612:
169:
3207:
2124:
3177:
312:
Almost all speakers of Judeo-Berber left
Morocco in the years following its independence, and their children have mainly grown up speaking other languages. In 1992, about 2,000 speakers remained, mainly in
2888:
229:. (There were also Jews who spoke Berber as their first language, but not a distinct Jewish variety.) Speakers immigrated to Israel in the 1950s and 1960s. While mutually comprehensible with the
3195:
3212:
1768:
1748:
1897:
1892:
2031:
3172:
2038:
2045:
1907:
1902:
249:
According to a 1936 survey, approximately 145,700 of
Morocco's 161,000 Jews spoke a variety of Berber, 25,000 of whom were reportedly monolingual in the language.
309:
valley (Galand-Pernet et al. 1970:2). Jews were living among tribal
Berbers, often in the same villages and practiced old tribal Berber protection relationships.
2656:
1649:
1644:
233:
spoken by most inhabitants of the area (Galand-Pernet et al. 1970:14), these varieties are distinguished by the use of Hebrew loanwords and the pronunciation of
1639:
1634:
360:
Apart from its daily use, Judeo-Berber was used for orally explaining religious texts, and only occasionally written, using Hebrew characters; a manuscript
3111:
1694:
1820:
1618:
3228:
367:
written in Judeo-Berber has been reprinted (Galand-Pernet et al. 1970.) A few prayers, like the
Benedictions over the Torah, were recited in Berber.
3291:
3240:
270:
2601:
2205:
2735:
3200:
3011:
1542:
746:
3311:
3071:
2791:
302:
2883:
2634:
2155:
626:
274:
711:
3306:
3301:
2930:
2779:
2119:
921:
652:
2996:
2639:
896:
636:
719:
3276:
2109:
2826:
2594:
2114:
911:
906:
3146:
2920:
2198:
2893:
2767:
1815:
1452:
2903:
2847:
540:
Servants of
Pharaoh is what we were in Egypt. Our God brought us out thence with a mighty arm, with a strong arm.
2973:
2925:
2913:
2908:
2784:
2740:
2715:
1306:
966:
3001:
2952:
2869:
2842:
2745:
2730:
2587:
1535:
739:
537:
servants what we-were for
Pharaoh in Egypt. he-cause-leave us God our there with arm of might, with arm strong.
2129:
3286:
3281:
3096:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2191:
1491:
3162:
2898:
2852:
2762:
2644:
2399:
2263:
1716:
1321:
916:
901:
3271:
2877:
2440:
2404:
2230:
1683:
1485:
1006:
3167:
3128:
2492:
971:
881:
3296:
3266:
3106:
2801:
2774:
2432:
2366:
1927:
1875:
1701:
1666:
1528:
875:
870:
732:
77:
611:
1979:
1932:
1577:
1184:
1152:
379:יִכְדַמְן אַיְיִנַגָא יפּרעו גְמַצָר. יִשוֹפִגַג רבי נּג דְיְנָג שוֹפוֹש נִדְרע שוֹפוֹש יִכיווֹאַנ
2947:
3136:
2935:
2836:
2351:
1853:
1298:
1199:
1047:
857:
534:
ixəddamn ay n-ga i pərʿu g° maṣər. i-ss-ufġ aġ əṛbbi ənnəġ dinnaġ s ufus ən ddrʿ, s ufus ikuwan.
3039:
2539:
2409:
2299:
2294:
2150:
2081:
2066:
2024:
1753:
1689:
550:
339:
Delabialization of labialized velars (/kʷ gʷ xʷ ɣʷ/), e.g. nəkkʷni/nukkni > nəkkni 'us, we'
3006:
2962:
2276:
2076:
1780:
1566:
1495:
1481:
981:
961:
954:
944:
939:
931:
763:
318:
67:
3261:
2214:
1969:
1964:
1825:
1442:
1393:
1225:
1612:
8:
2750:
2512:
2254:
1432:
986:
976:
294:
2058:
1987:
1763:
1367:
1359:
1273:
1219:
1094:
1056:
1022:
949:
2862:
1259:
336:
Neutralization of the distinction between /s ʃ/, especially among monolingual speakers
159:
3233:
3118:
3044:
2724:
2423:
2286:
2222:
2017:
1959:
1919:
1721:
1711:
1462:
1448:
1414:
1280:
632:
3021:
2546:
2502:
2497:
2484:
2450:
2394:
2386:
2371:
2334:
2304:
2009:
1954:
1946:
1865:
1803:
1775:
1743:
1675:
1551:
1422:
1379:
1374:
1363:
1342:
1331:
1287:
1104:
1069:
1032:
888:
865:
818:
755:
659:
222:
210:
188:
72:
375:
Taken from Galand-Pernet et al. 1970:121 (itself from a manuscript from
Tinghir):
3101:
3034:
2755:
2649:
2553:
2525:
2466:
2376:
2356:
2343:
2320:
1992:
1887:
1880:
1859:
1848:
1830:
1736:
1731:
1706:
1629:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1205:
1123:
1084:
843:
838:
823:
797:
792:
787:
772:
199:
119:
87:
82:
59:
3088:
3059:
3049:
2968:
2619:
2610:
2174:
2145:
1797:
1791:
1758:
1726:
1600:
1511:
1242:
1232:
1193:
1128:
833:
828:
698:
685:
Une version berbère de la
Haggadah de Pesaḥ: Texte de Tinrhir du Todrha (Maroc)
555:
112:
173:
Map of Judeo Berber speaking communities in the first half of the 20th century
3255:
2940:
2857:
2704:
2697:
1808:
1656:
1473:
1389:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1212:
1142:
1115:
1017:
1012:
802:
599:
348:
Some varieties have q > kʲ and dˤ > tˤ, as in the local Arabic dialects
286:
351:
In the eastern Sous Valley region, /l/ > in both Judeo-Berber and Arabic
3066:
2271:
1786:
1624:
1266:
290:
226:
141:
2811:
2579:
1458:
1252:
1134:
560:
214:
49:
2676:
3076:
2796:
2690:
2245:
2183:
1385:
604:
2669:
1311:
1160:
1109:
1089:
230:
150:
134:
2662:
2628:
2071:
1520:
1165:
724:
364:
329:
Judeo-Berber is characterized by the following phonetic phenomena:
266:
168:
1002:
3054:
2683:
2561:
2445:
1237:
1170:
1099:
1065:
282:
262:
258:
218:
3208:
Foundation for the
Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
2520:
2235:
314:
298:
35:
2978:
1074:
361:
306:
221:, and perhaps earlier in Algeria. Judeo-Berber is (or was) a
3141:
586:
Chetrit (2016) "Jewish Berber", in Kahn & Rubin (eds.)
278:
342:
Insertion of epenthetic to break up consonant clusters
213:
varieties traditionally spoken as a second language in
628:
Sites of Jewish Memory: Jews in and From
Islamic Lands
687:. Compress rendus du G.L.E.C.S. Supplement I. 1970.
156:(insufficiently attested or not a distinct language)
3253:
345:Frequent diphthong insertion, as in Judeo-Arabic
241:(as in many Jewish Moroccan Arabic dialects).
2595:
2199:
1536:
740:
582:
580:
578:
576:
3012:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
209:berberit yehudit) is any of several hybrid
2609:
2602:
2588:
2206:
2192:
1543:
1529:
747:
733:
573:
252:
167:
2213:
701:. Leiden: Brill. 2016. Pages 118–129.
624:
261:where Jews spoke Judeo-Berber included:
3292:Sephardi Jewish culture in North Africa
2156:Amazigh Cultural Association in America
3254:
333:Centralized pronunciation of /i u/ as
2997:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
2583:
2187:
1524:
728:
683:P. Galand-Pernet & Haim Zafrani.
244:
225:; the first language of speakers was
1550:
754:
217:communities of central and southern
3196:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
203:
13:
3147:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
693:Joseph Chetrit. "Jewish Berber,"
593:
16:Group of Berber-language varieties
14:
3323:
705:
3312:Endangered Afroasiatic languages
610:
317:; all are at least bilingual in
3213:Institute for Sephardic Studies
677:
625:Abramson, Glenda (2018-10-24).
3002:Antisemitism in the Arab world
2564:, extinct as native in Morocco
645:
618:
1:
3307:Endangered diaspora languages
3302:Severely endangered languages
1492:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
712:Judeo-Berber, by Haim Zafrani
566:
3163:American Sephardi Federation
3156:Major communal organizations
695:Handbook of Jewish Languages
588:Handbook of Jewish Languages
324:
7:
3277:Jews and Judaism in Morocco
2878:Western Europe and overseas
544:
305:in the Tashelhiyt-speaking
10:
3328:
3168:Sephardi Community Council
1783:(transitional to Eastern)
882:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
370:
289:in the Tamazight-speaking
192:
3221:
3188:
3173:World Sephardi Federation
3155:
3127:
3087:
3020:
2989:
2714:
2618:
2534:
2513:Main liturgical languages
2511:
2483:
2459:
2431:
2422:
2385:
2342:
2333:
2313:
2285:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2221:
2168:
2138:
2102:
2095:
2057:
2001:
1978:
1945:
1918:
1841:
1674:
1665:
1576:
1558:
1505:
1472:
1407:
1352:
1297:
1183:
1151:
1064:
1055:
1046:
995:
930:
856:
811:
780:
771:
762:
204:
166:
148:
132:
127:
109:
56:
41:
31:
26:
21:
1686:(transitional to Atlas)
1322:Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
355:
2657:Expulsion from Portugal
1453:Portuguese-based Creole
253:Geographic distribution
123:(generally not written)
2540:Modern Standard Arabic
2485:Main foreign languages
2151:World Amazigh Congress
2082:Berber Arabic alphabet
2067:Libyco-Berber alphabet
697:, ed. Lily Kahn &
551:Judeo-Arabic languages
3007:Antisemitism in Islam
2725:Eastern Mediterranean
2087:Judeo-Berber alphabet
2077:Berber Latin alphabet
1717:South Oran and Figuig
1496:village sign language
1482:Israeli Sign Language
3287:Languages of Morocco
3282:Maghrebi Jews topics
3112:Sephardi chief rabbi
3089:Religion and culture
2645:Expulsion from Spain
2405:Eastern Middle Atlas
2215:Languages of Morocco
2032:Fezzan-Tripolitanian
1684:Eastern Middle Atlas
972:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
720:Except from Haggadah
2560:Formerly native to
1332:Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani
293:and High Atlas and
196:tamazight n wudayen
52:: 3,000 (2018)
3272:Berbers in Morocco
2246:Native vernaculars
2223:Official languages
1360:Jewish Koine Greek
1220:Judaeo-Piedmontese
967:Judaeo-Palestinian
812:Reading traditions
653:"Jews and Berbers"
245:Speaker population
3249:
3248:
3045:Judaeo-Portuguese
2577:
2576:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2418:
2417:
2329:
2328:
2181:
2180:
2175:extinct languages
2164:
2163:
1941:
1940:
1518:
1517:
1512:extinct languages
1449:Judaeo-Papiamento
1403:
1402:
1281:Judaeo-Portuguese
1179:
1178:
1042:
1041:
852:
851:
638:978-1-317-75160-1
608:(25th ed., 2022)
193:ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ
178:
177:
3319:
3297:Language contact
3267:Berber languages
3237:
3204:
3181:
3107:Rite and customs
3080:
2963:Crypto-Sephardim
2604:
2597:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2547:Classical Arabic
2429:
2428:
2367:Sanhaja de Srair
2340:
2339:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2100:
2099:
1928:Moroccan Amazigh
1876:Sanhaja de Srayr
1816:Western Algerian
1754:Eastern Moroccan
1702:Northern Saharan
1672:
1671:
1552:Berber languages
1545:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1429:Judaeo-Malayalam
1343:Judeo-Golpaygani
1288:Judaeo-Aragonese
1206:Judaeo-Livornese
1062:
1061:
1053:
1052:
778:
777:
769:
768:
756:Jewish languages
749:
742:
735:
726:
725:
716:
690:
671:
670:
666:
664:
658:. Archived from
657:
649:
643:
642:
622:
616:
615:
614:
597:
591:
584:
223:contact language
208:
206:
194:
189:Berber languages
171:
162:
144:
137:
115:
62:
19:
18:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3231:
3229:Philosephardism
3217:
3198:
3184:
3175:
3151:
3123:
3083:
3074:
3035:Sephardi Hebrew
3016:
2985:
2710:
2650:Alhambra Decree
2614:
2611:Sephardi Jewish
2608:
2578:
2573:
2554:Medieval Hebrew
2530:
2507:
2471:
2455:
2414:
2410:Eastern Morocco
2381:
2325:
2309:
2281:
2240:
2217:
2212:
2182:
2177:
2160:
2134:
2120:IRCAM (Morocco)
2091:
2053:
1997:
1974:
1937:
1933:Algerian Berber
1914:
1898:Central-Western
1893:Central-Eastern
1849:Atlas languages
1837:
1781:Tunisian-Zuwara
1769:Western Riffian
1749:Central Riffian
1661:
1572:
1554:
1549:
1519:
1514:
1501:
1468:
1439:Judaeo-Georgian
1399:
1348:
1293:
1260:Judeo-Provençal
1175:
1147:
1038:
991:
982:Judaeo-Tunisian
962:Judaeo-Moroccan
955:Judaeo-Baghdadi
945:Judaeo-Egyptian
940:Judaeo-Algerian
926:
917:Lishanid Noshan
848:
807:
758:
753:
714:
708:
688:
680:
675:
674:
668:
662:
655:
651:
650:
646:
639:
623:
619:
609:
598:
594:
585:
574:
569:
547:
542:
532:
524:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
396:
388:
380:
373:
358:
327:
257:Communities in
255:
247:
174:
158:
157:
140:
133:
122:
120:Hebrew alphabet
116:
111:
105:
63:
60:Language family
58:
48:
44:
43:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3241:Sephardization
3238:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Black Panthers
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:Tetuani Ladino
3057:
3050:Judaeo-Spanish
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2990:Modern history
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2277:Judeo-Moroccan
2274:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:Berber Academy
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2110:AAAL (Algeria)
2106:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1739:
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1474:Sign languages
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1398:
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1390:Judaeo-Marathi
1383:
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1356:
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1347:
1346:
1339:
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1299:Judaeo-Iranian
1295:
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1292:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
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1233:Judaeo-Spanish
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1213:Judaeo-Mantuan
1209:
1200:Judaeo-Italian
1197:
1194:Judaeo-Catalan
1189:
1187:
1185:Judaeo-Romance
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1153:Jewish English
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1129:Judeo-Alsatian
1121:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1107:
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1097:
1092:
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858:Judaeo-Aramaic
854:
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849:
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841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
815:
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729:
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706:External links
704:
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699:Aaron D. Rubin
691:
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669:(72.8 KB)
665:on 2008-12-19.
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556:Judeo-Moroccan
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477:
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445:
442:he-cause-leave
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128:Language codes
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113:Writing system
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3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Belmonte Jews
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2941:Paradesi Jews
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:New Amsterdam
2912:
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2907:
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2902:
2900:
2897:
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2798:
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2734:
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2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2705:New Christian
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:Maghrebi Jews
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
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2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
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2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2468:
2467:African Latin
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
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2378:
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2365:
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2360:
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2355:
2353:
2352:Central Atlas
2350:
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2341:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
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2258:
2256:
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2237:
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2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:DNAFLA (Mali)
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:HCA (Algeria)
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2046:West Numidian
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2025:East Numidian
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:Central Atlas
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
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1814:
1810:
1807:
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1800:
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1752:
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1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
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1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:Reconstructed
1557:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:Judeo-Kashani
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Judeo-Shirazi
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Judeo-Persian
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1274:Judaeo-French
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1143:Scots-Yiddish
1141:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1116:Klezmer-loshn
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:Indo-European
1045:
1034:
1030:
1029:Judaeo-Berber
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
987:Judaeo-Yemeni
985:
983:
980:
978:
977:Judaeo-Syrian
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
935:
933:
932:Judaeo-Arabic
929:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
891:
890:
886:
885:
884:
883:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
861:
859:
855:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
814:
810:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
783:
779:
776:
774:
770:
767:
765:
761:
757:
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
731:
730:
727:
721:
718:
713:
710:
709:
700:
696:
692:
686:
682:
681:
661:
654:
648:
640:
634:
631:. Routledge.
630:
629:
621:
613:
607:
606:
601:
596:
589:
583:
581:
579:
577:
572:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
541:
538:
535:
531:
528:
523:
520:
515:
512:
507:
504:
499:
496:
491:
488:
483:
480:
475:
472:
467:
464:
459:
456:
451:
448:
443:
440:
435:
432:
427:
424:
419:
416:
411:
408:
403:
400:
395:
392:
387:
384:
376:
368:
366:
363:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
331:
330:
322:
320:
316:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Ait Bou Oulli
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
250:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Berber Jewish
212:
205:ברברית יהודית
201:
197:
190:
186:
185:Judeo-Amazigh
182:
170:
165:
161:
155:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
136:
131:
126:
121:
118:
114:
108:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
65:
61:
55:
51:
46:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3067:Judeo-Gascon
3040:Judeo-Arabic
3030:Judeo-Berber
3029:
2961:
2876:
2848:Gibraltarian
2837:North Africa
2835:
2827:Thessalonian
2723:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2635:Roman Empire
2627:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2362:Judeo-Berber
2361:
2264:Pre-Hilalian
2170:
2130:CRB (France)
2103:Governmental
2096:Institutions
2086:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2008:
1920:Standardised
1871:Judeo-Berber
1870:
1858:
1796:
1617:
1567:Proto-Berber
1565:
1507:
1459:Judaeo-Malay
1373:
1341:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1267:Judeo-Gascon
1265:
1258:
1251:
1226:Judaeo-Roman
1218:
1211:
1204:
1192:
1133:
1114:
1073:
1028:
1016:
1007:Ethiosemitic
950:Judaeo-Iraqi
912:Lishán Didán
907:Lishana Deni
887:
880:
694:
684:
678:Bibliography
660:the original
647:
627:
620:
603:
600:Judeo-Berber
595:
587:
539:
536:
533:
529:
526:
521:
518:
513:
510:
505:
502:
497:
494:
489:
486:
481:
478:
473:
470:
465:
462:
457:
454:
449:
446:
441:
438:
433:
430:
425:
422:
417:
414:
409:
406:
401:
398:
393:
390:
385:
382:
374:
359:
328:
319:Judeo-Arabic
311:
291:Middle Atlas
256:
248:
238:
234:
227:Judeo-Arabic
195:
184:
181:Judeo-Berber
180:
179:
149:
93:Judeo-Berber
92:
68:Afro-Asiatic
27:Judeo-Shilha
22:Judeo-Berber
3262:Berber Jews
3232: [
3199: [
3176: [
3075: [
2797:Palestinian
2460:Undescribed
2287:Hilal-Mâqil
2059:Orthography
2039:Mauretanian
1965:Tawellemmet
1690:Seghrouchen
1486:German Sign
1253:Judeo-Latin
1135:Lachoudisch
764:Afroasiatic
715:(in French)
689:(in French)
561:Berber Jews
50:L2 speakers
3256:Categories
2780:Macedonian
2768:Alexandria
2716:Dispersion
2691:Megorashim
2670:Degredados
2640:Golden Age
2018:Old Libyan
1842:Non-Zenati
1443:Kartvelian
1394:Indo-Aryan
1386:Judeo-Urdu
605:Ethnologue
567:References
3022:Languages
2969:Amazonian
2953:Livornese
2931:Hamburger
2775:Hungarian
2741:Bulgarian
2663:Conversos
2357:Tashelhit
2305:Hassaniya
2173:indicate
1988:Tetserret
1510:indicate
1433:Dravidian
1312:Judeo-Tat
1161:Yeshivish
1110:Udmurtish
1105:Ukrainish
1090:Galitzish
819:Ashkenazi
325:Phonology
231:Tamazight
151:Glottolog
135:ISO 639-3
3129:Politics
2909:Suriname
2884:American
2870:Tunisian
2858:Moroccan
2843:Algerian
2802:Romanian
2785:Monastir
2763:Egyptian
2756:Splicani
2746:Croatian
2731:Albanian
2684:Marranos
2677:Lançados
2629:Sepharad
2562:Moriscos
2400:Tabeldit
2272:Northern
2072:Tifinagh
1960:Tamashek
1732:Wad Righ
1722:Tidikelt
1712:Mozabite
1667:Northern
1613:Ghadamès
1415:Krymchak
1368:Hellenic
1166:Yinglish
1070:dialects
1057:Germanic
1023:Cushitic
922:Betanure
889:Galilean
876:Talmudic
866:Biblical
844:Tiberian
839:Yemenite
824:Sephardi
798:Medieval
793:Mishnaic
788:Biblical
545:See also
439:i-ss-ufġ
386:servants
383:ixəddamn
365:Haggadah
281:valley,
267:Ouijjane
160:jude1262
78:Northern
3189:Studies
3119:Haredim
3097:Cuisine
3072:Bagitto
3055:Haketia
2948:Italian
2921:English
2904:Curaçao
2889:Antwerp
2863:Tetuani
2822:Rhodian
2807:Serbian
2792:Ottoman
2751:Ragusan
2736:Bosnian
2620:Origins
2569:Extinct
2503:English
2498:Spanish
2451:Spanish
2446:Haketia
2433:Western
2424:Romance
2395:Tarifit
2372:Ghomara
2300:Eastern
2295:Western
2171:Italics
2010:Guanche
1980:Western
1955:Tamahaq
1908:Western
1903:Eastern
1866:Ghomara
1821:Gouraya
1804:Douiret
1792:Matmata
1776:Shawiya
1759:Iznasen
1744:Riffian
1619:Jaghbub
1578:Eastern
1508:Italics
1463:Malayic
1375:Knaanic
1364:Yevanic
1307:Bukhori
1243:Tetuani
1238:Haketia
1171:Heblish
1124:Western
1100:Poylish
1095:Litvish
1085:Eastern
1066:Yiddish
902:Hulaulá
897:Barzani
834:Italian
829:Mizrahi
590:, Brill
530:strong.
527:ikuwan.
418:Pharaoh
402:we-were
371:Example
295:Oufrane
283:Demnate
263:Tinghir
259:Morocco
219:Morocco
207:
2979:Xuetas
2936:Indian
2926:French
2853:Libyan
2812:Syrian
2613:topics
2526:Hebrew
2521:Arabic
2493:French
2387:Zenati
2377:Gharbi
2335:Berber
2321:Darija
2255:Arabic
2236:Arabic
2231:Berber
2002:Others
1993:Zenaga
1970:Tayart
1947:Tuareg
1888:Kabyle
1881:Shilha
1831:Shenwa
1826:Shelif
1809:Zuwara
1764:Snouss
1737:Wargla
1707:Gurara
1695:Warayn
1676:Zenati
1650:Yefren
1645:Wazzin
1630:Nafusi
1606:Tmessa
1596:Foqaha
1591:Fezzan
1586:Awjila
1423:Turkic
1419:Karaim
1408:Others
1380:Slavic
1353:Others
1075:argots
1033:Berber
996:Others
871:Targum
803:Modern
773:Hebrew
667:
635:
506:might,
471:dinnaġ
434:Egypt.
431:maṣər.
315:Israel
303:Illigh
299:Tiznit
211:Berber
200:Hebrew
88:Shilha
73:Berber
36:Israel
32:Region
3236:]
3222:Other
3203:]
3180:]
3102:Music
3079:]
2899:Aruba
2894:Dutch
2817:Greek
2441:Sabir
2344:Atlas
2314:Koiné
1860:Gharb
1798:Sened
1787:Jerba
1727:Tuwat
1640:Nalut
1625:Kufra
1601:Sokna
1018:Qwara
1013:Kayla
1003:Geʽez
663:(PDF)
656:(PDF)
503:ddrʿ,
474:there
463:ənnəġ
455:əṛbbi
415:pərʿu
362:Pesah
356:Usage
307:Souss
275:Imini
271:Asaka
83:Atlas
3142:Shas
2139:NGOs
1657:Siwa
1635:Jadu
781:Eras
633:ISBN
519:ufus
514:with
487:ufus
482:with
399:n-ga
394:what
301:and
285:and
279:Draa
47:none
602:at
522:arm
490:arm
466:our
458:God
410:for
237:as
183:or
142:jbe
3258::
3234:es
3201:es
3178:he
3077:it
1388:,
1362:,
575:^
498:of
495:ən
450:us
447:aġ
426:in
423:g°
391:ay
321:.
297:,
277:,
273:,
269:,
265:,
202::
198:,
191::
2603:e
2596:t
2589:v
2207:e
2200:t
2193:v
2013:?
1544:e
1537:t
1530:v
1498:)
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187:(
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