884:
81:; instead, wealthier countries have fought limited small-scale regional conflicts with poorer countries. Conflicts involving smaller economies have also gradually tapered off. Overall, the number of international wars decreased from a rate of six per year in the 1950s to one per year in the 2000s, and the number of fatalities decreased from 240 reported deaths per million to less than 10 reported deaths per million.
72:
In the 1990s, it was thought that the Long Peace was a unique result of the Cold War. However, when the Cold War ended the same trends continued in what has also been called the "New Peace". The period has exhibited more than a quarter of a century of even greater stability and peacefulness and has
176:
considers that to be part of a trend that has continued since the beginning of recorded history, and other experts have made similar arguments. While there is general agreement among experts that we are in a Long Peace and that wars have declined since the 1950s, Pinker's broader thesis has been
184:
Pinker's work has received some publicity, but most information about the Long Peace and related trends remains outside public awareness, and some data demonstrate a widespread perception that the world has become more dangerous.
177:
contested. Critics have also said that a longer period of relative peace is needed to be certain, or they have emphasized minor reversals in specific trends, such as the increase in battle deaths between 2011 and 2014 due to the
143:. However, no factor is a sufficient explanation on its own and so additional or combined factors are likely. Other proposed explanations have included the proliferation of the recognition of
73:
also shown continued improvements in related measurements such as the number of coups, the amount of repression, and the durability of peace settlements. Though
77:
and lesser military conflicts have occurred, there has been a continued absence of direct conflict between any of the largest economies by
746:
682:
831:
719:
443:
Vasquez, John A; Kang, Choong-Nam (2012). "How and why the Cold War became a long peace: Some statistical insights".
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49:. First recognized in 1986, the period of "relative peace" has been compared to the relatively-long stability of the
1076:
821:
567:
Duffield, John S. (2009). "Explaining the Long Peace in Europe: the contributions of regional security regimes".
168:
489:
Inglehart, Ronald F; Puranen, Bi; Welzel, Christian (2015). "Declining willingness to fight for one's country".
1061:
204:
349:
Lebow, Richard Ned (Spring 1994). "The Long Peace, the End of the Cold War, and the
Failure of Realism".
140:
392:
Gaddis, John Lewis (1986). "The Long Peace: Elements of
Stability in the Postwar International System".
101:
1071:
1066:
268:
Freedman, Lawrence (2014). "Stephen Pinker and the long peace: alliance, deterrence and decline".
678:
124:
314:
Saperstein, Alvin M. (March 1991). "The "Long Peace"— Result of a
Bipolar Competitive World?".
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Fettweis, Christopher J. (2017). "Unipolarity, Hegemony, and the New Peace".
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Gaddis, John Lewis (1992). "The Cold War, the Long Peace, and the Future".
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29:, is a term for the unprecedented historical period following the end of
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Major factors cited as reasons for the Long Peace have included the
136:
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69:
in 1914, during which the
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37:(1947–1991) was marked by the absence of major wars between the
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Winning the War on War: The
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683:"Human Security Report 2013: The Decline in Global Violence"
829:
710:
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why
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The Long Peace: Inquiries Into the
History of the Cold War
115:, the economic incentives towards cooperation caused by
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33:in 1945 to the present day. The period of the
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141:peacekeeping by the United Nations
14:
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159:are unjustified), the success of
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677:Human Security Research Group,
569:Review of International Studies
169:The Better Angels of Our Nature
342:
1:
635:10.1080/09636412.2017.1306394
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205:Human Security Report Project
735:Joshua S. Goldstein (2012).
282:10.1080/14682745.2014.950243
65:in 1815 and the outbreak of
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832:regional and relative peace
328:10.1177/0022002791035001004
240:. Oxford University Press.
232:Gaddis, John Lewis (1989).
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491:Journal of Peace Research
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135:, and the effects of the
102:Norwegian Nobel Committee
23:", also described as the
503:10.1177/0022343314565756
457:10.1177/0010836712461625
445:Cooperation and Conflict
1077:Cold War historiography
762:Clauset, Aaron (2018).
706:Pinker, Steven (2011).
679:Simon Fraser University
780:10.1126/sciadv.aao3580
394:International Security
79:gross domestic product
1062:Cold War terminology
714:. New York: Viking.
137:empowerment of women
133:reduction of poverty
121:international trade
41:of the period, the
534:Diplomatic History
161:non-violent action
157:wars of aggression
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200:Deterrence theory
195:Balance of terror
109:deterrence effect
90:Nobel Peace Prize
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131:'s efforts in
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166:In the book
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145:human rights
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98:human rights
83:
71:
51:Roman Empire
47:Soviet Union
39:great powers
31:World War II
24:
20:
18:
1033:Pax Syriana
1005:Pax Russica
977:Pax Minoica
970:Pax Mafiosa
963:Pax Kushana
949:Pax Italica
859:Pax Atomica
830:Periods of
691:11 November
67:World War I
1056:Categories
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998:Pax Romana
892:Historical
846:Long Peace
216:References
129:World Bank
75:civil wars
55:Pax Romana
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928:Pax Gupta
741:. Plume.
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743:ISBN
716:ISBN
693:2018
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242:ISBN
151:and
139:and
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