2408:
249:
1688:. In late 1921, the Turkestani People's Commissariat of Education ordered that schools for Bukharian Jews to teach in Bukharian and not in Hebrew. In Uzbekistan in 1934, 15 Bukharian Jewish clubs and 28 Bukharian Jewish red teahouses existed. However, in 1938, Bukharian was no longer used as the language for instruction in the schools and in cultural activities.
1646:. Samarkand and Bukhara are two cities in Uzbekistan which are particularly densely populated by Tajik speakers, among whom were tens of thousands of Bukharan Jews in the 19th to 20th centuries. (In modern times, the dialects spoken by the few remaining Jews in these cities barely differ, if at all, from their non-Jewish counterparts.)
1672:
from 1940 onwards. The Hebrew alphabet fell further into disuse outside of Hebrew liturgy when the
Bukharian Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia and Bukharian Jewish publications, such as books and newspapers, began to appear using the Cyrillic alphabet. Today, many older Bukharian Jews who
1703:
Among some
Bukharian Jewish youth, especially in the New York City area, there has been a revival of using the Bukharian Jewish language written in a modified Latin alphabet similar to the one developed by Bukharian Jewish linguist and writer, Yakub Kalontarov. Today, youth learning the Bukharian
1699:
society established in
Tajikistan and headed by Professor Datkhaev (Datkhaev emigrated to the US in 1992). The main organizational supporter for Bukharian Jewish culture today is the World Bukharian Jewish Congress, which aims to teach and spread awareness of the history, culture, language, and
1741:
In 1930, changes were made to the alphabet: capital letters were introduced, the letter ә̦ was eliminated, and the letter Ů ů was introduced. At a spelling conference in August 1934, the letter Ⱨ ⱨ was removed from the alphabet and the letter Ů ů was replaced by Ū ū. On
February 5, 1935, this
1711:
since 2010, marking the first time that
Bukhori has been taught in an American university. The classes are taught by Bukharian adjunct professor Imanuel Rybakov. Rybakov has also authored a guide to learning the Bukharian language for English speakers.
1637:
In 1987, the total number of speakers was 85,000. In the USSR, there were 45,000 speakers; in Israel, there were 32,000; and in all other countries combined, there were 3,000. Ethnic Tajik minorities exist in many countries, such as
1695:. One significant attempt was the establishment of a council for Bukharian Jewish literature in the Uzbekistan Writers’ Union, headed by Aharon Shalamaev-Fidoi (who emigrated to Israel in 1991). Another significant attempt was the
2518:
The term 'the Jewish dialect of Tajik' is often used interchangeably with such terms as Judeo-Tadzhik, Judeo-Tajik, Bukhori, Bukhari, Bukharic, Bukharan, Bukharian, and
Bukharit (Cooper 2012:284) in the
3277:
1773:А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ё ё, Ж ж, З з, И и, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Ъ ъ, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, Ғ ғ, Ӣ ӣ, Қ қ, Ӯ ӯ, Ҳ ҳ, Ҷ ҷ
1653:
remaining in
Uzbekistan and surrounding areas, although most of its speakers reside elsewhere, predominantly in Israel (approximately 50,000 speakers) and the United States.
1785:
A a, B в, C c, Ch ch, D d, E e, F f, G g, Gh gh, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, Ts ts, U u, U' u', V v, X x, Y y, Yi yi, Z z, Zh zh'
2858:
2853:
1673:
speak
Bukharian only know the Cyrillic alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian. The origin of its respective spelling system is Talmudic orthography.
3679:
1750:
A a, B в, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ƣ ƣ, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ū ū, V v, X x, Z z, Ƶ ƶ, Ә ә
2733:
2843:
2826:
2648:
1681:
1273:
4726:
3315:
3282:
3251:
1708:
1386:
1724:(called Eastern Rashi in writing and square script in printing). From 1928 to 1940, the written Bukharian language in the USSR used the
3932:
3241:
2910:
1588:
Historically, Bukharian was spoken by Jews in
Central Asia. The language classification of Bukharian is as follows: Indo-European >
1331:
1512:
1376:
4731:
3267:
1700:
literature of the
Bukharian Jews. Based on the Soviet census of 1979, 20% more Central Asian Jews spoke Russian than Bukharian.
4107:
2883:
4082:
2478:
4097:
4092:
3272:
2449:
Bukharan Jews spoke a dialect of Tajik referred to as Bukhori or Judeo-Tajik, which is still used by Bukharan Jews today.
1685:
1664:. But throughout the past century, due to the influence of various empires and ideologies, Bukhori was written using the
3246:
2806:
4638:
2695:
2632:
449:
4736:
2575:
4152:
3308:
1731:
The first version of the Latin alphabet for the language was compiled in April 1928 and had the following order:
1055:
3925:
2903:
2662:
117:
3348:
4716:
4677:
1419:
1326:
1278:
1104:
1094:
4507:
4102:
4087:
3353:
2935:
1505:
1364:
215:
2792:
4671:
4192:
2943:
1424:
1152:
368:
1060:
4721:
4157:
4067:
3301:
1035:
431:
393:
363:
1300:
4061:
4056:
3918:
3751:
3588:
3363:
3220:
3004:
2896:
1460:
1414:
535:
388:
378:
112:
2590:
2407:
1742:
decision was legalized by order No. 112 of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Uzbek SSR.
4370:
4338:
2868:
2863:
758:
334:
20:
2496:"The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift"
4484:
4385:
4233:
4043:
3816:
3343:
3194:
3059:
1561:
1498:
1485:
1283:
633:
341:
329:
97:
2592:
The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift
3338:
2994:
2951:
1589:
1465:
1359:
1195:
1099:
992:
818:
545:
407:
102:
1704:
Jewish language sponsored by the Achdut-Unity Club in Queens use the modified Latin alphabet.
4681:
4667:
4214:
4167:
4147:
4140:
4130:
4125:
4117:
3949:
3897:
3167:
3014:
2547:
803:
436:
426:
419:
1109:
1077:
4628:
4579:
4411:
3734:
3674:
3468:
2927:
1190:
1119:
1114:
1045:
713:
703:
1755:
Currently, printed literature in the Bukharian Judeo-Tajik dialect is published mainly in
1040:
8:
4618:
4172:
4162:
3890:
3432:
3385:
3182:
1070:
1025:
828:
753:
441:
348:
4553:
4545:
4459:
4405:
4280:
4242:
4208:
4135:
3805:
3782:
3772:
3519:
3405:
3215:
3104:
2820:
2727:
2642:
2327:
1321:
1248:
1050:
997:
733:
673:
643:
575:
530:
493:
483:
414:
4445:
1622:, as well as smaller numbers of loanwords from other surrounding languages, including
207:
4648:
4634:
4600:
4466:
3797:
3777:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3603:
3572:
3530:
3461:
3410:
3380:
3324:
3121:
2999:
2802:
2691:
2628:
2474:
1756:
1745:
As a result, the later version of the Soviet Latin alphabet had the following order:
1669:
1612:
1593:
1429:
1258:
1136:
1030:
1014:
892:
773:
570:
358:
107:
4608:
4565:
4560:
4549:
4528:
4517:
4473:
4290:
4255:
4218:
4074:
4051:
4004:
3941:
3826:
3811:
3787:
3722:
3662:
3657:
3642:
3636:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3566:
3474:
3415:
3400:
3225:
3177:
3088:
3044:
3022:
2919:
2507:
1707:
Classes on Bukharian Jewish history and the Bukhori language are also available at
1657:
1627:
1601:
1577:
1455:
1369:
1316:
1065:
882:
723:
592:
500:
398:
383:
324:
284:
261:
122:
4624:
4614:
4604:
4391:
4309:
4270:
4029:
4024:
4009:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3958:
3767:
3739:
3729:
3687:
3630:
3625:
3494:
3489:
3437:
3372:
3199:
3172:
3137:
3083:
3078:
3054:
3027:
2466:
2462:
1721:
1661:
1631:
1616:
1573:
1572:. It is a Jewish dialect derived from—and largely mutually intelligible with—the
1381:
1311:
1253:
1205:
1084:
987:
850:
638:
565:
510:
505:
373:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
289:
272:
167:
163:
89:
220:
4697:
4428:
4418:
4379:
4314:
4019:
4014:
3886:
3844:
3831:
3546:
3535:
3484:
3427:
3421:
3395:
3390:
3189:
3037:
2967:
2848:
1760:
1725:
1691:
Attempts were made to bring about a revival of Bukharian Jewish culture in the
1665:
1623:
1605:
1480:
1403:
937:
668:
628:
471:
461:
294:
240:
232:
156:
127:
2878:
2873:
2605:
2512:
2495:
4710:
4659:
4575:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4398:
4328:
4301:
4203:
4198:
3988:
3792:
3746:
3667:
3557:
3540:
3151:
3114:
3109:
3064:
3049:
2798:
2395:
1565:
1200:
957:
887:
683:
678:
658:
653:
555:
540:
279:
70:
2748:
Rezoljutsijaji konferentsijaji dujumi orfografijaji zaвoni jahudihoji mahali
1680:
wanted Hebrew to be the language of culture and instruction for Jews in the
4452:
1692:
1597:
1569:
1268:
1263:
1179:
693:
618:
560:
353:
171:
191:
4644:
4438:
4320:
3837:
2975:
2959:
1639:
1162:
917:
718:
698:
60:
4571:
3512:
3278:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
2400:
1677:
1643:
1237:
1157:
952:
927:
728:
708:
608:
56:
52:
2690:. New York: The Association of the Bukharian Jewish Youth of the USA.
2445:
Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture
248:
4497:
4346:
4295:
4275:
3694:
3069:
2473:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 530–545.
2332:
872:
613:
525:
200:
184:
3293:
16:
Jewish dialect derived from the Tajik branch of the Persian language
4351:
3910:
3647:
2888:
2770:
2751:
2719:
1619:
1147:
982:
942:
912:
867:
798:
488:
4188:
3143:
4423:
4356:
4285:
4251:
3867:
3499:
3454:
2713:
1220:
1210:
962:
947:
897:
833:
778:
748:
648:
550:
520:
478:
466:
456:
1759:. Some works also use the Latin alphabet, which is close to the
3652:
3506:
3479:
2879:
Grisha Abramov Bukharian Jews Miami speech in Bukhoric Bukharan
2812:
1215:
1089:
977:
972:
907:
902:
877:
857:
838:
823:
788:
783:
763:
743:
738:
663:
623:
515:
2663:"Saving Bukharian Jewish History – CUNY Radio Podcasts – CUNY"
1736:
a в d ә l n s r k m h t u x ş f p g o v z ⱨ ƣ q e c ç i j ә̦ ƶ
4260:
1348:
967:
922:
862:
808:
793:
688:
2443:
Ehrlich, M. Avrum, ed. (2009). "Caucasus and Central Asia".
3821:
3032:
2688:
Easy Bukharian: Study Guide: Language of the Bukharian Jews
843:
813:
768:
603:
2529:
2527:
1650:
932:
2524:
2431:
Bukharan Jews: history, language, literature, culture.
1649:
Today, the language is spoken by approximately 10,000
2773:: Naşrijoti Gosudarstvogiji Taәlimi Pedagogiji ŪzSSR.
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
1630:. The vocabulary includes lexical items of Persian,
2471:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/5: Brick–Burial II
2414:
4708:
2764:
2790:
2577:A late 19th-century Uzbek text in Hebrew script
1554:
1547:
1541:
3926:
3309:
2904:
1506:
2732:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2606:"Bukhori (бухорӣ / בוכארי / بخاری) language"
3252:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
3933:
3919:
3316:
3302:
3242:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
2911:
2897:
2825:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2714:A. Sajidůf, P. Aвramůf, M. Aminůf (1932).
2647:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1513:
1499:
2511:
1542:
82:117,840 in all countries (2018–2019)
2709:
2707:
2433:Israel: World Bukharian Jewish Congress.
3268:List of English words of Persian origin
2685:
2442:
4709:
1583:
3914:
3323:
3297:
2892:
2794:Бухарские евреи в круговороте истории
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2716:Lotinizatsija вajni jahudihoji вuxori
2704:
2622:
3940:
2918:
2884:Torah Lectures in Bukharian Language
2460:
3273:List of French loanwords in Persian
2754:: Naşrijoti «Bajroqi mihnat». 1935.
2493:
1564:dialect historically spoken by the
13:
4727:Endangered Indo-European languages
3896:Languages between parentheses are
3247:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
2777:
2389:
1715:
14:
4748:
2837:
2722:: Naşrijoti davlatiji Ůzвakiston.
1660:, Bukhori traditionally used the
3870:(unknown further classification)
2406:
1720:Bukharian historically used the
1686:Bukhara People's Soviet Republic
247:
2758:
2740:
2679:
2655:
2616:
2598:
2583:
2568:
2535:Ein Leben für die Wissenschaft.
1548:
1274:List of Jews in the visual arts
4732:Jews and Judaism in Uzbekistan
3900:of the language on their left.
3283:Persian language in South Asia
2555:
2540:
2487:
2454:
2436:
2345:
1387:Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur
1:
4678:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
2382:
1668:in the 1920s and 1930s, then
1279:List of Jewish film directors
2849:Endangered Languages Project
2627:. Tel Aviv. pp. 69–70.
2463:"BUKHARA vii. Bukharan Jews"
1676:Early in the Soviet period,
1634:, Uzbek, and Hebrew origin.
1600:> Southwest Iranian >
1555:
7:
2854:Noni padar (Father's bread)
2500:Journal of Jewish Languages
2321:
10:
4753:
4068:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
3195:Romanized Persian alphabet
2533:Birnbaum, Salomo A. 2011.
2447:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1124.
1767:Current Cyrillic alphabet:
1377:Jewish Sports Hall of Fame
18:
4691:
4658:
4593:
4538:
4483:
4369:
4337:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4181:
4116:
4042:
3997:
3966:
3957:
3948:
3877:
3860:
3760:
3596:
3587:
3446:
3371:
3362:
3331:
3260:
3234:
3221:Middle Persian literature
3208:
3160:
3130:
3097:
3013:
3005:Western Iranian languages
2987:
2926:
2765:B. N. Muloqandūv (1939).
2686:Rybakov, Imanuel (2012).
2513:10.1163/22134638-12340078
1615:, with a large number of
450:Jewish diaspora languages
214:
198:
182:
177:
153:
86:
76:
66:
48:
34:
33:
28:
4508:Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
2791:Роберт Пинхасов (2020).
2338:
21:Bukhara (disambiguation)
4737:Languages of Uzbekistan
4639:Portuguese-based Creole
1779:Current Latin alphabet:
1486:Category:Jewish culture
1284:Jews in American cinema
3015:Dialects and varieties
2995:Indo-Iranian languages
2549:Tamerlane and the Jews
2461:Zand, Michael (1989).
1360:List of Jews in sports
4682:village sign language
4668:Israeli Sign Language
3168:Old Persian cuneiform
2971:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)
2546:Michael Shterenshis,
2429:Tolmas, Chana. 2006.
1682:Republic of Turkestan
4717:Judeo-Tajik dialects
4158:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
3891:historical languages
2801:. pp. 124–126.
2623:Tomas, Ḣano (2006).
2565:E.C.: LINCOM EUROPA.
2537:Germany: De Gruyter.
2494:Ido, Shinji (2017).
1709:Queens College, CUNY
1611:Bukhori is based on
1365:Association football
704:Crossing the Red Sea
19:For other uses, see
4518:Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani
3183:Persian calligraphy
2936:Proto-Indo-European
2869:More Music Examples
2844:Learn Basic Bukhori
2589:Ido, Shinji. 2017.
2574:Ido, Shinji. 2017.
2561:Ido, Shinji. 2007.
1792:
1584:General information
754:Gathering of Israel
432:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4546:Jewish Koine Greek
4406:Judaeo-Piedmontese
4153:Judaeo-Palestinian
3998:Reading traditions
3216:Persian literature
2963:(c. 525 – 300 BCE)
2944:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2328:Emirate of Bukhara
1791:Comparative table
1790:
1322:Biblical cosmology
1249:Ancient Jewish art
998:Valley of the ants
734:Conquest of Canaan
674:Sodom and Gomorrah
4722:Dialects of Tajik
4704:
4703:
4698:extinct languages
4635:Judaeo-Papiamento
4589:
4588:
4467:Judaeo-Portuguese
4365:
4364:
4228:
4227:
4038:
4037:
3908:
3907:
3856:
3855:
3583:
3582:
3325:Iranian languages
3291:
3290:
3146:
3098:Language features
3000:Iranian languages
2988:Language families
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2480:978-0-71009-128-4
2404:(25th ed., 2022)
2319:
2318:
1613:Classical Persian
1540:, Hebrew script:
1523:
1522:
1415:Ancient Israelite
1259:Judeo-Tat theatre
774:David and Goliath
226:
225:
4744:
4615:Judaeo-Malayalam
4529:Judeo-Golpaygani
4474:Judaeo-Aragonese
4392:Judaeo-Livornese
4248:
4247:
4239:
4238:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3942:Jewish languages
3935:
3928:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3752:Zoroastrian Dari
3594:
3593:
3369:
3368:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3226:Tajik literature
3178:Persian alphabet
3142:
3023:Standard Persian
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2920:Persian language
2913:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2816:
2811:. Archived from
2788:
2775:
2774:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2723:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2638:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2610:www.omniglot.com
2602:
2596:
2587:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2467:Yarshater, Ehsan
2458:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2393:
2376:
2349:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1774:
1751:
1737:
1658:Jewish languages
1642:, Pakistan, and
1608:> Bukharian.
1578:Persian language
1558:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1528:, also known as
1515:
1508:
1501:
724:Ten Commandments
251:
228:
227:
210:
194:
187:
159:
92:
40:
36:
26:
25:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4687:
4654:
4625:Judaeo-Georgian
4585:
4534:
4479:
4446:Judeo-Provençal
4361:
4333:
4224:
4177:
4168:Judaeo-Tunisian
4148:Judaeo-Moroccan
4141:Judaeo-Baghdadi
4131:Judaeo-Egyptian
4126:Judaeo-Algerian
4112:
4103:Lishanid Noshan
4034:
3993:
3944:
3939:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3873:
3852:
3756:
3579:
3442:
3358:
3327:
3322:
3292:
3287:
3256:
3230:
3204:
3200:Persian Braille
3173:Pahlavi scripts
3156:
3138:Persian grammar
3126:
3093:
3055:Kuwaiti Persian
3009:
2983:
2922:
2917:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2789:
2778:
2763:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2621:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2584:
2573:
2569:
2563:Bukharan Tajik.
2560:
2556:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2525:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2459:
2455:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2415:
2405:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2324:
1805:
1800:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1735:
1722:Hebrew alphabet
1718:
1716:Writing systems
1662:Hebrew alphabet
1586:
1519:
1490:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1450:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1409:
1408:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1382:Maccabiah Games
1354:
1353:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1306:
1305:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1254:Yiddish theatre
1243:
1242:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1185:
1184:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1142:
1141:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1110:Medieval Hebrew
1020:
1019:
1004:
1003:
1002:
851:Jewish folklore
639:Forbidden Fruit
598:
597:
582:
581:
580:
566:Judeo-Malayalam
374:Lishanid Noshan
267:
266:
206:
190:
183:
160:
155:
149:
93:
90:Language family
88:
79:
78:Native speakers
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4750:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4702:
4701:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4664:
4662:
4660:Sign languages
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4632:
4622:
4612:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4576:Judaeo-Marathi
4569:
4557:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4485:Judaeo-Iranian
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4419:Judaeo-Spanish
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4402:
4399:Judaeo-Mantuan
4395:
4386:Judaeo-Italian
4383:
4380:Judaeo-Catalan
4375:
4373:
4371:Judaeo-Romance
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4339:Jewish English
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4317:
4315:Judeo-Alsatian
4307:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4267:
4265:
4245:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4196:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4044:Judaeo-Aramaic
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3961:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:Middle Persian
3841:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3349:Middle Iranian
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Tajik alphabet
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3161:Writing system
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2968:Middle Persian
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2874:Bukharian Poem
2871:
2866:
2864:Music Examples
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2838:External links
2836:
2833:
2832:
2815:on 2022-04-02.
2808:978-1936755110
2807:
2776:
2757:
2739:
2703:
2696:
2678:
2654:
2633:
2615:
2597:
2582:
2567:
2554:
2539:
2523:
2486:
2479:
2453:
2435:
2413:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2351:Also known as
2343:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1782:
1770:
1747:
1733:
1726:Latin alphabet
1717:
1714:
1666:Latin alphabet
1585:
1582:
1576:branch of the
1530:Judeo-Bukharic
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1481:Portal:Judaism
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1327:Mathematicians
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
669:Tower of Babel
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
629:Garden of Eden
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
600:
599:
596:
595:
589:
588:
587:
584:
583:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
497:
496:
486:
481:
476:
475:
474:
469:
459:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
427:Judeo-Moroccan
424:
423:
422:
420:Judeo-Baghdadi
404:
403:
402:
401:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
338:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
269:
268:
265:
264:
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
244:
243:
241:Jewish culture
237:
236:
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
204:
196:
195:
188:
180:
179:
178:Language codes
175:
174:
161:
157:Writing system
154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
96:
94:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:Native to
46:
45:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4749:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4523:Judeo-Kashani
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:Judeo-Shirazi
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Judeo-Persian
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:Judaeo-French
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4329:Scots-Yiddish
4327:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4302:Klezmer-loshn
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:Indo-European
4231:
4220:
4216:
4215:Judaeo-Berber
4213:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4173:Judaeo-Yemeni
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:Judaeo-Syrian
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4118:Judaeo-Arabic
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:Caucasian Tat
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Proto-Iranian
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:Organizations
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3152:Tajik grammar
3150:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3065:Judeo-Persian
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2955:(c. 1500 BCE)
2953:
2952:Proto-Iranian
2950:
2947:(c. 2000 BCE)
2945:
2942:
2939:(c. 3000 BCE)
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2799:New York City
2796:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2697:9781936755004
2693:
2689:
2682:
2668:
2667:www1.cuny.edu
2664:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2636:
2634:9789657093467
2630:
2626:
2625:Bukharan Jews
2619:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:Judeo-Tadzhik
2354:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:Bukharan Jews
1563:
1562:Judeo-Persian
1559:
1557:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1446:Other aspects
1445:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:Modern Hebrew
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:Jewish poetry
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
853:
852:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:Cain and Abel
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Gog and Magog
657:
655:
654:Promised Land
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Judeo-Marathi
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
495:
492:
491:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
452:
451:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
409:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:Judeo-Aramaic
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
263:
260:
259:
255:
254:
250:
246:
245:
242:
239:
238:
234:
230:
229:
222:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
203:
202:
197:
193:
189:
186:
181:
176:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
152:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
98:Indo-European
95:
91:
85:
81:
75:
72:
71:Bukharan Jews
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:
32:
27:
22:
4693:
4645:Judaeo-Malay
4559:
4527:
4492:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4453:Judeo-Gascon
4451:
4444:
4437:
4412:Judaeo-Roman
4404:
4397:
4390:
4378:
4319:
4300:
4259:
4202:
4193:Ethiosemitic
4136:Judaeo-Iraqi
4098:Lishán Didán
4093:Lishana Deni
4073:
4066:
3882:
3843:
3836:
3804:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3635:
3613:
3565:
3556:
3545:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3420:
3261:Other topics
3071:
2813:the original
2793:
2766:
2760:
2747:
2742:
2715:
2687:
2681:
2670:. Retrieved
2666:
2657:
2624:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2517:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2470:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2430:
2399:
2391:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
1949:
1806:(Uzbekistan)
1783:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1719:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:Soviet Union
1690:
1675:
1655:
1648:
1636:
1610:
1598:West Iranian
1590:Indo-Iranian
1587:
1570:Central Asia
1553:
1546:, Cyrillic:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1466:Architecture
1264:Jewish dance
1153:Philosophers
1076:
1075:
849:
848:
694:Burning bush
634:Tree of Life
619:Adam and Eve
561:Judeo-Berber
447:
446:
408:Judeo-Arabic
406:
405:
359:Lishán Didán
354:Lishana Deni
340:
339:
271:
270:
199:
132:
118:Southwestern
103:Indo-Iranian
42:
4672:German Sign
4439:Judeo-Latin
4321:Lachoudisch
3950:Afroasiatic
3838:Old Persian
3675:Mazanderani
3469:Khwarezmian
3354:New Iranian
3344:Old Iranian
3070:Judeo-Tat (
2976:New Persian
2960:Old Persian
2519:literature.
2353:Judeo-Tajik
1684:and in the
1640:Afghanistan
1534:Judeo-Tajik
918:Baal Berith
719:Golden calf
714:Mount Sinai
699:Ten Plagues
576:Koiné Greek
494:Piedmontese
394:Palestinian
335:Palestinian
61:Afghanistan
4711:Categories
4629:Kartvelian
4580:Indo-Aryan
4572:Judeo-Urdu
3513:Sarghulami
3433:Yazghulami
3386:Ishkashimi
3209:Literature
3105:Vocabulary
2979:(from 800)
2672:2017-02-10
2401:Ethnologue
2383:References
1678:communists
1656:Like most
1644:Uzbekistan
1536:(autonym:
1332:Scientists
1158:Maimonides
1137:Philosophy
1095:Al-Andalus
1015:Literature
928:Bar Juchne
729:Tabernacle
709:The Exodus
679:Noah's Ark
644:Patriarchs
536:Golpaygani
330:Babylonian
57:Tajikistan
53:Uzbekistan
4696:indicate
4619:Dravidian
4498:Judeo-Tat
4347:Yeshivish
4296:Udmurtish
4291:Ukrainish
4276:Galitzish
4005:Ashkenazi
3898:varieties
3885:indicate
3806:Pahlavani
3798:Bakhtiari
3783:Kuhmareyi
3773:Bashkardi
3695:Old Azeri
3406:Sanglechi
3122:Phonology
2821:cite book
2728:cite book
2643:cite book
2506:(1): 85.
2396:Bukharian
2333:Judeo-Tat
1761:Uzbek one
1620:loanwords
1552:, Latin:
1526:Bukharian
1456:Symbolism
1430:Ashkenazi
1317:Astronomy
1206:Sephardic
1196:Religious
1120:Holocaust
1046:Judeo-Tat
873:Leviathan
593:Mythology
531:Zarphatic
484:Catalanic
325:Samaritan
285:Ashkenazi
262:Languages
201:Glottolog
185:ISO 639-3
133:Bukharian
67:Ethnicity
37:,
29:Bukharian
4601:Krymchak
4554:Hellenic
4352:Yinglish
4256:dialects
4243:Germanic
4209:Cushitic
4108:Betanure
4075:Galilean
4062:Talmudic
4052:Biblical
4030:Tiberian
4025:Yemenite
4010:Sephardi
3984:Medieval
3979:Mishnaic
3974:Biblical
3827:Hazaragi
3778:Garmsiri
3718:Sangsari
3713:Lasgerdi
3702:Parthian
3680:Tabaroid
3648:Kurmanji
3604:Ashtiani
3573:Yaghnobi
3531:Ossetian
3520:Scythian
3495:Southern
3490:Northern
3462:Bactrian
3411:Sarikoli
3381:Bartangi
3045:Hazaragi
2859:MULOQAND
2373:Bukharit
2369:Bukharan
2365:Bukharic
2322:See also
1796:Cyrillic
1757:Cyrillic
1670:Cyrillic
1560:), is a
1461:Clothing
1420:Sephardi
1370:Baseball
1312:Medicine
1148:Haskalah
1100:Yemenite
1090:Piyyutim
1085:Biblical
1071:Rabbinic
1061:Yemenite
1036:American
1026:Biblical
983:Rephaite
943:Mazzikin
868:Behemoth
799:Mordecai
571:Krymchak
546:Hamedani
506:Gruzinic
489:Italkian
442:Yemenite
437:Djerbian
399:Galilean
389:Talmudic
384:Biblical
369:Betanure
320:Biblical
315:Mishnaic
310:Medieval
305:Tiberian
300:Yemenite
290:Sephardi
233:a series
231:Part of
208:bukh1238
168:Cyrillic
4694:Italics
4649:Malayic
4561:Knaanic
4550:Yevanic
4493:Bukhori
4429:Tetuani
4424:Haketia
4357:Heblish
4310:Western
4286:Poylish
4281:Litvish
4271:Eastern
4252:Yiddish
4088:Hulaulá
4083:Barzani
4020:Italian
4015:Mizrahi
3887:extinct
3883:Italics
3868:Badeshi
3812:Persian
3788:Kumzari
3730:Taleshi
3723:Sorkhei
3708:Semnani
3663:Kordali
3643:Kurdish
3637:Gorgani
3615:Daylami
3609:Balochi
3589:Western
3567:Sogdian
3526:Alanian
3500:Wanetsi
3485:Central
3475:Parachi
3455:Avestan
3416:Shughni
3401:Roshani
3364:Eastern
3332:History
3131:Grammar
3089:Dehwari
3084:Sistani
3079:Bukhori
3028:Iranian
2928:History
2771:Toşkent
2752:Toşkand
2720:Toşkand
2469:(ed.).
2361:Bukhari
2035:אָ ,או
1809:Hebrew
1697:Hoverim
1628:Russian
1602:Persian
1594:Iranian
1538:Bukhori
1425:Mizrahi
1404:Cuisine
1301:Science
1221:Zemirot
1211:Klezmer
1201:Mizrahi
1191:Secular
1163:Strauss
1056:English
1051:Yiddish
993:Yossele
963:Armilus
953:Se'irim
948:Arariel
898:Estries
893:Bagdana
834:Gabriel
829:Michael
779:Solomon
749:Gehenna
649:Abraham
614:Genesis
551:Shuadit
541:Shirazi
521:Bukhori
501:Knaanic
479:Yevanic
472:Tetuani
467:Haketia
457:Yiddish
415:Yahudic
364:Barzani
349:Hulaulá
295:Mizrahi
221:Bukhori
123:Persian
113:Western
108:Iranian
4609:Turkic
4605:Karaim
4594:Others
4566:Slavic
4539:Others
4261:argots
4219:Berber
4182:Others
4057:Targum
3989:Modern
3959:Hebrew
3861:Others
3768:Achomi
3740:Tatoid
3688:Median
3658:Xwarin
3653:Sorani
3631:Gorani
3626:Gilaki
3547:Jassic
3507:Ormuri
3480:Pashto
3447:Others
3438:Yidgha
3072:Juhuri
3033:Afghan
2805:
2767:Alefbe
2694:
2631:
2580:p. 218
2477:
1801:(USSR)
1632:Arabic
1617:Hebrew
1556:Buxorī
1549:бухорӣ
1543:בוכארי
1269:Humour
1216:Niggun
1041:Ladino
1031:Hebrew
988:Pardes
978:Alukah
973:Elioud
938:Naamah
908:Samael
903:Belial
883:Tannin
878:Shedim
858:Dybbuk
839:Dobiel
824:Azrael
789:Esther
784:Samson
764:Gideon
759:Daniel
744:Moloch
739:Yahweh
664:Nimrod
624:Lilith
526:Juhuri
516:Dzhidi
511:Karaim
462:Ladino
448:Other
379:Targum
280:Modern
273:Hebrew
164:Hebrew
43:buxorī
39:бухорӣ
35:בוכארי
4204:Qwara
4199:Kayla
4189:Geʽez
3832:Tajik
3761:South
3597:North
3536:Digor
3428:Wakhi
3422:Vanji
3396:Munji
3391:Khufi
3373:Pamir
3144:Ezāfe
3115:Verbs
3110:Nouns
3050:Aimaq
3038:Tajik
2595:p. 84
2551:p. 85
2465:. In
2339:Notes
2284:U' u'
2256:Yi yi
2253:Ji ji
2242:Gh gh
2228:Ya ya
2225:Ja ja
2214:Yu yu
2211:Ju ju
2172:Sh sh
2158:Ch ch
2144:Ts ts
2141:Ts ts
1918:Zh zh
1904:Yo yo
1901:Jo jo
1890:Ye ye
1804:Latin
1799:Latin
1624:Uzbek
1606:Tajik
1604:>
1596:>
1592:>
1574:Tajik
1349:Sport
1180:Music
1066:Musar
968:Broxa
958:Dumah
923:Lilin
913:Re'em
888:Rahab
863:Golem
809:Satan
794:Haman
689:Moses
172:Latin
128:Tajik
3967:Eras
3822:Dari
3793:Luri
3747:Zaza
3735:Tati
3668:Laki
3621:Fars
3558:Saka
3541:Iron
2827:link
2803:ISBN
2734:link
2692:ISBN
2649:link
2629:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2371:and
1651:Jews
1626:and
1532:and
1105:Epic
844:Ouza
819:Ruth
814:Ezra
769:Saul
604:Baal
3889:or
3060:Tat
2508:doi
2398:at
2315:'ג
2312:J j
2309:Ç ç
2306:Ҷ ҷ
2298:H h
2295:H h
2292:Ҳ ҳ
2287:אה
2281:Ū ū
2278:Ӯ ӯ
2270:Q q
2267:Q q
2264:Қ қ
2259:אײ
2250:Ӣ ӣ
2245:גה
2239:Ƣ ƣ
2236:Ғ ғ
2231:ה'
2222:Я я
2217:ו'
2208:Ю ю
2203:אה
2200:E e
2194:Э э
2183:Ә ә
2180:Ъ ъ
2169:Ş ş
2166:Ш ш
2161:'צ
2155:C c
2152:Ч ч
2138:Ц ц
2130:X x
2127:X x
2124:Х х
2116:F f
2113:F f
2110:Ф ф
2105:או
2102:U u
2099:U u
2096:У у
2088:T t
2085:T t
2082:Т т
2074:S s
2071:S s
2068:С с
2060:R r
2057:R r
2054:Р р
2046:P p
2043:P p
2040:П п
2032:O o
2029:O o
2026:О о
2018:N n
2015:N n
2012:Н н
2004:M m
2001:M m
1998:М м
1990:L l
1987:L l
1984:Л л
1979:כּ
1976:K k
1973:K k
1970:К к
1962:Y y
1959:J j
1956:Й й
1946:I i
1943:I i
1940:И и
1932:Z z
1929:Z z
1926:З з
1921:'ג
1915:Ƶ ƶ
1912:Ж ж
1907:יו
1898:Ё ё
1893:יה
1887:E e
1884:Е е
1876:D d
1873:D d
1870:Д д
1862:G g
1859:G g
1856:Г г
1848:V v
1845:V v
1842:В в
1837:בּ
1834:B b
1831:B в
1828:Б б
1820:A a
1817:A a
1814:А а
1568:of
1238:Art
933:Ziz
804:Job
216:ELP
192:bhh
4713::
4574:,
4548:,
2823:}}
2819:{{
2797:.
2779:^
2769:.
2750:.
2730:}}
2726:{{
2718:.
2706:^
2665:.
2645:}}
2641:{{
2608:.
2526:^
2516:.
2502:.
2498:.
2416:^
2367:,
2363:,
2359:,
2355:,
2301:ה
2273:ק
2189:ע
2175:ש
2147:צ
2133:כ
2119:ף
2091:ת
2077:ס
2063:ר
2049:פ
2021:נ
2007:מ
1993:ל
1965:י
1935:ז
1879:ד
1865:ג
1851:ב
1823:א
1763:.
1728:.
1580:.
609:El
235:on
170:,
166:,
59:,
55:,
41:,
4684:)
4680:(
4674:)
4670:(
4651:)
4647:(
4641:)
4637:(
4631:)
4627:(
4621:)
4617:(
4611:)
4607:(
4603:/
4582:)
4578:(
4568:)
4564:(
4556:)
4552:(
4264:)
4258:/
4254:(
4221:)
4217:(
4211:)
4207:(
4201:/
4195:)
4191:(
3934:e
3927:t
3920:v
3893:.
3317:e
3310:t
3303:v
3074:)
2912:e
2905:t
2898:v
2829:)
2736:)
2700:.
2675:.
2651:)
2637:.
2612:.
2510::
2504:5
2483:.
2375:.
2197:-
2186:'
1950:א
1514:e
1507:t
1500:v
23:.
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