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that, when possible, every other possibility, including speeches by outside that we can, that we use every possibility, including every possibility of could be let separately. Another possibility is `constructive vandalism' a people reject violence and the possibility of violence can the possibility the French vote and now enjoy the possibility of winning two seats in the immediately investigate the possibility of criminal charges and that her Sri Lankan sources say that the possibility of negotiating with the Tamil
Sheikhdoms too there might be the possibility of encouraging agitation. the twelve member states on the possibility of their threatening to Marie had already looked into the possibility of persuading the a function of dependency, but the possibility of capitalist development, were almost defenceless. The possibility of an invasion had been apparent oddly and are worried about the possibility of drug use, say so. Tell them was first convened to discuss the possibility of a coup d'Ă©tat to return the in the mi5 line and in the possibility of the state being used to smear reasons behind the move was the possibility of a new market. Cheap terminals be assessed individually. The possibility of genetic testing brings that given the privilege. The other possibility, of course, is that the jaunt All this undermines the possibility of economic reform and requires get. (Knowing that there is no possibility of attempting coitus takes the who was openly cynical about the possibility of achieving socialism 5 so that they can perceive the possibility of being citizens engaged in poisoning and fire, facing the possibility of their own death just to be hearing yesterday that the possibility of using the agency to gather in 1903, and I don't foresee any possibility replacing that. The car we a genetic factor at work here, a possibility supported by at least a few refused even to entertain the possibility that any of the nations of the has a long history, there is the possibility that the recent upsurge in Police are investigating the possibility that she was seen a short time any doctors who think there is a possibility that they may have been infected are in a store, there is a good possibility that you are wearing moisturizer living must be made. The possibility that a young adult will be he'd completed his account of the possibility that there was a drug-smuggling has been devoted to exploring the possibility that so-called ancient peoples
1303:'s work is usually cited as the cornerstone to studies of metaphor in the language. One example is quite common: "time is money". We can save, spend and waste both time and money. Another interesting example comes from business and sex: businesses penetrate the market, attract customers, and discuss "relationship management". Business is also war: launch an ad campaign, gain a foothold (already a climbing metaphor in military usage) in the market, suffer losses. Systems, on the other hand, are water: a flood of information, overflowing with people, flow of traffic. The NOA theory of lexical acquisition argues that the metaphoric sorting filter helps to simplify language storage and avoid overload.
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commonplace they are in all forms of language use, yet we are hardly aware of their existence. Research suggests that language is heavily peppered with such bundles in all registers; two examples include "do you want me to", commonly found in speech, or "there was no significant" found in academic registers. Put together in speech, they can create comprehensible sentences, such as "I'm not sure" + "if they're" + "they're going" to form "I'm not sure if they're going". Such a sentence eases the burden on lexical items as it requires no grammatical analysis whatsoever.
1422:. These four registers clearly highlight distinctions within language use which would not be clear through a "grammatical" approach. Not surprisingly, each register favors the use of different words and structures: whereas news headline stories, for example, are grammatically simple, conversational anecdotes are full of lexical repetition. The lexis of the news, however, can be quite dense, just as the grammar of speech can be incredibly complicated.
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1279:, whereby the brain links together ready-made chunks. Intuitively this makes sense: it is a natural short-cut to alleviate the burden of having to "re-invent the wheel" every time we speak. Additionally, using well-known expressions conveys loads of information rapidly, as the listener does not need to break down an utterance into its constituent parts. In
1260:. If we take for example the word "stranger" (comparative adjective and noun), a t-score analysis will provide us with information such as word frequency in the corpus: words such as "no" and "to" are not surprisingly very frequent; a word such as "controversy" much less. It then calculates the occurrences of that word together with the KWIC ("
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In this example, "no stranger to" is a very frequent collocation; so are words such as "mysterious", "handsome", and "dark". This comes as no surprise. More interesting, however, is "no stranger to controversy". Perhaps the most interesting example, though, is the idiomatic "perfect stranger". Such a
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which actually entails a shift in paradigm: while linguistic theory posits the superiority of spoken language over written language (as the former is the origin, comes naturally, and thus precedes the written language), or the written over the spoken (for the same reasons: the written language being
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About to be put on looks a real possibility. Now that Benn is no longer Hiett, says that remains a real possibility: As part of the PLO, the PLF Graham added. That's a possibility as well," Whitlock admitted. Severe pain was always a possibility. Early in the century, both
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He claims that speech is grammatically complex while writing is lexically dense. In other words, a sentence such as "a cousin of mine, the one about whom I was talking the other day—the one who lives in
Houston, not the one in Dallas—called me up yesterday to tell me the very same story about Mary,
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shows this process at work with regular and irregular verbs: we collect the former, which provide us with rules we can apply to unknown words (for example, the "‑ed" ending for past tense verbs allows us to decline the neologism "to google" into "googled"). Other patterns, the irregular verbs, we
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using real samples from speech and writing has enabled researchers to take a fresh look at the composition of languages. Among other things, statistical research methods offer reliable insight into the ways in which words interact. The most interesting findings have taken place in the dichotomy
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is the way one calls a particular thing or a type of phenomenon. Since a lexis from a systemic-functional perspective is a way of calling, it can be realised by multiple grammatical words such as "The White House", "New York City" or "heart attack". Moreover, since a lexis is a way of calling,
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Language usage, on the other hand, is what takes place when the ready-made chunks do not fulfill the speaker's immediate needs; in other words, a new sentence is about to be formed and must be analyzed for correctness. Grammar rules have been internalised by native speakers, allowing them to
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on the
Cobuild GSWE noted an unusually high frequency of word bundles that, on their own, lack meaning. But a sample of one or two quickly suggests their function: they can be inserted as grammatical glue without any prior analysis of form. Even a cursory observation of examples reveals how
1134:", which can be easily combined to form sentences. This eliminates the need for the speaker to analyse each sentence grammatically, yet deals with a situation effectively. Typical examples include "I see what you mean" or "Could you please hand me the..." or "Recent research shows that..."
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Another method of effective language storage in the lexical corpus includes the use of metaphor as a storage principle. ("Storage" and "files" are good examples of how human memory and computer memory have been linked to the same vocabulary; this was not always the case).
1264:") to determine if that combination is unusually common, in other words, if the word combination occurs significantly more often than would be expected by its frequency alone. If so, the collocation is considered strong, and is worth paying closer attention to.
1208:(KWICs). After millions of samples of spoken and written language have been stored in a database, these KWICs can be sorted and analyzed for their co-text, or words which commonly co-occur with them. Valuable principles with which KWICs can be analyzed include:
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who..." is most likely to be found in conversation, not as a newspaper headline. "Prime
Minister vows conciliation", on the other hand, would be a typical news headline. One is more communicative (spoken), the other is more a recording tool (written).
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word combination could not be predicted on its own, as it does not mean "a stranger who is perfect" as we should expect. Its unusually high frequency shows that the two words collocate strongly and as an expression are highly idiomatic.
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Language use shows which occurrences of words and their partners are most probable. The major finding of this research is that language users rely to a very high extent on ready-made language "
921:'word') designates the complete set of all possible words in a language, or a particular subset of words that are grouped by some specific linguistic criteria. For example, the general term
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provides us with many insights into the real nature of language, as shown above. In essence, the lexical corpus seems to be built on the premise that language use is best approached as an
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Computer research has revealed that grammar, in the sense of its ability to create entirely new language, is avoided as far as possible. Biber and his team working at the
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1038:, involves the question of how words are retrieved from the mental lexical corpus in online language processing and production. For example, the
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determine the viability of new sentences. Language usage might be defined as a fall-back position when all other options have been exhausted.
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Once data has been collected, it can be sorted to determine the probability of co-occurrences. One common and well-known way is with a
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Once such a concordance has been created, the co-occurrences of other words with the KWIC can be analyzed. This is done by means of a
1221:: the connotation words carry ("pay attention" can be neutral or remonstrative, as when a teacher says to a pupil: "Pay attention!"
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Halliday, M. A. K. (1987). "Spoken and
Written Modes of Meaning". In Graddol, D.; Boyd-Barret, O. (eds.).
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the highest form of rudimentary speech), Halliday states they are two entirely different entities.
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The Ascent of Babel: An
Exploration of Language, Mind, and Understanding
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Altmann, Gerry T.M. (1997). "Words, and how we (eventually) find them."
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1023:: it uses rules based on sampling of the lexical corpus
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Words and Rules, the Ingredients of Language and life
1514:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–309.
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1631:Altenberg, Bengt; Granger, Sylviane, eds. (2002).
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1673:Hakulinen, Auli; Selting, Margret, eds. (2005).
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1528:. Language Teaching Publications, Hove, England.
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1585:Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
1498:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 65–83.
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1510:(2000). "Chinese words and the lexicon".
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937:related to the religious sphere of life.
1679:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
1637:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
16:All the words in a language collectively
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1694:Ruano-GarcĂa, Javier (2010).
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1700:. Bern: Peter Lang.
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1448:Lexicography
1408:conversation
1401:
1397:
1381:
1366:
1357:
1346:Please help
1341:verification
1338:
1310:
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1168:Please help
1163:verification
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1076:Please help
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810:Denotational
764:Semantics of
743:Semantic Web
702:Applications
661:Semantic gap
592:
339:Glossematics
319:Constituency
291:interpreting
129:Lexicography
60:
1754:Major terms
1247:possibility
1239:concordance
1225:Colligation
1213:Collocation
1021:Grammatical
909:, the term
907:linguistics
867:Linguistics
820:Operational
805:Concurrency
800:Categorical
603:Statistical
491:Terminology
466:Orthography
386:Usage-based
287:Translating
182:Acquisition
87:Linguistics
1987:Categories
1953:Morphology
1747:Lexicology
1644:1588110907
1587:. Longman.
1483:Chase 1988
1459:References
1412:literature
991:Metaphoric
967:children's
608:Structural
597:lexicology
557:Linguistic
461:Orismology
346:Functional
334:Generative
324:Dependency
144:Pragmatics
134:Morphology
124:Diachronic
1895:Functions
1886:Troponymy
1844:relations
1593:cite book
1404:registers
1360:July 2012
1182:July 2012
1094:July 2012
1065:does not
985:Idiomatic
795:Axiomatic
790:Algebraic
575:Subfields
547:Semantics
436:Iconicity
431:Etymology
351:Cognitive
314:Formalist
267:Phonetics
257:Philology
149:Semantics
139:Phonology
1907:Headword
1851:Antonymy
1842:Semantic
1817:Morpheme
1802:Grapheme
1785:Elements
1426:See also
1420:academic
1320:Register
1231:Register
1003:business
959:children
862:Language
674:Analysis
625:Analysis
237:Forensic
217:Distance
164:Typology
79:a series
77:Part of
63:May 2024
1881:Synonym
1822:Phoneme
1792:Chereme
1766:Lexicon
1624:Sources
1307:Grammar
1258:t-score
1086:removed
1071:sources
1011:systems
963:child's
589:Lexical
562:Logical
192:Applied
102:History
97:Outline
56:Discuss
52:Lexicon
28:Lexicon
1916:Fields
1832:Sememe
1812:Lexeme
1797:Glyphs
1704:
1683:
1662:
1641:
1566:
1388:spoken
913:(from
834:Theory
785:Action
683:Latent
617:Topics
507:Portal
405:Topics
154:Syntax
1866:Idiom
1807:Lemma
1771:Lexis
1015:water
999:money
955:child
946:lexis
919:λÎξις
911:lexis
776:Types
593:lexis
107:Index
50:into
48:moved
1827:Seme
1776:Word
1702:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1599:link
1564:ISBN
1416:news
1390:and
1069:any
1067:cite
1034:and
1013:and
1005:and
997:and
995:time
965:and
944:, a
815:Game
289:and
282:Text
1350:by
1172:by
1080:by
1007:sex
948:or
940:In
905:In
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54:. (
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1595:}}
1591:{{
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