3268:
3182:
239:
3126:
2328:
3233:
2784:
2687:
487:(CELAC) created in 2010 is an example of a decade-long push for deeper integration within Latin America without United States and Canada. CELAC was created to deepen Latin American integration and by some to reduce the significant influence of the United States on the politics and economics of Latin America. It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States (OAS), the regional body that was founded by United States and 21 other Latin American nations originally as a countermeasure to potential Soviet influence in the region.
1049:
254:, the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics, was created by eighteen Pan-American nations in 1889 at the First Pan-American Conference to promote trade in the western hemisphere. The Commercial Bureau began functioning on 14 April 1890. The bureau was renamed the International Commercial Bureau at the Second International Conference of 1901–1902. At the Fourth Pan-American Conference in 1910, the name of the organization was changed to the Union of American Republics and the International Commercial Bureau became the
2276:
613:
5196:
2488:
1795:
2736:
3303:
3312:
330:
2930:
663:
3345:
3338:
3327:
3296:
3287:
3226:
2979:
2882:
2381:
1848:
825:
3078:
2541:
993:
937:
1680:
1217:
769:
1900:
2590:
2006:
1566:
881:
3261:
2433:
1275:
2639:
2223:
2060:
1508:
1334:
3352:
3189:
3175:
1623:
2114:
1952:
3275:
1106:
712:
2169:
3219:
2833:
1451:
1163:
1392:
1738:
3028:
3254:
3196:
3210:
3247:
3240:
3203:
122:, BolĂvar advocated that the Spanish American provinces should present a united front to the Spanish in order to prevent their being re-conquered piecemeal, though he did not yet propose a political union of any kind. During the wars of independence, the fight against Spain was marked by only an incipient sense of
234:
and the other arrived after deliberations were concluded. The United
Kingdom was present only as an observer. The congress did draft a "Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation", a pact of mutual defense and commerce, but only Gran Colombia ratified it. Gran Colombia itself fell apart in
3467:
data, 73% of Latin
Americans support economic integration and 63% support political integration in Latin America. It was also found that in most Latin American countries (twelve out of seventeen), support for economic integration was lower in 2010 than in 1997 and support for political integration
229:
in 1826. BolĂvar did not invite Brazil, since it was a monarchy and he saw it as a threat to the new republics' existence, nor did he invite the government at Buenos Aires, since the region lacked any real political unity to effectively be represented. Only after pressure was placed on him was the
412:. The signatories hoped to create a common market in Latin America and offered tariff rebates among member nations. Its main goal was to eliminate all duties and restrictions on the majority of their trade within a twelve-year period. ALALC came into effect on 2 January 1962. Inspired by the
475:
stating that they would create a political South
American Community of Nations. The Declaration purposely invoked "BolĂvar's dream," noting that it would be partially realizing his vision of uniting Latin America. The original name of the union was changed to the current one, the
498:
was established in 2012 by the founding members Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. As of 2015, Costa Rica is in the process of joining. While membership is currently exclusively Latin
American, a potential membership application by Canada is being considered favorably by some.
369:
Trade, not politics, also served as the principal issue around which various, uniquely Latin
American regional organizations were formed. On 14 October 1951, the governments of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua signed a new treaty creating the
3842:
The
Mexican president said that he would still visit the White House in July where he would look to discuss pan-American "integration." … "That's how they created the European Community and then that became the European Union. That's what we need to do in America," he
155:'s idea of an independent state consisting of all of Spanish America, which Miranda variously called "Colombia", the "American Empire" or the "American Federation". In 1819, BolĂvar was able to successfully create a nation called "Colombia" (today referred to as
3468:
decreased in nearly all countries (14 out of 17) between 2002 and 2010. Support for economic and political integration is higher among men than among women and increases with educational level. Coinciding with the shift to the left in Latin
American politics (
3472:), the political left surpassed the right and, at least in the case of support for political integration, also the center, to become the political wing favoring integration most highly. That trend is a divergence from the picture found in Europe for
447:
by Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and
Argentina in 1991 to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency. Venezuela joined Mercosur in 2012 and Bolivia is an acceding member. In 1995 Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela created the
439:. In 1976, however, its membership was again reduced to five when Chile withdrew. Venezuela announced its withdrawal in 2006, reducing the Andean Community to four member states. The name of the organization was changed to the
390:
313:
By the late twentieth century, many Latin
American leaders saw a need for an alternative organization that was not dominated by the United States. The experience of dealing with the 1970s and 1980s communist insurgencies in
3717:
4846:
270:
convinced hemispheric governments that unilateral action by one nation could not ensure the territorial integrity of the Pan-American nations in the event of extra-continental aggression, in particular
3813:
LĂłpez
Obrador said he hopes to visit the White House in July to talk to Biden about the "integration" of all American countries, with the goal of forming something similar to the European Union.
4790:
167:
in a confederation or state that he suggested be called the "Bolivian Federation" or "Bolivian Union" and which historians refer to as the "Andean Confederation", but this never came about.
420:(ALADI) by the second Treaty of Montevideo to pursue the more ambitious goal of improving the economic and social development of the region through the establishment of the common market.
3663:
443:(CAN) in 1996. In 1985 the presidents of Argentina and Brazil signed the Argentina-Brazil Integration and Economics Cooperation Program. This eventually led to the founding of
54:
nations to protect the area's newly won autonomy. After several projects failed, the issue was not taken up again until the late 19th century, but now centered on the issue of
3825:
3463:
Public support for Latin American integration is generally high but has been declining in many South and Central American countries over time. According to one study based on
4897:
3676:
400:
were also established in this period. The Latin American Free Trade Association (ALALC) was formed by the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo, which was signed by Argentina, Brazil,
4945:
4669:
3855:
130:
should be. Most of those who fought for independence identified with both their birth provinces and Spanish America as a whole, both of which they referred to as their
4276:
307:
4730:
3392:
558:
4124:
5150:
225:
BolĂvar also proposed a separate league of the newly independent Spanish American republics, and to this end organized the Amphictyonic Congress or the
4715:
3490:
3367:
533:
484:
3744:
4477:
3882:
5446:
5232:
4511:
4030:
3770:
3694:
386:
288:
5165:
4965:
4339:
4324:
4281:
4256:
4516:
5019:
4831:
4200:
3680:
215:
326:
in 1986. The Rio Group did not create a secretariat or permanent body and instead chose to rely on yearly summits of heads of states.
291:, popularly known as the Rio Treaty, in 1947. The following year, at the Ninth International Conference of American States, headed by
4599:
4205:
4760:
3382:
548:
471:
In December 2004 Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations signed a reciprocal associate-member status agreement and issued the
62:, owing to the United States of America taking a leading role in the project. The idea of granting these organizations a primarily
4329:
4195:
4190:
4068:
4740:
4685:
4119:
3412:
578:
417:
148:
5043:
4765:
4622:
4129:
3558:
3500:
235:
1830. Because of these failed projects, Latin American politicians often speak of regional integration as "Bolivar's dream".
87:
4134:
4063:
3432:
598:
99:
5272:
4710:
4407:
4373:
4368:
4073:
3427:
593:
371:
171:
5225:
4664:
4344:
4180:
4165:
4023:
3727:
298:, twenty-one member states pledged to fight communism in the Americas, and transformed the Pan American Union into the
5431:
5426:
4821:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4139:
4093:
4088:
3602:
179:
170:
Other large states that emerged from the disintegration of the Spanish Monarchy also failed to prove long-lived. The
452:. Venezuela left the G3 in 2006 at the same time it left the CAN. In addition to these trade organizations, several
5400:
4935:
4841:
4528:
4266:
4229:
4114:
2333:
503:
292:
5436:
4955:
4950:
4902:
4785:
4755:
4695:
3387:
3372:
3362:
553:
538:
528:
477:
299:
345:, to create other regional organizations based around common languages and cultures. In 1991 the governments of
5267:
5012:
4735:
4627:
4523:
4078:
3417:
583:
382:
175:
3797:
20:
5315:
5218:
5160:
4592:
4499:
4016:
4986:
3909:
5357:
5181:
4489:
4435:
4317:
4312:
3131:
381:
to promote regional cooperation, integration and unity in Central America. This led to the creation of the
5310:
5119:
4892:
4472:
4144:
440:
195:
5405:
5305:
4887:
4882:
4836:
4795:
4637:
4392:
4380:
4271:
4098:
3569:
Miranda, Francisco de. "Proyectos constitucionales de Miranda" in Rudolfo Cortés, Santos (ed.) (1960).
3571:
AntologĂa documental de Venezuela, 1492-1900: Materiales para la enseñanza de la historia de Venezuela
78:. It would not be until the mid-20th century that uniquely Latin American organizations were created.
5372:
5257:
5005:
4917:
4907:
4467:
4452:
4402:
4397:
3942:"Swinging Leftward: Public Opinion on Economic and Political Integration in Latin America, 1997–2010"
3407:
573:
461:
182:
was never viable and suffered from nearly constant civil war between its provinces and the capital,
5441:
5145:
5124:
5094:
5089:
4585:
4417:
4334:
4149:
4048:
3267:
3181:
2789:
203:
190:
would not become united until the 1850s. The 1836 attempt to reunite the key regions of the former
3826:"Mexico's Lopez Obrador to skip Biden's Summit of the Americas over 'exclusion' of some countries"
3627:
5155:
4960:
4725:
4654:
4538:
3485:
449:
255:
63:
74:
and a climate of international cooperation that led to the creation of institutions such as the
4561:
4462:
4457:
4442:
4385:
4300:
3664:
Venezuela officially welcomed into Mercosur trade bloc during ceremony in Brazil (31 July 2012)
2692:
303:
5063:
4430:
3546:
2281:
358:
238:
206:
remained as a physically large state in Latin America. The other regional exception was the
5390:
5382:
5367:
5362:
5241:
4851:
4566:
3527:
3495:
413:
354:
152:
151:, he began to propose the creation of various large states and confederations, inspired by
353:
and Spain organized the First Ibero-American Summits of Heads of State and Governments in
8:
4912:
4705:
3377:
2493:
1800:
543:
510:, advocated for a regional union, comprising the nations of the Americas, resembling the
457:
284:
191:
119:
55:
3232:
5104:
5048:
4981:
4649:
4425:
1054:
226:
107:
4847:
Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America (IIRSA)
3464:
5109:
5028:
4877:
4872:
4791:
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL)
4261:
3973:
3723:
3635:
3598:
3574:
3554:
472:
207:
5099:
5058:
5053:
4816:
4770:
4690:
3996:
Latin American Unification: A History of Political and Economic Integration Efforts
3963:
3953:
3437:
3397:
603:
563:
495:
243:
211:
111:
35:
302:(OAS). The transition was smooth. The Director General of the Pan American Union,
251:
5341:
5262:
5084:
4997:
4927:
4811:
4720:
4608:
4533:
3719:
Laying the BRICS of a New Global Order: From Yekaterinburg 2009 to eThekwini 2013
3594:
3510:
3473:
334:
319:
315:
295:
59:
43:
5210:
5195:
4659:
283:
period and to contain conflicts within the hemisphere, they adopted a system of
159:) out of several Spanish American provinces; in 1825, he proposed joining it to
5300:
5287:
5129:
3856:"López Obrador pide crear en Latinoamérica "algo semejante" a la Unión Europea"
2741:
511:
456:
organizations have been created. Mercosur agreed in December 2004 to create a
219:
127:
115:
75:
5420:
5295:
5277:
5068:
4643:
4039:
4001:
Rivera, Salvador. "Jacob K. Javits and Latin American Economic Integration".
3977:
3521:
668:
329:
156:
103:
51:
47:
341:
Latin America also reached out to Europe, in particular its former colonial
5336:
5331:
5200:
3515:
3505:
3302:
2984:
272:
267:
183:
136:, a term which incorporates meanings contained today in the English words "
67:
3695:"Bolivia will hold double membership of Mercosur and the Andean Community"
3311:
3225:
4775:
4447:
4008:
3771:"Harper says it's 'too early' to decide whether to join Pacific Alliance"
3083:
2935:
2386:
1853:
830:
465:
453:
123:
91:
3639:
3344:
3337:
3326:
322:, which did not include the United States, inspired the creation of the
5249:
4745:
4482:
3883:"López Obrador propone crear "algo semejante" a la UE en Latinoamérica"
3578:
3295:
3286:
2546:
998:
397:
164:
137:
3968:
3958:
3941:
3630:(1826) in BolĂvar, Simon, Vicente Lecuna and Harold A. Bierck (1951).
3260:
2887:
5114:
4940:
4780:
4286:
3798:"Mexico's president confirms he will skip the Summit of the Americas"
3469:
3422:
3188:
3174:
1685:
1222:
942:
774:
588:
436:
342:
323:
276:
187:
4826:
4750:
3402:
3351:
3218:
2595:
2438:
2011:
1905:
1571:
1280:
886:
568:
444:
432:
405:
280:
230:
United States invited to the congress, but one representative died
141:
132:
95:
71:
4946:
Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
4577:
3274:
2644:
2228:
2065:
1628:
1513:
1339:
428:
424:
409:
4731:
Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America (PROSUR)
3910:"Debe buscarse integración de América, plantea AMLO a Fernández"
110:
envisioned various unions that would ensure the independence of
3033:
2119:
1957:
1743:
1111:
717:
618:
507:
350:
346:
199:
42:
independence, when there was discussion of creating a regional
39:
4856:
2838:
2174:
1456:
401:
279:
incursions. To meet the challenges of global conflict in the
3253:
4700:
4670:
United States involvement in regime change in Latin America
1397:
1168:
160:
16:
Political and economic integration of Latin American states
3195:
4898:
Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF)
3677:"Bolivia Formalizes Request for Full Mercosur Membership"
3476:, which is generally highest among the political center.
3209:
310:
and the organization began functioning in December 1951.
4716:
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
3246:
3239:
3202:
126:. It was unclear what the new states that replaced the
118:—and the expanding United States. Already in his 1815
66:
purpose did not become prominent again until the post-
5151:
World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy
4003:
Cuaderno de Negocios Internacionales e IntegraciĂłn 13
3715:
3551:
Americanos: Latin America's Struggle for Independence
391:
Secretariat for Central American Economic Integration
250:
Sixty-three years after the Amphictyonic Congress, a
3745:"Canada called 'a natural fit' for Pacific Alliance"
3716:
Kornegay, Francis A.; Bohler-Muller, Narnia (2013).
3654:. California: Institute of International Studies, 1.
361:, which holds yearly summits of its heads of state.
19:For the 1965 mural by Jorge González Camarena, see
5027:
5240:
3939:
3722:. Africa Institute of South Africa. p. 324.
5418:
3491:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
3454:x - member; o - observer; a - associate/acceding
485:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
242:The Pan American Union headquarters building in
214:after the Portuguese demanded the return of the
114:vis-à -vis the European powers—in particular the
4761:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
3796:Doherty, Erin; Gonzalez, Oriana (6 June 2022).
3795:
364:
4741:Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
3652:Mexico and Latin American Economic Integration
3634:. New York: Colonial Press, 590-592, 633-634.
423:In 1969 the Andean Pact was founded by Chile,
393:(SIECA) nine years later on 13 December 1960.
387:Central American Bank for Economic Integration
289:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
5226:
5166:World Constitution and Parliament Association
5013:
4966:United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)
4686:Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)
4593:
4024:
435:. In 1973, the pact gained its sixth member,
416:, in 1980 the ALALC was transformed into the
357:, Mexico. The result was the creation of the
210:, which declared independence in 1822 as the
460:, which should begin functioning in 2010. A
4766:Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)
4701:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
3940:Deutschmann, Emanuel; Minkus, Lara (2018).
202:, which consisted of the core areas of the
5233:
5219:
5020:
5006:
4936:Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)
4832:Central America-4 Border Control Agreement
4711:Central American Integration System (SICA)
4600:
4586:
4038:
4031:
4017:
517:
81:
3967:
3957:
3768:
3687:
464:was created in 1987, which is located in
375:(OrganizaciĂłn de Estados Centroamericanos
4786:Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
3998:. North Carolina: McFarland Press, 2014.
3907:
3880:
328:
237:
70:period, which saw both the start of the
372:Organization of Central American States
5419:
418:Latin American Integration Association
5447:Regionalism (international relations)
5214:
5044:United Nations Parliamentary Assembly
5001:
4756:Organization of American States (OAS)
4736:Latin American Economic System (SELA)
4696:Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
4623:Spanish American wars of independence
4581:
4012:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3742:
3669:
3591:The Santander Regime in Gran Colombia
3501:Organization of Ibero-American States
3908:Carrillo, Emmanuel (14 March 2022).
3553:. Oxford University Press, 160-161.
4607:
3666:Reuters. Retrieved on 1 August 2012
3657:
198:fell apart after three years. Only
172:Federal Republic of Central America
13:
4665:Inter-American Commission of Women
3928:
3769:Scoffield, Heather (23 May 2013).
359:Iberoamerican Community of Nations
333:The 2007 Ibero-American Summit in
14:
5458:
4822:CARICOM Single Market and Economy
4796:United States Pirate Party (USPP)
3881:Menéndez, Carmen (25 July 2021).
3458:
180:United Provinces of South America
147:As BolĂvar made advances against
5194:
4842:Eastern Caribbean Currency Union
4005:. No. 64/65. July–December 2007.
3350:
3343:
3336:
3325:
3310:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3124:
3076:
3026:
2977:
2928:
2880:
2831:
2782:
2734:
2685:
2637:
2588:
2539:
2486:
2431:
2379:
2334:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2326:
2274:
2221:
2167:
2112:
2058:
2004:
1950:
1898:
1846:
1793:
1736:
1678:
1621:
1564:
1506:
1449:
1390:
1332:
1273:
1215:
1161:
1104:
1047:
991:
935:
879:
823:
767:
710:
661:
611:
4956:Free Trade Area of the Americas
4951:Economic Partnership Agreements
4903:Inter-American Development Bank
3988:
3901:
3874:
3848:
3818:
3789:
3762:
3743:Clark, Campbell (20 May 2013).
3736:
3709:
3650:Schmitter, Philippe C. (1964).
3474:support of European integration
478:Union of South American Nations
300:Organization of American States
261:
178:, ceased to exist in 1840. The
4628:Decolonization of the Americas
3946:Latin American Research Review
3644:
3620:
3607:
3583:
3563:
3540:
383:Central American Common Market
176:Captaincy General of Guatemala
34:) has a history going back to
1:
5316:Complete economic integration
5242:Forms of economic integration
5161:Campaign for World Government
4706:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
3533:
5358:Economic integration effects
5182:Provisional Earth Federation
4325:Central banks and currencies
3860:Los Angeles Times en Español
3632:Selected Writings of BolĂvar
3121:
3073:
3023:
2974:
2925:
2877:
2828:
2779:
2731:
2682:
2634:
2585:
2536:
2483:
2428:
2376:
2323:
2271:
2218:
2164:
2109:
2055:
2001:
1947:
1895:
1843:
1790:
1733:
1675:
1618:
1561:
1503:
1446:
1387:
1329:
1270:
1212:
1158:
1101:
1044:
988:
932:
876:
820:
764:
707:
658:
608:
365:Latin American organizations
318:through the creation of the
174:, created out of the former
28:integration of Latin America
7:
5311:Economic and monetary union
4893:Central American Parliament
4282:Liberalism and conservatism
3479:
504:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
441:Andean Community of Nations
196:Peru-Bolivian Confederation
21:Presencia de América Latina
10:
5463:
5306:Customs and monetary union
4888:Caribbean Development Bank
4883:Caribbean Court of Justice
4837:Central America-4 passport
4638:North American integration
4633:Latin American integration
4277:International peacekeeping
4084:Latin American integration
3862:(in Spanish). 24 July 2021
3697:. MercoPress. 24 June 2013
18:
5381:
5373:Theory of the second best
5350:
5324:
5286:
5258:Preferential trading area
5248:
5190:
5174:
5138:
5095:Democratic mundialization
5077:
5036:
4974:
4926:
4918:South American Parliament
4908:Latin American Parliament
4865:
4804:
4678:
4615:
4557:
4507:
4498:
4416:
4364:
4357:
4308:
4299:
4249:
4242:
4225:
4218:
4158:
4107:
4056:
4047:
462:Latin American Parliament
306:, became the OAS's first
216:Portuguese king and court
5432:History of North America
5427:History of South America
5146:Global citizens movement
5125:Transnational governance
5090:Democratic globalization
3589:Bushnell, David (1970).
2790:Turks and Caicos Islands
204:Viceroyalty of New Spain
5156:World Service Authority
4961:G3 Free Trade Agreement
4726:Contadora support group
4512:Countries by population
4069:Portuguese colonization
3486:Antillean Confederation
518:Organization membership
450:G3 Free Trade Agreement
293:U.S. Secretary of State
82:19th-century precedents
5437:Latin American studies
5175:Provisional government
4691:Andean Community (CAN)
4386:Latin American studies
3547:Chasteen, John Charles
2693:British Virgin Islands
338:
304:Alberto Lleras Camargo
247:
94:states emerged in the
90:(1808–1825), many new
5064:World taxation system
4987:Pan-American Congress
3628:Antonio José de Sucre
2282:Saint Kitts and Nevis
332:
241:
5368:Harmonisation of law
5363:Friction of distance
5268:Economic partnership
4852:Interoceanic Highway
4340:Water and sanitation
4064:Spanish colonization
3528:Regional integration
3496:European integration
414:European Communities
153:Francisco de Miranda
106:independence leader
88:wars of independence
58:and with a sense of
4913:Mercosur Parliament
4074:French colonization
3994:Rivera, Salvador. '
3683:on 29 January 2013.
3282:map with observers
3132:U.S. Virgin Islands
2494:Trinidad and Tobago
1801:Antigua and Barbuda
492:Declaration de Lima
490:Following the 2011
458:Mercosur Parliament
285:collective security
192:Viceroyalty of Peru
120:Cartagena Manifesto
56:international trade
5273:Passport-free zone
5105:Global citizenship
5049:World constitution
4982:Pan American Games
4655:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
4408:Race and ethnicity
4374:Illegal drug trade
3775:The Canadian Press
3749:The Globe and Mail
1055:Dominican Republic
502:In 2021 and 2022,
339:
266:The experience of
256:Pan American Union
248:
227:Congress of Panama
86:At the end of the
5414:
5413:
5208:
5207:
5110:Global governance
5029:Global governance
4995:
4994:
4878:Bank of the South
4873:Andean Parliament
4575:
4574:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4353:
4352:
4345:Wealth inequality
4295:
4294:
4267:Drug legalization
4262:Conservative wave
4238:
4237:
4214:
4213:
4191:League of Nations
4159:Foreign relations
3959:10.25222/larr.250
3559:978-0-19-517881-4
3455:
3450:
3443:
3442:
473:Cusco Declaration
308:Secretary General
208:Kingdom of Brazil
32:Latinoamericanism
5454:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5201:World portal
5199:
5198:
5120:Internationalism
5100:Global apartheid
5059:World federalism
5054:World government
5022:
5015:
5008:
4999:
4998:
4928:Free trade areas
4817:CARICOM passport
4771:Pacific Alliance
4602:
4595:
4588:
4579:
4578:
4529:Spanish language
4505:
4504:
4362:
4361:
4306:
4305:
4247:
4246:
4223:
4222:
4089:Great Depression
4054:
4053:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4010:
4009:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3961:
3937:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3679:. Archived from
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3587:
3581:
3573:. Caracas, 163.
3567:
3561:
3544:
3453:
3445:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3329:
3314:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3032:
3030:
3029:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1053:
1051:
1050:
997:
995:
994:
941:
939:
938:
885:
883:
882:
829:
827:
826:
773:
771:
770:
716:
714:
713:
667:
665:
664:
617:
615:
614:
522:
521:
496:Pacific Alliance
343:mother countries
244:Washington, D.C.
212:Empire of Brazil
128:Spanish monarchy
100:Spanish colonies
98:from the former
36:Spanish American
5462:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5442:Pan-Americanism
5417:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5377:
5346:
5342:Political union
5325:Shared policies
5320:
5282:
5263:Free-trade area
5244:
5239:
5209:
5204:
5193:
5186:
5170:
5134:
5085:Cosmopolitanism
5073:
5032:
5026:
4996:
4991:
4970:
4922:
4861:
4812:Andean passport
4800:
4746:Lima Group (LG)
4721:Contadora group
4674:
4611:
4609:Pan-Americanism
4606:
4576:
4571:
4545:
4534:Latin Americans
4494:
4412:
4349:
4330:Stock exchanges
4291:
4234:
4210:
4154:
4103:
4043:
4037:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3938:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3835:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3806:
3804:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3649:
3645:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3595:Greenwood Press
3588:
3584:
3568:
3564:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3511:Pan-Americanism
3482:
3465:LatinobarĂłmetro
3461:
3125:
3123:
3077:
3075:
3027:
3025:
2978:
2976:
2929:
2927:
2881:
2879:
2832:
2830:
2783:
2781:
2735:
2733:
2686:
2684:
2638:
2636:
2589:
2587:
2540:
2538:
2487:
2485:
2432:
2430:
2380:
2378:
2327:
2325:
2275:
2273:
2222:
2220:
2168:
2166:
2113:
2111:
2059:
2057:
2005:
2003:
1951:
1949:
1899:
1897:
1847:
1845:
1794:
1792:
1737:
1735:
1679:
1677:
1622:
1620:
1565:
1563:
1507:
1505:
1450:
1448:
1391:
1389:
1333:
1331:
1274:
1272:
1216:
1214:
1162:
1160:
1105:
1103:
1048:
1046:
992:
990:
936:
934:
880:
878:
824:
822:
768:
766:
711:
709:
662:
660:
612:
610:
520:
506:, president of
480:in April 2007.
396:Other regional
367:
335:Santiago, Chile
320:Contadora Group
316:Central America
296:George Marshall
264:
149:royalist forces
112:Spanish America
84:
60:Pan-Americanism
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5301:Monetary union
5298:
5292:
5290:
5288:Economic union
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5206:
5205:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5130:World currency
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4201:United Kingdom
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:Decolonization
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042: articles
4036:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3927:
3900:
3873:
3847:
3817:
3788:
3761:
3735:
3729:978-0798304030
3728:
3708:
3686:
3668:
3656:
3643:
3619:
3606:
3582:
3562:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3460:
3459:Public support
3457:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3308:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:Cayman Islands
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
987:
986:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
951:
948:
945:
931:
930:
927:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
895:
892:
889:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
839:
836:
833:
819:
818:
815:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
783:
780:
777:
763:
762:
759:
757:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
741:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
706:
705:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
671:
657:
656:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
519:
516:
512:European Union
366:
363:
263:
260:
220:Rio de Janeiro
116:United Kingdom
104:South American
83:
80:
76:United Nations
52:Latin American
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5459:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5407:
5406:North America
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:Latin America
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:Customs union
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5278:Single market
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:Organisations
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5023:
5018:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:Organizations
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:SimĂłn BolĂvar
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:Patria Grande
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Ethnic groups
4522:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4206:United States
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Environmental
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4040:Latin America
4034:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3915:
3914:Forbes MĂ©xico
3911:
3904:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3832:. 6 June 2022
3831:
3827:
3821:
3814:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3696:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3603:0-8371-2981-8
3600:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:Patria Grande
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3451:
3449: — —
3448:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1000:
989:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
952:
949:
946:
944:
933:
928:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
896:
893:
890:
888:
877:
872:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
840:
837:
834:
832:
821:
816:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
784:
781:
778:
776:
765:
760:
758:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
742:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
719:
708:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
672:
670:
669:United States
659:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
609:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
524:
523:
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
497:
493:
488:
486:
481:
479:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:parliamentary
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
259:
257:
253:
245:
240:
236:
233:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
157:Gran Colombia
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:SimĂłn BolĂvar
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:confederation
45:
41:
37:
33:
30:(also called
29:
22:
5395:
5337:Social union
5332:Fiscal union
5192:
5031:and identity
4866:Institutions
4660:Lucas Alamán
4642:
4632:
4500:Demographics
4094:World War II
4083:
4002:
3995:
3989:Bibliography
3949:
3945:
3918:. Retrieved
3916:(in Spanish)
3913:
3903:
3891:. Retrieved
3889:(in Spanish)
3886:
3876:
3864:. Retrieved
3859:
3850:
3841:
3834:. Retrieved
3829:
3820:
3812:
3805:. Retrieved
3801:
3791:
3779:. Retrieved
3777:. Bell Media
3774:
3764:
3752:. Retrieved
3748:
3738:
3718:
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3689:
3681:the original
3671:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3631:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3593:. Westport:
3590:
3585:
3570:
3565:
3550:
3542:
3520:
3516:Pan-Latinism
3506:Panhispanism
3462:
3452:
3446:
3444:
2985:Sint Maarten
501:
491:
489:
482:
470:
422:
408:, Peru, and
395:
378:
374:
368:
340:
312:
268:World War II
265:
262:20th century
249:
231:
224:
184:Buenos Aires
169:
146:
131:
85:
68:World War II
31:
27:
25:
5401:Middle East
4776:Petrocaribe
4490:Video games
4318:Agroecology
4313:Agriculture
4196:South Korea
4099:Debt crisis
3626:BolĂvar to
3597:, 325-335.
3084:Puerto Rico
2936:Netherlands
2387:Saint Lucia
831:El Salvador
466:Panama City
398:trade blocs
355:Guadalajara
252:secretariat
124:nationalism
5421:Categories
5250:Trade bloc
4483:Telenovela
4473:Television
4453:Literature
4250:Governance
4135:Literature
3969:1814/53144
3617:, 164-165.
3615:Americanos
3613:Chasteen,
3534:References
2547:Montserrat
999:Costa Rica
404:, Mexico,
389:, and the
165:Upper Peru
138:fatherland
5115:Globalism
5037:Proposals
4941:CARIFORUM
4781:Rio Group
4478:Companies
4393:Etiquette
4381:Education
4287:Pink tide
4272:Falangism
4257:Democracy
4219:Geography
4130:Libraries
4057:By period
3978:1542-4278
3952:(1): 38.
3830:France 24
3781:8 October
3754:8 October
3701:25 August
3470:pink tide
1686:Argentina
1223:Venezuela
943:Nicaragua
775:Guatemala
437:Venezuela
324:Rio Group
277:communist
188:Argentina
92:sovereign
64:political
40:Brazilian
5078:Theories
4827:CARIPASS
4805:Projects
4751:Mercosur
4562:Category
4468:Religion
4403:HIV/AIDS
4398:Feminism
4243:Politics
4145:BrujerĂa
4140:Military
4115:Catholic
4108:By topic
3887:euronews
3549:(2008).
3480:See also
3403:MERCOSUR
3359:Country
2596:Anguilla
2439:Suriname
2012:Dominica
1906:Barbados
1572:Paraguay
1281:Colombia
887:Honduras
569:MERCOSUR
525:Country
445:Mercosur
433:Colombia
427:, Peru,
406:Paraguay
281:Cold War
246:in 1943.
232:en route
142:homeland
96:Americas
72:Cold War
5383:Regions
4616:History
4443:Cuisine
4418:Culture
4358:Society
4335:Tourism
4301:Economy
4230:Regions
4150:Slavery
4049:History
3920:26 July
3893:26 July
3866:26 July
3836:26 July
3807:26 July
3640:8633466
3447:Legend:
3378:Caricom
2888:Curaçao
2645:Bermuda
2229:Jamaica
2066:Grenada
1854:Bahamas
1629:Uruguay
1514:Bolivia
1340:Ecuador
544:Caricom
429:Ecuador
425:Bolivia
410:Uruguay
140:" and "
5391:Europe
5351:Theory
4975:Events
4567:Portal
4517:Cities
4431:Cinema
4166:Canada
4125:Jewish
3976:
3726:
3638:
3601:
3579:569544
3577:
3557:
3393:PROSUR
3388:UNASUR
3129:
3081:
3034:France
3031:
2982:
2933:
2885:
2836:
2787:
2739:
2690:
2642:
2593:
2544:
2491:
2436:
2384:
2331:
2279:
2226:
2172:
2120:Guyana
2117:
2063:
2009:
1958:Belize
1955:
1903:
1851:
1798:
1744:Brazil
1741:
1683:
1626:
1569:
1511:
1454:
1395:
1337:
1278:
1220:
1166:
1112:Panama
1109:
1052:
996:
940:
884:
828:
772:
718:Mexico
715:
666:
619:Canada
616:
559:PROSUR
554:UNASUR
508:Mexico
494:, the
385:, the
379:ODECA)
351:Brazil
347:Mexico
287:, the
273:Soviet
200:Mexico
133:patria
102:. The
4857:SUCRE
4463:Music
4458:Media
4448:Dance
4436:Films
4369:Crime
4186:Japan
4181:Italy
4176:India
4171:China
3843:said.
3802:Axios
3368:CELAC
2839:Aruba
2175:Haiti
1457:Chile
534:CELAC
483:The
402:Chile
377:, or
218:from
194:in a
44:state
5069:Flag
4539:List
3974:ISSN
3922:2022
3895:2022
3868:2022
3838:2022
3809:2022
3783:2013
3756:2013
3724:ISBN
3703:2014
3636:OCLC
3599:ISBN
3575:OCLC
3555:ISBN
3433:ALBA
3428:SICA
3418:LAES
3413:LAIA
3383:OECS
3170:map
1398:Peru
1169:Cuba
599:ALBA
594:SICA
584:LAES
579:LAIA
549:OECS
431:and
163:and
161:Peru
38:and
26:The
4426:Art
3964:hdl
3954:doi
3408:LAP
3398:CAN
3373:ACS
3363:OAS
574:LAP
564:CAN
539:ACS
529:OAS
275:or
144:".
50:of
46:or
5423::
3972:.
3962:.
3950:53
3948:.
3944:.
3930:^
3912:.
3885:.
3858:.
3840:.
3828:.
3811:.
3800:.
3773:.
3747:.
3438:PA
3423:RG
3070:o
2533:o
2457:x
2138:x
2052:o
1730:o
1672:o
1558:x
1531:x
1443:x
1415:s
1326:x
1241:x
1155:o
1129:o
1098:o
1041:a
929:o
873:o
817:o
761:x
736:o
704:o
655:o
604:PA
589:RG
514:.
468:.
349:,
258:.
222:.
186:.
5234:e
5227:t
5220:v
5021:e
5014:t
5007:v
4601:e
4594:t
4587:v
4032:e
4025:t
4018:v
3980:.
3966::
3956::
3924:.
3897:.
3870:.
3785:.
3758:.
3732:.
3705:.
3094:o
3043:a
3038:o
2996:o
2993:a
2947:o
2944:a
2896:a
2850:o
2847:a
2801:a
2798:a
2752:a
2706:a
2703:a
2655:a
2609:a
2606:a
2560:x
2557:x
2524:x
2507:x
2504:x
2501:x
2498:x
2474:x
2471:x
2466:x
2452:x
2449:x
2446:x
2443:x
2403:x
2400:x
2397:x
2394:x
2391:x
2371:x
2350:x
2347:x
2344:x
2341:x
2338:x
2298:x
2295:x
2292:x
2289:x
2286:x
2262:x
2259:x
2242:x
2239:x
2236:x
2233:x
2213:o
2208:x
2205:x
2188:x
2185:x
2182:x
2179:x
2155:x
2152:x
2141:x
2133:x
2130:x
2127:x
2124:x
2104:o
2097:x
2082:x
2079:x
2076:x
2073:x
2070:x
2049:x
2028:x
2025:x
2022:x
2019:x
2016:x
1994:x
1991:x
1988:x
1971:x
1968:x
1965:x
1962:x
1936:x
1919:x
1916:x
1913:x
1910:x
1884:x
1867:x
1864:x
1861:x
1858:x
1838:x
1817:x
1814:x
1811:x
1808:x
1805:x
1781:x
1778:x
1775:x
1772:x
1769:x
1766:a
1763:x
1754:o
1751:x
1748:x
1727:o
1722:x
1719:x
1716:x
1713:x
1710:x
1707:a
1704:x
1693:x
1690:x
1669:o
1664:x
1661:x
1658:x
1655:x
1652:x
1649:a
1636:x
1633:x
1609:x
1606:x
1603:x
1600:x
1597:x
1594:a
1591:x
1582:o
1579:x
1576:x
1551:x
1548:x
1545:x
1542:x
1539:a
1536:a
1524:o
1521:x
1518:x
1498:x
1493:x
1490:x
1487:x
1484:x
1481:a
1478:x
1475:x
1464:x
1461:x
1436:x
1433:x
1430:x
1427:x
1424:a
1421:x
1418:x
1408:o
1405:x
1402:x
1382:x
1377:x
1374:x
1371:x
1368:x
1365:a
1362:x
1359:x
1350:o
1347:x
1344:x
1319:x
1316:x
1313:x
1310:x
1307:a
1304:x
1301:x
1294:o
1291:x
1288:x
1285:x
1265:x
1260:x
1257:x
1254:x
1251:x
1248:x
1236:o
1233:x
1230:x
1227:x
1207:x
1202:x
1199:x
1196:x
1193:x
1178:x
1175:x
1150:x
1147:x
1144:x
1141:o
1138:x
1122:x
1119:x
1116:x
1093:a
1090:x
1087:x
1084:o
1081:x
1068:o
1065:x
1062:x
1059:x
1036:x
1033:x
1030:x
1027:o
1024:x
1009:x
1006:x
1003:x
983:x
980:x
977:x
974:x
971:o
968:x
953:x
950:x
947:x
924:x
921:x
918:x
915:o
912:x
897:x
894:x
891:x
868:x
865:x
862:x
859:o
856:x
841:x
838:x
835:x
812:x
809:x
806:x
803:o
800:x
785:x
782:x
779:x
754:x
751:x
748:x
745:x
731:o
728:x
725:x
722:x
673:x
628:o
623:x
337:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.