4999:
5656:: is the most common Hg in Iran (~23%); almost exclusively represented by J2a-M410 subclade (93%), the other major sub-clade being J2b-M12. Apart from Iranians, J2 is common in northern Arabs, Mediterranean and Balkan peoples (Croats, Serbs, Greeks, Bosniaks, Albanians, Italians, Macedonians, Bulgarians, Turks), in the Caucasus (Armenians, Georgians, Chechens, Ingush, northeastern Turkey, north/northwestern Iran, Kurds, Persians); whilst its frequency drops suddenly beyond Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. In Europe, J2a is more common in southern Greece and southern Italy; whilst J2b (J2-M12) is more common in Thessaly, Macedonia and central – northern Italy. Thus J2a and its subgroups within it have a wide distribution from Italy to India, whilst J2b is mostly confined to the Balkans and Italy, being rare even in Turkey. Whilst closely linked with Anatolia and the Levant; and putative agricultural expansions, the distribution of the various sub-clades of J2 likely represents a number of migrational histories which require further elucidation.
3594:
9196:(Fig 2 including "Old World" populations only; see S2 Fig for all 1000G populations), CIC Iranians closely clustered with Europeans, while Iranian Turkmen showed similar yet distinct degrees of admixture compared to other South Asians. A local comparison corroborated the distinct genetic diversity of CIC Iranians relative to other geographically close populations (Fig 3 and S3 Fig). Still, genetic substructure was much smaller among Iranian groups than in relation to any of the 1000G populations, supporting the view that the CIC groups form a distinct genetic entity, despite internal heterogeneity. European (FST~0.0105–0.0294), South Asians (FST~0.0141–0.0338), but also some Latin American populations (Puerto Ricans: FST~0.0153–0.0228; Colombians: FST~0.0170–0.0261) were closest to Iranians, whereas Sub-Saharan Africans and admixed Afro-Americans (FST~0.0764–0.1424) as well as East Asians (FST ~ 0.0645–0.1055) showed large degrees of differentiation with Iranians.
5621:
6960:
Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; Jarysz, Radosław; Khartanovich, Valeri; Khokhlov, Alexandr; Kiss, Viktória; Kolář, Jan; Kriiska, Aivar; Lasak, Irena; Longhi, Cristina; McGlynn, George; Merkevicius, Algimantas; Merkyte, Inga; Metspalu, Mait; Mkrtchyan, Ruzan; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Paja, László; Pálfi, György; Pokutta, Dalia; Pospieszny, Łukasz; Price, T. Douglas; Saag, Lehti; Sablin, Mikhail; Shishlina, Natalia; Smrčka, Václav; Soenov, Vasilii I.; Szeverényi, Vajk; Tóth, Gusztáv; Trifanova, Synaru V.; Varul, Liivi; Vicze, Magdolna; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Zhitenev, Vladislav; Orlando, Ludovic; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Brunak, Søren; Nielsen, Rasmus; Kristiansen, Kristian; Willerslev, Eske (11 June 2015).
5665:: is common in Iran, more so in the east and south rather than the west and north; suggesting a migration toward the south to India then a secondary westward spread across Iran. Whilst the Grongi and Regueiro studies did not define exactly which sub-clades Iranian R1a haplogrouops belong to, private genealogy tests suggest that they virtually all belong to "Eurasian" R1a-Z93. Indeed, population studies of neighbouring Indian groups found that they all were in R1a-Z93. This implies that R1a in Iran did not descend from "European" R1a, or vice versa. Rather, both groups are collateral, brother branches which descend from a parental group hypothesized to have initially lived somewhere between central Asia and Eastern Europe.
5522:
3972:
5582:
2484:
3617:
3055:
3602:
5361:(Turco-Mongols) and Turkic invaders mixed with the local indigenous Turkic and Iranian populations. for example Qara'unas settled in what is now Afghanistan and mixed with the local populations. A second wave of mostly Chagatai Turco-Mongols came from Central Asia, associated with the Ilkhanate and the Timurids, all of whom settled in Hazarajat and mixed with the local populations. Phenotype can vary, with some noting that certain Hazaras may resemble peoples native to the Iranian plateau.
2908:
229:
2929:
5079:
5179:
3940:
3439:
6026:, p. 348: "From the first millennium b.c., we have abundant historical, archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples. In this period the territory of the northern Iranians, they being equestrian nomads, extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi-deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos in northern China."
3996:
5571:
3173:
5168:
5214:, which began to spread within the region since the time of the Sasanian Empire. The language-shift from Middle Iranian to Turkic and New Persian was predominantly the result of an "elite dominance" process. Moreover, various Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of the Iranian Plateau are often conversant also in an Iranian language and embrace Iranian culture to the extent that the term
2999:; and a migration south-eastward of the Vedic people, over the Hindu Kush into northern India. The Indo-Aryans split off around 1800–1600 BC from the Iranians, whereafter they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians, who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone and "chased to the extremities of Central Eurasia." One group were the Indo-Aryans who founded the
9598:
Farjadian, Shirin; Kushniarevich, Alena; Herrera, Rene J; Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Nici, Carmela; Crobu, Francesca; Karachanak, Sena; Kashani, Baharak
Hooshiar; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad H; Toncheva, Draga; Lisa, Antonella; Semino, Ornella; Chiaroni, Jacques; Cristofaro, Julie Di; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A (December 2012).
5274:(changing of the native Iranian language) within their area of settlement, which, prior to the spread of Turkic, was Iranian-speaking. Thus, due to their historical, genetic and cultural ties to the Iranians, the Azerbaijanis are often associated with the Iranian peoples. Genetic studies observed that they are also genetically related to the Iranian peoples.
6177:
Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the thirteenth century onwards they 'Turkised' the
Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.
8573:
Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the
Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.
5567:
genetically overlap with
Iranian peoples. The genetic substructure of Iranians is low and homogeneous, compared with other "1000G" populations. Europeans, and certain South Asians (specifically the Parsi minority) showed the highest affinity with Iranians, while Sub-Saharan Africans and East Asians showed the highest differentiation with Iranians.
5731:
Easterners. The authors concluded that the
Iranian gene pool has been an important source for the Middle Eastern and Eurasian Y chromosome diversity, and the results suggest that there was already rather high Y chromosome diversity during the Neolithic period, placing Iranian populations in between Europeans, Middle Easterners and South Asians.
4267:
3254:(2100–1800), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately, but regarded as its predecessor, and accepted as part of the wider Andronovo horizon. At least four sub-cultures of the Andronovo horizon have been distinguished, during which the culture expands towards the south and the east:
9647:
Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua,
8094:
A rough estimate in this edition gives populations of 14.3 million in Turkey, 8.2 million in Iran, about 5.6 to 7.4 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to approximately 28–30 million Kurds in
Kurdistan or in adjacent regions. The CIA estimates are as of August 2015 –
5529:
Recent population genomic studies found that the genetic structure of
Iranian peoples formed already about 5,000 years ago and show high continuity since then, suggesting that they were largely unaffected by migration events from outside groups. Genetically speaking, Iranian peoples generally cluster
5297:, as well as elements within the modern Uzbek culture, reflect the older Iranian roots of the Uzbek people. According to recent genetic genealogy testing from a University of Oxford study, the genetic admixture of the Uzbeks clusters somewhere between the Iranian peoples and the Mongols. Prior to the
9367:
Cinnioğlu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoğlu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; Lin, Alice A.; Prince, Kristina; Oefner, Peter J.; Shen, Peidong; Semino, Ornella; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A. (1 January 2004). "Excavating
7951:
As the
Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish,
5674:: is widespread from Ireland to Iran, and is common in highland West Asian populations such as Armenians, Turks and Iranians – with an average frequency of 8.5%. Iranian R1b belongs to the L-23 subclade, which is an older than the derivative subclade (R1b-M412) which is most common in western Europe.
5050:
Like other Indo-Europeans, the early
Iranians practiced ritual sacrifice, had a social hierarchy consisting of warriors, clerics, and farmers, and recounted their deeds through poetic hymns and sagas. Various common traits can be discerned among the Iranian peoples. For instance, the social event of
9547:
Myres, Natalie M; Rootsi, Siiri; Lin, Alice A; Järve, Mari; King, Roy J; Kutuev, Ildus; Cabrera, Vicente M; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovska, Elena; Rudan, Pavao; Baldovic, Marian; Herrera, Rene J; Chiaroni, Jacques; Di
Cristofaro, Julie;
9317:
Sengupta, Sanghamitra; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Mehdi, S. Q.; Edmonds, Christopher A.; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T.; Lin, Alice A.; Mitra, Mitashree; Sil, Samir K.; Ramesh, A.; Usha Rani, M. V.; Thakur, Chitra M.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Majumder, Partha P.; Underhill, Peter A. (February 2006).
4223:
The extensive contact between these Scytho-Sarmatian Iranian tribes in Eastern Europe and the (Early) Slavs included religion. After Slavic and Baltic languages diverged the Early Slavs interacted with Iranian peoples and merged elements of Iranian spirituality into their beliefs. For example, both
9195:
Seven groups (Iranian Arabs, Azeris, Gilaks, Kurds, Mazanderanis, Lurs and Persians) strongly overlapped in their overall autosomal diversity in an MDS analysis (Fig 1B), suggesting the existence of a Central Iranian Cluster (CIC), notably also including Iranian Arabs and Azeris. On a global scale
6959:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron,
9597:
Rootsi, Siiri; Myres, Natalie M; Lin, Alice A; Järve, Mari; King, Roy J; Kutuev, Ildus; Cabrera, Vicente M; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Varendi, Kärt; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Behar, Doron M; Khusainova, Rita; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovska, Elena; Rudan, Pavao; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir;
7714:
James Minahan, "One Europe, Many Nations", Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. pg 518: "The Ossetians, calling themselves Iristi and their homeland Iryston are the most northerly Iranian people. ... They are descended from a division of Sarmatians, the Alans who were pushed out of the
8572:
The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian Plateau, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather,
5730:
A 2012 study by Grugni et al. analyzed the haplogroups of 15 different ethnic groups from Iran. They found that about 31.4% belong to J, 29.1% belong to R, 11.8% belong to G, and 9.2% belong to E. They found that Iranian ethnic groups display high haplogroup diversity, compared to other Middle
4015:
While the Iranian tribes of the south are better known through their texts and modern counterparts, the tribes which remained largely in the vast Eurasian expanse are known through the references made to them by the ancient Greeks, Persians, Chinese, and Indo-Aryans as well as by archaeological
6176:
The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian Plateau, which remained Persian and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather,
5566:
cluster tightly together, forming a single cluster known as the CIC (Central Iranian cluster). Compared with worldwide populations, Iranians (CIC) cluster in the center of the wider West-Eurasian cluster, close to Europeans, Middle Easterners, and South-Central Asians. Iranian Arabs and Azeris
5397:
tribes were assimilated with the numerically superior Slavs, passing on their name. Iranian-speaking peoples did inhabit parts of the Balkans in late classical times, and would have been encountered by the Slavs. An archaeogenetic IBD study found that the Slavs make a specific and recognisable
3887:
during different periods of the empire, the native Old Iranian sources provide no indication of Greek linguistic evidence. However, there is plenty of evidence (in addition to the accounts of Herodotus) that Greeks, apart from being deployed and employed in the core regions of the empire, also
5360:
are a Persian-speaking ethnic group native to, and primarily residing in, the mountainous region of Hazarajat, in central Afghanistan. Although the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed, genetic analysis of the Hazara indicate partial Mongol ancestry. Invading Mongols
6679:
N. Sims-Williams, "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with the Appendix on the name of Kujula Kadphises and VimTatku in Chinese". Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies (Cambridge, September 1995). Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian<Studies, N.
5059:
With numerous artistic, scientific, architectural, and philosophical achievements and numerous kingdoms and empires that bridged much of the civilized world in antiquity, the Iranian peoples were often in close contact with people from various western and eastern parts of the world.
4461:. The Ottoman Turks integrated Persian into their court, governance, and daily life. Supported by the sultans, nobility, and spiritual leaders, Persian was promoted as an second language, intertwining with Turkish and greatly influencing Ottoman cultural traditions. However, a heavy
5055:
is an ancient Iranian festival that is still celebrated by nearly all of the Iranian peoples. However, due to their different environmental adaptations through migration, the Iranian peoples embrace some degrees of diversity in dialect, social system, and other aspects of culture.
6124:(...) Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians.
4224:
Early Iranian and Slavic supreme gods were considered givers of wealth, unlike the supreme thunder gods in many other European religions. Also, both Slavs and Iranians had demons –- given names from similar linguistic roots, Daêva (Iranian) and Divŭ (Slavic) –- and a concept of
9411:
Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maccioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter J.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Torroni, Antonio; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A.;
5734:
A 2024 study by Vallini et al. stated that ancient and modern populations in the Iranian plateau have a similar genetic component to the Ancient West Eurasian lineage which stayed in the 'population hub' (WEC2). But they also display some ancestry from
5696:
Two large – scale papers by Haber (2012) and Di Cristofaro (2013) analyzed populations from Afghanistan, where several Iranian-speaking groups are native. They found that different groups (e.g. Baluch, Hazara, Pashtun) were quite diverse, yet overall:
3777:(although the main capital was located in Babylon) the Achaemenids would rule much of the known ancient world for centuries. This First Persian Empire was equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration (through
9254:
Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella (18 July 2012).
5118:, a form of the ancient Iranian religion that is still practiced by some communities, was later developed and spread to nearly all of the Iranian peoples living in the Iranian Plateau. Other religions that had their origins in the Iranian world were
3757:(or the First Persian Empire), while his successors would dramatically extend its borders. At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire would encompass swaths of territory across three continents, namely Europe, Africa and Asia, stretching from the
9707:
Di Cristofaro, Julie; Pennarun, Erwan; Mazières, Stéphane; Myres, Natalie M.; Lin, Alice A.; Temori, Shah Aga; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Witzel, Michael; King, Roy J.; Underhill, Peter A.; Villems, Richard; Chiaroni, Jacques (18 October 2013).
10269:
9835:
Vallini, Leonardo; Zampieri, Carlo; Shoaee, Mohamed Javad; Bortolini, Eugenio; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Pievani, Telmo; Benazzi, Stefano; Barausse, Alberto; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Petraglia, Michael D.; Pagani, Luca (25 March 2024).
6093:(...) In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations.
9767:
Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Torroni, Antonio (18 July 2012).
7795:
Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël; Renaud, Gabriel; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Goldberg, Amy; Usmanova, Emma; Baimukhanov, Nurbol (May 2018).
9144:
Mehrjoo, Zohreh; Fattahi, Zohreh; Beheshtian, Maryam; Mohseni, Marzieh; Poustchi, Hossein; Ardalani, Fariba; Jalalvand, Khadijeh; Arzhangi, Sanaz; Mohammadi, Zahra; Khoshbakht, Shahrouz; Najafi, Farid (24 September 2019).
6398:
G. Gnoli, "Iranian Identity as a Historical Problem: the Beginnings of a National Awareness under the Achaemenians", in The East and the Meaning of History. International Conference (23–27 November 1992), Roma, 1994, pp.
3096:
that moved east into the region between 2800 and 2600 BC. Several Sintashta towns were built over older Poltavka settlements or close to Poltavka cemeteries, and Poltavka motifs are common on Sintashta pottery. Sintashta
6743:
7114:
7874:
pp. 4–5. "The wide distribution of the Turkic languages from Northwest China, Mongolia and Siberia in the east to Turkey and Bulgaria in the west implies large-scale migrations out of the homeland in Mongolia.
5327:. Some Uzbek scholars also favor the Iranian origin theory. However, another study, conducted in 2009, claims that Uzbeks and Central Asian Turkic peoples cluster genetically and are far from Iranian groups.
4998:
3627:
During the 1st centuries of the 1st millennium BC, the ancient Persians established themselves in the western portion of the Iranian Plateau and appear to have interacted considerably with the Elamites and
10240:
6461:
2823:
was a collective definition, denoting peoples who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ohrmazd.
9320:"Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists"
8996:
B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007
6622:
MacKenzie D.N. Corpus inscriptionum Iranicarum Part. 2., inscription of the Seleucid and Parthian periods of Eastern Iran and Central Asia. Vol. 2. Parthian, London, P. Lund, Humphries 1976–2001
7227:
8443:
Nauta, Ane H. (1972). "Der Lautwandel von a > o and von a > ä in der özbekischen Schriftsprache" [The sound change from a> o and from a> ä in the written Özbek language].
8775:
9503:
Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Németh, Endre; Pádár, Zsolt (December 2012). "Brief communication: New Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1".
7199:
9063:"4th Conference of the Faculty of Archaeology "Przeszłość ma przyszłość!/ The Past Has a Future!": Genetic identification of Slavs in Migration Period Europe using an IBD sharing graph"
8821:
Quellen der klassischen Musiktradition Mittelasiens: Die usbekisch-tadshikischen maqom-Zyklen und ihre Beziehung zu anderen regionalen maqam-Traditionen im Vorderen and Mittleren Orient
5114:. Various annual festivals that were mainly related to agriculture and herding were celebrated, the most important of which was the New Year (Nowruz), which is still widely celebrated.
2588:
In the Dna and Dse, Darius and Xerxes describe themselves as "an Achaemenid, a Persian, son of a Persian, and an Aryan, of Aryan stock". Although Darius the Great called his language
4263:
and ultimately Slavic migrations and invasions. Another group of Alans allied with Goths to defeat the Romans and ultimately settled in what is now called Catalonia (Goth-Alania).
8972:
Millward, James A.; Perdue, Peter C. (2004). "Chapter 2: Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century". In Starr, S. Frederick (ed.).
8113:
9039:
6146:(...) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others) and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.
3888:
evidently lived and worked in the heartland of the Achaemenid Empire, namely Iran. For example, Greeks were part of the various ethnicities that constructed Darius' palace in
9414:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area"
7385:– Sprache und Kultur. Akten der X. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 22.-28. September 1996, ed. W. Meid, Innsbruck (IBS) 1998, 479–488. . Retrieved 4 June 2006.
3363:
The geographical extent of the culture is vast and difficult to delineate exactly. On its western fringes, it overlaps with the approximately contemporaneous, but distinct,
8095:
Turkey: Kurdish 18%, of 81.6 million; Iran: Kurd 10%, of 81.82 million; Iraq: Kurdish 15–20%, of 37.01 million, Syria: Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%, of 17.01 million.
5280:: Genetic studies show that the Turkmens are characterized by the presence of local Iranian mtDNA lineages, similar to the eastern Iranian populations, but modest female
9122:
4123:
7255:
6465:
5692:
and various subclades are frequently found among Middle Easterners, Europeans, northern and eastern African populations. They are present in less than 10% of Iranians.
3648:
show their common Proto-Iranian roots, emphasized in Strabo and Herodotus' description of their languages as very similar to the languages spoken by the Bactrians and
3593:
5315:
were the names given to the nomadic and semi-nomadic populations of the area. Still, as of today, modern Uzbeks and Tajiks are known to their Turkic neighbors, the
3797:
across its territories and a large professional army and civil services (inspiring similar systems in later empires), and for emancipation of slaves including the
8921:
Heyer, Evelyne; Balaresque, Patricia; Jobling, Mark A; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Chaix, Raphaelle; Segurel, Laure; Aldashev, Almaz; Hegay, Tanya (1 September 2009).
8150:
3154:
Because of the difficulty of identifying the remains of Sintashta sites beneath those of later settlements, the culture was only recently distinguished from the
10675:
Deep phylogenetic analysis of haplogroup G1 provides estimates of SNP and STR mutation rates on the human Y-chromosome and reveals migrations of Iranic speakers
4336:
are the descendants of the Alano-Sarmatians, and their claims are supported by their Northeast Iranian language, while culturally the Ossetians resemble their
9070:
5262:), they are believed to be primarily descended from the earlier Iranian-speakers of the region. They are possibly related to the ancient Iranian tribe of the
2058:
around the mid-2nd millennium BC. At their peak of expansion in the mid-1st millennium BC, the territory of the Iranian peoples stretched across the entire
5035:. It was, however, later developed distinguishably from its earlier generations in the Steppe, where a large number of Iranian-speaking peoples (i.e., the
4040:
texts from a later period make references to such tribes they were witness of pointing them towards the southeasternmost edges of Central Asia, around the
10209:
Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (2009). "Late Prehistoric Mining, Metallurgy, and Social Organization in North Central Eurasia". In Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (eds.).
6433:
7995:
Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Ozturk, Murat; Bendukidze, Nina; Stoneking, Mark (1 July 2005). "MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups".
3879:
language. Even though the Achaemenids had extensive contacts with the Greeks and vice versa, and had conquered many of the Greek-speaking area's both in
6459:
H. W. Bailey, "Arya" in Encyclopedia Iranica. Excerpt: "ARYA an ethnic epithet in the Achaemenid inscriptions and in the Zoroastrian Avestan tradition.
10039:
8246:
5210:. This population was linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups, while the sedentary population eventually adopted the
7224:
5130:, among others. The various religions of the Iranian peoples are believed by some scholars to have been significant early philosophical influences on
2260:, representing the extent of the Iranian-speakers and the significant influence of the Iranian peoples through the geopolitical and cultural reach of
5620:
4384:. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous Iranian-speaking locals, turning the population of Central Asia from being largely
3132:
have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the
9096:
4477:. All of the major Iranian peoples reasserted their use of Iranian languages following the decline of Arab rule, but would not begin to form modern
2429:
2384:
7325:
9915:
Anthony, D. W. (2009). "The Sintashta Genesis: The Roles of Climate Change, Warfare, and Long-Distance Trade". In Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (eds.).
6267:(...) Iran means all lands and people where Iranian languages were and are spoken, and where in the past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existed.
3415:. In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as
9208:
Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006). "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration".
7196:
2014:
1978:
3040:
The second wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave, and took place in the third stage of the Indo-European migrations from 800 BC onwards.
8063:
6530:
5886:
3088:
The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures. Its immediate predecessor in the Ural-Tobol steppe was the
3193:
2992:
1176:
9478:
8215:
7450:
6647:
4168:, especially from the areas near the Roman frontier, but only completely by the Proto-Slavic peoples. The abundant East Iranian-derived
3250:), where in 1914, several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. The older
8559:
8329:
8106:
5761:
5471:
5301:, the local ancestors of the Turkic-speaking Uzbeks and the Persian-speaking Tajiks, both living in Central Asia, were referred to as
3719:
as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the
3176:
The Andronovo culture's approximate maximal extent, with the formative Sintashta-Petrovka culture (red), the location of the earliest
11239:
10713:
8421:
7136:
4437:
Later, during the 2nd millennium AD, the Iranian peoples would play a prominent role during the age of Islamic expansion and empire.
9031:
7698:
7973:
7378:
4434:
sect. As ancient tribes and identities changed, so did the Iranian peoples, many of whom assimilated foreign cultures and peoples.
8655:
8594:
8179:
7945:
Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World". In Green, Nile (ed.).
7778:
7759:
6198:
8624:
10349:
6285:
6229:
5466:
population, the population is actually higher, nearly 40%, most of whom don't speak Balochi anymore. Many Balochis such as the
10328:
7861:
8293:
6501:
2146:
10619:
10597:
10408:
10263:
10226:
9932:
9118:
8981:
8553:
8496:
8391:
7252:
7087:
6607:
6260:
6169:
6117:
2937:
1985:
1957:
10650:
10442:
10146:
9981:
8502:
7906:
5141:
Nowadays, most Iranian people follow Islam (Sunnism, followed by Shi'ism), with minorities following Christianity, Judaism,
4332:) are remnants of the various Scythian-derived tribes from the vast far and wide territory they once dwelled in. The modern
3727:. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, between 616 BC and 605 BC, a unified Median state was formed, which, together with
7494:
5171:
4453:) re-established a modern dialect of Persian as the official language spoken throughout much of what is today Iran and the
836:
7005:
6324:
8677:
8261:
4364:. A remnant of the Sogdians is found in the Yaghnobi-speaking population in parts of the Zeravshan valley in Tajikistan.
1942:
8360:
7469:
4414:
and others. Ultimately, the various Iranian peoples, including the Persians, Pashtuns, Kurds and Balochis, converted to
10682:
10644:
10436:
9975:
8047:
5516:
5284:
4259:
are believed to be the direct descendants of the Alans, as other remnants of the Alans disappeared following Germanic,
3814:
2007:
1964:
895:
8139:
5333:: Contemporary scholars consider modern Uyghurs to be the descendants of, apart from the ancient Uyghurs, the Iranian
3867:) while elsewhere other languages were used. The administrative languages were Elamite in the early period, and later
2991:
The Indo-Iranian migrations took place in two waves. The first wave consisted of the Indo-Aryan migration through the
2607:
gives a more clear description. The languages used are Parthian, Middle Persian, and Greek. In Greek inscription says
10578:
10563:
10513:
10498:
10480:
10316:
10299:
10195:
10174:
10140:
10087:
10072:
10055:
9950:
9061:
Leonid Vyazov; Gulnaz Sagmanova; Olga Flegontova; Harald Ringbauer; David Reich; Pavel Flegontov (15–16 March 2023).
7932:
7900:
7744:
7674:
7173:
6484:
5981:
2844:. Some inhabitants of Iran are not necessarily ethnic Iranians by virtue of not being speakers of Iranian languages.
2253:
228:
7490:
9062:
5704:(subclade not further analyzed) was the predominant haplogroup, especially amongst Pashtuns, the Baloch and Tajiks.
5298:
5005:, an ancient Iranian annual festival that is still widely celebrated throughout the Iranian Plateau and beyond, in
3833:
1971:
735:
9943:
The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)
8524:
Minorsky, V. "Azerbaijan". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
7163:
5106:, embraced various male and female deities. Fire was regarded as an important and highly sacred element, and also
3222:
2660:
which approximately means "expanse of the Iranians". The homeland varied in its geographic range, the area around
11093:
8857:
Zerjal, Tatiana; Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Ruzibakiev, Ruslan; Tyler-Smith, Chris (September 2002).
5847:
5756:
4090:
The Sarmatians differed from the Scythians in their veneration of the god of fire rather than god of nature, and
2078:
246:
19:
This article is about the group of Indo-European peoples. For the inhabitants of the modern country of Iran, see
4188:
and adopted aspects of Iranian culture amongst the early Slavs, are all a remnant of this. A connection between
2152:
In the 1st millennium AD, their area of settlement, which was mainly concentrated in the steppes and deserts of
7267:
7239:
7211:
6425:
5843:
1827:
1602:
1006:
9600:"Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus"
7438:, ed. Anastasios-Phoivos Christidēs, Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 780.
5190:
Iranian languages were and, to a lesser extent, still are spoken in a wide area comprising regions around the
11234:
10706:
5969:
5948:
5231:
The following either partially descend from or are sometimes regarded as descendants of the Iranian peoples.
5103:
3924:
2000:
1572:
841:
778:
579:
465:
10674:
10684:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World
9908:
The Horse, The Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World
9770:"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians"
9257:"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians"
6352:
2401:
1260:
763:
574:
569:
564:
459:
5406:". Although previous direct linguistic, historical, or archaeological proof for such a theory is lacking.
3892:, apart from the Greek inscriptions found nearby there, and one short Persepolis tablet written in Greek.
11148:
10523:(1999). "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
9092:
8069:
7952:
was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities.
5083:
4993:
4608:
List of Iranian peoples with the respective groups's core areas of settlements and their estimated sizes
3829:
1577:
1072:
773:
652:
638:
619:
5929:
4489:
There are an estimated 150 to 200 million native speakers of Iranian languages, the six major groups of
3668:(Persia) to various regions of the Empire, with the modern dialects of Iran, Afghanistan (also known as
9967:
6661:
R.W. Thomson. History of Armenians by Moses Khorenat’si. Harvard University Press, 1978. Pg 118, pg 166
5973:
5916:
5398:
genetic cluster which "was formed by admixture of a Baltic-related group with East Germanic people and
5247:
3810:
2507:, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of
915:
873:
473:
8695:
Farjadian, S.; Ghaderi, A. (4 October 2007). "HLA class II similarities in Iranian Kurds and Azeris".
7322:
3062:
The Sintashta culture, also known as the Sintashta–Petrovka culture or Sintashta–Arkaim culture, is a
2856:
as the name for the linguistic family of this category (many of which are spoken outside Iran), while
4232:
4131:
3944:
3499:
2961:
2809:
1617:
1582:
1255:
559:
7686:
The Sarmatians: 600 BC-AD 450 (Men-at-Arms) by Richard Brzezinski and Gerry Embleton, 19 August 2002
5945:"The Early History of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid Empire to the Death of Cambyses"
11229:
11153:
10699:
10548:
5099:
5069:
4624:
4277:
Some of the Saka-Scythian tribes in Central Asia would later move further southeast and invade the
4185:
4153:
Throughout the 1st millennium AD, the large presence of the Sarmatians who once dominated Ukraine,
4091:
3058:
According to Allentoft (2015), the Sintashta culture probably derived from the Corded Ware culture.
2912:
2313:
1877:
1767:
1587:
1118:
950:
901:
797:
599:
554:
549:
469:
190:
8746:
Malyarchuk, B. A.; Derenko, M. V.; Denisova, G. A.; Nassiri, M. R.; Rogaev, E. I. (1 April 2002).
7584:
5613:(2012) have performed large-scale sampling of Y chromosome haplogroups of different ethnic groups
9957:
8539:
7553:
5383:, an ancient Iranian people who once settled in most of southern European Russia and the eastern
5379:: Some scholars suggest that the Slavic-speaking Serbs and Croats are descended from the ancient
5154:
4462:
3015:
2693:" (7.62). In Armenian sources, the Parthians, Medes and Persians are collectively referred to as
2249:
2040:
1772:
1499:
609:
604:
594:
238:
148:
110:
7486:
6462:"Arya an ethnic epithet in the Achaemenid inscriptions and in the Zoroastrian Avestan tradition"
5988:
The Iranians are one of the three major ethno-linguistic groups who define the modern Near East.
5525:
Population genomic PCA, showing the CIC (Central Iranian cluster) among other worldwide samples.
3785:) and a government working to the profit of its subjects, for building infrastructure such as a
9550:"A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe"
8081:
6538:
6345:
5878:
5789:
are members of the ethnic group of the Avesta-reciters themselves, in contradistinction to the
5740:
5535:
4349:
3956:
3423:
3216:
3066:
2949:
2933:
2362:
2047:
1762:
1734:
1518:
1420:
1186:
1032:
656:
494:
386:
325:
280:
220:
212:
10252:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 B. C
10097:; Kuz'mina, E. E.; Ivantchik, Askold I. (1995). "Two Recent Studies of Indo-Iranian Origins".
10060:
Chopra, R. M.,"Indo-Iranian Cultural Relations Through The Ages", Iran Society, Kolkata, 2005.
8271:
3459:
From the late 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium BC the Iranians had expanded from the
11026:
10757:
10585:
9470:
8748:"Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism in Populations of the Caspian Region and Southeastern Europe"
8207:
7447:
6670:
The "Aryan" Language, Gherardo Gnoli, Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, Roma, 2002
4654:
4357:
4098:. At their greatest reported extent, around the 1st century AD, these tribes ranged from the
3692:
3511:
2834:
and its various citizens (who are all Iranian by nationality), in the same way that the term
2685:
2217:
1909:
1738:
646:
642:
627:
623:
10365:
Kuznetsov, P.F. (September 2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe".
9650:"Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events"
9060:
8543:
8321:
5944:
5521:
2804:) at Rabatak, which was discovered in 1993 in an unexcavated site in the Afghan province of
11114:
9849:
9838:"The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal"
9781:
9721:
9661:
9268:
7811:
7515:
6973:
6526:
6070:(...) Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations.
5798:
5720:
5677:
5453:
5259:
4944:
4836:
4714:
3971:
3864:
3844:
3798:
3566:
3023:
2957:
2902:
2528:
2520:
2488:
1855:
1820:
1133:
816:
768:
705:
675:
633:
613:
477:
331:
27:
20:
11168:
8413:
7715:
Terek River lowlands and in the Caucasus foothills by invading Huns in the 4th century CE.
7140:
5444:. Local traditions about their origin claim they are descended from merchant princes from
4513:
accounting for about 90% of this number. Currently, most of these Iranian peoples live in
4430:. The Iranian peoples would later split along sectarian lines as the Persians adopted the
3903:
who speak a west Iranian language relate an oral tradition regarding their migration from
2775:
on the north; for these speak approximately the same language, with but slight variations.
1001:
168:
8:
10956:
10636:
10428:
9963:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
8859:"A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia"
7695:
5956:
4846:
4225:
3837:
3712:
3283:
3122:
2793:
2701:(Dubitationes et Solutiones de Primis Principiis, in Platonis Parmenidem) refers to "the
1128:
1123:
1019:
943:
908:
831:
821:
680:
381:
376:
345:
9878:
9853:
9837:
9785:
9725:
9665:
9272:
7965:
7815:
7578:
7547:
7369:
6977:
10871:
10746:
10472:
10382:
10114:
10022:
10014:
9812:
9769:
9744:
9709:
9684:
9649:
9624:
9599:
9574:
9549:
9438:
9413:
9393:
9344:
9319:
9291:
9256:
9233:
9181:
9146:
8949:
8922:
8804:
Bečka, J. "Tajik Literature from the 16th Century to the Present". In Rypka, J. (ed.).
8767:
8728:
8647:
8586:
8452:
8175:
8020:
7853:
7775:
7756:
7649:
7305:
7297:
6997:
6752:
6715:
6190:
5243:
5158:
4826:
4783:
4676:
4578:
4217:
3806:
3669:
3653:
3354:
3277:
2995:, also called "Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex," into the Levant, founding the
2953:
2865:
2197:
1834:
1785:
1719:
1703:
1328:
981:
720:
406:
311:
306:
10468:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
8883:
8858:
8616:
6497:
5813:(DNa 14–15), in Darius I's inscription at Susa (DSe 13–14), and in the inscription of
5713:, especially in Hazaras (33–40%), in part linked to Mongol expansions into the region.
3895:
The early inhabitants of the Achaemenid Empire appear to have adopted the religion of
3585:(c. 1500 BC – 1100 BC) as a candidate for the development of Eastern Iranian culture.
3085:. It is probably the archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranian language group.
11193:
11140:
11130:
11031:
10640:
10615:
10593:
10574:
10559:
10540:
10509:
10494:
10476:
10432:
10404:
10398:
10386:
10346:"An Overview of the Andronovo Culture: Late Bronze Age Indo-Iranians in Central Asia"
10345:
10312:
10295:
10259:
10222:
10191:
10170:
10136:
10083:
10068:
10051:
10033:
10026:
9971:
9946:
9928:
9883:
9865:
9817:
9799:
9749:
9689:
9629:
9579:
9520:
9443:
9385:
9349:
9296:
9225:
9186:
9168:
8977:
8954:
8888:
8839:
8720:
8712:
8708:
8549:
8492:
8387:
8073:
8043:
8012:
8008:
7928:
7896:
7845:
7837:
7740:
7670:
7309:
7263:
7235:
7207:
7169:
7083:
6989:
6707:
6603:
6537:. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 681–683. Archived from
6480:
6293:
6256:
6221:
6165:
6113:
6036:
5977:
5350:
5073:
5040:
5024:
4870:
4593:
4530:
4470:
4317:
4147:
3988:
3860:
3794:
3754:
3740:
3605:
3384:
3350:
3251:
3185:
3167:
3158:. It is now recognised as a separate entity forming part of the 'Andronovo horizon'.
3155:
3049:
2973:
2969:
2941:
2860:
for anything about the country Iran. He uses the same analogue as in differentiating
2789:
2698:
2504:
2483:
2306:
2240:. Their current distribution spreads across the Iranian Plateau, stretching from the
2036:
1848:
1814:
1806:
1750:
1744:
1726:
1697:
1676:
1662:
1654:
1424:
1285:
1225:
1207:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1105:
1100:
929:
792:
441:
434:
427:
413:
399:
359:
338:
275:
267:
106:
10324:
10236:
9397:
8771:
8747:
8732:
8238:
8024:
7857:
7797:
7669:
A History of Russia by Nicholas Riasanovsky, pp. 11–18, Russia before the Russians,
6637:
5581:
5387:, and that their ethnonyms are of Iranian origin. It is proposed that the Sarmatian
3820:
The Greco-Persian Wars resulted in the Persians being forced to withdraw from their
3715:
by 605 BC. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with
10998:
10861:
10817:
10765:
10374:
10304:
10247:
10214:
10106:
10006:
9920:
9873:
9857:
9807:
9789:
9739:
9729:
9679:
9669:
9619:
9611:
9569:
9561:
9512:
9433:
9425:
9377:
9339:
9331:
9286:
9276:
9237:
9217:
9176:
9158:
8944:
8934:
8878:
8870:
8759:
8704:
8285:
8004:
7827:
7819:
7802:
7641:
7341:
7289:
7001:
6981:
6699:
6595:
5952:
5686:
5683:
and subclades: most concentrated in the Caucasus, it is present in 10% of Iranians.
5644:
5590:
5531:
5411:
5366:
5235:
5211:
4634:
4466:
4407:
4373:
4162:
4143:
3984:
3980:
3912:
3868:
3856:
3848:
3562:
3427:
3102:
3098:
3089:
2873:
2805:
2714:
2581:
2161:
1842:
1792:
1609:
1415:
1303:
1243:
1220:
1163:
1158:
1095:
1082:
1077:
1067:
740:
353:
301:
293:
286:
8352:
6599:
5829:, "origin, descendance", assures that it is an ethnic name wider in meaning than
5805:
is the name of a language or script (DB 4.89). The other three instances occur in
5287:
components were observed in Turkmen populations with the frequencies of about 20%.
4465:
basis in Anatolia was set already by the predecessors of the Ottomans, namely the
3840:, overthrew the incumbent Persian king, by which the Achaemenid Empire was ended.
2689:, remarks about the Iranian Medes that "Medes were called anciently by all people
10630:
10466:
10422:
10287:
10218:
10130:
9961:
9924:
9794:
9734:
9674:
9281:
9163:
8486:
7890:
7782:
7763:
7702:
7473:
7454:
7382:
7329:
7259:
7231:
7203:
6159:
5964:
5483:
5032:
5019:
4927:
4921:
4808:
4766:
4672:
4542:
4450:
4403:
4348:. Various extinct Iranian peoples existed in the eastern Caucasus, including the
4294:
4278:
4161:, gradually started to diminish mainly due to assimilation and absorption by the
4154:
4047:
It is believed that these Scythians were conquered by their eastern cousins, the
3928:
3770:
3746:
3684:
3641:
3637:
3558:
3554:
3522:
3480:
3460:
3446:
3396:
3310:
3137:
3070:
3034:
2977:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2071:
2059:
1923:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1863:
1799:
1778:
1756:
1230:
1153:
1062:
995:
936:
802:
534:
519:
509:
504:
420:
392:
156:
5039:) continued to participate, resulting in a differentiation that is displayed in
3054:
11208:
11006:
10970:
10933:
10926:
10919:
10840:
10796:
10785:
10462:
9861:
6961:
6316:
5960:
5810:
5736:
5669:
5660:
5594:
5491:
5479:
5421:
5417:
5294:
5267:
5115:
4955:
4938:
4831:
4788:
4735:
4574:
4546:
4490:
4458:
4377:
4337:
4297:, speakers of a northwest-Iranian language. Many Iranian tribes, including the
4286:
4240:
4189:
4173:
4072:
4017:
3952:
3896:
3762:
3688:
3673:
3601:
3578:
3468:
3380:
3364:
3189:
3074:
3026:
2916:
2869:
2566:
2289:
2165:
2142:
1668:
1535:
1410:
968:
922:
890:
826:
317:
180:
92:
10378:
10010:
9471:"FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy"
9381:
9005:
Kieffer, Charles M. "HAZĀRA" . Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
8763:
8681:
7823:
7580:
A Grammar of Ancient Geography,: Compiled for the Use of King's College School
7549:
A Grammar of Ancient Geography,: Compiled for the Use of King's College School
6703:
4138:). According to authors Arrowsmith, Fellowes and Graves Hansard in their book
11223:
11109:
11062:
11021:
10984:
10854:
10751:
10736:
10607:
10544:
10458:
10418:
10162:
10126:
10094:
9869:
9803:
9172:
8716:
8077:
7886:
7841:
7466:
7056:
6711:
6642:
6108:
Atkinson, Dorothy; Dallin, Alexander; Lapidus, Gail Warshofsky, eds. (1977).
5708:
5651:
5638:
5467:
5425:
5320:
5271:
5225:
5216:
4965:
4910:
4865:
4779:
4760:
4659:
4639:
4506:
4474:
4385:
4380:
occurred between the 6th and 10th centuries, when they spread across most of
4353:
4329:
4325:
4310:
4099:
4076:
4068:
4000:
3900:
3872:
3832:(which itself was a subject to Persia from the late 6th century BC up to the
3786:
3782:
3736:
3665:
3569:, the two oldest known Iranian languages. The Old Avestan texts known as the
3530:
3329:
3325:
3237:
3224:
3204:
3110:
3093:
3082:
2976:
within the broader Andronovo horizon, and their homeland with an area of the
2898:
2861:
2801:
2558:
As the name of the language of the Old Persian version of the inscription of
2454:), the Old Iranian term has solely an ethnic meaning. Today, the Old Iranian
2225:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2067:
2051:
1928:
1392:
1308:
1025:
883:
745:
499:
160:
8939:
8843:
5220:
would be applied. A number of Iranian peoples were also intermixed with the
4426:, thus laying the foundation for the fact that the modern-day Ossetians are
4266:
3616:
715:
11072:
10949:
10882:
10741:
10588:(2008). "Proto-Slavonic". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.).
10520:
10394:
10183:
9887:
9821:
9753:
9693:
9633:
9583:
9524:
9447:
9389:
9353:
9300:
9229:
9190:
8958:
8892:
8724:
8040:
The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society
8016:
7849:
6993:
6928:
6580:
R. G. Kent. Old Persian. Grammar, texts, lexicon. 2nd ed., New Haven, Conn.
5825:"a Persian, son of a Persian, an Ariya, of Ariya origin." "The phrase with
5555:
5437:
5255:
5199:
5131:
4890:
4644:
4423:
4381:
4244:
4071:. These Iranian-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians dominated large parts of
4060:
3975:
Archaeological cultures c. 750 BC at the start of Eastern-Central Europe's
3948:
3876:
3766:
3392:
3344:
3212:
3078:
2907:
2476:
2261:
2245:
2229:
2055:
2035:
are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the
1547:
1385:
859:
730:
529:
524:
514:
152:
144:
77:
9565:
7457:– University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics. . Retrieved 4 June 2006.
4592:
Due to recent migrations, there are also large communities of speakers of
4192:
and Iranian languages is also furthermore proven by the earliest layer of
11178:
11173:
11057:
10905:
10889:
10211:
Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals, and Mobility
9917:
Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals, and Mobility
9615:
7520:
6651:. Vol. 742 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 742.
6382:
5821:(XPh 12–13). In these, the two Achaemenid dynasts describe themselves as
5766:
5744:
5575:
5487:
5429:
5342:
5123:
5111:
5017:
Iranian culture is today considered to be centered in what is called the
4900:
4895:
4739:
4518:
4478:
4345:
4309:, were assimilated and/or displaced in Central Asia by the migrations of
4282:
4158:
4115:
4080:
4059:
steppe in the 1st millennium AD. These Sarmatians were also known to the
3720:
3645:
3629:
3582:
3114:
3106:
2945:
2750:
2733:
2577:
2336:
2284:
2277:
2273:
1523:
1509:
1473:
1181:
198:
131:
10080:
Die Arier in den nahöstlichen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr.
10018:
9147:"Distinct genetic variation and heterogeneity of the Iranian population"
9069:. Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw Krakowskie Przedmieście.
8456:
7832:
7601:
6985:
4067:
and sent Sarmatian conscripts, as part of Roman legions, as far west as
2679:
The Old Persian and Avestan evidence is confirmed by the Greek sources.
710:
10833:
9548:
Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A (January 2011).
9516:
8836:
The Music and Tradition of the Bukharan Shashmaqam in Soviet Uzbekistan
7653:
7301:
6719:
6323:, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687,
5818:
5586:
5399:
5380:
5028:
5010:
4570:
4562:
4538:
4431:
4302:
4048:
4028:; he describes them as having dwelt in what is today southern European
3884:
3852:
3790:
3704:
3620:
3491:
3487:
3408:
3400:
3388:
3372:
3266:
3201:
3148:
3063:
3030:
2981:
2928:
2600:
2134:
2122:
2114:
2098:
1486:
1400:
1278:
1043:
135:
81:
10118:
9221:
8923:"Genetic diversity and the emergence of ethnic groups in Central Asia"
7115:"Amazons in the Scythia: new finds at the Middle Don, Southern Russia"
6732:
Kümmel, Martin Joachim. "Iranic vs. Iranian." Update of 30 Mar (2018).
5078:
11198:
11188:
11158:
11036:
10940:
10876:
10847:
9766:
9710:"Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge"
9253:
5629:
5486:
dynasty that ruled much of Sindh and parts of Balochistan during the
5403:
5338:
5281:
5191:
5162:
5142:
5119:
5036:
4885:
4841:
4427:
4333:
4270:
4256:
4126:, corresponded to the western part of greater Scythia (mostly modern
4111:
4075:
for a millennium, and were eventually absorbed and assimilated (e.g.
4041:
4021:
3728:
3696:
3680:
3574:
3503:
3416:
3411:). The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the
3404:
3376:
3340:
3273:
3133:
2985:
2768:
2742:
2680:
2512:
2470:
2233:
2201:
2138:
2126:
1689:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1430:
1298:
184:
176:
61:
11163:
8920:
7645:
7632:
Cross, S. H. (1946). "Primitive Civilization of the Eastern Slavs".
7293:
7253:"Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe"
6811:
5178:
3920:
3172:
2539:. As is also the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, the
2343:
11203:
10978:
10964:
10775:
10110:
9429:
9335:
8874:
5814:
5806:
5539:
5433:
5277:
5207:
5195:
5006:
4976:
4854:
4700:
4687:
4649:
4629:
4601:
4566:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4454:
4361:
4321:
4306:
4298:
4193:
4169:
4119:
4037:
4008:
3976:
3939:
3916:
3724:
3716:
3649:
3609:
3542:
3318:(1300–1100 BC "final Bronze") in eastern Kazakhstan, contacts with
3306:
2876:. German scholar Martin Kummel also argues the same distinction of
2797:
2772:
2746:
2631:
2604:
2570:
2559:
2492:
2440:
2241:
2213:
2209:
2110:
2094:
1632:
1623:
1514:
1315:
1290:
1194:
685:
261:
194:
172:
85:
69:
10691:
9706:
9034:[Idea about Iranian theory lasts over two hundred years].
5797:". The word also appears four times in Old Persian: One is in the
5490:. It was believed that the first Baloch came to Sindh during the
5090:, presumed to belong to a temple dedicated to the ancient goddess
3438:
11067:
11011:
10991:
10913:
10803:
9999:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
9646:
7739:
From Scythia to Camelot by Littleton and Malcor, pp. 40–43,
7533:
7436:
A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity
6690:
Perry, John R. (1998). "Languages and Dialects: Islamic Period".
6144:. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36.
5475:
5459:
5441:
5384:
5357:
5330:
5316:
5135:
5091:
4821:
4747:
4743:
4720:
4706:
4696:
4692:
4664:
4582:
4526:
4442:
4438:
4402:
began a conquest of the Iranian Plateau. The Arabs conquered the
4352:, while some Iranian peoples remain in the region, including the
4293:
in Central Asia, and who later become indistinguishable from the
4248:
4177:
4135:
4127:
4095:
4064:
4033:
4025:
4004:
3995:
3758:
3708:
3700:
3534:
3518:
3507:
3476:
3472:
3319:
3208:
3181:
3140:. Sintashta settlements are also remarkable for the intensity of
3129:
3000:
2996:
2840:
2349:
2325:
2205:
2169:
2153:
2106:
2086:
1682:
1646:
1639:
1437:
1057:
690:
164:
73:
10400:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth
10241:"The Emergence of the Indo-Iranians: The Indo-Iranian Languages"
8745:
6751:
Martin Joachim Kümmel, department of Indo-European linguistics,
4360:
found in Azerbaijan and as far north as the Russian republic of
4289:). Another Iranian tribe related to the Saka-Scythians were the
4150:
covering a combined area of 503,000 sq mi or 1,302,764 km.
3979:; the Proto-Scythian culture borders the Balto-Slavic cultures (
3113:
zone north of the Sintashta region that were also predominantly
2654:(Videvdat 1), one of the mentioned homelands was referred to as
2650:("Iranian stretch of the good Dāityā"). In the late part of the
2565:
As the ethnic background of Darius the Great in inscriptions at
11183:
11077:
11016:
10824:
10780:
10770:
10255:
9143:
8856:
7947:
The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
7529:
7078:
Okladnikov, A. P. (1994), "Inner Asia at the dawn of history",
6958:
6059:
6057:
5966:
Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525 to 479 B.C.
5794:
5625:
5570:
5559:
5547:
5445:
5389:
5372:
5290:
5203:
5183:
5127:
5052:
5002:
4960:
4710:
4597:
4586:
4550:
4502:
4396:
4341:
4181:
4103:
4056:
4052:
4029:
3904:
3880:
3828:
and the rest of Europe. More than a century later, a prince of
3825:
3821:
3778:
3774:
3570:
3515:
3290:
3145:
3141:
2764:
2759:
2728:
2673:
2651:
2508:
2221:
2185:
2130:
2063:
1405:
1359:
878:
695:
65:
10093:
9834:
9207:
8384:
The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy
7994:
7062:
6850:
5474:
came to Sindh to find jobs and eventually founded the city of
5167:
4196:
in the former. For instance, the Proto-Slavonic words for god
4122:
to the south. Their territory, which was known as Sarmatia to
11041:
10896:
10790:
9366:
7794:
7448:"Kurdish: An Indo-European Language By Siamak Rezaei Durroei"
5617:. They found that the most common paternal haplogroups were:
5563:
5543:
5463:
5376:
5263:
5221:
5044:
4972:
4558:
4498:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4290:
4252:
4239:, who also ventured far and wide, with a branch ending up in
4236:
4165:
4107:
4094:
in warfare, which possibly served as the inspiration for the
4084:
4036:. He was the first to make a reference to them. Many ancient
3908:
3824:
territories, setting the direct further course of history of
3802:
3750:
3732:
3633:
3526:
3495:
3464:
3412:
3368:
3262:
3177:
3118:
3019:
2738:
2661:
2635:
2464:
2450:
2237:
2189:
2157:
2102:
2090:
2082:
1504:
1378:
1372:
1354:
725:
700:
127:
9316:
7798:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
6744:"Areal developments in the history of Iranic: West vs. East"
6054:
3422:
Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early
3215:. It is probably better termed an archaeological complex or
2371:
There have been many attempts to qualify the verbal root of
26:"Iranics" redirects here. For the left-leaning italics, see
10811:
10537:
7927:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates by Hugh Kennedy,
6636:
6590:
Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language".
6479:
Dalby, Andrew (2004), Dictionary of Languages, Bloomsbury,
5551:
5341:) tribes and other Indo-European peoples who inhabited the
5334:
5303:
5107:
5087:
4802:
4554:
4514:
4494:
4446:
4399:
4392:
4260:
4024:(5th century BC) makes references to a nomadic people, the
3959:
correlating to speakers of Balto-Slavic in the Bronze Age (
3911:
around the year 1000 AD, whereas linguistic evidence links
3889:
3855:
kings usually wrote their inscriptions in trilingual form (
3801:, and is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the
3538:
3442:
3302:
2831:
2596:
because it is the ancestor of the modern Persian language.
2379:. The following are according to 1957 and later linguists:
2193:
2118:
1896:
10348:. The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN).
10327:. The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN).
10167:
A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East, 2nd edition
7427:
7425:
7423:
7421:
6940:
6161:
The New Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations
5258:: In spite of being native speakers of a Turkic language (
4184:), as well as loanwords adopted predominantly through the
3711:
in 612 BC, which resulted in the eventual collapse of the
3151:
carried out there, which is unusual for a steppe culture.
2638:
13.143–44, etc.), where it appears in expressions such as
9700:
9119:"From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh"
7576:
7545:
6862:
6828:
6826:
4671:
Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, the Caucasus, Uzbekistan,
3753:
and the Babylonian Empire after which he established the
3339:(1500–1300 BC) in southern Siberia (earliest evidence of
2968:
The Proto-Indo-Iranians are commonly identified with the
2050:
are believed to have emerged as a separate branch of the
9032:"Ideja o iranskom podrijetlu traje preko dvjesto godina"
7280:
Liverani, M. (1995). "The Medes at Esarhaddon's Court".
7044:
7032:
6874:
5293:: The unique grammatical and phonetical features of the
4457:. Iranian influence was also an principal factor in the
4449:, while various empires centered in Iran (including the
4134:, also to a smaller extent north eastern Balkans around
3379:
depression, with some sites as far west as the southern
7418:
6789:
6787:
3749:, would overthrow the leading Median rule, and conquer
3200:
The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local
9502:
6838:
6823:
6799:
6082:
6080:
6078:
5716:
The presence of haplogroup J2, like in Iran, of 5–20%.
5145:, Iranian religions and various levels of irreligion.
4765:
Pakistan, Iran, Oman, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, UAE,
9498:
9496:
9410:
9249:
9247:
7371:
7137:"Secrets of the Dead, Casefile: Amazon Warrior Women"
6630:
6628:
6107:
3387:. Additional sites are scattered as far south as the
2611:, which translates to "I am the king of the kingdom (
2523:
of the 6th century BC. The inscription of Bistun (or
8648:"AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"
8587:"AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"
8315:
8313:
8311:
6784:
6560:
Gershevitch, Ilya (1968). "Old Iranian Literature".
6368:
6357:
6191:"AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"
6063:
5110:. In ancient Iran, fire was kept with great care in
4481:
identities until the 19th and early 20th centuries.
4055:
as the dominant tribe which controlled the southern
2405:
2300:
2081:
who emerged after the 1st millennium BC include the
9596:
9546:
6772:
6075:
3597:
Distribution of Iranic peoples during the Iron Age.
3207:cultures that flourished c. 1800–900 BC in western
2615:) of the Iranians". In Middle Persian, Shapur says
9493:
9244:
7949:. University of California Press. pp. 88–89.
6906:
6904:
6891:
6889:
6760:
6625:
6473:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6103:
6101:
3561:" group by the early 1st millennium is visible in
3219:. The name derives from the village of Andronovo (
2964:cultures are candidates for the same associations.
2256:in the east—a region that is sometimes called the
10205:, Schocken Books, Zurich (1963). ASIN B0006BYXHY.
10132:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus
9640:
8411:
8308:
8201:
8199:
8197:
7892:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus
7583:(3 April 2006 ed.). Hansard London. p.
7577:Arrowsmith, A; Fellowes, B; Hansard, G L (1832).
7552:(3 April 2006 ed.). Hansard London. p.
7546:Arrowsmith, A; Fellowes, B; Hansard, G L (1832).
7467:"The Iranian Language Family, Khodadad Rezakhani"
7332:– University of Chicago. . Retrieved 4 June 2006.
7107:
7082:, Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 83,
6064:Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002).
5031:, which is associated with other cultures of the
3184:finds (purple), and the adjacent and overlapping
2852:Some scholars such as John Perry prefer the term
2569:and Susa (Dna, Dse) and the ethnic background of
2543:of the inscription does not signify anything but
11221:
10213:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 146–167.
10050:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2002).
9412:Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana (May 2004).
8694:
8381:
7705:– Thirteen WNET New York. Retrieved 4 June 2006.
6292:. Vol. 8. Costa Mesa: Mazda. Archived from
5872:
5870:
5868:
5866:
4285:and finally deep into present day Pakistan (see
3652:in the east. Following the establishment of the
10606:
8412:Steblin-Kamenskij, Ivan M. (30 December 2012).
7619:
6901:
6886:
6308:
6129:
6098:
4752:Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Armenia, Azerbaijan
3548:
3375:interfluvial. To the east, it reaches into the
10038:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
9919:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–73.
9312:
9310:
8971:
8905:
8899:
8670:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8350:
8194:
7376:, etymology and concept by Alexander Lubotsky"
7020:
6521:
6519:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6405:
5879:"IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey"
5647:people, was rarely over 10% in Iranian groups.
4320:in southern Xinjiang and the Ossetians of the
4313:tribes emanating out of Xinjiang and Siberia.
2443:
10707:
10309:Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East
6576:
6574:
6572:
5863:
5462:: Though today the Balochis are only 3.6% of
4176:proper (e.g. some of the largest rivers; the
3739:, became one of the four major powers of the
3679:At first, the Western Iranian peoples in the
3043:
2356:
2008:
10628:
10208:
9368:Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia".
8906:Askarov, A.; Ahmadov, B. (20 January 1994).
8538:
7360:Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty)
7351:
7038:
6916:
6279:
6277:
6275:
5499:
5448:in Iran who settled along the Swahili coast.
5186:worn by a Sogdian horseman, 8th–10th century
4473:amongst others) as well to the court of the
4388:into being primarily of East Asian descent.
2668:'s view) and even the entire expanse of the
2592:("Iranian"), modern scholars refer to it as
2550:In royal Old Persian inscriptions, the term
2535:) describes itself to have been composed in
10457:
9997:Burrow, T. (1973), "The Proto-Indoaryans",
9945:, Syracuse University Press (August 1988).
9307:
8400:
7718:
7479:
7161:
7129:
6962:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
6559:
6553:
6516:
6402:
6373:"to assemble skillfully", present in Greek
5707:The presence of "East-Eurasian" haplogroup
4573:. There are also Iranian peoples living in
4142:published in 1832, Sarmatia had two parts,
3687:empires. An alliance of the Medes with the
3537:, while other Scythian tribes, such as the
3383:, overlapping with the area of the earlier
3117:. Allentoft et al. (2015) also found close
2609:"ego ... tou Arianon ethnous despotes eimi"
2156:, was significantly reduced as a result of
10714:
10700:
10558:, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2004).
10343:
10322:
7316:
7262:University Press of America, 16 May 2009.
7077:
7073:
7071:
6910:
6895:
6569:
6220:Emmerick, Ronald Eric (23 February 2016).
6017:
5762:List of geographic names of Iranian origin
5023:, and has its origins tracing back to the
4063:, who conquered the western tribes in the
3934:
3588:
3426:, though it may have overlapped the early
2576:As the definition of the God of Iranians,
2495:describes itself to have been composed in
2458:remains in ethno-linguistic names such as
2137:, among other Iranian-speaking peoples of
2015:
2001:
1979:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
10364:
10311:, University of California Press (1991).
10292:The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates
10105:(3). American Oriental Society: 473–477.
9941:Banuazizi, Ali and Weiner, Myron (eds.).
9877:
9811:
9793:
9743:
9733:
9683:
9673:
9623:
9573:
9505:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
9437:
9343:
9290:
9280:
9180:
9162:
9029:
9014:
8965:
8948:
8938:
8882:
8645:
8584:
8104:
8068:(Online ed.). Langley, Virginia: US
8056:
7831:
7460:
7441:
7080:The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia
7026:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6426:"Iranian Identity ii. Pre-Islamic Period"
6283:
6272:
6188:
6005:
5993:
4231:The Sarmatians of the east, based in the
3847:(c. 519 BC), recording a proclamation by
3608:at its greatest extent under the rule of
3433:
3014:) the other group were the Vedic people.
2887:
2573:in the inscription from Persepolis (Xph).
10629:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006).
10584:
10508:, Minority Rights Group, London (1992).
10235:
10099:Journal of the American Oriental Society
9956:
9093:"Baloch and Sindhis share historic ties"
8484:
7660:
7634:American Slavic and East European Review
7607:
7363:
7279:
7063:Diakonoff, Kuz'mina & Ivantchik 1995
6868:
6856:
6832:
6817:
6793:
6219:
6112:. Stanford University Press. p. 3.
6023:
5999:
5619:
5585:Tat men from the village of Adur in the
5580:
5569:
5520:
5494:. The Baloch in Sindh are known as the
5345:before the arrival of the Turkic tribes.
5266:, aside from the rise of the subsequent
5177:
5166:
5148:
5098:The early Iranian peoples practiced the
5077:
4997:
4265:
3994:
3970:
3938:
3656:, the Persian language (referred to as "
3615:
3600:
3592:
3510:and Sarmatian tribes were spread across
3437:
3171:
3121:genetic relationship between peoples of
3053:
2948:have often been associated with it. The
2932:Archaeological cultures associated with
2927:
2906:
2482:
10551:, Tibbi Academy, Aligarh, India (1998).
10519:
10493:, I.B. Tauris, 3rd Rev edition (2004).
10417:
10393:
9914:
9905:
8697:International Journal of Immunogenetics
8678:"The Columbia Encyclopedia: Azerbaijan"
8267:
8236:
7696:"Jeannine Davis-Kimball, Archaeologist"
7689:
7665:
7663:
7396:Old Persian: Grammar, texts and lexicon
7101:
7068:
7050:
6946:
6934:
6922:
6880:
6844:
6805:
6778:
6562:Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I
6314:
6011:
5600:
4406:of the Persians and seized much of the
4011:symbol in the left field on the reverse
3430:-speaking area at its northern fringe.
11222:
10048:Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective
9996:
9418:The American Journal of Human Genetics
8863:The American Journal of Human Genetics
8788:
8488:Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective
8414:"CENTRAL ASIA xiii. Iranian Languages"
8296:from the original on 11 September 2018
8283:
8237:Planhol, Xavier de (7 February 2012).
7963:
7785:– Ethnologue. . Retrieved 4 June 2006.
7750:
7476:– Iranologie. . Retrieved 4 June 2006.
7357:
6766:
6680:Sims-Williams, ed. Wiesbaden, pp 79-92
6589:
6525:
6448:
3660:" in Persian after being changed from
3573:are believed to have been composed by
2923:
2892:
2819:All this evidence shows that the name
2603:inscription erected by the command of
10695:
10445:from the original on 19 February 2023
10424:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
10352:from the original on 28 February 2019
10331:from the original on 28 February 2019
10161:
10149:from the original on 18 February 2023
10125:
8908:O'zbek Xalqning Kilib Chiqishi Torixi
8833:
8585:Yarshater, Ehsan (15 December 1988).
8442:
8239:"Evolution of geographical knowledge"
8182:from the original on 12 February 2012
8137:
8098:
7909:from the original on 18 February 2023
7885:
7864:from the original on 21 February 2020
7631:
7413:Aramaic Documents of the V Century BC
6689:
6634:
6436:from the original on 17 November 2011
6232:from the original on 11 November 2020
6189:Yarshater, Ehsan (15 December 1988).
6091:. Taylor & Francis. p. 523.
6089:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
6086:
5942:
5833:and not a simple adjectival epithet".
5420:: The Shirazi are a sub-group of the
4949:
4932:
4367:
3101:also shows the influence of the late
2847:
2554:appears in three different contexts:
2180:. Modern Iranian peoples include the
1986:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1958:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
9984:from the original on 25 January 2023
9030:Stagličić, Ivan (27 November 2008).
8818:
8532:
8523:
8469:
8332:from the original on 26 October 2020
8319:
8214:. Vol. XIII. pp. 204–212.
8037:
7944:
7769:
7766:– Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 June 2006.
7708:
6495:
6250:
5885:. Vol. XIII. pp. 321–326.
5172:Bronze Statue of a Parthian nobleman
4255:during their migrations. The modern
3293:settlement dated to the 17th century
3161:
3092:, an offshoot of the cattle-herding
2646:("land inhabited by Iranians"), and
2301:
56:Regions with significant populations
28:Italic type § Iranic font style
10721:
10506:Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities
8974:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland
8654:. Vol. III. pp. 238–245.
8646:Yarshater, Ehsan (18 August 2011).
8249:from the original on 24 August 2019
8205:
7976:from the original on 1 October 2012
6937:, p. 390 (fig. 15.9), 405–411.
6157:
6037:"A Persian view of Steppe Iranians"
5823:pārsa pārsahyā puça ariya ariyaciça
5743:via contact events starting in the
5500:
5104:that of other Indo-European peoples
4915:
4879:
4859:
4247:, as they accompanied the Germanic
3817:, was built in the empire as well.
3769:in the east. The largest empire of
2648:airyanəm vaējō vaŋhuyāfi dāityayāfi
2411:, meaning "(skillfully) assembler".
2357:
2172:expansions; many were subjected to
2043:) and other cultural similarities.
1943:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
10677:." PLoS One 10.4 (2015): e0122968.
10667:
10653:from the original on 11 March 2023
10065:The Iranian People of the Caucasus
9604:European Journal of Human Genetics
9554:European Journal of Human Genetics
9324:American Journal of Human Genetics
9073:from the original on 23 March 2023
8562:from the original on 28 April 2024
8505:from the original on 3 August 2024
8292:. Vol. XV. pp. 496–497.
8286:"KANGAVAR – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
7970:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
7197:"Encyclopedia of European Peoples"
6327:from the original on 20 April 2019
5911:. Vol. 15. 1954. p. 306.
5517:Genetic history of the Middle East
4754:
4729:
4681:
3815:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
3286:fortified settlement in Kazakhstan
3037:, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.
2737:(1st century AD), mentions of the
2584:version of the Bistun Inscription.
2335:(in Parthian), both deriving from
1965:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
11251:
10571:Indo-Iranian Languages and People
10531:. London and New York: Routledge.
10275:from the original on 20 June 2015
9481:from the original on 11 July 2024
9099:from the original on 9 April 2023
8803:
8778:from the original on 6 June 2011.
8658:from the original on 11 June 2019
8597:from the original on 11 June 2019
8420:. Vol. V. pp. 223–226.
8363:from the original on 8 April 2023
8284:Kleiss, Wolfram (20 April 2012).
8245:. Vol. X. pp. 426–431.
8156:from the original on 17 June 2023
8119:from the original on 11 June 2009
7008:from the original on 13 July 2019
6470:Also accessed online in May 2010.
6423:
6201:from the original on 11 June 2019
6068:. Osprey Publishing. p. 39.
4796:
3636:also entered in contact with the
2763:is further extended to a part of
2425:"to beget" ("born", "nurturing").
11240:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
10632:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
10294:, Longman, New York, NY (2004).
9828:
9760:
9590:
9540:
9531:
9463:
9454:
9404:
9360:
9201:
9137:
9125:from the original on 7 June 2019
9111:
9085:
9054:
9042:from the original on 1 July 2015
9023:
9008:
8999:
8990:
8914:
8850:
8827:
8812:
8797:
8782:
8739:
8709:10.1111/j.1744-313x.2007.00723.x
8688:
8639:
8627:from the original on 30 May 2023
8609:
8578:
8517:
8478:
8463:
8436:
8424:from the original on 17 May 2019
8375:
8344:
8277:
8230:
8218:from the original on 17 May 2016
8168:
8147:United states institute of peace
8038:Kaya, Mehmed S. (15 June 2011).
8009:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x
7497:from the original on 11 May 2020
7409:Persepolis Fortification Tablets
7117:. Taylorandfrancis.metapress.com
6504:from the original on 17 May 2023
5889:from the original on 17 May 2019
5876:
5836:
5299:Russian conquest of Central Asia
4956:Zoroastrian groups in South Asia
4853:Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China (
4281:, large sections of present-day
4007:(reigned c. 35–12 BC). Buddhist
3834:First Persian invasion of Greece
3276:fortification of ca. 1800 BC in
3136:and played an important role in
3081:, dated to the period 2100–1800
1972:Journal of Indo-European Studies
736:Bible translations into Armenian
227:
10403:. London: Thames & Hudson.
8976:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 40–41.
8131:
8031:
7988:
7964:Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (2005).
7957:
7938:
7935:(retrieved 4 June 2006), p. 135
7921:
7879:
7788:
7733:
7680:
7625:
7613:
7570:
7539:
7509:
7401:
7388:
7335:
7273:
7245:
7223:Prudence Jones. Nigel Pennick.
7217:
7195:Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason.
7189:
7155:
7095:
6952:
6735:
6726:
6683:
6673:
6664:
6655:
6616:
6583:
6564:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–31.
6489:
6392:
6338:
6244:
6213:
6182:
6151:
5848:Origin hypotheses of the Croats
5779:
5757:List of ancient Iranian peoples
5719:A relative paucity of "Indian"
5432:, especially on the islands of
4484:
3967:dots = archaic Slavic hydronyms
3843:Old Persian is attested in the
3676:) descending from Old Persian.
2826:The academic usage of the term
2515:attested reference to the word
247:List of Indo-European languages
10614:. Cambridge University Press.
10592:. Routledge. pp. 60–121.
10529:Artefacts, languages and texts
8491:. Cambridge University Press.
8386:. Cambridge University Press.
7966:"Report for Iranian languages"
7729:. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.
7491:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
6284:MacKenzie, David Niel (1998).
6029:
5936:
5901:
5844:Origin hypotheses of the Serbs
5538:. Analyzed samples of Iranian
4140:A Grammar of Ancient Geography
4110:, bordering the shores of the
3707:, helped the Medes to capture
3683:were dominated by the various
3463:, and Iranian peoples such as
2830:is distinct from the state of
2717:(1.94.2) considers Zoroaster (
1:
10687:. Princeton University Press.
10491:A Modern History of the Kurds
9910:. Princeton University Press.
8806:History of Iranian Literature
8351:Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques.
7162:Tim McNeese (November 2004).
6600:10.1017/CHOL9780521200936.021
6592:The Cambridge History of Iran
6251:Frye, Richard Nelson (2005).
6066:The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450
5972:. Vol. 11 (2 ed.).
5970:The Cambridge Ancient History
5943:Young, T. Cuyler Jr. (1988).
5856:
5224:, and many were subjected to
3836:) later known by the name of
3672:) and Central-Asia (known as
3450:
3004:
2767:and of Media, as also to the
2421:Harold Walter Bailey (1959):
1573:Proto-Indo-European mythology
842:Paleolithic continuity theory
16:Group of Indo-European people
10219:10.1017/CBO9780511605376.005
9925:10.1017/CBO9780511605376.005
9795:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252
9735:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748
9675:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288
9282:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252
9164:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008385
8485:Canfield, Robert L. (2002).
8140:"Conflict dynamics in sindh"
7620:Sussex & Cubberley (2011
7282:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
4549:majority populated areas of
4044:range in northern Pakistan.
3851:. In southwestern Iran, the
3549:Western and Eastern Iranians
3486:Scythian tribes, along with
3003:kingdom in northern Syria; (
2792:(a Middle Iranian language)
2324:are oblique plural forms of
1261:Northern Black Polished Ware
460:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
11149:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10190:, Mazda Publishers (2005).
9648:Pierre A. (28 March 2012).
9015:Milanović, Miodrag (2008).
8752:Russian Journal of Genetics
8138:Hasan, Syed shoaib (2015).
8070:Central Intelligence Agency
7372:
7225:"A History of Pagan Europe"
7206:Infobase Publishing, 2006.
6820:, p. 33 note 20, p.35.
5750:
5624:Kurdish people celebrating
5510:
5063:
4994:Proto-Indo-European society
4926:Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (
4441:, a noted adversary of the
4391:Starting with the reign of
3955:, the latter with proposed
3765:proper in the west, to the
2749:of the Iranian Plateau and
1578:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
11256:
10681:Anthony, David W. (2007).
10673:Balanovsky, Oleg, et al. "
10610:; Cubberley, Paul (2011).
10573:, British Academy (2003).
10325:"Sintashta-Arkaim Culture"
10013:(inactive 3 August 2024),
9968:Princeton University Press
9906:Anthony, David W. (2007).
9898:
9862:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7
8548:. I.B. Tauris. p. 6.
8322:"Ancient Iranian religion"
7528:as the bitter foe of King
6369:
6358:
6164:. I.B. Tauris. p. 6.
6087:Adams, Douglas Q. (1997).
5974:Cambridge University Press
5909:The Encyclopedia Americana
5514:
5248:Origin of the Azerbaijanis
5241:
5152:
5067:
4991:
4987:
4087:population of the region.
3875:, making it a widely used
3811:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
3165:
3047:
3044:Sintashta–Petrovka culture
2896:
2562:in the Bistun Inscription.
2406:
2344:
2271:
2258:Iranian Cultural Continent
874:Domestication of the horse
25:
18:
11139:
11123:
11102:
11086:
11050:
10729:
10569:Sims-Williams, Nicholas.
10379:10.1017/S0003598X00094096
10011:10.1017/S0035869X00130837
9382:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4
8382:Runciman, Steven (1982).
7824:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
7323:"The Geography of Strabo"
6704:10.1080/00210869808701929
6315:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987),
5174:, National Museum of Iran
4124:Greco-Roman ethnographers
3514:, South-Eastern Ukraine,
3259:Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim
2808:, clearly refers to this
2383:Emmanuel Laroche (1957):
1583:Historical Vedic religion
860:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
122:
117:
105:
100:
60:
55:
50:
45:
11154:Ancient Iranian religion
10549:Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman
10525:Archaeology and Language
10307:& Kostiner, Joseph.
10250:; Masson, V. M. (eds.).
10078:Derakhshani, Jahanshah.
10046:Canfield, Robert (ed.).
9958:Beckwith, Christopher I.
8621:Encyclopaedia Britannica
8107:"Oman's Diverse Society"
7747:. Retrieved 4 June 2006.
7701:19 February 2006 at the
7677:. Retrieved 4 June 2006.
7168:. Infobase. p. 14.
7039:Hanks & Linduff 2009
6500:. Encyclopedia Iranica.
5772:
5100:ancient Iranian religion
5070:Ancient Iranian religion
5043:as the contrast between
4907:Georgia (South Ossetia),
4625:Persian-speaking peoples
4186:Eastern Slavic languages
3799:Jewish exiles in Babylon
3541:, spread as far east as
2993:Bactria-Margiana Culture
2919:and across Central Asia.
2913:Indo-European migrations
2810:Eastern Iranian language
2626:The Avesta clearly uses
2619:and in Parthian he says
2428:Émil Benveniste (1969):
2418:"to share" (as a union).
2414:Georges Dumézil (1958):
2331:(in Middle Persian) and
1588:Ancient Iranian religion
951:Novotitarovskaya culture
798:Indo-European migrations
11094:Ancient Iranian peoples
10554:Riasanovsky, Nicholas.
10344:Koryakova, L. (1998b).
10323:Koryakova, L. (1998a).
8940:10.1186/1471-2156-10-49
8789:Gabain, A. von (1945).
8764:10.1023/A:1015262522048
8445:Central Asiatic Journal
8357:Encyclopædia Britannica
8326:Encyclopædia Britannica
8208:"IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN"
7411:; A. L. Driver (1954),
7381:7 February 2006 at the
6648:Encyclopædia Britannica
6226:Encyclopædia Britannica
5643:; commonly found among
5488:British colonial period
5470:and the African Baloch
5155:Turco-Persian tradition
4807:Iran, Kuwait, Oman and
4051:, who are mentioned by
3935:Eastern Iranian peoples
3589:Western Iranian peoples
3301:(2100–1400 BC) between
3125:and Sintashta culture.
3016:Christopher I. Beckwith
2934:Indo-Iranian migrations
2621:"aryānšahr xwadāy ahēm"
2532:
2267:
2079:ancient Iranian peoples
2041:Indo-European languages
1089:Northern/Eastern Steppe
111:Indo-European languages
10590:The Slavonic Languages
10586:Schenker, Alexander M.
10169:. London: Bloomsbury.
10135:. London: Bloomsbury.
10082:, 2nd edition (1999).
9038:(in Croatian). Zadar.
9019:. Beograd. p. 81.
8526:Encyclopaedia of Islam
7972:(Fifteenth ed.).
7895:. London: Bloomsbury.
7472:9 October 2004 at the
7234:Routledge, 11 okt. 2.
6635:Meyer, Eduard (1911).
5741:Ancient East Eurasians
5633:
5597:
5578:
5536:Middle Eastern peoples
5526:
5187:
5175:
5095:
5014:
4727:Afghanistan, Pakistan
4619:population (millions)
4274:
4092:women's prominent role
4012:
3992:
3968:
3951:dialect continuums in
3664:) spread from Pars or
3624:
3613:
3598:
3553:The division into an "
3456:
3434:Scythians and Persians
3424:Indo-Iranian languages
3217:archaeological horizon
3197:
3067:archaeological culture
3059:
2965:
2920:
2888:History and settlement
2786:
2500:
2444:
2394:("fitting", "proper").
2288:derives directly from
2248:in the south and from
1560:Religion and mythology
1519:Medieval Scandinavians
810:Alternative and fringe
11051:Related ethnic groups
9842:Nature Communications
9566:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146
9475:www.familytreedna.com
9067:archeologia.uw.edu.pl
8793:. Leipzig and Vienna.
8472:Basic course in Uzbek
8320:Malandra, William W.
7781:21 March 2006 at the
7596:Scythia square miles.
7565:Scythia square miles.
7524:, iii) envisaged the
7328:3 August 2024 at the
7258:18 April 2023 at the
7139:. PBS. Archived from
6859:, p. 33 note 20.
6527:Bailey, Harold Walter
6255:. Mazda. p. xi.
6158:Roy, Olivier (2007).
5623:
5584:
5573:
5524:
5515:Further information:
5482:was an ethnic Baloch
5181:
5170:
5149:Cultural assimilation
5081:
5001:
4269:
4233:Pontic–Caspian steppe
3998:
3974:
3942:
3773:, with their base in
3745:Later on, in 550 BC,
3619:
3604:
3596:
3512:Great Hungarian Plain
3441:
3175:
3057:
2931:
2910:
2755:
2617:"ērānšahr xwadāy hēm"
2486:
2400:being descended from
1910:Indo-European studies
1273:Peoples and societies
11235:Indo-Iranian peoples
11115:Proto-Indo-Europeans
11027:Tats of the Caucasus
10612:The Slavic Languages
10429:Taylor & Francis
10258:. pp. 346–370.
9616:10.1038/ejhg.2012.86
8910:. O'zbekiston Ovozi.
8791:Özbekische Grammatik
8652:Encyclopædia Iranica
8591:Encyclopædia Iranica
8545:The new Central Asia
8418:Encyclopædia Iranica
8290:Encyclopædia Iranica
8243:Encyclopædia Iranica
8212:Encyclopædia Iranica
8206:Planhol, Xavier de.
7762:28 June 2011 at the
7453:17 June 2006 at the
7230:7 April 2023 at the
7202:7 April 2023 at the
6594:. pp. 595–632.
6535:Encyclopedia Iranica
6430:Encyclopedia Iranica
6367:adjective to a root
6321:Encyclopedia Iranica
6290:Encyclopedia Iranica
6195:Encyclopædia Iranica
5883:Encyclopædia Iranica
5799:Behistun inscription
5601:Paternal haplogroups
4228:, of good and evil.
4157:, and swaths of the
4118:Seas as well as the
4106:and eastward to the
4102:to the mouth of the
3845:Behistun Inscription
3328:in the south of the
2984:on the west and the
2903:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2800:(the founder of the
2244:in the north to the
2070:in the east and the
817:Anatolian hypothesis
769:Proto-Indo-Europeans
676:Hittite inscriptions
221:Indo-European topics
189:(Historically also:
91:(Historically also:
21:Demographics of Iran
10637:Infobase Publishing
10556:A History of Russia
10473:Thames & Hudson
9854:2024NatCo..15.1882V
9786:2012PLoSO...741252G
9726:2013PLoSO...876748D
9666:2012PLoSO...734288H
9273:2012PLoSO...741252G
8808:. pp. 520–605.
7816:2018Natur.557..369D
7757:"Report for Talysh"
7622:, pp. 111–112)
7407:R. Hallock (1969),
7346:Ancient Mesopotamia
7143:on 29 December 2013
6986:10.1038/nature14507
6978:2015Natur.522..167A
6949:, pp. 385–388.
6353:Proto-Indo-European
6222:"Iranian languages"
4609:
3999:Silver coin of the
3838:Alexander the Great
3713:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3284:Petrovka settlement
3234: /
3128:The earliest known
3123:Corded Ware culture
3109:settlements in the
2972:and the subsequent
2924:Proto-Indo-Iranians
2893:Indo-European roots
2868:or differentiating
2642:("Iranian lands"),
2630:as an ethnic name (
2402:Proto-Indo-European
2066:in the west to the
1073:Multi-cordoned ware
944:Mikhaylovka culture
832:Indigenous Aryanism
822:Armenian hypothesis
681:Hieroglyphic Luwian
84:, western areas of
80:, western areas of
42:
10095:Diakonoff, Igor M.
9517:10.1002/ajpa.22167
8838:(PhD). Princeton.
8834:Levin, T. (1984).
8065:The World Factbook
6753:University of Jena
6468:on 3 January 2013.
6014:, pp. 308–311
5809:'s inscription at
5785:In the Avesta the
5634:
5609:(2006) and Grugni
5598:
5579:
5574:Tajik people from
5527:
5260:Azerbaijani Turkic
5244:Old Azeri language
5208:northwest of China
5188:
5176:
5159:Persianate society
5096:
5015:
4607:
4368:Later developments
4275:
4013:
3993:
3969:
3807:Greco-Persian Wars
3793:and the use of an
3640:. Remnants of the
3625:
3614:
3612:(522 BC to 486 BC)
3599:
3457:
3278:Chelyabinsk Oblast
3198:
3105:, a collection of
3073:on the borders of
3060:
3018:suggests that the
2966:
2921:
2848:Iranian vs. Iranic
2521:Bistun Inscription
2501:
2489:Bistun Inscription
2435:("companionable").
653:Proto-Indo-Iranian
639:Proto-Balto-Slavic
620:Proto-Italo-Celtic
38:
11217:
11216:
11141:Iranian religions
11131:Iranian languages
11001:
10994:
10987:
10973:
10959:
10952:
10943:
10936:
10929:
10922:
10908:
10899:
10892:
10885:
10864:
10857:
10850:
10843:
10836:
10827:
10820:
10806:
10799:
10760:
10621:978-0-521-29448-5
10599:978-0-415-28078-5
10527:. Vol. III:
10489:McDowall, David.
10410:978-0-500-27616-7
10305:Khoury, Philip S.
10265:978-92-3-102719-2
10228:978-0-511-60537-6
9960:(16 March 2009).
9934:978-0-511-60537-6
9610:(12): 1275–1282.
9222:10.1159/000093774
9121:. 27 March 2014.
8983:978-0-7656-1318-9
8819:Jung, A. (1983).
8555:978-1-84511-552-4
8498:978-0-521-52291-5
8470:Raun, A. (1969).
8393:978-0-521-28926-9
8084:on 6 January 2019
7810:(7705): 369–374.
7776:"Report for Tats"
7536:(modern Georgia).
7432:Greek and Iranian
7089:978-0-521-24304-9
7053:, pp. 20–21.
6972:(7555): 167–172.
6883:, pp. 42–43.
6609:978-1-139-05496-6
6377:"chariot", Greek
6262:978-1-56859-177-3
6171:978-1-84511-552-4
6119:978-0-8047-0910-1
5953:Hammond, N. G. L.
5924:Missing or empty
5917:cite encyclopedia
5084:ruins at Kangavar
5074:Iranian religions
5041:Iranian mythology
5025:Andronovo culture
4985:
4984:
4877:Azerbaijan, Iran
4594:Iranian languages
4529:, other parts of
4471:Anatolian Beyliks
4410:populated by the
4148:Sarmatia Asiatica
3957:material cultures
3803:Greek city states
3795:official language
3755:Achaemenid Empire
3741:ancient Near East
3654:Achaemenid Empire
3606:Achaemenid Empire
3577:, the founder of
3449:, from a carpet,
3385:Afanasevo culture
3252:Sintashta culture
3238:55.883°N 55.700°E
3196:cultures (green).
3168:Andronovo culture
3162:Andronovo culture
3156:Andronovo culture
3050:Sintashta culture
2980:that borders the
2974:Andronovo culture
2970:Sintashta culture
2838:is distinct from
2705:and all those of
2699:Eudemus of Rhodes
2676:'s designation).
2640:airyāfi daiŋˊhāvō
2505:Iranian languages
2133:, and likely the
2037:Iranian languages
2025:
2024:
1286:Anatolian peoples
1256:Painted Grey Ware
1144:Nordic Bronze Age
793:Kurgan hypothesis
746:Old Irish glosses
711:Gaulish epigraphy
206:
205:
149:Eastern Orthodoxy
109:(a branch of the
107:Iranian languages
11247:
10997:
10990:
10983:
10969:
10955:
10948:
10939:
10932:
10925:
10918:
10904:
10895:
10888:
10881:
10860:
10853:
10846:
10839:
10832:
10823:
10816:
10802:
10795:
10756:
10716:
10709:
10702:
10693:
10692:
10688:
10662:
10660:
10658:
10625:
10603:
10532:
10486:
10454:
10452:
10450:
10414:
10390:
10373:(309): 638–645.
10361:
10359:
10357:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10274:
10245:
10232:
10180:
10158:
10156:
10154:
10122:
10043:
10037:
10029:
9993:
9991:
9989:
9938:
9911:
9892:
9891:
9881:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9815:
9797:
9764:
9758:
9757:
9747:
9737:
9704:
9698:
9697:
9687:
9677:
9644:
9638:
9637:
9627:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9577:
9544:
9538:
9535:
9529:
9528:
9500:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9486:
9467:
9461:
9458:
9452:
9451:
9441:
9424:(5): 1023–1034.
9408:
9402:
9401:
9364:
9358:
9357:
9347:
9314:
9305:
9304:
9294:
9284:
9251:
9242:
9241:
9205:
9199:
9198:
9184:
9166:
9141:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9115:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9089:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9058:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9027:
9021:
9020:
9017:Srpski stari vek
9012:
9006:
9003:
8997:
8994:
8988:
8987:
8969:
8963:
8962:
8952:
8942:
8918:
8912:
8911:
8903:
8897:
8896:
8886:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8831:
8825:
8824:
8816:
8810:
8809:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8786:
8780:
8779:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8680:. Archived from
8674:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8569:
8567:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8482:
8476:
8475:
8467:
8461:
8460:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8409:
8398:
8397:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8353:"Zoroastrianism"
8348:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8317:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8281:
8275:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8203:
8192:
8191:
8189:
8187:
8172:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8155:
8144:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8118:
8111:
8102:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8080:. Archived from
8060:
8054:
8053:
8035:
8029:
8028:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7942:
7936:
7925:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7883:
7877:
7876:
7871:
7869:
7835:
7792:
7786:
7773:
7767:
7754:
7748:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7722:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7693:
7687:
7684:
7678:
7667:
7658:
7657:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7591:
7574:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7560:
7543:
7537:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7483:
7477:
7464:
7458:
7445:
7439:
7429:
7416:
7405:
7399:
7392:
7386:
7375:
7367:
7361:
7355:
7349:
7342:A. Leo Oppenheim
7339:
7333:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7277:
7271:
7249:
7243:
7221:
7215:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7075:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7013:
6956:
6950:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6899:
6893:
6884:
6878:
6872:
6871:, p. 376-7.
6866:
6860:
6854:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6748:
6739:
6733:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6698:(3/4): 517–525.
6687:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6640:
6632:
6623:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6587:
6581:
6578:
6567:
6565:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6523:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6498:"ēr, ēr mazdēsn"
6493:
6487:
6477:
6471:
6469:
6464:. Archived from
6457:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6421:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6372:
6371:
6361:
6360:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6296:on 13 March 2017
6286:"Ērān, Ērānšahr"
6281:
6270:
6269:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6138:
6127:
6126:
6105:
6096:
6095:
6084:
6073:
6072:
6061:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6009:
6003:
6002:, pp. 58–77
5997:
5991:
5990:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5927:
5922:
5920:
5912:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5874:
5850:
5840:
5834:
5783:
5645:Semitic-speaking
5591:Baku Governorate
5503:
5502:
5212:Persian language
4928:Zerafshan region
4635:Persians of Iraq
4610:
4606:
4467:Sultanate of Rum
4445:, was an ethnic
4408:Byzantine Empire
4273:, Sassanian coin
4144:Sarmatia Europea
3869:Imperial Aramaic
3849:Darius the Great
3751:Kingdom of Lydia
3691:, and rebelling
3623:: Persian guards
3533:regions and the
3455:
3452:
3269:, 2200–1600 BC)
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3103:Abashevo culture
3099:material culture
3090:Poltavka culture
3069:of the northern
3013:
3009:
3006:
2836:Germanic peoples
2784:
2721:) as one of the
2715:Diodorus Siculus
2657:Airyan'əm Vaējah
2493:Darius the Great
2447:
2409:
2408:
2360:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2304:
2303:
2254:western Xinjiang
2250:eastern Anatolia
2141:, Central Asia,
2017:
2010:
2003:
1858:
1851:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1706:
1692:
1685:
1671:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1416:Germanic peoples
1406:Hellenic peoples
1395:
1388:
1381:
1304:Mycenaean Greeks
1293:
1221:Thraco-Cimmerian
1119:Globular Amphora
1096:Abashevo culture
1035:
1028:
998:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
741:Tocharian script
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
362:
348:
341:
334:
320:
296:
289:
270:
231:
208:
207:
202:
191:Iranian paganism
96:
51:Over 170 million
46:Total population
43:
37:
11255:
11254:
11250:
11249:
11248:
11246:
11245:
11244:
11230:Iranian peoples
11220:
11219:
11218:
11213:
11135:
11119:
11098:
11087:Ancient peoples
11082:
11046:
10747:'Ajam of Kuwait
10725:
10723:Iranian peoples
10720:
10680:
10670:
10668:Further reading
10665:
10656:
10654:
10647:
10622:
10600:
10483:
10463:Mair, Victor H.
10448:
10446:
10439:
10411:
10355:
10353:
10334:
10332:
10278:
10276:
10272:
10266:
10243:
10237:Harmatta, János
10229:
10201:Frye, Richard.
10177:
10152:
10150:
10143:
10031:
10030:
9987:
9985:
9978:
9935:
9901:
9896:
9895:
9833:
9829:
9765:
9761:
9705:
9701:
9645:
9641:
9595:
9591:
9545:
9541:
9536:
9532:
9501:
9494:
9484:
9482:
9469:
9468:
9464:
9459:
9455:
9409:
9405:
9365:
9361:
9315:
9308:
9252:
9245:
9206:
9202:
9157:(9): e1008385.
9142:
9138:
9128:
9126:
9117:
9116:
9112:
9102:
9100:
9095:. 26 May 2017.
9091:
9090:
9086:
9076:
9074:
9059:
9055:
9045:
9043:
9028:
9024:
9013:
9009:
9004:
9000:
8995:
8991:
8984:
8970:
8966:
8919:
8915:
8904:
8900:
8855:
8851:
8832:
8828:
8817:
8813:
8802:
8798:
8787:
8783:
8744:
8740:
8693:
8689:
8684:on 17 May 2006.
8676:
8675:
8671:
8661:
8659:
8644:
8640:
8630:
8628:
8615:
8614:
8610:
8600:
8598:
8583:
8579:
8565:
8563:
8556:
8537:
8533:
8522:
8518:
8508:
8506:
8499:
8483:
8479:
8468:
8464:
8441:
8437:
8427:
8425:
8410:
8401:
8394:
8380:
8376:
8366:
8364:
8349:
8345:
8335:
8333:
8318:
8309:
8299:
8297:
8282:
8278:
8266:
8262:
8252:
8250:
8235:
8231:
8221:
8219:
8204:
8195:
8185:
8183:
8174:
8173:
8169:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8142:
8136:
8132:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8109:
8105:J.E. Peterson.
8103:
8099:
8087:
8085:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8050:
8036:
8032:
7997:Ann. Hum. Genet
7993:
7989:
7979:
7977:
7962:
7958:
7943:
7939:
7926:
7922:
7912:
7910:
7903:
7884:
7880:
7867:
7865:
7793:
7789:
7783:Wayback Machine
7774:
7770:
7764:Wayback Machine
7755:
7751:
7738:
7734:
7724:
7723:
7719:
7713:
7709:
7703:Wayback Machine
7694:
7690:
7685:
7681:
7668:
7661:
7646:10.2307/2491581
7630:
7626:
7618:
7614:
7606:
7602:
7589:
7587:
7575:
7571:
7558:
7556:
7544:
7540:
7514:
7510:
7500:
7498:
7485:
7484:
7480:
7474:Wayback Machine
7465:
7461:
7455:Wayback Machine
7446:
7442:
7430:
7419:
7406:
7402:
7393:
7389:
7383:Wayback Machine
7368:
7364:
7356:
7352:
7340:
7336:
7330:Wayback Machine
7321:
7317:
7294:10.2307/1359815
7278:
7274:
7260:Wayback Machine
7250:
7246:
7232:Wayback Machine
7222:
7218:
7204:Wayback Machine
7194:
7190:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7165:The Volga River
7160:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7120:
7118:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7090:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7049:
7045:
7037:
7033:
7025:
7021:
7011:
7009:
6957:
6953:
6945:
6941:
6933:
6929:
6921:
6917:
6911:Koryakova 1998a
6909:
6902:
6896:Koryakova 1998b
6894:
6887:
6879:
6875:
6867:
6863:
6855:
6851:
6843:
6839:
6831:
6824:
6816:
6812:
6804:
6800:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6773:
6765:
6761:
6746:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6692:Iranian Studies
6688:
6684:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6633:
6626:
6621:
6617:
6610:
6588:
6584:
6579:
6570:
6558:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6541:on 3 March 2016
6524:
6517:
6507:
6505:
6494:
6490:
6478:
6474:
6460:
6458:
6449:
6439:
6437:
6422:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6344:Laroche. 1957.
6343:
6339:
6330:
6328:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6282:
6273:
6263:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6218:
6214:
6204:
6202:
6187:
6183:
6172:
6156:
6152:
6142:Slovene Studies
6140:
6139:
6130:
6120:
6110:Women in Russia
6106:
6099:
6085:
6076:
6062:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6022:
6018:
6010:
6006:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5941:
5937:
5925:
5923:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5892:
5890:
5875:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5841:
5837:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5753:
5737:Basal Eurasians
5603:
5519:
5513:
5484:Sindhi speaking
5272:Turkic elements
5250:
5165:
5151:
5076:
5068:Main articles:
5066:
5033:Eurasian Steppe
5020:Iranian Plateau
4996:
4990:
4908:
4815:
4773:
4543:Iraqi Kurdistan
4487:
4404:Sassanid Empire
4370:
4340:neighbors, the
4338:North Caucasian
4279:Iranian Plateau
4155:Southern Russia
4132:Southern Russia
3937:
3929:Zazaki language
3771:ancient history
3747:Cyrus the Great
3642:Median language
3591:
3551:
3481:Iranian Plateau
3461:Eurasian Steppe
3453:
3436:
3322:VI in Turkmenia
3311:Kyzylkum desert
3242:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3170:
3164:
3138:ancient warfare
3094:Yamnaya horizon
3071:Eurasian steppe
3052:
3046:
3011:
3007:
2997:Mittani kingdom
2978:Eurasian steppe
2926:
2905:
2897:Main articles:
2895:
2890:
2850:
2785:
2779:
2670:Iranian Plateau
2511:. The earliest
2395:
2375:in Old Iranian
2280:
2270:
2252:in the west to
2072:Iranian Plateau
2064:Danubian plains
2060:Eurasian Steppe
2039:(branch of the
2029:Iranian peoples
2021:
1992:
1991:
1924:Marija Gimbutas
1912:
1902:
1901:
1893:Winter solstice
1883:Horse sacrifice
1854:
1847:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1730:
1715:
1702:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1658:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1592:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1495:
1482:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1295:
1289:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1239:
1216:
1203:
1191:
1172:
1114:
1091:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1024:
1015:
1013:Northern Europe
994:
990:
977:
964:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
896:Steppe cultures
869:
862:
855:
847:
846:
837:Baltic homeland
811:
807:
803:Eurasian nomads
787:
783:
759:
751:
750:
721:Runic epigraphy
716:Latin epigraphy
671:
663:
662:
600:Proto-Anatolian
584:
539:
535:Thraco-Illyrian
520:Graeco-Phrygian
510:Graeco-Armenian
505:Graeco-Albanian
484:
462:
449:
440:
433:
426:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
358:
344:
337:
330:
316:
292:
285:
266:
251:
243:
241:
188:
187:
143:
139:
126:
90:
89:
40:
39:Iranian peoples
36:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11253:
11243:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11215:
11214:
11212:
11211:
11209:Zoroastrianism
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11145:
11143:
11137:
11136:
11134:
11133:
11127:
11125:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11117:
11112:
11106:
11104:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11096:
11090:
11088:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11054:
11052:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
11003:
11002:
10995:
10988:
10976:
10975:
10974:
10971:Pashtun tribes
10962:
10961:
10960:
10953:
10946:
10945:
10944:
10937:
10923:
10920:Chinese Tajiks
10911:
10910:
10909:
10902:
10901:
10900:
10886:
10874:
10869:
10868:
10867:
10866:
10865:
10851:
10844:
10837:
10830:
10829:
10828:
10809:
10808:
10807:
10800:
10797:Kurdish tribes
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10762:
10761:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10733:
10731:
10727:
10726:
10719:
10718:
10711:
10704:
10696:
10690:
10689:
10678:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10663:
10646:978-1438129181
10645:
10626:
10620:
10608:Sussex, Roland
10604:
10598:
10582:
10567:
10552:
10534:
10517:
10502:
10487:
10481:
10459:Mallory, J. P.
10455:
10438:978-1884964985
10437:
10419:Mallory, J. P.
10415:
10409:
10391:
10362:
10341:
10320:
10302:
10285:
10264:
10233:
10227:
10206:
10199:
10181:
10175:
10163:Foltz, Richard
10159:
10141:
10127:Foltz, Richard
10123:
10111:10.2307/606224
10091:
10076:
10061:
10058:
10044:
10005:(2): 123–140,
9994:
9977:978-0691135892
9976:
9954:
9939:
9933:
9912:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9894:
9893:
9827:
9759:
9720:(10): e76748.
9699:
9639:
9589:
9539:
9530:
9511:(4): 611–615.
9492:
9462:
9460:Regueiro, 2006
9453:
9430:10.1086/386295
9403:
9376:(2): 127–148.
9370:Human Genetics
9359:
9336:10.1086/499411
9330:(2): 202–221.
9306:
9243:
9216:(3): 132–143.
9210:Human Heredity
9200:
9136:
9110:
9084:
9053:
9022:
9007:
8998:
8989:
8982:
8964:
8913:
8898:
8875:10.1086/342096
8869:(3): 466–482.
8849:
8826:
8823:(PhD). Berlin.
8811:
8796:
8781:
8758:(4): 434–438.
8738:
8703:(6): 457–463.
8687:
8669:
8638:
8608:
8577:
8554:
8531:
8516:
8497:
8477:
8474:. Bloomington.
8462:
8451:(2): 104–118.
8435:
8399:
8392:
8374:
8343:
8307:
8276:
8260:
8229:
8193:
8167:
8130:
8097:
8055:
8049:978-1845118754
8048:
8042:. I.B.Tauris.
8030:
8003:(4): 401–412.
7987:
7956:
7937:
7920:
7901:
7887:Foltz, Richard
7878:
7787:
7768:
7749:
7732:
7717:
7707:
7688:
7679:
7659:
7640:(1/2): 51–87.
7624:
7612:
7610:, p. 109)
7608:Schenker (2008
7600:
7569:
7538:
7508:
7478:
7459:
7440:
7417:
7400:
7387:
7362:
7350:
7334:
7315:
7272:
7244:
7216:
7188:
7174:
7154:
7128:
7106:
7094:
7088:
7067:
7065:, p. 473.
7055:
7043:
7031:
7027:Kuznetsov 2006
7019:
6951:
6939:
6927:
6915:
6900:
6885:
6873:
6861:
6849:
6847:, p. 454.
6837:
6822:
6810:
6808:, p. 408.
6798:
6783:
6771:
6759:
6734:
6725:
6682:
6672:
6663:
6654:
6643:Chisholm, Hugh
6624:
6615:
6608:
6582:
6568:
6552:
6515:
6488:
6472:
6447:
6401:
6391:
6351:descends from
6337:
6307:
6271:
6261:
6243:
6212:
6181:
6170:
6150:
6128:
6118:
6097:
6074:
6053:
6028:
6016:
6004:
5992:
5982:
5949:Boardman, John
5935:
5900:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5835:
5811:Naqsh-e Rustam
5777:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5752:
5749:
5728:
5727:
5717:
5714:
5705:
5694:
5693:
5684:
5675:
5666:
5657:
5648:
5602:
5599:
5595:Russian Empire
5512:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5492:Little Ice Age
5480:Talpur Dynasty
5451:
5450:
5449:
5424:living on the
5422:Swahili people
5409:
5408:
5407:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5328:
5295:Uzbek language
5288:
5275:
5240:
5239:
5150:
5147:
5116:Zoroastrianism
5102:, which, like
5065:
5062:
5045:Iran and Turan
4989:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:Semnani people
4776:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4704:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4575:Eastern Arabia
4486:
4483:
4459:Ottoman Empire
4378:Turkic peoples
4369:
4366:
4287:Indo-Scythians
4241:Western Europe
4190:Proto-Slavonic
4174:Eastern Europe
4073:Eastern Europe
3953:Eastern Europe
3945:Eastern Iranic
3936:
3933:
3897:Zoroastrianism
3763:Eastern Europe
3590:
3587:
3579:Zoroastrianism
3550:
3547:
3498:populated the
3479:populated the
3435:
3432:
3381:Ural Mountains
3365:Srubna culture
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3243:55.883; 55.700
3213:Asiatic steppe
3166:Main article:
3163:
3160:
3075:Eastern Europe
3048:Main article:
3045:
3042:
3012: 1300 BC
2925:
2922:
2917:Pontic steppes
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2849:
2846:
2777:
2753:of antiquity:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2563:
2519:occurs in the
2513:epigraphically
2437:
2436:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2314:Middle Iranian
2290:Middle Persian
2269:
2266:
2147:Eastern Steppe
2143:Eastern Europe
2074:in the south.
2048:Proto-Iranians
2033:Iranic peoples
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Fire sacrifice
1874:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:Zoroastrianism
1651:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1536:Medieval India
1527:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1418:
1413:
1411:Italic peoples
1408:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1345:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1247:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1187:Gandhara grave
1184:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:Middle Dnieper
1029:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
988:Eastern Europe
985:
984:
972:
971:
959:
958:
957:
956:
955:
954:
947:
933:
926:
919:
916:Dnieper–Donets
912:
905:
893:
891:Kurgan culture
888:
887:
886:
876:
864:
863:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
827:Beech argument
824:
819:
813:
812:
806:
805:
800:
795:
789:
788:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
650:
636:
631:
617:
610:Proto-Germanic
607:
605:Proto-Armenian
602:
597:
595:Proto-Albanian
591:
590:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
546:
545:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
490:
483:
482:
481:
480:
456:
455:
448:
447:
446:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
384:
379:
373:
372:
366:
365:
364:
363:
351:
350:
349:
342:
335:
323:
322:
321:
309:
304:
299:
298:
297:
290:
278:
273:
272:
271:
258:
257:
250:
249:
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
224:
223:
217:
216:
204:
203:
181:Zoroastrianism
124:Predominately:
120:
119:
115:
114:
103:
102:
98:
97:
93:Eastern Europe
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
41:Iranic peoples
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11252:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11146:
11144:
11142:
11138:
11132:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11122:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11110:Indo-Iranians
11108:
11107:
11105:
11101:
11095:
11092:
11091:
11089:
11085:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11063:Bukharan Jews
11061:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11049:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11000:
10996:
10993:
10989:
10986:
10985:Arab-Persians
10982:
10981:
10980:
10977:
10972:
10968:
10967:
10966:
10963:
10958:
10954:
10951:
10947:
10942:
10938:
10935:
10931:
10930:
10928:
10924:
10921:
10917:
10916:
10915:
10912:
10907:
10903:
10898:
10894:
10893:
10891:
10887:
10884:
10880:
10879:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10863:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10855:Southern Lurs
10852:
10849:
10845:
10842:
10838:
10835:
10831:
10826:
10822:
10821:
10819:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10810:
10805:
10801:
10798:
10794:
10793:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10759:
10758:Baloch tribes
10755:
10754:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10734:
10732:
10730:Ethnic groups
10728:
10724:
10717:
10712:
10710:
10705:
10703:
10698:
10697:
10694:
10686:
10685:
10679:
10676:
10672:
10671:
10652:
10648:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10633:
10627:
10623:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10580:
10579:0-19-726285-6
10576:
10572:
10568:
10565:
10564:0-19-515394-4
10561:
10557:
10553:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10539:
10535:
10530:
10526:
10522:
10521:Parpola, Asko
10518:
10515:
10514:0-946690-76-6
10511:
10507:
10503:
10500:
10499:1-85043-416-6
10496:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10482:9780500283721
10478:
10474:
10470:
10469:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10444:
10440:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10420:
10416:
10412:
10406:
10402:
10401:
10396:
10395:Mallory, J.P.
10392:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10363:
10351:
10347:
10342:
10330:
10326:
10321:
10318:
10317:0-520-07080-1
10314:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10300:0-582-40525-4
10297:
10293:
10289:
10288:Kennedy, Hugh
10286:
10271:
10267:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10207:
10204:
10200:
10197:
10196:1-56859-177-2
10193:
10189:
10185:
10184:Frye, Richard
10182:
10178:
10176:9780755649648
10172:
10168:
10164:
10160:
10148:
10144:
10142:9780755618453
10138:
10134:
10133:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10100:
10096:
10092:
10089:
10088:964-90368-6-5
10085:
10081:
10077:
10074:
10073:0-7007-0649-6
10070:
10066:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10056:0-521-52291-9
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10035:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9995:
9983:
9979:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9964:
9959:
9955:
9952:
9951:0-8156-2448-4
9948:
9944:
9940:
9936:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9913:
9909:
9904:
9903:
9889:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9831:
9823:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9780:(7): e41252.
9779:
9775:
9771:
9763:
9755:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9703:
9695:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9660:(3): e34288.
9659:
9655:
9651:
9643:
9635:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9593:
9585:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9560:(1): 95–101.
9559:
9555:
9551:
9543:
9537:Grugni, 2013.
9534:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9499:
9497:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9466:
9457:
9449:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9407:
9399:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9363:
9355:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9313:
9311:
9302:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9267:(7): e41252.
9266:
9262:
9258:
9250:
9248:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9204:
9197:
9192:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9151:PLOS Genetics
9148:
9140:
9124:
9120:
9114:
9098:
9094:
9088:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9057:
9041:
9037:
9036:Zadarski list
9033:
9026:
9018:
9011:
9002:
8993:
8985:
8979:
8975:
8968:
8960:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8917:
8909:
8902:
8894:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8853:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8830:
8822:
8815:
8807:
8800:
8792:
8785:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8742:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8691:
8683:
8679:
8673:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8642:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8617:"Azerbaijani"
8612:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8581:
8574:
8561:
8557:
8551:
8547:
8546:
8541:
8535:
8527:
8520:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8481:
8473:
8466:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8447:(in German).
8446:
8439:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8395:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8347:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8280:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8233:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8181:
8177:
8171:
8152:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8115:
8112:. p. 4.
8108:
8101:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8066:
8059:
8051:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7991:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7953:
7948:
7941:
7934:
7933:0-582-40525-4
7930:
7924:
7908:
7904:
7902:9780755618453
7898:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7882:
7875:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7791:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7772:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7753:
7746:
7745:0-8153-3566-0
7742:
7736:
7728:
7725:"Ossetians".
7721:
7711:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7692:
7683:
7676:
7675:0-19-515394-4
7672:
7666:
7664:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7628:
7621:
7616:
7609:
7604:
7597:
7586:
7582:
7581:
7573:
7566:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7542:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7475:
7471:
7468:
7463:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7444:
7437:
7434:, E. Tucker,
7433:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7414:
7410:
7404:
7397:
7391:
7384:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7366:
7359:
7354:
7347:
7343:
7338:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7319:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7254:
7248:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7220:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7198:
7192:
7177:
7175:9780791082478
7171:
7167:
7166:
7158:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7116:
7110:
7103:
7098:
7091:
7085:
7081:
7074:
7072:
7064:
7059:
7052:
7047:
7040:
7035:
7028:
7023:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6955:
6948:
6943:
6936:
6931:
6924:
6919:
6912:
6907:
6905:
6897:
6892:
6890:
6882:
6877:
6870:
6869:Beckwith 2009
6865:
6858:
6857:Beckwith 2009
6853:
6846:
6841:
6835:, p. 33.
6834:
6833:Beckwith 2009
6829:
6827:
6819:
6818:Beckwith 2009
6814:
6807:
6802:
6795:
6794:Beckwith 2009
6790:
6788:
6780:
6775:
6768:
6763:
6755:
6754:
6745:
6738:
6729:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6676:
6667:
6658:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6631:
6629:
6619:
6611:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6586:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6563:
6556:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6486:
6485:0-7475-7683-1
6482:
6476:
6467:
6463:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6395:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6366:
6362:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6346:Proto-Iranian
6341:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6154:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6071:
6067:
6060:
6058:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6025:
6024:Harmatta 1992
6020:
6013:
6008:
6001:
6000:Beckwith 2009
5996:
5989:
5985:
5983:0-521-22804-2
5979:
5976:. p. 1.
5975:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5918:
5910:
5904:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5862:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5725:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5530:closely with
5523:
5518:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5426:Swahili coast
5423:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Slavicisation
5223:
5219:
5218:
5217:Turko-Iranian
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5185:
5180:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4912:
4911:North Ossetia
4906:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Achomi people
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4579:northern Oman
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:Mughal Empire
4472:
4468:
4464:
4463:Turko-Persian
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4422:converted to
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4330:North Ossetia
4327:
4326:South Ossetia
4323:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4235:, became the
4234:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4100:Vistula River
4097:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4077:Slavicisation
4074:
4070:
4069:Roman Britain
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4001:Indo-Scythian
3997:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3871:, as well as
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3813:, one of the
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3787:postal system
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:Fars Province
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:north of the
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3454: 300 BC
3448:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3357:(1000–800 BC)
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:Tyumen Oblast
3327:
3326:Ingala Valley
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3218:
3214:
3211:and the west
3210:
3206:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:forest steppe
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:Indo-European
3021:
3017:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2988:on the east.
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2899:Indo-Iranians
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:Kushan Empire
2799:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:airyō šayanəm
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:Rustam Relief
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:Proto-Iranian
2354:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Turkification
2175:
2174:Slavicization
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:Ordos Plateau
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:Indo-Iranians
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:J. P. Mallory
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:Reconstructed
1564:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1393:Insular Celts
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:Indo-Iranians
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:Pontic Steppe
1045:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
991:
989:
983:
980:
979:
978:
976:
970:
967:
966:
965:
963:
952:
948:
945:
941:
940:
938:
934:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
899:
898:
897:
894:
892:
889:
885:
884:Kurgan stelae
882:
881:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
868:
867:Pontic Steppe
861:
858:
857:
851:
850:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
809:
808:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
785:
784:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
755:
754:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
667:
666:
658:
657:Proto-Iranian
654:
651:
648:
644:
640:
637:
635:
632:
629:
625:
621:
618:
615:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:Daco-Thracian
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:
486:
485:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:
463:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:Reconstructed
451:
450:
443:
439:
436:
432:
429:
425:
422:
418:
415:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
390:
389:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:
368:
367:
361:
357:
356:
355:
352:
347:
343:
340:
336:
333:
329:
328:
327:
324:
319:
315:
314:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
295:
291:
288:
284:
283:
282:
279:
277:
274:
269:
265:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
252:
248:
245:
244:
240:
235:
234:
230:
226:
225:
222:
219:
218:
214:
210:
209:
200:
196:
192:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:Protestantism
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
94:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:and parts of
63:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
29:
22:
11169:Baháʼí Faith
11073:Persian Jews
11032:Tats of Iran
10957:Yidgha–Munji
10872:Mazanderanis
10722:
10683:
10655:. Retrieved
10631:
10611:
10589:
10570:
10555:
10536:Iran Nama, (
10528:
10524:
10505:
10490:
10467:
10447:. Retrieved
10423:
10399:
10370:
10366:
10356:16 September
10354:. Retrieved
10335:16 September
10333:. Retrieved
10308:
10291:
10277:. Retrieved
10251:
10210:
10202:
10188:Greater Iran
10187:
10166:
10151:. Retrieved
10131:
10102:
10098:
10079:
10064:
10047:
10002:
9998:
9986:. Retrieved
9962:
9942:
9916:
9907:
9845:
9841:
9830:
9777:
9773:
9762:
9717:
9713:
9702:
9657:
9653:
9642:
9607:
9603:
9592:
9557:
9553:
9542:
9533:
9508:
9504:
9483:. Retrieved
9474:
9465:
9456:
9421:
9417:
9406:
9373:
9369:
9362:
9327:
9323:
9264:
9260:
9213:
9209:
9203:
9194:
9154:
9150:
9139:
9127:. Retrieved
9113:
9101:. Retrieved
9087:
9077:28 September
9075:. Retrieved
9066:
9056:
9044:. Retrieved
9035:
9025:
9016:
9010:
9001:
8992:
8973:
8967:
8930:
8927:BMC Genetics
8926:
8916:
8907:
8901:
8866:
8862:
8852:
8835:
8829:
8820:
8814:
8805:
8799:
8790:
8784:
8755:
8751:
8741:
8700:
8696:
8690:
8682:the original
8672:
8660:. Retrieved
8651:
8641:
8629:. Retrieved
8620:
8611:
8599:. Retrieved
8590:
8580:
8571:
8564:. Retrieved
8544:
8540:Roy, Olivier
8534:
8525:
8519:
8509:11 September
8507:. Retrieved
8487:
8480:
8471:
8465:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8428:11 September
8426:. Retrieved
8417:
8383:
8377:
8365:. Retrieved
8356:
8346:
8334:. Retrieved
8325:
8300:11 September
8298:. Retrieved
8289:
8279:
8268:Mallory 1989
8263:
8253:11 September
8251:. Retrieved
8242:
8232:
8220:. Retrieved
8211:
8184:. Retrieved
8170:
8160:15 September
8158:. Retrieved
8146:
8133:
8121:. Retrieved
8100:
8086:. Retrieved
8082:the original
8064:
8058:
8039:
8033:
8000:
7996:
7990:
7978:. Retrieved
7969:
7959:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7923:
7911:. Retrieved
7891:
7881:
7873:
7866:. Retrieved
7833:1887/3202709
7807:
7801:
7790:
7771:
7752:
7735:
7726:
7720:
7710:
7691:
7682:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7615:
7603:
7595:
7588:. Retrieved
7579:
7572:
7564:
7557:. Retrieved
7548:
7541:
7525:
7519:
7511:
7499:. Retrieved
7481:
7462:
7443:
7435:
7431:
7412:
7408:
7403:
7395:
7394:R. G. Kent,
7390:
7365:
7353:
7345:
7337:
7318:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7251:Ion Grumeza
7247:
7219:
7191:
7179:. Retrieved
7164:
7157:
7145:. Retrieved
7141:the original
7131:
7119:. Retrieved
7109:
7102:Mallory 1989
7097:
7079:
7058:
7051:Mallory 1997
7046:
7034:
7022:
7012:28 September
7010:. Retrieved
6969:
6965:
6954:
6947:Anthony 2007
6942:
6935:Anthony 2009
6930:
6923:Anthony 2009
6918:
6881:Mallory 1989
6876:
6864:
6852:
6845:Anthony 2007
6840:
6813:
6806:Anthony 2007
6801:
6779:Parpola 1999
6774:
6762:
6750:
6737:
6728:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6675:
6666:
6657:
6646:
6638:"Iran"
6618:
6591:
6585:
6561:
6555:
6543:. Retrieved
6539:the original
6534:
6506:. Retrieved
6491:
6475:
6466:the original
6438:. Retrieved
6429:
6394:
6386:
6378:
6374:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6340:
6329:, retrieved
6320:
6310:
6298:. Retrieved
6294:the original
6289:
6266:
6253:Greater Iran
6252:
6246:
6234:. Retrieved
6225:
6215:
6203:. Retrieved
6194:
6184:
6175:
6160:
6153:
6145:
6141:
6123:
6109:
6092:
6088:
6069:
6065:
6044:. Retrieved
6041:ResearchGate
6040:
6031:
6019:
6012:Mallory 1997
6007:
5995:
5987:
5965:
5957:Lewis, D. M.
5938:
5926:|title=
5908:
5903:
5891:. Retrieved
5882:
5877:Frye, R. N.
5838:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5802:
5790:
5786:
5781:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5709:
5701:
5695:
5688:
5679:
5668:
5659:
5650:
5637:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5556:Mazanderanis
5528:
5495:
5394:
5393:and alleged
5388:
5324:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5256:Azerbaijanis
5230:
5215:
5200:Central Asia
5189:
5140:
5132:Christianity
5112:fire temples
5097:
5058:
5049:
5027:of the late
5018:
5016:
4857:), Pakistan
4847:Yidgha-Munji
4786:
4784:Mazanderanis
4591:
4488:
4485:Demographics
4436:
4424:Christianity
4418:, while the
4390:
4382:Central Asia
4371:
4315:
4299:Khwarazmians
4276:
4245:North Africa
4230:
4222:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4152:
4139:
4089:
4046:
4020:chronicler,
4014:
3964:
3960:
3949:Balto-Slavic
3894:
3877:bureaucratic
3842:
3819:
3791:road systems
3767:Indus Valley
3744:
3678:
3661:
3657:
3632:, while the
3626:
3552:
3485:
3458:
3421:
3393:Turkmenistan
3362:
3336:
3315:
3298:
3258:
3205:Indo-Iranian
3199:
3153:
3127:
3087:
3079:Central Asia
3061:
3039:
2990:
2967:
2958:Copper Hoard
2946:Yaz cultures
2881:
2877:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2787:
2780:
2758:
2757:The name of
2756:
2741:, Persians,
2732:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:) lineage".
2710:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2524:
2516:
2502:
2496:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2415:
2404:
2397:
2396:Old Iranian
2387:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2358:𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀
2352:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2262:Greater Iran
2257:
2246:Persian Gulf
2198:Mazanderanis
2151:
2095:Khwarazmians
2076:
2056:Central Asia
2045:
2032:
2028:
2026:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1950:Publications
1949:
1935:
1916:
1870:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:Paleo-Balkan
1725:
1724:
1712:
1711:
1653:
1652:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1565:
1548:Greater Iran
1541:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1421:Paleo-Balkan
1386:Celtiberians
1365:
1364:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1169:
1168:
1111:
1110:
1088:
1087:
1050:
1049:
1012:
1011:
987:
986:
974:
973:
961:
960:
902:Bug–Dniester
866:
865:
731:Gothic Bible
647:Proto-Baltic
643:Proto-Slavic
628:Proto-Italic
624:Proto-Celtic
587:
542:
530:Italo-Celtic
525:Indo-Hittite
515:Graeco-Aryan
488:Hypothetical
487:
452:
387:Paleo-Balkan
369:
326:Indo-Iranian
281:Balto-Slavic
254:
169:Baháʼí Faith
153:Nestorianism
145:Christianity
140:
123:
78:Central Asia
35:Ethnic group
32:
11179:Manichaeism
11174:Khurramites
11058:Armeno-Tats
10504:Nassim, J.
10449:15 February
10248:Dani, A. H.
10063:Curzon, R.
9848:(1): 1882.
9129:9 September
9103:9 September
8631:7 September
8367:4 September
8336:4 September
8270:, pp.
8222:30 December
7980:22 December
7521:Argonautica
7501:31 December
7487:"Sarmatian"
6767:Burrow 1973
6389:"art", etc.
6383:aristocracy
6236:9 September
5961:Ostwald, M.
5893:30 December
5767:Pan-Iranism
5745:Paleolithic
5726:(< 10%).
5721:haplogroup
5687:Haplogroup
5678:Haplogroup
5615:within Iran
5576:Afghanistan
5430:East Africa
5414:-speakers:
5369:-speakers:
5353:-speakers:
5343:Tarim Basin
5124:Manichaeism
4913:), Hungary
4699:or Abdali,
4519:Afghanistan
4395:in 634 AD,
4346:Circassians
4316:The modern
4283:Afghanistan
4159:Carpathians
4016:finds. The
3865:Old Persian
3805:during the
3721:Halys River
3693:Babylonians
3646:Old Persian
3630:Babylonians
3583:Yaz culture
3581:, with the
3567:Old Persian
3316:Alekseyevka
3289:the nearby
3265:, northern
3241: /
3144:mining and
3115:pastoralist
3107:Corded Ware
3008: 1500
2944:, BMAC and
2794:inscription
2781:Geographica
2751:Transoxiana
2734:Geographica
2719:Zathraustēs
2594:Old Persian
2529:Old Persian
2439:Unlike the
2337:Old Persian
2278:Iran (word)
2274:Arya (Iran)
2062:, from the
1828:Continental
1821:Anglo-Saxon
1524:Middle Ages
1474:Middle Ages
1329:Indo-Aryans
1322:Indo-Aryans
1129:Bell Beaker
1124:Corded ware
1020:Corded ware
909:Sredny Stog
854:Archaeology
634:Proto-Greek
614:Proto-Norse
199:Manichaeism
157:Catholicism
141:Minorities:
11224:Categories
10834:Feyli Lurs
10818:Bakhtiaris
10766:Bashkardis
10657:16 January
10541:Travelogue
10153:20 October
7913:20 October
7526:Sauromatai
7516:Apollonius
7268:076184466X
7240:1136141804
7212:1438129181
6545:15 January
6508:15 January
6496:G. Gnoli.
6440:3 February
6424:Gnoli, G.
6385:"), Latin
6381:, (as in "
6331:15 January
6300:15 January
5857:References
5842:See also:
5819:Persepolis
5587:Kuba Uyezd
5534:and other
5456:speakers:
5454:Indo-Aryan
5400:Sarmatians
5381:Sarmatians
5242:See also:
5238:-speakers:
5153:See also:
5029:Bronze Age
5011:Tajikistan
4992:See also:
4613:Ethnicity
4571:Uzbekistan
4563:Tajikistan
4539:Azerbaijan
4342:Kabardians
4303:Massagetae
4049:Sarmatians
3885:Asia Minor
3861:Babylonian
3853:Achaemenid
3705:Cimmerians
3621:Persepolis
3492:Sarmatians
3488:Cimmerians
3445:horseman,
3409:Kyrgyzstan
3403:) and the
3401:Tajikistan
3389:Koppet Dag
3267:Kazakhstan
3261:(Southern
3202:Bronze Age
3149:metallurgy
3064:Bronze Age
3031:Inner Asia
3029:people of
3010: – c.
2982:Ural River
2954:Cemetery H
2601:trilingual
2302:𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭
2272:See also:
2236:, and the
2145:, and the
2135:Cimmerians
2123:Sarmatians
2115:Sagartians
2099:Massagetae
1936:Institutes
1856:Lithuanian
1610:Indo-Aryan
1596:Historical
1530:Indo-Aryan
1487:Tocharians
1401:Cimmerians
1279:Bronze Age
1170:South Asia
1044:Bronze Age
982:Afanasievo
786:Mainstream
550:Vocabulary
470:Sound laws
332:Indo-Aryan
82:South Asia
11199:Yarsanism
11189:Mazdaznan
11184:Mazdakism
11159:Assianism
11124:Languages
11037:Yaghnobis
10992:Basseries
10941:Oroshoris
10877:Ossetians
10862:Mamasanis
10848:Hasanvand
10387:162580424
10367:Antiquity
10027:162454265
9870:2041-1723
9804:1932-6203
9173:1553-7404
8717:1744-3121
8176:"Kumzari"
8078:1553-8133
7842:1476-4687
7590:20 August
7559:20 August
7373:xᵛarǝnah-
7370:"Avestan
7310:163290816
7288:: 57–62.
6712:0021-0862
6046:10 August
5795:non-Aryas
5791:anairiia-
5630:Tangi Sar
5605:Regueiro
5404:Scythians
5395:Horoathos
5282:Mongoloid
5192:Black Sea
5163:Sarmatism
5143:Mandaeism
5128:Mazdakism
5120:Mithraism
5037:Scythians
4886:Ossetians
4443:Crusaders
4428:Christian
4374:migration
4372:The main
4334:Ossetians
4295:Parthians
4271:Hormizd I
4257:Ossetians
4243:and then
4214:(*sobaka)
4210:(*toporъ)
4194:loanwords
4079:) by the
4042:Hindukush
4026:Scythians
4022:Herodotus
3989:Chernoles
3729:Babylonia
3701:Chaldeans
3697:Scythians
3681:Near East
3638:Assyrians
3575:Zoroaster
3557:" and a "
3545:, China.
3504:Black Sea
3477:Bactrians
3473:Parthians
3417:Volgograd
3405:Tian Shan
3377:Minusinsk
3345:fire cult
3341:cremation
3274:Sintashta
3186:Afanasevo
3180:-wheeled
3134:Old World
3119:autosomal
3035:antiquity
3027:Caucasian
2986:Tian Shan
2942:Andronovo
2915:from the
2769:Bactrians
2743:Bactrians
2731:, in his
2686:Histories
2683:, in his
2681:Herodotus
2580:, in the
2533:Bagastana
2282:The term
2234:Yaghnobis
2202:Ossetians
2139:West Asia
2127:Scythians
2107:Parthians
2087:Bactrians
1871:Practices
1690:Yarsanism
1500:Albanians
1480:East Asia
1467:Scythians
1459:Phrygians
1452:Paeonians
1445:Illyrians
1431:Thracians
1348:East Asia
1299:Armenians
1226:Hallstatt
1208:Chernoles
1149:Terramare
1139:Trzciniec
1106:Sintashta
1101:Andronovo
1002:Cernavodă
975:East Asia
930:Khvalynsk
670:Philology
580:Particles
466:Phonology
407:Liburnian
382:Tocharian
377:Anatolian
346:Nuristani
239:Languages
185:Assianism
177:Yarsanism
101:Languages
62:West Asia
11204:Yazidism
11194:Scythian
11007:Semnanis
10999:Sistanis
10979:Persians
10965:Pashtuns
10934:Badzhuis
10927:Shughnis
10841:Hadavand
10786:Kumzaris
10776:Farsiwan
10771:Dehwaris
10651:Archived
10465:(2008).
10443:Archived
10421:(1997).
10397:(1989).
10350:Archived
10329:Archived
10270:Archived
10239:(1992).
10165:(2023).
10147:Archived
10129:(2022).
10034:citation
10019:25203451
9982:Archived
9888:38528002
9879:10963722
9822:22815981
9774:PLOS ONE
9754:24204668
9714:PLOS ONE
9694:22470552
9654:PLOS ONE
9634:22588667
9584:20736979
9525:23115110
9479:Archived
9448:15069642
9398:10763736
9390:14586639
9354:16400607
9301:22815981
9261:PLOS ONE
9230:16770078
9191:31550250
9123:Archived
9097:Archived
9071:Archived
9046:15 March
9040:Archived
8959:19723301
8893:12145751
8844:24081562
8776:Archived
8772:19409969
8733:22709345
8725:18001303
8656:Archived
8625:Archived
8595:Archived
8560:Archived
8542:(2007).
8528:. Brill.
8503:Archived
8457:41926941
8422:Archived
8361:Archived
8330:Archived
8294:Archived
8247:Archived
8216:Archived
8180:Archived
8151:Archived
8114:Archived
8088:2 August
8072:. 2015.
8025:23771698
8017:15996169
7974:Archived
7907:Archived
7889:(2022).
7868:6 August
7862:Archived
7858:13670282
7850:29743675
7779:Archived
7760:Archived
7699:Archived
7495:Archived
7470:Archived
7451:Archived
7379:Archived
7326:Archived
7270:pp 19–21
7256:Archived
7228:Archived
7200:Archived
7006:Archived
6994:26062507
6529:(1987).
6502:Archived
6434:Archived
6325:archived
6317:"Aryans"
6230:Archived
6199:Archived
5963:(eds.).
5887:Archived
5815:Xerxes I
5807:Darius I
5801:, where
5751:See also
5632:village.
5540:Persians
5532:European
5511:Genetics
5472:Makranis
5468:Zardaris
5434:Zanzibar
5418:Shirazis
5339:Scythian
5319:and the
5307:, while
5278:Turkmens
5206:and the
5196:Caucasus
5064:Religion
5007:Dushanbe
4977:Pakistan
4945:Musandam
4922:Yaghnobi
4909:Russia (
4855:Xinjiang
4842:Oroshori
4827:Sariqoli
4701:Yusufzai
4688:Pashtuns
4650:Farsiwan
4630:Persians
4602:Americas
4600:and the
4577:such as
4567:Pakistan
4535:Dagestan
4525:(mainly
4523:Caucasus
4511:Pashtuns
4491:Persians
4479:national
4455:Caucasus
4451:Safavids
4362:Dagestan
4356:and the
4324:(mainly
4322:Caucasus
4318:Sarikoli
4307:Sogdians
4220:origin.
4218:Scythian
4212:and dog
4204:, house
4200:, demon
4170:toponyms
4163:Germanic
4120:Caucasus
4038:Sanskrit
4009:triratna
3985:Milograd
3981:Lusatian
3977:Iron Age
3917:Kurmanji
3822:European
3781:under a
3725:Anatolia
3717:Ecbatana
3689:Persians
3685:Assyrian
3650:Sogdians
3610:Darius I
3543:Xinjiang
3523:Southern
3519:Siberian
3508:Scythian
3469:Persians
3351:Beshkent
3337:Fedorovo
3307:Jaxartes
3130:chariots
2952:(Swat),
2866:Germanic
2798:Kanishka
2790:Bactrian
2778:—
2773:Sogdians
2747:Sogdians
2695:Iranians
2632:Videvdat
2605:Shapur I
2571:Xerxes I
2560:Darius I
2525:Behistun
2441:Sanskrit
2433:"to fit"
2392:"to fit"
2345:𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹
2326:gentilic
2307:Parthian
2242:Caucasus
2214:Persians
2210:Pashtuns
2170:Mongolic
2162:Germanic
2131:Sogdians
2111:Persians
1917:Scholars
1815:Germanic
1786:Scottish
1751:Thracian
1745:Illyrian
1739:Albanian
1727:European
1720:Armenian
1704:Ossetian
1698:Scythian
1683:Yazidism
1633:Buddhism
1624:Hinduism
1515:Norsemen
1425:Anatolia
1342:Iranians
1335:Iranians
1316:Iron Age
1291:Hittites
1244:Colchian
1237:Caucasus
1195:Iron Age
1164:Lusatian
1159:Urnfield
1083:Srubnaya
1078:Poltavka
1068:Catacomb
1007:Cucuteni
962:Caucasus
779:Religion
764:Homeland
706:Behistun
686:Linear B
575:Numerals
570:Pronouns
495:Balkanic
442:Thracian
435:Phrygian
428:Paeonian
414:Messapic
400:Illyrian
312:Hellenic
307:Germanic
276:Armenian
268:Albanian
262:Albanoid
213:a series
211:Part of
195:Buddhism
173:Yazidism
118:Religion
86:Xinjiang
70:Caucasus
11068:Hazaras
11022:Talyshs
11012:Shabaks
10914:Pamiris
10825:Shehnis
10804:Yazidis
10752:Balochs
10737:Achomis
9899:Sources
9850:Bibcode
9813:3399854
9782:Bibcode
9745:3799995
9722:Bibcode
9685:3314501
9662:Bibcode
9625:3499744
9575:3039512
9485:11 July
9439:1181965
9345:1380230
9292:3399854
9269:Bibcode
9238:7017701
9182:6759149
8950:2745423
8272:112–127
8186:3 March
8123:1 March
7812:Bibcode
7727:Encarta
7654:2491581
7534:Colchis
7358:Schmitt
7302:1359815
7181:11 July
7147:21 June
7121:21 June
7002:4399103
6974:Bibcode
6720:4311186
6645:(ed.).
6566:, p. 2.
6399:147–67.
6379:aristos
6359:*ar-yo-
5793:, the "
5787:airiia-
5593:of the
5589:of the
5478:. The
5476:Karachi
5464:Sindh's
5460:Sindhis
5442:Comoros
5412:Swahili
5385:Balkans
5358:Hazaras
5351:Persian
5331:Uyghurs
5317:Kazakhs
5268:Persian
5136:Judaism
5108:a deity
5092:Anahita
4988:Culture
4939:Kumzari
4832:Shughni
4822:Pamiris
4809:Bahrain
4780:Gilakis
4774:20–22
4767:Bahrain
4761:Baluchs
4748:Shabaks
4744:Yazidis
4721:Karlani
4707:Bettani
4697:Durrani
4693:Sarbani
4679:, Iraq
4673:Bahrain
4665:Basseri
4616:region
4583:Bahrain
4547:Kurdish
4531:Georgia
4527:Ossetia
4439:Saladin
4386:Iranian
4249:Vandals
4226:dualism
4216:are of
4206:(*xata)
4202:(*divъ)
4198:(*bogъ)
4178:Dniestr
4136:Moldova
4128:Ukraine
4116:Caspian
4096:Amazons
4065:Balkans
4057:Russian
4034:Ukraine
4005:Azes II
3913:Balochi
3857:Elamite
3830:Macedon
3779:satraps
3759:Balkans
3709:Nineveh
3563:Avestan
3559:Western
3555:Eastern
3535:Balkans
3516:Russias
3500:steppes
3447:Pazyryk
3395:), the
3367:in the
3320:Namazga
3229:55°42′E
3226:55°53′N
3209:Siberia
3182:chariot
3001:Mitanni
2940:). The
2936:(after
2878:Iranian
2870:Turkish
2858:Iranian
2841:Germans
2828:Iranian
2806:Baghlan
2723:Arianoi
2707:Iranian
2628:airiia-
2582:Elamite
2578:Ohrmazd
2545:Iranian
2503:In the
2353:airiia-
2350:Avestan
2206:Pamiris
2154:Eurasia
1849:Latvian
1807:Cornish
1677:Kurdish
1663:Persian
1655:Iranian
1647:Sikhism
1640:Jainism
1603:Hittite
1542:Iranian
1438:Dacians
1231:Jastorf
1154:Tumulus
1134:Únětice
1063:Yamnaya
1058:Chariot
996:Usatovo
937:Yamnaya
774:Society
758:Origins
691:Rigveda
543:Grammar
370:Extinct
360:Romance
339:Iranian
165:Judaism
88:(China)
74:Ossetia
11164:Bábism
11103:Origin
11078:Shihuh
11017:Tajiks
10950:Wakhis
10897:Kudars
10883:Digors
10781:Gilaks
10742:Aimaqs
10643:
10618:
10596:
10577:
10562:
10512:
10497:
10479:
10435:
10407:
10385:
10315:
10298:
10279:29 May
10262:
10256:UNESCO
10225:
10203:Persia
10194:
10173:
10139:
10119:606224
10117:
10086:
10071:
10054:
10025:
10017:
9988:29 May
9974:
9949:
9931:
9886:
9876:
9868:
9820:
9810:
9802:
9752:
9742:
9692:
9682:
9632:
9622:
9582:
9572:
9523:
9446:
9436:
9396:
9388:
9352:
9342:
9299:
9289:
9236:
9228:
9189:
9179:
9171:
8980:
8957:
8947:
8933:: 49.
8891:
8884:419996
8881:
8842:
8770:
8731:
8723:
8715:
8662:29 May
8566:28 May
8552:
8495:
8455:
8390:
8076:
8046:
8023:
8015:
7931:
7899:
7856:
7848:
7840:
7803:Nature
7743:
7673:
7652:
7530:Aietes
7348:, 1964
7308:
7300:
7266:
7238:
7210:
7172:
7086:
7000:
6992:
6966:Nature
6718:
6710:
6606:
6531:"Arya"
6483:
6355:(PIE)
6349:*arya-
6259:
6205:29 May
6168:
6116:
5980:
5803:ariya-
5672:– M269
5626:Nowruz
5560:Gilaks
5548:Azeris
5496:Baruch
5446:Shiraz
5440:, and
5390:Serboi
5373:Croats
5367:Slavic
5321:Kyrgyz
5291:Uzbeks
5236:Turkic
5204:Russia
5194:, the
5184:caftan
5161:, and
5126:, and
5053:Nowruz
5003:Nowruz
4981:0.075
4950:0.021
4943:Oman (
4933:0.025
4866:Talysh
4755:30–40
4711:Ghilji
4682:72–85
4677:Kuwait
4660:Dehwar
4645:Tajiks
4598:Europe
4587:Kuwait
4585:, and
4551:Turkey
4537:, and
4521:, the
4509:, and
4507:Baloch
4503:Tajiks
4397:Muslim
4354:Talysh
4350:Azaris
4311:Turkic
4261:Hunnic
4208:, axe
4182:Dniepr
4104:Danube
4085:Slavic
4061:Romans
4053:Strabo
4030:Russia
3925:Gorani
3921:Soranî
3905:Aleppo
3901:Baloch
3899:. The
3881:Europe
3826:Greece
3809:. The
3775:Persis
3735:, and
3703:, and
3674:Tajiki
3571:Gathas
3531:Uralic
3506:. The
3428:Uralic
3355:Vakhsh
3299:Alakul
3291:Arkaim
3192:, and
3190:Srubna
3146:bronze
3142:copper
2911:Early
2882:Iranic
2874:Turkic
2862:German
2854:Iranic
2783:, 15.8
2765:Persia
2760:Ariana
2729:Strabo
2711:áreion
2691:Arians
2674:Strabo
2652:Avesta
2613:nation
2509:Avesta
2474:, and
2407:ar-yo-
2366:*arya-
2361:) and
2340:ariya-
2316:terms
2312:. The
2305:) and
2232:, the
2230:Wakhis
2228:, the
2226:Talysh
2224:, the
2222:Tajiks
2220:, the
2216:, the
2212:, the
2208:, the
2204:, the
2200:, the
2196:, the
2192:, the
2188:, the
2186:Gilaks
2184:, the
2182:Baloch
2168:, and
2166:Turkic
2158:Slavic
2129:, the
2125:, the
2121:, the
2117:, the
2113:, the
2109:, the
2105:, the
2101:, the
2097:, the
2093:, the
2089:, the
2085:, the
1864:Slavic
1843:Baltic
1793:Breton
1773:Celtic
1757:Dacian
1713:Others
1493:Europe
1366:Europe
1360:Yuezhi
1214:Europe
1201:Steppe
1112:Europe
969:Maykop
923:Samara
879:Kurgan
696:Avesta
478:Ablaut
474:Accent
421:Mysian
393:Dacian
354:Italic
302:Celtic
294:Slavic
287:Baltic
255:Extant
197:, and
159:, and
66:Turkey
11042:Zazas
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