128:
66:
25:
998:
in standardising and refining the pronunciation of
Biblical Hebrew, under the influence of the Arabic grammarians of the time. That included establishing the pronunciation of the guttural letters by reference to their Arabic equivalents. Three distinct notations for the vowels were devised: the
1142:
in 1492, Sephardic exiles took the leading position in most Arab and
Ottoman countries, and the local pronunciation of Hebrew assimilated to Sephardi Hebrew in many respects, particularly for pronouncing the vowels. Today's Iraqi Jews distinguish between
1022:, but they do not retain the Babylonian notation. In Iraq, it appears to have been superseded by the Palestinian pronunciation (similar to today's Sephardi Hebrew) in or around the 11th century, when the Tiberian notation was adopted: both
306:
by Jews of
Mizrahi origins. It is generally a compromise between Modern Standard Hebrew and the traditional liturgical pronunciation as described in this article. A common form of such compromise is the use of
1304:
Baghdad Jews traditionally used the uvular sound in Judaeo-Arabic. The peculiarity has been present for centuries, as old manuscript translations of the Bible into Iraqi Judaeo-Arabic often confuse
295:
and settled among the
Mizrahim, but in countries such as Syria and Morocco, there was a fairly high degree of convergence between the Sephardi and the local pronunciations of Hebrew.
1291:
pronunciation may reflect the influence of
Sephardic immigrants from and after 1492, as it is also found in the pronunciation of Ottoman Sephardim (but not all Sephardim: see
975:(and maybe Syrian) pronunciation of Hebrew and Aramaic differed from those of both Judaea and Babylonia, principally by the loss of distinct sounds for the guttural letters
1071:, but a phonetic difference is made by the presence of an adjacent emphatic or guttural consonant. Accordingly, the Babylonian notation does not distinguish between
1030:
report that in their time the
Palestinian pronunciation had come to be regarded as standard. Nevertheless, in their reading of unvocalised texts such as the
1321:
The difference usually follows differences in the local dialect of Arabic; however, Sephardim are divided on the pronunciation of this letter, with
2362:
1579:
1543:
1488:
355:
The following features are generally found in the pronunciation of Jews from Arabic-speaking countries, and the variations tend to follow the
1608:
2317:
755:
1167:) in the same way as most other Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews. However, distinct sounds for the guttural and emphatic letters and the
1338:
However, the distinction is differently applied in
Tiberian Hebrew and Levantine Arabic. For example, the feminine ending is
192:
1222:, which is equally consistent with the pronunciation of both Sephardi Hebrew and of colloquial Arabic. The pronunciation of
1034:, Baghdadi Jews preserve certain peculiarities of the old Babylonian pronunciation, particularly with their choices between
164:
1362:
1193:
597:
536:
1646:
171:
229:
211:
109:
52:
91:
2384:
1162:
1110:
1090:
839:
145:
38:
178:
2273:
2268:
1641:
1098:
955:
908:
do not occur, and certain sounds do occur which are not present in other forms of
Mizrahi Hebrew. For example,
890:
566:
554:
310:
149:
76:
1512:
Phonographierte Gesänge und
Aussprachsproben des Hebräischen der jemenitischen, persischen und syrischen Juden
1601:
2278:
1370:
1286:
1278:
1229:
853:
685:
528:
424:
418:
160:
2348:
1793:
657:
645:
326:
2052:
1176:
299:
is also considered quite separate, as it has a wholly different system for the pronunciation of vowels.
1324:
1217:
1205:
1150:
1078:
878:
The pronunciation of
Mizrahi Jews from non-Arab countries differs in some respects. For example, among
867:
824:
812:
804:
1199:
1368:
1360:
1322:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1168:
1160:
1148:
1108:
1096:
1088:
1076:
953:
936:
913:
901:
888:
865:
851:
837:
810:
802:
774:
758:
733:
725:
717:
699:
671:
643:
629:
617:
615:
580:
552:
534:
526:
498:
474:
442:
416:
408:
382:
324:
316:
308:
1405:
2389:
2312:
1990:
1759:
1594:
1000:
701:
1517:
Phonographed chants and pronunciation samples of the Hebrew of the Yemeni, Persian and Syrian Jews
1051:
The process of assimilation to Arabic went the furthest with the Babylonian Jews. For example, in
2355:
2334:
2297:
2185:
1985:
1767:
1734:
1655:
1270:
1248:
1170:
1004:
915:
719:
512:
500:
476:
410:
138:
87:
2207:
2084:
1995:
1651:
944:
938:
450:
444:
2062:
1135:
sounds, and both vowels are distinguished in both the Palestinian and the Tiberian notations.
2220:
1980:
1834:
1506:
1295:). The pronunciation before 1492, both in Spain and in Arabic-speaking countries, is unclear.
1008:
760:
713:
318:
1526:
Masoret ha-lashon ha-'Ivrit shel Yehude Aram-Tsova (ִHalab) bi-qeriat ha-Miqra ve-ha-Mishnah
185:
2180:
2100:
1829:
1530:
The Hebrew Language Tradition of the Jews of Aleppo in the Reading of the Bible and Mishnah
727:
427:) in others (such as Morocco). In Iraq, it is pronounced /β/, between a /w/ and /b/ sound.
1292:
522:
8:
2227:
2215:
2133:
1937:
1510:
1448:
1056:
776:
44:
83:
2301:
2242:
2237:
2115:
1573:
1537:
1482:
400:
2293:
2190:
2123:
2088:
2037:
903:
673:
594:
582:
2341:
1746:
1714:
1681:
1380:
1376:
1243:
1183:
1120:
1052:
988:
972:
270:
2288:
2252:
2158:
2094:
2072:
1849:
1751:
1741:
1719:
1693:
1688:
1676:
1636:
1631:
1617:
1139:
1027:
390:
368:
296:
280:
250:
1471:
Masoret ha-lashon ha-'Ivrit shel Yehude Bagdad, bi-qeriat ha-Mikra ve-ha-Mishnah
994:
After the Arab conquest of Palestine and Mesopotamia, much work was done by the
2105:
1824:
1814:
1724:
1234:, in countries other than Iraq and Yemen, is more clearly Sephardic in origin.
356:
344:
1179:
were retained in many Arab countries, probably under the influence of Arabic.
2378:
1957:
1698:
1116:
1019:
770:
766:
488:
303:
2232:
2148:
2080:
1922:
1882:
1862:
1809:
1187:
879:
741:
735:
384:
288:
254:
947:), and ח (Het) is pronounced identical to ה (Hay), as opposed to the Arab
667:
466:
434:
2307:
2153:
1877:
1819:
1566:
The Hebrew Language Tradition as Reflected in the Babylonian Vocalization
1477:]. Edah ve-Lashon (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem. pp. 9–10.
1023:
976:
378:
284:
277:. As such, Mizrahi Hebrew is actually a blanket term for many dialects.
2197:
751:
639:
548:
262:
695:
607:
576:
343:, respectively, with most or all other sounds pronounced as in
2172:
2143:
1475:
The Hebrew Language Tradition of the Baghdad Community: the Phonology
995:
2342:
Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
1312:, but that mistake is not found in translations into other dialects.
794:
481:, but occasionally (such as in the Iraqi pronunciation of the words
127:
94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2247:
1839:
1660:
1406:"Changing Pronunciation: The Rise and Fall of Heit, Reish and Ayin"
1104:
364:
1586:
283:
is not considered one of these, even if it has been spoken in the
1557:
The Hebrew Language Tradition of the Community of Djerba, Tunisia
1410:
1031:
980:
2138:
2047:
2042:
2027:
2022:
1972:
1927:
1912:
1144:
1072:
1035:
1015:
968:
909:
861:
404:
266:
1345:
2283:
2128:
2032:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1942:
1887:
1872:
1867:
1857:
1156:
1084:
847:
833:
830:
Vowels generally have the same sounds as in Sephardi Hebrew:
292:
1553:
Masoret ha-qeri'ah shel qehillat Jerba ba-Miqra u-va-Mishnah
2057:
2002:
1952:
1947:
1932:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1044:
1039:
984:
302:
The same terms are sometimes used for the pronunciation of
274:
258:
1532:]. Edah ve-Lashon (in Hebrew). Vol. 7. Jerusalem.
1275:
presumably reflects the influence of Arabic, which has no
1962:
1917:
1107:, and the three vowels are still pronounced alike (as
1011:, the last of which eventually superseded the others.
1447:
Morag, S. (26 May 2019). "Pronunciations of Hebrew".
921:
1339:
1130:
1124:
1066:
1060:
492:
482:
415:in some countries (such as among some Syrians) and
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1434:Studies in Judaeo-Arabic Translations of the Bible
249:, refers to any of the pronunciation systems for
2376:
1457:. Vol. 16 (2nd ed.). pp. 547–562.
2363:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
1559:]. Edah ve-Lashon (in Hebrew). Vol. 2.
1602:
926:
1014:The distinctive Babylonian pronunciation of
948:
896:
883:
818:
782:
707:
679:
651:
623:
588:
560:
506:
454:
1182:Iraqi Jews, like Yemenite Jews, retain the
1059:, there is no phonemic distinction between
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1609:
1595:
1578:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1542:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1487:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
935: (Qof) is approximately pronounced
769:, who pronounced the equivalent letter in
381:) is pronounced with a clear glottal stop
265:or east of them and with a background of
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
1505:
16:Pronunciation system for Biblical Hebrew
2377:
1563:
1403:
1055:and in some spoken dialects including
882:, distinctively Arabic sounds such as
1590:
1468:
1446:
363:The stress tends to fall on the last
1523:
1404:Neuman, Yishai (15 September 2012).
291:. The Sephardim were expellees from
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
59:
18:
1616:
1431:
1375:in some North African dialects, in
1249:Hebrew pronunciation of Syrian Jews
949:
927:
897:
884:
819:
783:
708:
680:
652:
624:
589:
561:
507:
455:
13:
1519:] (in German). Vienna: Hölder.
1123:, by contrast, there are distinct
716:), but other sounds occur such as
14:
2401:
987:. That feature is still found in
34:This article has multiple issues.
1550:
1140:expulsion of the Jews from Spain
126:
64:
23:
1499:
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1461:
1440:
1425:
1397:
1353:
1332:
1315:
1298:
1261:
567:voiceless pharyngeal fricative
1:
1450:Complete Encyclopedia Judaica
1390:
1042:and between silent and vocal
971:times, it was noted that the
367:wherever that is the case in
1346:
1210:). In other Arab countries,
1018:times is still preserved by
686:voiceless alveolar fricative
425:voiced labiodental fricative
389:except when it is used as a
359:of the country in question.
7:
1340:
1237:
1131:
1125:
1067:
1061:
922:
658:voiced pharyngeal fricative
493:
483:
350:
90:the claims made and adding
10:
2406:
1652:Transliteration to English
962:
827:)—in others, such as Iraq.
825:voiceless dental fricative
2326:
2261:
2206:
2171:
2114:
2071:
1971:
1848:
1802:
1786:
1779:
1707:
1669:
1624:
1087:(in other pronunciations
1075:(in other pronunciations
932:
790:
747:
691:
663:
635:
630:voiceless velar fricative
603:
572:
544:
518:
473:) is normally pronounced
462:
430:
396:
374:
340:
336:
332:
2335:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
1254:
698:) is usually pronounced
598:voiceless alveolar stops
1568:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem.
1344:in Tiberian Hebrew and
513:voiced dental fricative
345:Standard Israeli Hebrew
2385:Mizrahi Jewish culture
1507:Idelsohn, Abraham Zevi
945:voiced velar fricative
809:in some countries and
541:in others (such Iraq).
533:in some countries and
451:voiced velar fricative
273:or other languages of
1455:Encyclopaedia Judaica
714:voiceless uvular stop
253:used liturgically by
2356:Strong's Concordance
1647:Ancient inscriptions
1350:in Levantine Arabic.
146:improve this article
2349:Brown–Driver–Briggs
1564:Yeivin, I. (1985).
1057:Mesopotamian Arabic
2198:Law of attenuation
1708:Reading traditions
1469:Morag, S. (1977).
1432:Avishur, Yitzhak.
781:, close to Arabic
650:, like the Arabic
75:possibly contains
2372:
2371:
2228:Verbal morphology
2167:
2166:
1685:
1524:Katz, K. (1981).
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
112:
77:original research
57:
2397:
2318:Unicode and HTML
1784:
1783:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1737:
1682:northern dialect
1679:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1560:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1520:
1493:
1492:
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1438:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1422:
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1418:
1401:
1384:
1374:
1366:
1359:However, Arabic
1357:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1265:
1244:Ashkenazi Hebrew
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1184:Classical Arabic
1174:
1166:
1154:
1134:
1128:
1121:Levantine Arabic
1114:
1102:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1064:
1053:Classical Arabic
989:Samaritan Hebrew
959:
952:
951:
942:
934:
930:
929:
925:
920:, like the long
919:
907:
900:
899:
894:
887:
886:
871:
857:
843:
822:
821:
816:
808:
801:) is pronounced
792:
786:
785:
780:
764:
749:
739:
731:
723:
711:
710:
705:
693:
684:(pharyngealized
683:
682:
677:
670:) is pronounced
665:
655:
654:
649:
642:) is pronounced
637:
627:
626:
621:
614:) is pronounced
605:
592:
591:
586:
579:) is pronounced
574:
564:
563:
558:
551:) is pronounced
546:
540:
532:
525:) is pronounced
520:
510:
509:
504:
496:
486:
480:
464:
458:
457:
448:
441:) is pronounced
432:
422:
414:
407:) is pronounced
398:
388:
376:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
314:
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
195:
161:"Mizrahi Hebrew"
154:
130:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
92:inline citations
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
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2253:Vav-consecutive
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2181:Biblical Hebrew
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2110:
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2067:
1967:
1844:
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1770:
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1393:
1388:
1387:
1358:
1354:
1337:
1333:
1320:
1316:
1303:
1299:
1293:Sephardi Hebrew
1266:
1262:
1257:
1240:
1028:Jacob Qirqisani
965:
391:mater lectionis
369:Biblical Hebrew
353:
297:Yemenite Hebrew
281:Sephardi Hebrew
251:Biblical Hebrew
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
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155:
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116:
105:
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1999:
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1993:
1988:
1983:
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1975:
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1968:
1966:
1965:
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1940:
1935:
1930:
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1915:
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1875:
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1812:
1806:
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1460:
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1385:
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1331:
1329:predominating.
1314:
1297:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1214:is pronounced
964:
961:
912:is pronounced
876:
875:
874:
873:
864:is pronounced
859:
850:is pronounced
845:
836:is pronounced
828:
788:
745:
689:
678:, like Arabic
661:
633:
622:, like Arabic
601:
595:pharyngealized
587:, like Arabic
570:
559:, like Arabic
542:
516:
505:, like Arabic
460:
453:) like Arabic
428:
394:
372:
357:Arabic dialect
352:
349:
263:Arab countries
247:Eastern Hebrew
243:Mizrahi Hebrew
238:
237:
220:
219:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2402:
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2386:
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2233:Semitic roots
2231:
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2214:
2213:
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2209:
2205:
2199:
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2186:Modern Hebrew
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
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2157:
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2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Abbreviations
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Kubutz/shuruk
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:Yemenite Jews
1112:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:Yemenite Jews
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
960:
957:
946:
940:
924:
917:
911:
905:
892:
881:
869:
863:
860:
855:
849:
846:
841:
835:
832:
831:
829:
826:
817:—like Arabic
814:
806:
800:
796:
789:
778:
772:
771:Judaeo-Arabic
768:
767:Baghdadi Jews
765:, even among
762:
757:
753:
746:
743:
737:
729:
721:
715:
703:
697:
690:
687:
675:
669:
662:
659:
647:
641:
634:
631:
619:
613:
609:
602:
599:
596:
584:
578:
571:
568:
556:
550:
543:
538:
530:
524:
517:
514:
502:
495:
490:
485:
478:
472:
468:
461:
452:
446:
440:
436:
429:
426:
420:
412:
406:
402:
395:
392:
386:
380:
373:
370:
366:
362:
361:
360:
358:
348:
346:
328:
320:
312:
305:
304:Modern Hebrew
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
202:February 2019
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
100:February 2019
93:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2149:Inverted nun
2134:Cantillation
2093:
2063:Sin/Shin dot
1835:Paleo-Hebrew
1729:
1656:from English
1565:
1556:
1552:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1511:
1500:Bibliography
1474:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1409:
1399:
1355:
1334:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1263:
1223:
1211:
1181:
1137:
1050:
1043:
1013:
993:
966:
931:in Persian,
910:Kamatz gadol
880:Persian Jews
877:
862:Kamatz gadol
798:
773:as a uvular
742:glottal stop
706:like Arabic
611:
487:and, in the
470:
438:
354:
339: and
301:
289:North Africa
279:
255:Mizrahi Jews
246:
242:
241:
226:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2154:Shekel sign
2116:Punctuation
2081:with Niqqud
1991:Palestinian
1780:Orthography
1760:Palestinian
1417:13 February
1024:Saadia Gaon
1001:Palestinian
285:Middle East
2379:Categories
2304:literature
2124:Diacritics
1986:Babylonian
1768:Babylonian
1391:References
1186:sounds of
1175:sound for
1138:After the
1005:Babylonian
172:newspapers
84:improve it
39:improve it
2173:Phonology
2144:Gershayim
1996:Samaritan
1771:(extinct)
1763:(extinct)
1755:(extinct)
1747:Samaritan
1715:Ashkenazi
1625:Overviews
1574:cite book
1551:Katz, K.
1538:cite book
1483:cite book
1212:tav raphe
1200:tav raphe
1105:sheva na'
996:Masoretes
793: (
750: (
694: (
666: (
638: (
606: (
575: (
547: (
521: (
465: (
433: (
399: (
377: (
335:,
88:verifying
45:talk page
2313:Surnames
2289:Keyboard
2262:Academic
2248:Segolate
2243:Suffixes
2238:Prefixes
2216:Biblical
2159:Numerals
2073:Spelling
1981:Tiberian
1850:Alphabet
1840:Solitreo
1830:Crowning
1794:Biblical
1752:Tiberian
1742:Yemenite
1720:Sephardi
1694:Medieval
1689:Mishnaic
1677:Biblical
1661:Gematria
1637:Alphabet
1632:Language
1509:(1917).
1367:becomes
1238:See also
1177:bet rafe
1009:Tiberian
1007:and the
973:Galilean
969:Talmudic
797:without
610:without
469:without
437:without
403:without
365:syllable
351:Features
2298:ancient
2274:Academy
2269:Revival
2208:Grammar
2085:missing
1825:Cursive
1815:Braille
1803:Scripts
1730:Mizrahi
1725:Italian
1642:History
1411:Haaretz
1381:Turkish
1379:and in
1377:Persian
1032:Mishnah
963:History
756:trilled
271:Persian
186:scholar
82:Please
2294:Hebrew
2221:Modern
2139:Geresh
2048:Mappiq
2043:Dagesh
2028:Kamatz
1973:Niqqud
1928:Samech
1820:Ashuri
1735:Syrian
1699:Modern
1283:. The
1198:) and
1155:) and
1145:patach
1103:) and
1073:patach
1036:dagesh
1016:Geonic
1003:, the
983:, and
799:dagesh
612:dagesh
491:only,
484:adonai
471:dagesh
439:dagesh
405:dagesh
267:Arabic
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
2308:Names
2284:Ulpan
2279:Study
2129:Meteg
2053:Maqaf
2033:Holam
2023:Pataḥ
2018:Segol
2013:Tzere
2008:Hiriq
1943:Tsadi
1913:Lamed
1888:Zayin
1873:Dalet
1868:Gimel
1810:Rashi
1555:[
1528:[
1515:[
1473:[
1373:]
1369:[
1327:]
1323:[
1310:ghayn
1308:with
1289:]
1285:[
1281:]
1277:[
1273:]
1269:[
1255:Notes
1232:]
1228:[
1220:]
1216:[
1208:]
1204:[
1196:]
1192:[
1173:]
1169:[
1157:segol
1119:. In
1115:) by
1113:]
1109:[
1101:]
1097:[
1093:]
1089:[
1085:segol
1081:]
1077:[
1045:sheva
985:ʿayin
958:]
954:[
941:]
937:[
918:]
914:[
906:]
902:[
893:]
889:[
870:]
866:[
856:]
852:[
848:Holam
842:]
838:[
834:Tzere
815:]
811:[
807:]
803:[
779:]
775:[
763:]
759:[
754:) is
738:]
734:[
730:]
726:[
722:]
718:[
704:]
700:[
676:]
672:[
668:Tsade
648:]
644:[
620:]
616:[
585:]
581:[
557:]
553:[
539:]
535:[
531:]
527:[
503:]
499:[
489:Shema
479:]
475:[
467:Dalet
447:]
443:[
435:Gimel
421:]
417:[
413:]
409:[
387:]
383:[
379:Aleph
329:]
325:[
321:]
317:[
313:]
309:[
293:Spain
261:from
245:, or
193:JSTOR
179:books
2089:full
2058:Rafe
2003:Shva
1958:Shin
1953:Resh
1933:Ayin
1858:Alef
1787:Eras
1670:Eras
1580:link
1544:link
1489:link
1419:2019
1267:The
1129:and
1065:and
1040:rafe
1038:and
1026:and
895:and
752:Resh
696:Qoph
640:Ayin
608:Kaph
577:Ṭēth
494:eḥad
331:for
323:and
287:and
275:Asia
259:Jews
165:news
1963:Tav
1948:Kuf
1938:Pei
1923:Nun
1918:Mem
1908:Kaf
1903:Yud
1898:Tet
1893:Ḥet
1883:Vav
1878:Hei
1863:Bet
1341:-ah
1226:as
1224:waw
1188:waw
1095:or
1083:),
981:ḥet
967:In
928:ا/آ
795:Tav
732:or
549:Ḥet
523:Vav
401:Bet
148:by
86:by
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2087:/
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712:(
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