle East and North Africa formed strong attachments to the areas in which they lived, they were seen as a community which was clearly distinct from other communities. For example, while
3080:"customs" of particular communities). That has resulted in a conflation of terms, particularly in Israel and in religious usage, with "Sephardi" being used in a broad sense and including Mizrahi Jews, North African Jews as well as Sephardim proper. From the point of view of the official Israeli rabbinate, any
4114:
Mizrahim. Furthermore, the percentage of
Mizrahim who seek a university education remains low compared to second-generation immigrant groups of Ashkenazi origin, such as Russians. According to a survey by the Adva Center, the average income of Ashkenazim was 36 percent higher than that of Mizrahim in 2004.
4113:
Although social integration has increased, disparities persist. A study conducted by the
Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS), Mizrahi Jews are less likely to pursue academic studies than Ashkenazi Jews. Israeli-born Ashkenazim are up to twice as likely to study in a university as Israeli-born
4094:
and various other languages with them. Hebrew had historically been a language only of prayer for most Jews not living in Israel, including the
Mizrahim. Thus, with their arrival in Israel, the Mizrahim retained culture, customs and language distinct from their Ashkenazi counterparts. The collective
3584:
in the Arab world were influenced by the local culture, e.g. they started speaking variants of the Arabic language and ate their own versions of the same food, they did not adopt Arab identity. Instead, Jews in the Arab world saw themselves (including the ones with family background of converts) and
4109:
The cultural differences between
Mizrahi and Ashkenazi Jews impacted the degree and rate of assimilation into Israeli society, and sometimes the divide between Eastern European and Middle Eastern Jews was quite sharp. Segregation, especially in the area of housing, limited integration possibilities
3305:
and
Mizrahim. In some North African countries, such as Morocco, Sephardi Jews came in greater numbers, and so largely contributed to the Jewish settlements that the pre-existing Jews were assimilated by the more recently arrived Sephardi Jews. Either way, this assimilation, combined with the use of
3122:
below in the social-economic ladder and behind them, so they won't ever be in line with the
Israeli elites of European Jewish descent. He also speaks against the Mapai manner of labeling all the Oriental Jews as "one folk" and erasing their unique and individual history as separated communities; he
3965:
9 May 2021, the first physical memorialization in Israel of the
Departure and Expulsion of Jews from Arab land and Iran was placed on the Sherover Promenade in Jerusalem. It is titled the Departure and Expulsion Memorial following the Knesset law for the annual recognition of the Jewish experience
4011:
and merchants and most did not traditionally engage in farmwork. As the majority left their property behind in their home countries as they journeyed to Israel, many suffered a severe decrease in their socio-economic status aggravated by their cultural and political differences with the dominant
3273:
The reason for this classification of all Mizrahim under Sephardi rite is that most Mizrahi communities use much the same religious rituals as Sephardim proper due to historical reasons. The prevalence of the Sephardi rite among Mizrahim is partially a result of Sephardim proper joining some of
3011:
in Arabic) and to distinguish them in the Jewish sub-ethnicities, Israeli officials, who themselves were mostly Eastern European Jews, transferred the name to them, though most of these immigrants arrived from lands located further westward than Central Europe. Mizrahi is subsequently among the
5468:
3941:
Anti-Jewish actions by Arab governments in the 1950s and 1960s, in the context of the founding of the State of Israel, led to the departure of large numbers of Mizrahi Jews from the Middle East and North Africa. The exodus of 25,000 Mizrahi Jews from Egypt after the 1956
5603:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Mittnik, Alissa; Renaud, Gabriel; Mallick, Swapan; Kirsanow, Karola; Sudmant, Peter H.; Schraiber, Joshua G.; Castellano, Sergi; Lipson, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Economou, Christos; Bollongino, Ruth; Fu, Qiaomei; Bos, Kirsten I. (2014).
4163:
form a cluster. When examined at a more detailed level, the groups can be separated from each other. This cluster plots between Levantine and Northern West Asian populations. Syrian and North African Jews are separate from it and closer to the Sephardi Jews.
3983:
By Act of the Knesset: 30 Nov, annually, is the Departure and Expulsion Memorial Day. Memorial donated by the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, With support from the World Sephardi Federation, City of Jerusalem and the Jerusalem Foundation"
4117:
In 2023, journalist Shany Littman believes the dynamics of inequality have reversed, with most Israeli cabinet ministers and City mayors being Mizrahi Jews; also she stated that middle-class Mizrahi women earned more than their Ashkenazi counterparts.
3262:– mixing ancestral origin and religious rite. This broader definition of "Sephardim" as including all, or most, Mizrahi Jews is also common in Jewish religious circles. During the past century, the Sephardi rite absorbed part of the unique rite of the
5661:
Martiniano, Rui; Haber, Marc; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Kuijpers, Mirte C.M.; Chamel, Berenice; Breslin, Emily M.; Littleton, Judith; Almahari, Salman; Aloraifi, Fatima; Bradley, Daniel G.; Lombard, Pierre; Durbin, Richard (2024).
5895:
3127:, as "Sepharadim" by the Israeli politicians, calling it "historically inaccurate". He also claims that his work as an author is always referred to as "Ethnic", while European Jews' work, even if historic in theme, is not, as a result of racism.
3313:
would distinguish themselves from the already established Musta'rabim, while in others, such as Morocco and Algeria, the two communities largely intermarried, with the latter embracing Sephardi customs and thus forming a single community.
5476:
3999:. The trauma of rupture from their countries of origin was further complicated by the difficulty of the transition upon arrival in Israel; Mizrahi immigrants and refugees were placed in rudimentary and hastily erected tent cities (
2832:, many Sephardim settled in areas where Mizrahi communities already existed. This complicated ethnography has resulted in a conflation of terms, particularly in official Israeli ethnic and religious terminology, with
3950:. Most went to Israel. Many Moroccan and Algerian Jews went to France. Thousands of Lebanese, Syrian and Egyptian Jews emigrated to the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and other countries in the Americas.
3938:, most Mizrahim were either expelled by their Arab rulers or chose to leave and emigrated to Israel. According to the 2009 Statistical Abstract of Israel, 50.2% of Israeli Jews are of Mizrahi or Sephardi origin.
3842:
5490:
Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, E. T.; Bonner, M. R.; Jarjanazi, H.; Karafet, T.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Oppenheim, A.; Jobling, M. A.; Jenkins, T.; Ostrer, H.; Bonné-Tamir, B. (6 June 2000).
3172:(or any) umbrella description, and prefer to identify themselves by their particular country of origin, or that of their immediate ancestors, such as "Moroccan Jew", or prefer to use the old term
5911:
4136:
The Middle Eastern Jewish populations have a connection to the Jewish communities of Europe and North Africa in their paternal gene pool, suggesting a common Middle Eastern origin between them.
3995:
Refuge in Israel was not without its tragedies: "In a generation or two, millennia of rooted Oriental civilization, unified even in its diversity", had been wiped out, writes Mizrahi scholar
2806:
in 1948, the various current communities of Mizrahi Jews did not identify themselves as a distinctive Jewish subgroup, and many considered themselves Sephardis, as they largely followed the
4499:
3155:
3060:
Before the establishment of the state of Israel, Mizrahi Jews did not identify themselves as a separate Jewish subgroup. Instead, Mizrahi Jews generally characterized themselves as
4447:
3921:
1234:
3150:). The Jews who emigrated to Palestine from North Africa in the 19th Century and prior started their own political and religious organization in 1860 which operated in
5554:
Kopelman, Naama M.; Stone, Lewi; Hernandez, Dena G.; Gefel, Dov; Singleton, Andrew B.; Heyer, Evelyne; Feldman, Marcus W.; Hillel, Jossi; Rosenberg, Noah A. (2020).
1812:
5877:
Ha' Yisrayli Torah Brith Yahad, Mizrahi Jewish Int'l Medical Humanitarian NGO recognized by the United Nations Civil Society and Economic Development Division
4807:
paper for high school students about North African Jews who prior were called "Western Jews" to as &/ "Mugrabi Jews" as opposed to "Mizrahi/Eastern Jews".
6730:
1467:
1162:
3341:. Most of the many notable philosophical, religious and literary works of the Jews in Spain, North Africa and Asia were written in Arabic using a modified
6148:
1354:
3847:
4472:
3270:
religious leaders in Israel have also joined Sefardi rite collectivities, especially following rejection of their Jewishness by some Ashkenazi circles.
2562:
3914:
3585:
were seen as fundamentally a part of the wider collective of the Jewish people, and they maintained their identity as the descendants of the ancient
326:
8353:
6705:
4917:
4699:
1349:
6201:
3337:(such as Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria and Iraqi Kurdistan), Mizrahim most often speak
8743:
6400:
2710:
1597:
3980:"With the birth of the State of Israel, over 850,000 Jews were forced from Arab Lands and Iran. The desperate refugees were welcomed by Israel.
3857:
3806:
7426:
6306:
1851:
6416:
5397:
4672:
3907:
3626:
3617:
2860:
5269:
Yiftachel, Oren (7 March 2003). "Social Control, Urban Planning and Ethno-class Relations: Mizrahi Jews in Israel's 'Development Towns'".
4703:
8703:
836:
799:
6079:
Leibler, Anat (April 2014). "Disciplining ethnicity: Social sorting intersects with political demography in Israel's pre-state period".
7221:
3736:
3301:, such as Syria and Morocco. In Syria, most eventually intermarried with, and assimilated into, the larger established communities of
8919:
1775:
7250:
1798:
4979:
8749:
6789:
3811:
1148:
5451:
5220:
8929:
8904:
7849:
7303:
7126:
6195:
Full Circle: Escape From Baghdad and the Return by Saul Silas Fathi, A prominent Iraqi Jewish family's escape from persecution.
5295:
Barbara S. Okun, Orna Khait-Marelly. 2006. Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Behavior of Adult Multiethnics: Jews in Israel.
3741:
2555:
1725:
1660:
1542:
6153:
3138:
Most of the "Mizrahi" activists actually originated from North African Jewish communities, traditionally called "Westerners" (
7844:
6421:
5821:
5790:
5243:
5165:
4530:
4421:
3657:
3526:
846:
5180:
Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009, CBS. "Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age" (PDF). Retrieved 22 March 2010.
2914:, 'Easterners'), referred to the natives of Turkey, Iraq and other Asian countries, as distinct from those of North Africa (
6698:
3852:
3772:
1284:
7753:
5233:
Ella Shohat: "Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of its Jewish Victims", Social Text, No.19/20 (1988), p. 32
4787:
Anat Leibler, “Disciplining Ethnicity: Social Sorting Intersects with Political Demography in Israel’s Pre-State Period,”
4345:
7864:
7859:
7283:
6385:
6115:
3634:
3597:
2706:
1552:
1369:
1359:
599:
45:
8676:
7553:
6330:
5987:
Shohat, Ella (March 1997). "The narrative of the nation and the discourse of modernization: The case of the Mizrahim".
4131:
1948:
1898:
1863:
1557:
1422:
1289:
6162:
6125:
8914:
7704:
7558:
6586:
6509:
6299:
5858:
3245:
2863:
between 1948 and the early 1980s. A 2018 statistic found that 45% of Jewish Israelis identified as either Mizrahi or
2787:, which detailed the methods by which Jews of the diaspora were to be returned to the Land of Israel (then under the
2548:
1640:
1602:
1577:
1497:
1482:
1329:
1269:
1224:
3551:, which also caused some Jews to flee to Egypt. Other early diaspora areas in the Middle East and North Africa were
3227:
8899:
7613:
7521:
6536:
6457:
4331:
3726:
2678:
1933:
1915:
1821:
1715:
1567:
1562:
1487:
1452:
1319:
220:
6131:
4007:(cooperative farming villages) was only partially successful, because Mizrahim had historically filled a niche as
8778:
7972:
6691:
6375:
6172:
Sasson-Levy, Orna; Shoshana, Avi (August 2013). "'Passing' as (Non)Ethnic: The Israeli Version of Acting White".
4604:
4550:
3880:
3287:
2825:
2451:
2350:
1905:
1888:
1841:
1740:
1650:
1587:
1537:
1517:
1512:
1432:
1406:
1381:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1219:
1214:
96:
6254:
5362:
Yogev, Abraham; Jamshy, Haia (1983). "Children of Ethnic Intermarriage in Israeli Schools: Are They Marginal?".
4519:"The "One Million Plan" and the Development of a Discourse about the Absorption of the Jews from Arab Countries"
7654:
7214:
6436:
6365:
6335:
3796:
3751:
3731:
3710:
3601:
3223:
2836:
being used in a broad sense to include Middle Eastern and North African Jews, as well as Sephardim proper from
2742:
2730:
2718:
2694:
1924:
1910:
1878:
1858:
1826:
1770:
1745:
1720:
1700:
1690:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1607:
1522:
1507:
1427:
1386:
1339:
1334:
1254:
1199:
8894:
8755:
8076:
7156:
7110:
6360:
6355:
6233:
4804:
4476:
3219:
2714:
2702:
2682:
2345:
1883:
1868:
1831:
1793:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1735:
1730:
1710:
1695:
1680:
1655:
1621:
1592:
1492:
1477:
1401:
1391:
1309:
1279:
1204:
1190:
5870:
5398:"PERSONS AGED 18–39 STUDYING AT UNIVERSITIES,(1) BY DEGREE, AGE, SEX, POPULATION GROUP, RELIGION AND ORIGIN"
2775:
These various Jewish communities were first officially grouped into a singular identifiable division during
8909:
8818:
8686:
8681:
7869:
7854:
7618:
7573:
7318:
6395:
6390:
6380:
6340:
6292:
5492:"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes"
5202:
5063:
Jamie Stokes (ed.): Encyclopedia of The Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, p. 343. Facts on File, 2009.
4890:
4718:
4168:
are distinct from other Jewish groups and cluster with the non-Jewish population of the Arabian Peninsula.
3895:
3890:
3593:
3530:
3283:
2972:
2829:
2821:
2734:
2722:
2686:
1953:
1873:
1836:
1760:
1705:
1572:
1547:
1472:
1447:
1437:
1376:
1299:
1294:
1274:
1264:
1244:
1229:
1122:
826:
590:
585:
2999:. In the 1950s, the Jews who came from the communities listed above were simply called and known as Jews (
8783:
8768:
7649:
7509:
7068:
6980:
6370:
6350:
6345:
6165:
The Reproduction of the Model "Oriental" in the Israeli Social Space; the 50s and the speedy immigration.
4241:
3801:
2726:
2698:
1943:
1938:
1893:
1846:
1532:
1502:
1462:
1457:
1314:
620:
5876:
4925:
8737:
8631:
8282:
8176:
7884:
7817:
7378:
7268:
6198:
4877:
2417:
2262:
1970:
1364:
560:
550:
286:
6227:
4273:
8853:
8793:
8691:
8671:
8541:
8466:
8326:
8193:
7879:
7839:
7207:
7014:
6794:
6631:
5724:
Behar, Doron M.; et al. (July 2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people". Letters.
4188:
3973:
Jewish Departure and Expulsion Memorial from Arab Lands and Iran on the Sherover Promenade, Jerusalem
3935:
3684:
3430:
3353:
3187:
3085:
3065:
2856:
2845:
2807:
2531:
2224:
2075:
2016:
907:
38:
8773:
8604:
7903:
7778:
7131:
6945:
6859:
6844:
6621:
5189:
5134:
3208:
2784:
2234:
2214:
1324:
804:
345:
17:
5885:– audiovisual testimonies of Jews in the UK originally from the Middle East, North Africa and Iran
4500:"Between East and the Middle East: The Integration Story of the Indian Jewish Community in Israel"
4268:
8924:
8726:
8715:
8309:
8230:
7935:
7834:
7773:
7659:
7632:
6967:
6896:
6864:
6849:
6799:
6662:
6571:
6514:
6494:
5663:
5026:
4231:
4226:
4127:
3458:
3422:
3212:
2375:
2365:
2330:
2209:
2199:
1982:
1153:
1095:
929:
608:
565:
280:
212:
128:
108:
6903:
5469:"'In Some Respects, Mizrahi Identity in Israel Is Dominant, and Ashkenazi Jews Face Inequality'"
5425:
5408:
4817:
For God's Sake: Why Are There So Many More Israelis with the Surname "Mizrahi" Than "Friedmans"?
3953:
Today, as many as 40,000 Mizrahim still remain in communities scattered throughout the non-Arab
8762:
8732:
7795:
7078:
6891:
6886:
6876:
6869:
6854:
6784:
6714:
6667:
6566:
6054:
Shohat, Ella (1988). "Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Jewish Victims".
4402:
4377:
3863:
3816:
3613:
3328:
2494:
2229:
2143:
1209:
761:
380:
350:
6168:
Tel-Aviv Univ. M.A. in the Unit for Culture Research, 2003. (Hebrew, with summary in English.)
5664:"Ancient genomes illuminate Eastern Arabian population history and adaptation against malaria"
4903:
4832:
8889:
8788:
8709:
8491:
8198:
8081:
7822:
7812:
7805:
7790:
7676:
7100:
6918:
6816:
6767:
6431:
6033:
Shohat, Ella (December 1992). "Staging the quincentenary: The middle east and the Americas".
4518:
3426:
3294:" is used for "Jews of the German rite", whether or not their families originate in Germany.
2992:
2960:
2385:
2380:
2325:
2113:
1028:
756:
743:
638:
355:
104:
100:
4952:
8823:
8813:
8316:
7288:
6881:
6772:
6740:
5733:
5503:
4816:
4800:
4104:
3548:
3394:, known as "Assyrian lettering" or "the square script", was in fact borrowed from Aramaic.
2456:
2408:
2148:
2006:
819:
684:
673:
631:
180:
3297:
Many of the Sephardi Jews exiled from Spain resettled in greater or lesser numbers in the
8:
8471:
8439:
8365:
8274:
8220:
7827:
7627:
7361:
7326:
7136:
7073:
7045:
7030:
6777:
6489:
5921:
Shohat, Ella (2003). "Rupture and Return: Zionist Discourse and the Study of Arab Jews".
4013:
3756:
3746:
3581:
3442:
3438:
3302:
2841:
2788:
2509:
2204:
882:
749:
652:
645:
575:
463:
338:
5737:
5688:
5507:
4873:
4056:
from various countries in Central Asia (primarily Uzbekistan) spoke the Bukhori dialect;
3987:
The sculpture is the interpretive work of Sam Philipe, a fifth generation Jerusalemite.
8803:
8798:
8609:
8331:
8208:
8203:
8188:
8158:
8111:
8034:
7940:
7800:
7373:
7278:
7245:
7166:
7088:
7052:
7040:
6826:
6821:
6722:
6104:
6067:
6021:
5975:
5938:
5757:
5638:
5588:
5379:
5336:
4770:
4743:
4735:
4654:
4312:
3824:
3689:
3577:
3570:
started to spread in the 7th century CE, Jews who were living under Muslim rule became
3506:
2769:, while not having lived in Muslim-majority countries, also fall under the category of
2360:
2310:
2257:
2252:
2166:
2036:
1304:
1133:
892:
812:
666:
232:
8086:
7962:
5908:(first published in 1988, with a new introduction, La fabrique editions, Paris, 2006).
8587:
8518:
8400:
8385:
8168:
8039:
8004:
7293:
7083:
6096:
5942:
5900:, (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989; New Edition, London: I. B. Tauris, 2010).
5817:
5786:
5749:
5693:
5643:
5625:
5606:"Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans"
5575:
5531:
5526:
5491:
5448:
5328:
5161:
4747:
4658:
4612:
4526:
4198:
3478:
3474:
3390:, as many rabbinic texts are written in a mixture of Hebrew and Aramaic. The current
2504:
2446:
2426:
2243:
1803:
1442:
902:
773:
703:
580:
493:
360:
172:
6139:
The story of an Iraqi Jew in the Israeli Navy and his survival on the war-ship Eilat
6108:
5555:
5340:
5307:"Insight Into Ethnic Flux: Marriage Patterns Among Jews of Mixed Ancestry in Israel"
4964:
Yochai Oppenheimer, "Mizrahi fiction as a minor literature", in Dario Miccoli eds.,
8653:
8621:
8582:
8553:
8536:
8486:
8287:
8096:
8029:
7982:
7930:
7898:
7889:
7874:
7748:
7723:
7699:
7583:
7514:
7431:
7298:
7141:
6735:
6426:
6181:
6088:
6059:
6042:
6013:
5996:
5967:
5930:
5761:
5741:
5710:
Brook, Kevin Alan: ”Eastern and Central European Jews after the Tenth Century”. In
5683:
5675:
5633:
5617:
5583:
5567:
5521:
5511:
5371:
5318:
5278:
4761:
Khazzoom, Aziza (2002). "Mizrahim, Mizrachiut, and the Future of Israeli Studies".
4727:
4646:
4304:
4236:
4035:
4028:
3782:
3502:
3369:
3365:
2980:
2780:
2474:
2355:
2315:
2279:
1977:
1527:
1038:
794:
698:
613:
503:
295:
176:
164:
160:
6281:
Persian Azerbaijany, Aramaic speaking community (Hebrew, some English and Aramaic)
3445:, one of the oldest civilizations in the world, dating back to 2500 BC in ancient
3368:
is a Semitic language subfamily. Specific varieties of Aramaic are identified as "
8563:
8558:
8370:
8297:
8130:
8101:
8024:
8014:
7977:
7952:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7743:
7738:
7728:
7713:
7504:
7421:
7388:
7346:
7336:
7151:
7146:
7009:
7004:
6990:
6975:
6806:
6762:
6750:
6598:
6559:
6452:
6209:
6205:
5906:
Le sionisme du point de vue de ses victimes juives: les juifs orientaux en Israel
5455:
4523:
The Disenchantment of the Orient: Expertise in Arab Affairs and the Israeli State
4091:
4072:
3947:
3946:
led to the overwhelming majority of Mizrahim leaving Arab countries. They became
3777:
3536:
3522:
3486:
3466:
3434:
3391:
3342:
3309:
In some Arabic countries, such as Egypt and Syria, Sephardi Jews arrived via the
3275:
3159:
3124:
2907:
2852:
of Mizrahi origin in Israel under the jurisdiction of the Sephardi chief rabbis.
2837:
2579:
2436:
2395:
2390:
2370:
2292:
2286:
2219:
2171:
2011:
1992:
1143:
872:
784:
767:
311:
156:
140:
120:
112:
88:
6142:
6008:
Shohat, Ella (1992). "Rethinking Jews and Muslims: Quincentennial Reflections".
5934:
4650:
8867:
8842:
8663:
8570:
8528:
8508:
8496:
8476:
8390:
8380:
8348:
8341:
8321:
8292:
8264:
8259:
8225:
8135:
8059:
8049:
7987:
7785:
7733:
7644:
7639:
7401:
7396:
7331:
7260:
7161:
6908:
6745:
6593:
5778:
5679:
5496:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4856:[Will we all become more and more alike? Avshalom Kor is not worried].
4221:
4148:
3662:
3544:
3310:
3291:
2988:
2864:
2536:
2335:
2190:
2070:
2049:
2026:
2021:
1999:
1987:
1582:
1063:
997:
962:
940:
877:
715:
693:
555:
534:
510:
276:
258:
208:
204:
152:
92:
6046:
6000:
5814:
Wrapped in the Flag of Israel: Mizrahi Single Mothers and Bureaucratic Torture
5605:
5571:
5244:"Op-Ed: No, Israel isn't a country of privileged and powerful white Europeans"
4422:"Op-Ed: No, Israel isn't a country of privileged and powerful white Europeans"
4346:"Who Are the Mizrahi (Oriental/Arab) Jews? - Israeli-Palestinian - ProCon.org"
3969:
8883:
8636:
8481:
8408:
8215:
8149:
8122:
8071:
8019:
7992:
7967:
7957:
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7568:
7563:
7536:
7482:
7411:
7356:
6995:
6636:
6576:
6554:
6521:
6504:
6479:
6474:
6462:
6119:
6092:
5802:
Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival
5629:
5579:
5556:"High-resolution inference of genetic relationships among Jewish populations"
4616:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4053:
4047:
4041:
3672:
3560:
3494:
3482:
3462:
3263:
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2799:
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1685:
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1138:
987:
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967:
945:
897:
659:
498:
403:
365:
316:
148:
132:
116:
5282:
4578:
3258:
Today, many identify non-Ashkenazi rite Jews as Sephardi – in modern Hebrew
8616:
8413:
8375:
8336:
7925:
7669:
7608:
7588:
7531:
7499:
7487:
7448:
7366:
7341:
6938:
6933:
6913:
6836:
6811:
6626:
6531:
6469:
6100:
5946:
5809:
5753:
5697:
5647:
5535:
5516:
5344:
5332:
4152:
4144:
4024:
4000:
3954:
3510:
3418:
3091:
3013:
2976:
2776:
2746:
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2647:
2514:
2340:
2181:
2176:
2134:
2087:
1181:
1048:
1033:
992:
570:
412:
6145:
Yeheskel Kojaman describes his life as an Iraqi Jew in the 1950s and 1960s
5323:
5306:
3134:
The Westerners street in Jerusalem, Israel; coined after the Maghrebi Jews
2654:
is a political sociological term that was coined with the creation of the
8626:
8141:
8066:
8044:
7947:
7541:
7470:
7465:
7453:
7443:
6955:
6950:
6928:
6923:
6683:
4637:
Aharoni, Ada (2003). "The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries".
4193:
4083:
4079:
4060:
4003:) often in development towns on the peripheries of Israel. Settlement in
3996:
3943:
3787:
3699:
3694:
3540:
3446:
3417:, the language of the Mizrahim is a variant of Aramaic. As spoken by the
3267:
3021:
2766:
2754:
2690:
2499:
2441:
2106:
1012:
1007:
1002:
972:
6985:
6260:
5745:
5621:
4850:
4848:
4774:
2665:
is almost exclusively applied to descendants of Jewish communities from
8720:
8427:
8009:
7603:
7351:
7273:
7093:
7035:
6526:
6185:
6025:
5979:
4739:
4316:
4211:
4178:
4140:
3642:
3586:
3498:
3334:
3298:
2157:
1171:
1100:
1058:
887:
867:
426:
333:
253:
216:
136:
6284:
6071:
5383:
3036:
as "second class" and excluded them from possible positions of power.
3012:
surnames most often changed by Israelis, and many scholars, including
8641:
8106:
7997:
7908:
7526:
7460:
6581:
6484:
5950:
5348:
4183:
3470:
3398:
3151:
2945:
2922:). In medieval and early modern times, the corresponding Hebrew word
2320:
2305:
1395:
1343:
1105:
1053:
1043:
724:
720:
710:
625:
385:
124:
7477:
6646:
6017:
5971:
4918:"Rupture And Return: A Mizrahi Perspective On The Zionist Discourse"
4731:
4308:
3197:
3166:). Many Jews originated from Arab and Muslim countries today reject
2798:
An earlier cultural community of southern and eastern Jews were the
1073:
8360:
8302:
8247:
8242:
7913:
7199:
6755:
6603:
6063:
5375:
3490:
3386:. Traditionally, Aramaic has been a language of Talmudic debate in
3279:
2983:. During the 1940s, before Israel's establishment, the demographer
2966:
2489:
2099:
2031:
862:
370:
321:
5122:
The Jewish Cultural Tapestry: International Jewish Folk Traditions
5109:
The Jewish Cultural Tapestry: International Jewish Folk Traditions
71:
8575:
8459:
8454:
8444:
8432:
8252:
8237:
8181:
8116:
8091:
8054:
7918:
7593:
7492:
7416:
7308:
7234:
7105:
6641:
6238:
6192:
6149:
Audio interview with Ammiel Alcalay discussing Mizrahi literature
5882:
5660:
5221:"For the forgotten victims of Hate at Israel's Birth, a Memorial"
4836:
4207:
4203:
4008:
3679:
3387:
3383:
3372:" since they are the languages of major Jewish texts such as the
3358:
2917:
2901:
2811:
2642:), are terms used in Israeli discourse to refer to a grouping of
2465:
2431:
2300:
2094:
1083:
1078:
950:
841:
736:
732:
728:
477:
472:
449:
431:
306:
301:
291:
269:
244:
192:
31:
5958:
Shohat, Ella (1 October 1999). "The Invention of the Mizrahim".
5871:
Harif: Association of Jews from the Middle East and North Africa
5079:
A Different Road to Modernity: Jewish Identity in the Arab World
8646:
8513:
8449:
6244:
5864:
5602:
4673:"Ethnic origin and identity in the Jewish population of Israel"
4064:
4004:
3885:
3720:
3572:
3552:
3433:. They are related to the Christian Aramaic dialects spoken by
3402:
3373:
3338:
3130:
3075:
2996:
2935:
2885:
2816:
2803:
2655:
2125:
2120:
2080:
2065:
1176:
1068:
488:
454:
440:
375:
168:
6278:
3934:
After the establishment of the State of Israel and subsequent
3084:
of Mizrahi origin in Israel are under the jurisdiction of the
8597:
8592:
8546:
8501:
8422:
8417:
7681:
7436:
7406:
4068:
3567:
3556:
3406:
3378:
3107:
3081:
2861:
expelled or evacuated from Arab and Muslim-majority countries
2849:
1088:
517:
421:
390:
5898:
Israeli Cinema: East/West and the Politics of Representation
8696:
7230:
6672:
5553:
4858:
4820:
4215:
3452:
3414:
3410:
2891:
2670:
2643:
240:
6136:
6122:, one of Israel's foremost Arab-language Mizrahi novelists
6272:
6266:
5852:
5001:
Encyclopedia of The Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
4966:
Contemporary Sephardic and Mizrahi Literature: A Diaspora
5127:
3024:
towards the Oriental Jews, similar to the ways in which
6249:
5847:
5124:, pp. 123–124. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
4678:. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 27 June 2018
2820:. The original Sephardi Jewish community was formed in
4716:
Shohat, Ella (1999). "The Invention of the Mizrahim".
4665:
4295:
Shohat, Ella (1999). "The Invention of the Mizrahim".
5855:– Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa
5783:
In Ishmael's house: a History of Jews in Muslim Lands
4851:"Kulanu nahafukh lamur vchen? Avshalom Kor lo mudag"
4016:
was enforced at that time due to economic hardships.
6221:
5842:
5489:
5271:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
4955:, Sami Michael's 1999 interview with Ruvik Rozental.
4953:"There Are People who Want to Keep Us in the Bottom"
4833:
The Surname that Israelis Change the Most: "Mizrahi"
4095:
estimate for Mizrahim (circa 2018) is at 4,000,000.
4019:
Mizrahi immigrants arrived speaking many languages:
2104:
2085:
508:
44:"Oriental Jews" redirects here. For other uses, see
37:
For other entities and people named "Mizrachi", see
6171:
4579:"Sephardi | Meaning, Customs, History, & Facts"
4332:"Mizrahi Remembrance Month: Reclaiming our stories"
3457:Among other languages associated with Mizrahim are
3106:, claiming it is a fictitious identity advanced by
2944:referred to the land of Israel, as contrasted with
5083:Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity
4555:Herbert D. Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies
3990:
2952:to include Moroccan and other North African Jews.
2878:is literally translated as 'Oriental', 'Eastern',
5111:, p. 60. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
4922:The MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies
4403:"Ancient Jewish History: Jews of the Middle East"
8881:
6224:Bukharian Jewish community (English and Russian)
2765:(sometimes referred to as a separate group) and
6128:A chronicle of Mizrahi refugees by Semha Alwaya
3493:from various countries in Central Asia and the
5843:World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries
4904:Iranophobia: The Logic of an Israeli Obsession
4695:
4693:
4098:
4012:Ashkenazi community. Furthermore, a policy of
3181:
2859:, over 850,000 Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews were
7215:
6699:
6300:
4977:
4948:
4946:
4525:, Stanford University Press, pp. 86–89,
4044:from Azerbaijan and Dagestan spoke Judeo-Tat;
3915:
2948:. For this reason, many object to the use of
2934:) was used for North Africa. In Talmudic and
2556:
6417:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
3960:
3618:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
3173:
3167:
3145:
3139:
3117:
3111:
3101:
3095:
3073:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3031:
3025:
3006:
3000:
2964:
2939:
2929:
2923:
2915:
2899:
2883:
2779:, when they were distinctly outlined in the
2621:
2605:
2593:
8704:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
7190:from Christian Arabs in Israel, since 2014.
5867:– an organization of Mizrahi Jews in Israel
5785:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
5361:
4801:"The Settling of Western Jews in Jerusalem"
4704:"Western Sepharadim and Eastern Ashkenazim"
4690:
4548:
3547:started in the 6th century BCE, during the
3226:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2658:. It translates as "Easterner" in Hebrew.
2627:
800:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
7222:
7208:
6713:
6706:
6692:
6307:
6293:
4943:
4891:Have You Ever Met A Streotypical Mizrahi?"
4605:"Group seeks justice for 'forgotten' Jews"
4090:Mizrahim from elsewhere brought Georgian,
3922:
3908:
3382:, and many ritual recitations such as the
3016:, claim that the transferring of the name
2563:
2549:
70:
5989:Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies
5687:
5637:
5587:
5525:
5515:
5322:
5268:
4853:כולנו נהפוך למור וחן? אבשלום קור לא מודאג
4254:
3246:Learn how and when to remove this message
7251:Index of Jewish history-related articles
7183:from Muslim Arabs in Israel, since 1957.
4760:
4551:"What Do You Know? Sephardi vs. Mizrahi"
3968:
3453:Persian and other languages and dialects
3352:
3129:
27:Jews of the Middle East and North Africa
8750:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
7387:
6314:
6078:
5816:. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books.
5777:
5466:
5155:
5085:. University of California Press. 2002.
4819:, by Michal Margalit, 17 January 2014,
4636:
3274:Mizrahi communities following the 1492
2987:used the categories of "Mizrahim" and "
14:
8882:
6156:The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times
6053:
6032:
6007:
5986:
5957:
5920:
5916:(Durham: Duke University Press, 2006).
5808:
4915:
4889:Dina Haruvi and Hadas Shabbat-Nadir, "
4715:
4419:
4294:
3607:
7203:
6687:
6422:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
6288:
6250:Historical Society of Jews from Egypt
5859:Middle Eastern and North African Jews
5799:
5723:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5073:
5071:
5069:
4893:" (in Hebrew), Ohio State University.
4573:
4571:
4544:
4542:
4497:
4329:
3658:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3527:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3072:(but with some differences among the
7229:
6126:The Middle East's Forgotten Refugees
5304:
5203:"Morocco beckons to Jewish tourists"
5158:Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews in America
4602:
4516:
4510:
4445:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4038:and various Judeo-Iranian languages;
3224:adding citations to reliable sources
3191:
2955:In the past, the origin of the term
6241:Damascus Jewry (Hebrew and Spanish)
4849:אלכסנדרה לוקש (22 February 2017).
3635:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
3401:, a region which includes parts of
3163:
3156:The Western Jewish Diaspora Council
3053:
3007:
2930:
2911:
2898:, corresponding to the Arabic word
2622:
2610:) and alternatively referred to as
2606:
2594:
2583:
24:
8697:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
8677:American Jewish Historical Society
5560:European Journal of Human Genetics
5542:
5190:The Jewish Population of the World
5066:
5019:
5006:
4568:
4539:
4132:Genetic history of the Middle East
4086:, India, arrived speaking Marathi.
2802:. Before the establishment of the
25:
8941:
6587:Bukharian (Judeo-Persian dialect)
5865:Hakeshet Hademocratit Hamizrachit
5831:
5714:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
4706:at his website, 9 September 2000.
4363:
4330:Cohen, Hadar (29 November 2022).
2959:was in the Hebrew translation of
591:Historical population comparisons
8920:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
8861:
8848:
8847:
5914:Taboo Memories, Diasporic Voices
5836:
4603:Hoge, Warren (5 November 2007).
3977:The text on the Memorial reads;
3641:
3196:
2808:Sephardic customs and traditions
1235:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1149:Historical population by country
5861:at the Multiculturalism Project
5771:
5717:
5704:
5654:
5596:
5483:
5460:
5442:
5418:
5390:
5355:
5298:
5289:
5262:
5236:
5227:
5213:
5195:
5183:
5174:
5149:
5114:
5101:
5088:
5057:
5044:
4993:
4987:The University of Chicago Press
4971:
4958:
4909:
4896:
4883:
4866:
4842:
4826:
4810:
4794:
4781:
4754:
4709:
4630:
4596:
4491:
4105:Racism in Israel § Mizrahi
3991:Absorption into Israeli society
3881:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
3357:Children in a Jewish school in
8769:Relations with other religions
6437:Antisemitism in the Arab world
6215:
5467:Littman, Shany (19 May 2023).
5364:Journal of Marriage and Family
5003:, p. 337. Facts on File, 2009.
4465:
4439:
4413:
4395:
4338:
4323:
4288:
3966:held annually on 30 November.
3711:Antisemitism in the Arab world
3507:those countries' former status
3086:Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel
2870:
13:
1:
8930:Ethnic groups in North Africa
8905:Jews and Judaism in West Asia
8756:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
6275:Moroccan Jewish site (French)
6269:Algerian Jewish site (French)
6263:Djerbian Jewish site (French)
6257:Tunisian Jewish site (French)
5081:, in Howard Wettstein (ed.):
4906:", Stanford University Press.
4805:Israeli Ministry of Education
4248:
3576:. Because Jews were seen as "
3144:), rather than "Easterners" (
3110:to preserve a "rival" to the
2789:British Mandate for Palestine
806:Christianity and Judaism
8687:Leo Baeck Institute New York
8682:American Sephardi Federation
5960:Journal of Palestine Studies
5305:Okun, Barbara Sonia (2004).
5192:, The Jewish Virtual Library
4719:Journal of Palestine Studies
4297:Journal of Palestine Studies
4206:, a term which is used as a
4023:many, especially those from
3891:Historical Jewish population
221:Middle Eastern ethnic groups
7:
7510:Constantinopolitan Karaites
5935:10.1215/01642472-21-2_75-49
5889:
5804:. Boston and Leiden: Brill.
5160:. Purdue University Press.
4651:10.1080/1040265032000059742
4420:Mazzig, Hen (20 May 2019).
4242:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
4171:
4139:In autosomal analyses, the
4121:
4099:Disparities and integration
3317:
3278:, which expelled Jews from
3182:Religious rite designations
3174:
3168:
3146:
3140:
3118:
3112:
3102:
3096:
3074:
3047:
3041:
3001:
2940:
2924:
2916:
2900:
2884:
2105:
2086:
1813:Latin America and Caribbean
509:
10:
8946:
8738:National Library of Israel
7379:Zionism, race and genetics
5848:Sephardic Pizmonim Project
5680:10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100507
5137:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4878:Israel Democracy Institute
4125:
4102:
3611:
3592:Some Mizrahim migrated to
3520:
3516:
3501:are also widely fluent in
3443:claim descent from Assyria
3348:
3326:
3185:
2938:times, however, this word
2418:Jewish political movements
2115:Conversion to Judaism
43:
36:
29:
8836:
8692:Yeshiva University Museum
8672:Center for Jewish History
8662:
8527:
8399:
8273:
8167:
7698:
7317:
7259:
7241:
7175:
7119:
7061:
7023:
6966:
6835:
6721:
6655:
6632:Sephardic law and customs
6614:
6547:
6445:
6409:
6323:
6081:Social Studies of Science
6047:10.1080/09528829208576390
6001:10.1080/10669929708720097
5800:Zaken, Mordechai (2007).
5572:10.1038/s41431-019-0542-y
5135:"Jews of the Middle East"
5096:Atlas of the Jewish world
5052:Atlas of the Jewish world
5014:Atlas of the Jewish world
4978:Leo Oppenheim, A (1964).
4916:Shohat, Ella (May 2001).
4791:44, no. 2 (2014), p. 273.
4789:Social Studies of Science
4050:from India spoke English;
3961:Memorialization in Israel
3431:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
3322:
3188:Sephardic law and customs
3164:ועד העדה המערבית בירושלים
2894:'. In the past, the word
2879:
2846:Chief Rabbinate of Israel
2814:with local variations in
821:Hinduism and Judaism
203:
198:
191:
186:
83:
78:
69:
61:
59:
39:Mizrachi (disambiguation)
8915:Semitic-speaking peoples
7284:Ancient Israel and Judah
7127:African-American Hebrews
7062:Other non-Semitic groups
6622:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah
6279:The Nash Didan Community
6230:Persian Jewish community
6093:10.1177/0306312713509309
5454:17 December 2005 at the
4852:
4446:Congress, World Jewish.
4378:"Mizrahi Jews in Israel"
4031:, spoke Arabic dialects;
3896:Islamic–Jewish relations
3531:Islamic–Jewish relations
3178:in its broader meaning.
2785:Jewish Agency for Israel
647:Temple in Jerusalem
340:Bar and bat mitzvah
60:
30:Not to be confused with
8900:Ethnic groups in Israel
7660:North African Sephardim
7633:Jewish tribes of Arabia
6495:Jewish tribes of Arabia
6132:The Forgotten Refugees
5283:10.1111/1468-2427.00255
5120:Lowenstein, Steven M.:
5107:Lowenstein, Steven M.:
5098:, p. 79. Equinox, 1991.
5054:, p. 23. Equinox, 1991.
5027:"Who Are Mizrahi Jews?"
5016:, p. 22. Equinox, 1991.
4583:Encyclopedia Britannica
4448:"World Jewish Congress"
4274:Encyclopædia Britannica
4232:North African Sephardim
4227:Jewish ethnic divisions
4128:Genetic studies on Jews
3459:Judeo-Iranian languages
3423:Judeo-Aramaic languages
3116:and help them push the
2637:Communities of the East
609:Twelve Tribes of Israel
213:Jewish ethnic divisions
8763:Holocaust Encyclopedia
8733:Jewish Virtual Library
6715:Demographics of Israel
6234:Kurdish Jewry (Hebrew)
6204:16 August 2011 at the
5517:10.1073/pnas.100115997
5156:Soomekh, Saba (2016).
4034:those from Iran spoke
3974:
3864:The Forgotten Refugees
3614:Mizrahi Jews in Israel
3362:
3329:Judeo-Arabic languages
3135:
3066:customs and traditions
3039:The usage of the term
3032:
3026:
2965:
2857:First Arab–Israeli War
8710:Encyclopaedia Judaica
8492:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
7677:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
7427:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
6432:Antisemitism in Islam
5324:10.1353/dem.2004.0008
5077:Daniel J. Schroeter:
4980:"Ancient Mesopotamia"
4473:"Georgians in Israel"
4452:World Jewish Congress
4189:Arab–Israeli conflict
3972:
3936:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3685:Arab–Israeli conflict
3427:Neo-Aramaic languages
3356:
3327:Further information:
3133:
3064:, as they follow the
2993:ethnic classification
2961:Eastern European Jews
1355:São Tomé and Príncipe
1350:Republic of the Congo
744:Second Temple Judaism
615:Kingdom of Judah
586:Modern historiography
199:Related ethnic groups
8895:Jewish ethnic groups
7289:Second Temple period
6723:Israelis by religion
6615:Religion and culture
6174:Sociological Inquiry
5712:The Jews of Khazaria
4999:Jamie Stokes (ed.):
4880:, 2014. Pp. 137–139.
4763:Israel Studies Forum
3549:Babylonian captivity
3509:as republics of the
3220:improve this section
2973:the Mizrahi Movement
2457:World Agudath Israel
1598:United Arab Emirates
685:Second Temple period
675:Babylonian captivity
93:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
8910:Mizrahi Jews topics
8727:Jewish Encyclopedia
8472:Hekhalot literature
8283:Religious movements
7818:Judeo-Tripolitanian
6981:Madani and Fellahin
6501:North African Jews
5746:10.1038/nature09103
5738:2010Natur.466..238B
5622:10.1038/nature13673
5508:2000PNAS...97.6769H
5479:on 23 January 2024.
5094:Nicholas de Lange:
5050:Nicholas de Lange:
5012:Nicholas de Lange:
4968:, 2017. pp. 98–100.
4839:, 17 February 2017.
4498:Birvadker, Oshrit.
4350:Israeli-Palestinian
4071:, arrived speaking
3608:Post-1948 dispersal
2842:Mediterranean Basin
750:Hellenistic Judaism
328:Land of Israel
287:Principles of faith
56:
8868:Judaism portal
8804:Jews and Halloween
8799:Jews and Christmas
8189:Rabbinic authority
7941:Judaeo-Piedmontese
7374:Xueta Christianity
7279:Origins of Judaism
7246:Outline of Judaism
6199:Road From Damascus
6186:10.1111/soin.12007
6158:by Norman Stillman
6118:– Nancy Hawker on
6116:Mizrahi Wanderings
6010:Middle East Report
5883:Sephardi Voices UK
5207:The Jerusalem Post
5031:My Jewish Learning
4609:The New York Times
4517:Eyal, Gil (2006),
4479:on 5 February 2018
4382:My Jewish Learning
3975:
3825:Hurum air disaster
3578:People of the Book
3505:due to several of
3363:
3136:
3094:rejects the terms
2828:, and after their
2707:Saudi Arabian Jews
2646:that lived in the
2644:Jewish communities
2311:Jewish Koine Greek
1853:Dominican Republic
1134:Judaism by country
813:Jews and Christmas
668:Assyrian captivity
54:
46:Jews of the Orient
8877:
8876:
8843:extinct languages
8744:YIVO Encyclopedia
8519:Hebrew literature
8487:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
8327:Reconstructionist
8005:Judaeo-Portuguese
7694:
7693:
7650:Eastern Sephardim
7294:Synagogal Judaism
7197:
7196:
7120:Foreign nationals
7069:African Americans
6681:
6680:
5947:Project MUSE
5823:978-1-78238-222-5
5792:978-0-300-16715-3
5732:(7303): 238–242.
5616:(7518): 409–413.
5502:(12): 6769–6774.
5345:Project MUSE
5248:Los Angeles Times
5167:978-1-55753-728-7
4549:katzcenterupenn.
4532:978-0-8047-5403-3
4426:Los Angeles Times
4199:Eastern Sephardim
3932:
3931:
3765:Exodus by country
3475:Kurdish languages
3439:Syriac Christians
3256:
3255:
3248:
2830:expulsion in 1492
2623:עֲדוֹת־הַמִּזְרָח
2586:), also known as
2573:
2572:
2522:
2521:
2270:
2269:
2017:Reconstructionist
1961:
1960:
1113:
1112:
920:
919:
757:Jewish–Roman wars
705:Hasmonean dynasty
621:Kingdom of Israel
525:
524:
226:
225:
16:(Redirected from
8937:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8851:
8850:
7983:Judeo-Golpaygani
7584:Palestinian Jews
7559:Alexandrian Jews
7515:Crimean Karaites
7432:Unterlander Jews
7385:
7384:
7299:Rabbinic Judaism
7224:
7217:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7186:Arameans have a
6790:Eastern Orthodox
6708:
6701:
6694:
6685:
6684:
6582:Juhuri/Judeo-Tat
6510:Alexandrian Jews
6490:Musta'arabi Jews
6427:Palestinian Jews
6309:
6302:
6295:
6286:
6285:
6228:PersianRabbi.com
6193:Saul Silas Fathi
6189:
6112:
6075:
6050:
6029:
6004:
5983:
5954:
5827:
5805:
5796:
5766:
5765:
5721:
5715:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5691:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5551:
5540:
5539:
5529:
5519:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5475:. Archived from
5464:
5458:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5430:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5407:. Archived from
5402:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5326:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5131:
5125:
5118:
5112:
5105:
5099:
5092:
5086:
5075:
5064:
5061:
5055:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5023:
5017:
5010:
5004:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4984:
4975:
4969:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4924:. Archived from
4913:
4907:
4900:
4894:
4887:
4881:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4846:
4840:
4830:
4824:
4814:
4808:
4798:
4792:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4713:
4707:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4677:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4546:
4537:
4535:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4475:. Archived from
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4374:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4265:
4237:Palestinian Jews
4029:Fertile Crescent
3924:
3917:
3910:
3783:Operation Yachin
3737:Oujda and Jerada
3645:
3622:
3621:
3582:Musta'arabi Jews
3370:Jewish languages
3251:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3200:
3192:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3149:
3143:
3121:
3115:
3105:
3099:
3079:
3070:Sephardi Judaism
3056:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2981:HaPoel HaMizrahi
2970:
2943:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2889:
2881:
2781:One Million Plan
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2414:
2413:
2295:
2116:
2110:
2091:
2055:
2054:
2002:
1949:New Zealand
1901:
1864:El Salvador
1854:
1786:Northern America
1778:
1372:
1128:
1127:
1039:Crimean Karaites
935:
934:
913:
911:
832:
830:
822:
816:
807:
795:Rabbinic Judaism
776:
770:
764:
752:
740:
706:
699:Maccabean Revolt
676:
669:
663:
655:
648:
642:
634:
616:
540:
539:
514:
409:
408:
341:
329:
228:
227:
113:Judaeo-Malayalam
74:
63:
57:
53:
21:
8945:
8944:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8935:
8934:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8873:
8862:
8860:
8832:
8658:
8523:
8395:
8269:
8163:
7978:Judeo-Borujerdi
7953:Judeo-Malayalam
7899:Judeo-Aragonese
7870:Lishanid Noshan
7702:
7690:
7422:Oberlander Jews
7383:
7313:
7255:
7237:
7228:
7198:
7193:
7171:
7115:
7057:
7019:
7005:Arab Christians
6962:
6831:
6717:
6712:
6682:
6677:
6651:
6610:
6543:
6453:Babylonian Jews
6441:
6405:
6319:
6313:
6245:Jews of Lebanon
6239:Sha'ar Binyamin
6218:
6210:Tablet Magazine
6206:Wayback Machine
6143:My Life in Iraq
6058:(19/20): 1–35.
6018:10.2307/3012984
5972:10.2307/2676427
5892:
5873:(British-based)
5839:
5834:
5824:
5793:
5779:Gilbert, Martin
5774:
5769:
5722:
5718:
5709:
5705:
5659:
5655:
5601:
5597:
5552:
5543:
5488:
5484:
5465:
5461:
5456:Wayback Machine
5447:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5414:on 9 July 2007.
5411:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5360:
5356:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5119:
5115:
5106:
5102:
5093:
5089:
5076:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5011:
5007:
4998:
4994:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4914:
4910:
4901:
4897:
4888:
4884:
4874:Victimhood Book
4871:
4867:
4854:
4847:
4843:
4835:, Ofer Aderet,
4831:
4827:
4815:
4811:
4799:
4795:
4786:
4782:
4759:
4755:
4732:10.2307/2676427
4714:
4710:
4698:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4515:
4511:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4418:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4328:
4324:
4309:10.2307/2676427
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4210:for the terms "
4174:
4134:
4124:
4107:
4101:
4092:Judaeo-Georgian
4073:Judeo-Malayalam
3993:
3963:
3928:
3778:Operation Mural
3620:
3612:Main articles:
3610:
3537:Jewish diaspora
3533:
3523:Jewish diaspora
3521:Main articles:
3519:
3487:Judeo-Malayalam
3467:Bukhori dialect
3455:
3435:Assyrian people
3429:descended from
3392:Hebrew alphabet
3351:
3343:Hebrew alphabet
3331:
3325:
3320:
3276:Alhambra Decree
3252:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3217:
3201:
3190:
3184:
3125:Sepharadic Jews
2873:
2838:Southern Europe
2804:State of Israel
2656:State of Israel
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2569:
2524:
2523:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2391:Judeo-Malayalam
2371:Judaeo-Georgian
2291:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2172:Yiddish theatre
2114:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2000:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1899:
1852:
1776:
1370:
1154:Genetic studies
1125:
1115:
1114:
932:
922:
921:
909:
908:
828:
827:
820:
810:
805:
787:and Middle Ages
785:Rabbinic period
772:
766:
759:
747:
718:
704:
674:
667:
658:
650:
646:
637:
632:in Judaism
629:
614:
537:
527:
526:
406:
396:
395:
339:
327:
272:
147:
143:
121:Judaeo-Georgian
87:
65:
52:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8943:
8933:
8932:
8927:
8925:Jewish culture
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8857:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8810:non-Christian
8808:
8807:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8766:
8759:
8752:
8747:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8706:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8668:
8666:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8613:
8612:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8585:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8556:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8544:
8533:
8531:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8509:Shulchan Aruch
8506:
8505:
8504:
8499:
8497:Sefer Yetzirah
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8477:Pardes Rimonim
8474:
8467:Kabbalah texts
8464:
8463:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8411:
8405:
8403:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8357:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8279:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8262:
8260:Land of Israel
8257:
8256:
8255:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8173:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8138:
8136:Judeo-Alsatian
8128:
8127:
8126:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8057:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7988:Judeo-Hamedani
7985:
7980:
7975:
7965:
7963:Judaeo-Occitan
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7904:Jewish English
7901:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7835:Judaeo-Aramaic
7832:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7823:Judeo-Tunisian
7820:
7815:
7813:Judeo-Moroccan
7810:
7809:
7808:
7806:Judeo-Baghdadi
7793:
7788:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7710:
7708:
7696:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7662:
7657:
7655:Livornese Jews
7652:
7642:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7502:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7402:Afrikaner-Jode
7393:
7391:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7323:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7265:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7212:
7204:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7184:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7038:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6983:
6972:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6841:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6727:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6711:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6688:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6663:Black Panthers
6659:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6594:Judaeo-Spanish
6591:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6555:Israeli Hebrew
6551:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6515:Sephardic Jews
6512:
6507:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6485:Jews in Arabia
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6324:By nationality
6321:
6320:
6312:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6231:
6225:
6222:Bukharian Jews
6217:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6196:
6190:
6180:(3): 448–472.
6169:
6160:
6151:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6129:
6123:
6113:
6087:(2): 271–292.
6076:
6064:10.2307/466176
6051:
6041:(21): 95–106.
6030:
6012:(178): 25–29.
6005:
5984:
5955:
5918:
5909:
5902:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5845:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5832:External links
5830:
5829:
5828:
5822:
5806:
5797:
5791:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5716:
5703:
5653:
5595:
5566:(6): 804–814.
5541:
5482:
5459:
5441:
5417:
5405:www.cbs.gov.il
5389:
5376:10.2307/351810
5370:(4): 965–974.
5354:
5317:(1): 173–187.
5297:
5288:
5277:(2): 418–438.
5261:
5235:
5226:
5212:
5194:
5182:
5173:
5166:
5148:
5126:
5113:
5100:
5087:
5065:
5056:
5043:
5018:
5005:
4992:
4970:
4957:
4942:
4931:on 12 May 2004
4908:
4895:
4882:
4865:
4841:
4825:
4809:
4793:
4780:
4753:
4708:
4700:Ruvik Rosental
4689:
4664:
4629:
4595:
4567:
4538:
4531:
4509:
4490:
4464:
4438:
4412:
4394:
4362:
4337:
4322:
4287:
4269:"Mizrahi Jews"
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Jewish culture
4219:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4149:Bukharian Jews
4123:
4120:
4100:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4076:
4057:
4054:Bukharian Jews
4051:
4045:
4039:
4032:
3992:
3989:
3962:
3959:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3875:
3874:
3873:Related topics
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3780:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3609:
3606:
3545:Land of Israel
3518:
3515:
3491:Bukharian Jews
3454:
3451:
3350:
3347:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3311:Ottoman Empire
3266:, and lately,
3254:
3253:
3204:
3202:
3195:
3183:
3180:
3103:Edot HaMizrach
3020:was a form of
2963:' German name
2890:, Hebrew for '
2872:
2869:
2855:Following the
2751:Bukharian Jews
2703:Jordanian Jews
2617:Edot HaMizrach
2584:יהודי המִזְרָח
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2452:Territorialism
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:Judaeo-Spanish
2333:
2331:Judaeo-Iranian
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:United Kingdom
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1210:Bilad-el-Sudan
1207:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1163:Land of Israel
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1021:Related groups
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
948:
933:
928:
927:
924:
923:
918:
917:
916:
915:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
878:Jewish atheism
875:
870:
865:
857:
856:
852:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:Islamic–Jewish
824:
817:
802:
797:
789:
788:
781:
780:
779:
778:
754:
741:
713:
708:
701:
696:
694:Yehud Medinata
688:
687:
681:
680:
679:
678:
671:
664:
656:
643:
635:
623:
618:
611:
603:
602:
600:Ancient Israel
596:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
556:Land of Israel
553:
545:
544:
538:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:
511:Shulchan Aruch
506:
501:
496:
491:
483:
482:
481:
480:
475:
467:
466:
460:
459:
458:
457:
452:
444:
443:
437:
436:
435:
434:
429:
424:
416:
415:
407:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
336:
331:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
289:
284:
277:God in Judaism
273:
268:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
256:
248:
247:
237:
236:
224:
223:
209:Ashkenazi Jews
205:Sephardic Jews
201:
200:
196:
195:
189:
188:
184:
183:
155:(liturgical),
153:Mizrahi Hebrew
149:Israeli Hebrew
133:Judaeo-Persian
129:Judaeo-Iranian
117:Judaeo-Marathi
109:Judaeo-Aramaic
81:
80:
76:
75:
67:
66:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8942:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8870:
8869:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8846:
8845:
8844:
8840:
8835:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8794:Protestantism
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8728:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8673:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8661:
8655:
8652:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8606:
8603:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8530:
8526:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8482:Sefer HaBahir
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8465:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8409:Sifrei Kodesh
8407:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8308:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8272:
8266:
8265:Who is a Jew?
8263:
8261:
8258:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8194:Chosen people
8192:
8190:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8160:
8157:
8151:
8150:Scots-Yiddish
8148:
8144:
8143:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8132:
8129:
8125:
8124:
8123:Klezmer-loshn
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7993:Judeo-Shirazi
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7968:Judeo-Persian
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7958:Judeo-Marathi
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7937:
7936:Judeo-Italian
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7791:Judeo-Amazigh
7789:
7787:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7701:
7697:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7614:Hadhrami Jews
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7579:Mountain Jews
7577:
7575:
7574:Egyptian Jews
7572:
7570:
7569:Bukharan Jews
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7357:Lists of Jews
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7225:
7220:
7218:
7213:
7211:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7189:
7188:status aparte
7185:
7182:
7181:status aparte
7179:Druze have a
7178:
7177:
7174:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7024:Other Semitic
7022:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6709:
6704:
6702:
6697:
6695:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6637:Mizrahi music
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6577:Judeo-Persian
6575:
6573:
6572:Judeo-Aramaic
6570:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6538:
6537:Hadhrami Jews
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6522:Yemenite Jews
6520:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6505:Maghrebi Jews
6503:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6480:Bukharan Jews
6478:
6476:
6475:Mountain Jews
6473:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6463:Baghdadi Jews
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6310:
6305:
6303:
6298:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6261:Jewish Djerba
6259:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6154:Excerpt from
6152:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6120:Samir Naqqash
6117:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5912:Ella Shohat,
5910:
5907:
5904:Ella Shohat,
5903:
5901:
5899:
5896:Ella Shohat,
5894:
5893:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5837:Organizations
5825:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5810:Smadar, Lavie
5807:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5707:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5674:(3): 100507.
5673:
5669:
5668:Cell Genomics
5665:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5486:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5445:
5427:
5421:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5358:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5250:. 20 May 2019
5249:
5245:
5239:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5209:. 7 May 2017.
5208:
5204:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5177:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5136:
5130:
5123:
5117:
5110:
5104:
5097:
5091:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5060:
5053:
5047:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5015:
5009:
5002:
4996:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4961:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4902:Haggai Ram, "
4899:
4892:
4886:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4845:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4769:(2): 94–106.
4768:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4712:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4674:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4543:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4253:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4167:
4166:Yemenite Jews
4162:
4161:Georgian Jews
4158:
4157:Mountain Jews
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4096:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4048:Baghdadi Jews
4046:
4043:
4042:Mountain Jews
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3971:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Awareness day
3841:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:Mountain Jews
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:Judeo-Marathi
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3463:Judeo-Persian
3460:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:Yemenite Jews
3261:
3250:
3247:
3239:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3205:This section
3203:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3049:
3048:Edot Hamizraḥ
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:Roberto Bachi
2982:
2978:
2974:
2971:, as seen in
2969:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:Sephardi Jews
2796:
2794:
2793:the Holocaust
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:Georgian Jews
2760:
2759:Mountain Jews
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:Tunisian Jews
2740:
2739:Moroccan Jews
2736:
2732:
2731:Algerian Jews
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:Bahraini Jews
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:Lebanese Jews
2692:
2688:
2687:Egyptian Jews
2684:
2680:
2676:
2675:Yemenite Jews
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2612:Oriental Jews
2603:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Judeo-Aramaic
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Judeo-Italian
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Ghardaïa Sign
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:Denominations
1967:
1966:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:United States
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Guinea-Bissau
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:Lists of Jews
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:
931:
926:
925:
914:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:The Holocaust
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
858:
854:
853:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
825:
823:
818:
814:
808:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
790:
786:
783:
782:
775:
769:
763:
758:
755:
751:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
689:
686:
683:
682:
677:
672:
670:
665:
661:
657:
654:
649:
644:
640:
636:
633:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:
601:
598:
597:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
546:
542:
541:
536:
531:
530:
519:
516:
513:
512:
507:
505:
502:
500:
499:Mishneh Torah
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
484:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
468:
465:
462:
461:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
445:
442:
439:
438:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
418:
417:
414:
411:
410:
405:
400:
399:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
337:
335:
332:
330:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
297:
293:
290:
288:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
271:
266:
265:
260:
259:Who is a Jew?
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
246:
242:
239:
238:
234:
230:
229:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
194:
190:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:Judaeo-Arabic
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
68:
62:יהודים מזרחים
58:
47:
40:
33:
19:
8890:Mizrahi Jews
8859:
8852:
8838:
8761:
8754:
8742:
8725:
8708:
8542:perspectives
8376:Samaritanism
8337:Neo-Hasidism
8317:Conservative
8231:Names of God
8140:
8121:
7931:Judaeo-Greek
7926:Judeo-Gascon
7865:Lishán Didán
7860:Lishana Deni
7828:Judeo-Yemeni
7796:Judeo-Arabic
7670:Meshuchrarim
7589:Persian Jews
7548:
7522:Kurdish Jews
7500:Kaifeng Jews
7449:Beta Abraham
7412:Galitzianers
7367:Antisemitism
7342:Israeli Jews
7327:Assimilation
7187:
7180:
7162:Doms (Gypsy)
7157:Palestinians
6976:Arab Muslims
6939:Bene Ephraim
6934:Bnei Menashe
6812:Samaritanism
6785:Christianity
6741:Conservative
6627:Ovadia Yosef
6567:Judeo-Arabic
6532:Habbani Jews
6470:Persian Jews
6458:Kurdish Jews
6446:By community
6386:Saudi Arabia
6316:Mizrahi Jews
6315:
6177:
6173:
6164:
6163:Etan Bloom,
6155:
6084:
6080:
6055:
6038:
6034:
6009:
5995:(10): 3–18.
5992:
5988:
5963:
5959:
5929:(2): 49–74.
5926:
5922:
5913:
5905:
5897:
5813:
5801:
5782:
5772:Bibliography
5729:
5725:
5719:
5711:
5706:
5671:
5667:
5656:
5613:
5609:
5598:
5563:
5559:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5477:the original
5472:
5462:
5444:
5432:. Retrieved
5426:"97_gr_.xls"
5420:
5409:the original
5404:
5392:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5314:
5310:
5300:
5291:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5254:26 September
5252:. Retrieved
5247:
5238:
5229:
5215:
5206:
5197:
5185:
5176:
5157:
5151:
5139:. Retrieved
5129:
5121:
5116:
5108:
5103:
5095:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5059:
5051:
5046:
5034:. Retrieved
5030:
5021:
5013:
5008:
5000:
4995:
4986:
4973:
4965:
4960:
4933:. Retrieved
4926:the original
4921:
4911:
4898:
4885:
4868:
4857:
4844:
4828:
4812:
4796:
4788:
4783:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4682:26 September
4680:. Retrieved
4667:
4642:
4639:Peace Review
4638:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4608:
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4582:
4558:. Retrieved
4554:
4522:
4512:
4503:
4493:
4481:. Retrieved
4477:the original
4467:
4457:17 September
4455:. Retrieved
4451:
4441:
4429:. Retrieved
4425:
4415:
4406:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4381:
4353:. Retrieved
4349:
4340:
4325:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4278:. Retrieved
4272:
4153:Kurdish Jews
4145:Iranian Jews
4138:
4135:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4089:
4061:Malabar Jews
4025:North Africa
4018:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3964:
3955:Muslim world
3952:
3940:
3933:
3862:
3788:
3742:Tripolitania
3719:
3667:
3598:Central Asia
3591:
3571:
3565:
3543:outside the
3534:
3511:Soviet Union
3456:
3437:, which are
3419:Kurdish Jews
3396:
3377:
3364:
3332:
3308:
3296:
3272:
3259:
3257:
3242:
3233:
3218:Please help
3206:
3154:was called "
3137:
3092:Sami Michael
3090:
3061:
3059:
3038:
3030:had labeled
3017:
3014:Avshalom Kor
2977:Bank Mizrahi
2956:
2954:
2949:
2918:Maghribiyyun
2902:Mashriqiyyun
2895:
2875:
2874:
2854:
2833:
2815:
2797:
2777:World War II
2774:
2770:
2747:Iranian Jews
2715:Kuwaiti Jews
2711:Emirati Jews
2683:Turkish Jews
2679:Kurdish Jews
2673:; including
2667:North Africa
2662:
2660:
2651:
2648:Muslim world
2616:
2615:
2611:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2587:
2576:Mizrahi Jews
2575:
2574:
2515:Post-Zionism
2386:Judeo-Berber
2381:Judeo-Arabic
2341:Judeo-Gascon
2088:Pidyon haben
2007:Conservative
1553:Saudi Arabia
1371:South Africa
1360:Sierra Leone
1182:Israeli Jews
1096:Mosaic Arabs
1049:Kaifeng Jews
957:
910:Arab–Israeli
883:Emancipation
762:Great Revolt
571:Anti-Judaism
566:Antisemitism
561:Name "Judea"
356:Baal teshuva
144:
105:Judeo-Berber
85:Traditional:
84:
55:Mizrahi Jews
51:Ethnic group
8784:Catholicism
8366:Hellenistic
8204:Eschatology
8142:Lachoudisch
8067:Lotegorisch
8045:Lachoudisch
8035:Koiné Greek
7948:Judeo-Latin
7885:Palestinian
7779:Palestinian
7628:Mustaʿravim
7554:Afghan Jews
7542:Berber Jews
7466:Bene Israel
7454:Falash Mura
7444:Beta Israel
7362:Persecution
7304:Middle Ages
7101:Circassians
6956:Falash Mura
6951:Beta Israel
6929:Bene Israel
6331:Afghanistan
6255:Harissa.com
6216:Communities
6056:Social Text
5966:(1): 5–20.
5923:Social Text
4872:Alon Gan, "
4803:, Official
4726:(1): 5–20.
4303:(1): 5–20.
4194:Berber Jews
4084:Maharashtra
4080:Bene Israel
3997:Ella Shohat
3944:Suez Crisis
3835:Remembrance
3700:Six-Day War
3695:Suez Crisis
3541:Middle East
3447:Mesopotamia
3303:Musta'rabim
3268:Beta Israel
3022:Orientalism
2871:Terminology
2848:has placed
2840:around the
2767:Indian Jews
2755:Afghan Jews
2735:Libyan Jews
2723:Qatari Jews
2691:Syrian Jews
2510:Revisionist
2500:Neo-Zionism
2107:Zeved habat
1900:Puerto Rico
1726:Netherlands
1558:South Korea
1543:Philippines
1423:Afghanistan
1290:Ivory Coast
1064:Crypto-Jews
1029:Bnei Anusim
1008:Bene Israel
973:Beta Israel
930:Communities
837:Middle Ages
576:Persecution
351:Bereavement
181:Azerbaijani
8884:Categories
8779:Anabaptism
8721:Jew (word)
8588:Leadership
8401:Literature
8386:Secularism
8332:Humanistic
8199:Conversion
8169:Philosophy
8010:Judeo-Urdu
7774:Babylonian
7619:Saada Jews
7604:Adeni Jews
7397:Ashkenazim
7352:Samaritans
7319:Population
7274:Israelites
7111:Vietnamese
7094:Subbotniks
7036:Samaritans
6909:Romaniotes
6845:Ashkenazim
6800:Protestant
6527:Adeni Jews
6273:Dafina.net
6267:Zlabia.com
6137:Moshe Levy
6035:Third Text
5879:(US-based)
5449:Hebrew PDF
5434:21 January
5311:Demography
5141:21 January
4622:12 January
4483:9 December
4431:1 December
4249:References
4212:Israelites
4179:Adeni Jews
4141:Iraqi Jews
4126:See also:
4103:See also:
3650:Background
3600:, and the
3499:Azerbaijan
3497:living in
3335:Arab world
3299:Arab world
3292:Ashkenazim
3236:April 2023
3186:See also:
3113:Ashkenazim
3054:עדות־המזרח
2727:Omani Jews
2699:Iraqi Jews
2595:מִזְרָחִים
2495:Maximalism
2447:Secularism
2427:Autonomism
2244:Literature
2037:Humanistic
1641:Azerbaijan
1603:Uzbekistan
1578:Tajikistan
1498:Kyrgyzstan
1483:Kazakhstan
1330:Mozambique
1305:Madagascar
1225:Cape Verde
1177:New Yishuv
1172:Old Yishuv
1123:Population
1101:Subbotniks
1059:Samaritans
998:Romanyotim
941:Ashkenazim
888:Old Yishuv
868:Sabbateans
855:Modern era
847:Golden Age
774:Bar Kokhba
494:Beit Yosef
361:Philosophy
219:; various
217:Samaritans
137:Judeo-Urdu
125:Judaeo-Tat
8841:indicate
8789:Mormonism
8774:Christian
8654:Symbolism
8642:Synagogue
8622:Mythology
8583:Education
8554:Astronomy
8537:Astrology
8354:relations
8159:Zarphatic
8107:Galitzish
7909:Yeshivish
7786:Catalanic
7749:Samaritan
7724:Ashkenazi
7705:Diasporic
7700:Languages
7645:Sephardim
7640:Romaniote
7527:Krymchaks
7461:Desi Jews
7337:Buddhists
7137:Filipinos
7074:Armenians
7046:Maronites
7031:Assyrians
6946:Ethiopian
6860:Bulgarian
6778:Ahmadiyya
6548:Languages
5943:143908777
5630:0028-0836
5580:1476-5438
4748:154022510
4659:145345386
4645:: 53–60.
4617:0362-4331
4504:jstribune
4184:Arab Jews
4014:austerity
4009:craftsmen
4001:ma'abarot
3587:Israelite
3471:Judeo-Tat
3399:Kurdistan
3207:does not
3152:Jerusalem
3027:Westjuden
2991:" in his
2989:Ashkenzim
2946:Babylonia
2865:Sephardic
2661:The term
2607:מִזְרָחִי
2505:Religious
2361:Zarphatic
2351:Bukharian
2321:Judeo-Tat
2306:Yeshivish
2280:Languages
2235:Sephardic
2225:Israelite
2215:Ethiopian
2205:Ashkenazi
2144:Religious
1934:Australia
1916:Venezuela
1822:Argentina
1804:Greenland
1716:Lithuania
1568:Sri Lanka
1563:Singapore
1488:Kurdistan
1453:Indonesia
1443:Hong Kong
1396:Abayudaya
1320:Mauritius
1054:Igbo Jews
1044:Krymchaks
963:Sephardim
831:relations
725:Sadducees
721:Pharisees
711:Sanhedrin
626:Jerusalem
386:Synagogue
254:Etymology
97:Bukharian
79:Languages
8854:Category
8824:Hinduism
8814:Buddhism
8716:Genetics
8632:Politics
8605:Marriage
8564:Holidays
8559:Calendar
8440:Rabbinic
8416:/Hebrew
8361:Haymanot
8288:Orthodox
8275:Branches
8248:Kabbalah
8243:Haskalah
8221:Holiness
8097:dialects
8077:Shassagh
8040:Krymchak
8020:Kayliñña
7914:Yinglish
7890:Galilean
7880:Talmudic
7875:Biblical
7850:Betanure
7769:Biblical
7764:Mishnaic
7759:Medieval
7744:Tiberian
7739:Yemenite
7729:Sephardi
7665:Paradesi
7609:Ḥabbanim
7599:Teimanim
7564:Baghdadi
7537:Maghrebi
7505:Karaites
7483:Gruzínim
7471:Kochinim
7389:Diaspora
7347:Karaites
7332:Atheists
7269:Timeline
7167:Sudanese
7106:Bosniaks
7089:Russians
7053:Lebanese
7041:Arameans
7015:Lebanese
6904:Karaites
6897:Yemenite
6877:Mizrahim
6865:Moroccan
6850:Romanian
6827:Buddhism
6822:Hinduism
6795:Catholic
6756:Haymanot
6736:Rabbinic
6656:Politics
6604:Solitreo
6376:Pakistan
6202:Archived
6109:44736417
6101:24941614
5890:Articles
5812:(2014).
5781:(2010).
5754:20531471
5698:38417441
5689:10943591
5648:25230663
5536:10801975
5452:Archived
5341:35012852
5333:15074130
4775:41804898
4702:, PhD.,
4172:See also
4122:Genetics
4027:and the
4005:moshavim
3948:refugees
3821:Tunisia
3690:1948 war
3663:Sephardi
3627:a series
3625:Part of
3602:Caucasus
3589:tribes.
3479:Georgian
3461:such as
3388:yeshivot
3318:Language
3288:Portugal
3280:Sepharad
3260:Sfaradim
3175:Sephardi
3147:Mashreqi
3141:Maghrebi
3119:Mizrahim
3097:Mizrahim
3062:Sephardi
3042:Mizrahim
3033:Ostjuden
3018:Mizrahim
2967:Ostjuden
2912:مشريقيون
2896:Mizrahim
2882:
2834:Sephardi
2826:Portugal
2817:minhagim
2791:) after
2771:Mizrahi.
2601:Mizrachi
2589:Mizrahim
2532:Category
2490:Kahanism
2437:Feminism
2409:Politics
2293:Biblical
2263:American
2210:Bukharan
2200:American
2100:Shidduch
2076:Clothing
2032:Haymanot
1978:Orthodox
1906:Suriname
1889:Paraguay
1842:Colombia
1741:Portugal
1651:Bulgaria
1588:Thailand
1538:Pakistan
1518:Mongolia
1513:Malaysia
1433:Cambodia
1407:Zimbabwe
1382:Tanzania
1260:Eswatini
1250:Ethiopia
1240:Djibouti
1220:Cameroon
1215:Botswana
1144:Diaspora
1106:Noahides
1079:Marranos
1003:Cochinim
988:Bukharim
978:Gruzinim
968:Teimanim
958:Mizrahim
946:Galician
912:conflict
873:Hasidism
863:Haskalah
768:Diaspora
639:timeline
551:Timeline
464:Rabbinic
371:Kabbalah
346:Marriage
322:Tzedakah
312:Holidays
270:Religion
233:a series
231:Part of
211:, other
187:Religion
173:Georgian
18:Mizrahim
8839:Italics
8664:Studies
8610:Divorce
8576:Kashrut
8571:Cuisine
8529:Culture
8460:Midrash
8455:Tosefta
8445:Mishnah
8433:Ketuvim
8428:Nevi'im
8391:Schisms
8381:Science
8371:Karaite
8342:Renewal
8303:Litvaks
8298:Hasidic
8253:Sefirot
8238:Halakha
8209:Messiah
8182:Mitzvah
8177:Beliefs
8131:Western
8117:Poylish
8112:Litvish
8102:Eastern
8092:Yiddish
8087:Shuadit
8072:Qwareña
8060:Tetuani
8055:Haketia
8030:Knaanic
8025:Kivruli
7973:Bukhori
7919:Heblish
7855:Hulaulá
7845:Barzani
7801:Yahudic
7734:Mizrahi
7594:Urfalim
7549:Mizrahi
7493:Neofiti
7488:Italkim
7417:Lita'im
7309:Zionism
7261:History
7235:Judaism
7132:Chinese
7084:Indians
6991:Galilee
6986:Bedouin
6914:Italkim
6892:Kurdish
6887:Iranian
6870:Turkish
6855:Russian
6807:Druzism
6751:Karaite
6731:Judaism
6642:Mimouna
6410:History
6366:Lebanon
6336:Bahrain
6026:3012984
5980:2676427
5762:4307824
5734:Bibcode
5639:4170574
5589:7253422
5504:Bibcode
5473:Haaretz
5036:3 March
4935:8 March
4837:Haaretz
4740:2676427
4588:3 March
4560:3 March
4387:3 March
4355:3 March
4317:2676427
4280:8 March
4214:" and "
4208:synonym
4204:Hebrews
4036:Persian
3812:Lebanon
3773:Morocco
3757:Tripoli
3752:Baghdad
3680:Zionism
3668:Mizrahi
3573:dhimmis
3539:in the
3517:History
3503:Russian
3384:Kaddish
3366:Aramaic
3359:Baghdad
3349:Aramaic
3333:In the
3228:removed
3213:sources
3169:Mizrahi
2995:of the
2979:and in
2957:Mizrahi
2950:Mizrahi
2941:ma'arav
2925:ma'arav
2876:Mizrahi
2812:Judaism
2783:of the
2663:Mizrahi
2652:Mizrahi
2631:
2475:General
2466:Zionism
2442:Leftism
2432:Bundism
2356:Knaanic
2316:Yevanic
2301:Yiddish
2258:Yiddish
2253:Israeli
2230:Mizrahi
2220:Israeli
2191:Cuisine
2167:Ancient
2149:Secular
2095:Kashrut
2071:Wedding
2058:Customs
2050:Culture
2027:Science
2022:Renewal
2012:Karaite
1993:Hasidic
1925:Oceania
1911:Uruguay
1879:Jamaica
1859:Ecuador
1827:Bolivia
1771:Ukraine
1746:Romania
1721:Moldova
1701:Hungary
1691:Germany
1686:Georgia
1676:Finland
1671:Estonia
1666:Denmark
1661:Czechia
1646:Belarus
1636:Austria
1631:Armenia
1608:Vietnam
1523:Myanmar
1508:Lebanon
1428:Bahrain
1387:Tunisia
1365:Somalia
1340:Nigeria
1335:Namibia
1325:Morocco
1255:Eritrea
1200:Algeria
1084:Neofiti
993:Italkim
983:Juhurim
893:Zionism
842:Khazars
737:Sicarii
733:Zealots
729:Essenes
716:Schisms
581:Leaders
543:General
535:History
478:Tosefta
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432:Ketuvim
427:Nevi'im
376:Customs
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302:Halakha
294: (
292:Mitzvot
279: (
245:Judaism
193:Judaism
177:Turkish
165:Russian
161:English
145:Modern:
64:
32:Mizraim
8647:Hazzan
8637:Prayer
8514:Siddur
8450:Talmud
8414:Tanakh
8349:Neolog
8322:Reform
8310:Modern
8293:Haredi
8216:Ethics
8082:Shassi
8050:Ladino
8015:Karaim
7998:Juhuri
7840:Targum
7754:Signed
7719:Modern
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7478:Dönmeh
7437:Yekkes
7142:Greeks
6924:Cochin
6919:Indian
6746:Reform
6599:Ladino
6560:Hebrew
6401:U.A.E.
6361:Kuwait
6356:Jordan
6318:topics
6107:
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6072:466176
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5853:JIMENA
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3473:, and
3465:, the
3403:Turkey
3374:Talmud
3361:, 1959
3339:Arabic
3323:Arabic
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3082:rabbis
3076:minhag
2997:Yishuv
2936:Geonic
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2886:Mizraḥ
2850:rabbis
2844:. The
2757:, and
2580:Hebrew
2537:Portal
2396:Domari
2326:Shassi
2287:Hebrew
2182:Humour
2126:Hiloni
2121:Aliyah
2081:Niddah
2066:Minyan
2001:Reform
1988:Haredi
1983:Modern
1884:Mexico
1869:Guyana
1832:Brazil
1794:Canada
1766:Sweden
1756:Serbia
1751:Russia
1736:Poland
1731:Norway
1711:Latvia
1696:Greece
1681:France
1656:Cyprus
1622:Europe
1593:Turkey
1583:Taiwan
1493:Kuwait
1478:Jordan
1468:Israel
1402:Zambia
1392:Uganda
1310:Malawi
1280:Guinea
1270:Gambia
1205:Angola
1191:Africa
1074:Dönmeh
1069:Anusim
1013:Berber
951:Litvak
903:Israel
809:
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660:Second
628:
489:Targum
455:Gemara
441:Talmud
413:Tanakh
366:Ethics
317:Prayer
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157:French
141:Syriac
89:Hebrew
8819:Islam
8627:Names
8617:Music
8598:Rebbe
8593:Rabbi
8547:Monen
8502:Zohar
8423:Torah
8418:Bible
7532:Lemba
7407:Chuts
7152:Kurds
7147:Turks
7079:Dutch
7010:Druze
6996:Negev
6968:Arabs
6882:Iraqi
6817:Bahai
6768:Sunni
6763:Islam
6647:Henna
6396:Syria
6391:Sudan
6381:Qatar
6341:Egypt
6105:S2CID
6068:JSTOR
6022:JSTOR
5976:JSTOR
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4676:(PDF)
4655:S2CID
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4082:from
4069:India
4063:from
3858:WOJAC
3807:Egypt
3797:Yemen
3747:Cairo
3594:India
3568:Islam
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3407:Syria
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3284:Spain
3108:Mapai
3002:Yahud
2822:Spain
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2485:Labor
2480:Green
2177:Dance
2135:Music
1954:Palau
1874:Haiti
1837:Chile
1761:Spain
1706:Italy
1613:Yemen
1573:Syria
1548:Qatar
1528:Nepal
1473:Japan
1448:India
1438:China
1377:Sudan
1300:Libya
1295:Kenya
1275:Ghana
1265:Gabon
1245:Egypt
1230:Benin
1089:Xueta
1034:Lemba
653:First
518:Zohar
422:Torah
404:Texts
391:Rabbi
381:Rites
281:names
7233:and
7231:Jews
6837:Jews
6773:Shia
6673:Shas
6668:Tami
6371:Oman
6351:Iraq
6346:Iran
6097:PMID
5818:ISBN
5787:ISBN
5750:PMID
5694:PMID
5644:PMID
5626:ISSN
5576:ISSN
5532:PMID
5436:2014
5329:PMID
5256:2019
5162:ISBN
5143:2014
5038:2021
4937:2015
4859:Ynet
4821:Ynet
4684:2019
4624:2019
4613:ISSN
4590:2021
4562:2021
4527:ISBN
4485:2011
4459:2024
4433:2023
4389:2021
4357:2021
4282:2015
4216:Jews
4130:and
4078:the
4059:the
3853:JJAC
3817:Iran
3802:Iraq
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3732:Aden
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3008:يهود
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1944:Guam
1939:Fiji
1894:Peru
1847:Cuba
1533:Oman
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334:Brit
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6182:doi
6089:doi
6060:doi
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