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362:. The liberals found the actions from the king and cabinet had endangered Dutch neutrality and almost dragged the country into a European war. Parliament blocked the budget of the Foreign Affairs department and, when the irritated king disbanded the parliament, the new parliament confirmed this and demanded the dismissal of the government. The king and government concurred, and the
274:
But the French were shocked to learn that
Bismarck now objected. There was a public outcry against the deal in Germany; Bismarck's hand was forced by nationalistic newspapers in north Germany. He reneged on the pledge that he had made to Napoleon at Biarritz, and threatened war. Not only had Bismarck
354:
For
Luxembourg, this was an important step towards full independence, despite the fact that it remained united in a personal union with the Netherlands until 1890. Luxembourg was provided an opportunity to develop itself independently, leading to the emergence of the steel industry in the south of
339:
All of the Great Powers were invited to London to hammer out a deal that would prevent war. As it was clear that no other power would accept the incorporation of
Luxembourg into either France or the North German Confederation, negotiations centred upon the terms of Luxembourg's neutrality. The
347:
The
Luxembourg Crisis showed the influence public opinion could have on the actions of governments. It also demonstrated the growing opposition between France and Prussia and foreshadowed the
227:), the result was a shock to Europe. Prussia quickly defeated Austria and her allies, forcing Austria to the negotiating table. Napoleon III offered to mediate, and the result, the
325:
was more than happy to host the talks as the
British government feared that the absorption of Luxembourg by either power would weaken Belgium, its strategic ally on the continent.
179:
kept France neutral. Although he, like most of Europe, expected an
Austrian victory, he could not intervene on Austria's side as that would jeopardise France's relationship with
309:
With the German public angered and an impasse developing, Napoleon III sought to backtrack; he certainly did not want to appear to be unduly expansionist to the other
313:. Thus, he demanded only that Prussia withdraw its soldiers from Luxembourg City, threatening war if Prussia did not comply. To avoid this fate, Emperor
634:
171:
of 1864 had further advanced nationalist tensions in
Germany, and, throughout 1865, it was clear that Prussia intended to challenge the position of the
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204:, France's neutrality, hoping that such an open statement of intent would strengthen France's negotiating position regarding the western bank of the
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result was a victory for
Bismarck; although Prussia would have to remove its soldiers from Luxembourg City, Luxembourg would remain in the
275:
united much of northern
Germany under the Prussian crown, but he had secretly concluded agreements with the southern states on 10 October.
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In the
Netherlands, there was criticism from parliament against the king and government, especially against Foreign Affairs minister
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To avert a war that might drag their own countries into conflict, other countries rushed to offer compromise proposals. Austria's
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was created in Dutch state law: a minister or government could rule only with support of (a majority in) parliament.
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and improved by subsequent engineers, which gave the city the nickname "Gibraltar of the North". Since the 1815
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Cartoon mocking the Dutch government for dragging the Netherlands into a European conflict because of
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within the German Confederation. Despite potentially holding the balance of power between the two,
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Assuming that Bismarck would honour his part of the agreement, the French government offered King
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The confrontation almost led to war between the two parties, but was peacefully resolved by the
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for Luxembourg. Being in deep financial trouble, William accepted the offer on 23 March 1867.
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255:(as a shepherd of the German states), to protect Luxembourg, who is threatened by
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refused to part with any of his lands, putting paid to Beust's proposal.
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145:), threatening Dutch control of the remaining territory. As a result,
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boasted some of the most impressive fortifications in the world, the
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hosted critical negotiations between Napoleon III and Bismarck.
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When Austria and Prussia did go to war in 1866 (the so-called
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32:, whose non-committal answers encouraged French Emperor
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called for an international conference, to be held in
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The European Powers and the German Question, 1848-71
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488:
The Making of a Nation From 1815 to the Present Day
251:, the personification of the German nation, asking
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220:, although not committing anything to writing.
298:, proposed transferring Luxembourg to neutral
208:. Bismarck refused to offer any land from the
657:Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg
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141:of 1830 had divided Luxembourg into two (see
121:, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg had been in
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259:(as a wolf) on the other side of the Rhine
64:dispute and confrontation in 1867 between
196:on 4 October 1865, Napoleon III promised
16:1867 diplomatic dispute and confrontation
481:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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522:(in German). Stuttgart: Seewald-Verlag.
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376:Belgium in the long nineteenth century
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1164:Diplomatic crises of the 19th century
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501:A History of Modern Europe, 1792-1878
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381:France in the long nineteenth century
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133:, Luxembourg became a member of the
518:(1983). "Blick in die Geschichte".
386:Belgium and the Franco-Prussian War
149:entered Luxembourg into the German
13:
129:. In a concession to neighbouring
14:
1180:
1149:History of Luxembourg (1815–1890)
894:Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union
247:A 1867 German caricature showing
1134:1867 in international relations
351:which would break out in 1870.
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490:. Luxembourg City: Saint-Paul.
265:William III of the Netherlands
1:
470:
360:Jules van Zuylen van Nijevelt
143:Third Partition of Luxembourg
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72:over the political status of
30:minister president of Prussia
477:Moose, Werner Eugen (1958).
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364:unwritten rule of confidence
147:William I of the Netherlands
7:
1139:France–Luxembourg relations
758:Valley of the Seven Castles
391:League of Peace and Freedom
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486:Calmes, Christian (1989).
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233:North German Confederation
127:Kingdom of the Netherlands
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198:Prussian Prime Minister
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315:Alexander II of Russia
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58:Crise luxembourgeoise
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652:Military occupations
590:Austrian Netherlands
286:'s personal troubles
177:Emperor Napoleon III
169:Second Schleswig War
135:German Confederation
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796:Chamber of Deputies
585:Spanish Netherlands
580:House of Luxembourg
496:Fyffe, Charles Alan
349:Franco-Prussian War
163:Austro-Prussian War
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904:Electricity sector
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520:Das ist Luxemburg
464:, pp. 264–5.
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329:London Conference
253:Otto von Bismarck
202:Otto von Bismarck
42:Luxembourg Crisis
26:Otto von Bismarck
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960:Demographics
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505:. Retrieved
500:
487:
478:
457:
435:, ch. XXIII.
428:
416:
409:Trausch 1983
404:
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311:Great Powers
308:
289:
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257:Napoleon III
239:French offer
222:
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186:Risorgimento
184:
166:
154:
105:
78:
41:
39:
34:Napoleon III
18:
889:Accountancy
843:LGBT rights
452:, ch. XXIV.
421:Calmes 1989
296:Count Beust
284:William III
1113:Categories
1045:Newspapers
970:Euthanasia
909:Euro coins
647:Partitions
635:Occupation
558:Luxembourg
507:2006-06-27
471:References
462:Moose 1958
450:Fyffe 1895
433:Fyffe 1895
342:Zollverein
267:5,000,000
218:Luxembourg
156:Zollverein
87:Background
74:Luxembourg
62:diplomatic
1169:War scare
975:Languages
965:Education
934:Transport
914:RTL Group
828:Elections
753:Red Lands
694:Districts
677:Geography
640:Holocaust
397:Footnotes
210:Rhineland
125:with the
1093:Category
985:Religion
848:Military
838:Monarchy
784:Politics
733:Guttland
719:quarters
704:Communes
498:(1895).
370:See also
269:guilders
249:Germania
194:Biarritz
96:Biarritz
60:) was a
1084:Outline
1023:Cuisine
1005:Culture
948:Society
899:Benelux
877:Economy
699:Cantons
567:History
300:Belgium
214:Belgium
131:Prussia
70:Prussia
1098:Portal
1018:Cinema
980:People
853:Police
770:Rivers
765:Éislek
595:ForĂŞts
321:. The
319:London
153:, the
66:France
54:French
46:German
28:, the
1060:Sport
1035:Music
919:Steel
709:Towns
206:Rhine
183:post-
181:Italy
1028:Wine
216:and
167:The
68:and
40:The
1013:Art
98:'s
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440:^
344:.
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235:.
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83:.
76:.
56::
52:,
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550:e
543:t
536:v
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44:(
36:.
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