31:
918:
904:
883:. This was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. Currently, the UN is the main IGO with its arms such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the General Assembly (UNGA), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Secretariat (UNSA), the Trusteeship Council (UNTC) and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
581:
755:. Otherwise, the organizations' immunities may be put in question in national and international courts. Some organizations hold proceedings before tribunals relating to their organization to be confidential, and in some instances have threatened disciplinary action should an employee disclose any of the relevant information. Such confidentiality has been criticized as a lack of
746:
is intended to be ensured by legal mechanisms that are internal to the intergovernmental organization itself and access to administrative tribunals. In the course of many court cases where private parties tried to pursue claims against international organizations, there has been a gradual realization
863:
of 1814–1815, which was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the
European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon. States then became the main decision makers who preferred to maintain their sovereignty as of 1648 at the Westphalian treaty that closed the
846:
and middle-income countries, and this assistance would be a good resource for developmental projects in developing countries. The UN has to protect against any kind of human rights violation, and in the UN system, some specialized agencies, like ILO and United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
149:
in 1911. In 1935, Pitman B. Potter defined international organization as "an association or union of nations established or recognized by them for the purpose of realizing a common end". He distinguished between bilateral and multilateral organizations on one end and customary or conventional
891:
When defined as "organizations with at least three state parties, a permanent headquarters or secretariat, as well as regular meetings and budgets", the number of IGOs in the world increased from about 60 in 1940 to about 350 in 1980, after which it has remained roughly constant.
200:
that acts as a charter creating the group. Treaties are formed when lawful representatives (governments) of several states go through a ratification process, providing the IGO with an international legal personality. Intergovernmental organizations are an important aspect of
552:, there are restrictions on membership due to factors such as geography or political regimes. To enter the European Union (EU), the states require different criteria; member states need to be European, liberal-democratic political system, and be a capitalist economy.
1669:
Reinisch, August; Weber, Ulf
Andreas (2004). "In the shadow of Waite and Kennedy – the jurisdictional immunity of international organizations, the individual's right of access to the courts and administrative tribunals as alternative means of dispute settlement".
236:. Other treaties have established an administrative apparatus which was not deemed to have been granted binding legal authority. The broader concept wherein relations among three or more states are organized according to certain principles they hold in common is
766:. In this regard, immunity from national jurisdiction necessitates that reasonable alternative means are available to effectively protect employees' rights; in this context, a first instance Dutch court considered an estimated duration of proceedings before the
440:
Health and
Population Organizations – based on common perceived health and population goals. These are formed to address those challenges collectively, for example, the intergovernmental partnership for population and development Partners in Population and
838:
that predated the UN). A few UN special agencies are very centralized in policy and decision-making, but some are decentralized; for example, the country-based projects or missions' directors and managers can decide what they want to do in the fields.
851:), work in the human rights' protection fields. The UN agency, ILO, is trying to end any kind of discrimination in the work field and child labor; after that, this agency promotes fundamental labor rights and to get safe and secure for the laborers.
652:
markets due to their membership. External actors can also contribute to economic rewards and fuel the attractiveness of IGOs - notably for developing countries. For example, external donor funding from the
European Union to IGOs in the Global
720:
Intergovernmental organizations are provided with privileges and immunities that are intended to ensure their independent and effective functioning. They are specified in the treaties that give rise to the organization (such as the
704:
Attractive external options: Bilateral co-operation with external actors or competing IGOs may provide more attractive (external) policy options for member states. Thus, powerful external actors may undermine existing
1691:
726:
1252:
1232:
Intergovernmental organizations having received a standing invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the
General Assembly and maintaining permanent offices at Headquarters
252:. Some IGOs developed to fulfill a need for a neutral forum for debate or negotiation to resolve disputes. Others developed to carry out mutual interests with unified aims to preserve peace through
1786:
2086:
Pevehouse, Jon C.W., Timothy
Nordstron, Roseanne W McManus, Anne Spencer Jamison, "Tracking Organizations in the World: The Correlates of War IGO Version 3.0 datasets", Journal of Peace Research.
304:
Worldwide or global organizations – generally open to nations worldwide as long as certain criteria are met: This category includes the United
Nations (UN) and its specialized agencies, the
1201:
1184:
90:, but may also include other entities, such as other international organizations, firms, and nongovernmental organizations. Additionally, entities (including states) may hold observer status.
347:
Cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical organizations – open to members based on some cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical link. Examples include the
344:(formerly the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research), a global partnership that unites intergovernmental organizations engaged in research for a food-secured future.
425:
was chartered as a university and umbrella organization dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries. The United
Nations has founded multiple universities, notably the
722:
767:
676:, IGOs are beneficial as the nation increases influence in the smaller countries' internal affairs and expanding other nations dependence on themselves, so to preserve allegiance.
770:
of 15 years to be too long. An international organization does not pay taxes, is difficult to prosecute in court and is not obliged to provide information to any parliament.
1688:
433:, for research and education around issues relevant to the UN, such as peace and sustainable development. The United Nations also has a dedicated training arm: the
735:
in the United States). The organizations are thereby immune from the jurisdiction of national courts. Certain privileges and immunities are also specified in the
2137:
2089:
Roger, Charles., Sam Rowan, "The New
Terrain of Global Governance: Mapping Membership in Informal International Organizations.", Journal of Conflict Resolution,
1585:"Status: Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character. Vienna, 14 March 1975"
637:
There are several different reasons a state may choose membership in an intergovernmental organization. But there are also reasons membership may be rejected.
2180:
1804:
867:
The first and oldest international organization—being established employing a treaty, and creating a permanent secretariat, with a global membership—was the
248:
Intergovernmental organizations differ in function, membership, and membership criteria. They have various goals and scopes, often outlined in the treaty or
2273:
1209:
1014:
476:
98:
1780:
664:, who do not carry much political clout on the international stage, are given a substantial increase in influence through membership in IGOs such as the
2148:
1557:"Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character. Vienna, 14 March 1975"
1135:
434:
2358:
842:
The UN agencies have a variety of tasks based on their specialization and their interests. The UN agencies provide different kinds of assistance to
2726:
512:
448:
2096:
Lundgren, Magnus; Squatrito, Theresa; Sommerer, Thomas; Tallberg, Jonas (2023). "Introducing the Intergovernmental Policy Output Dataset (IPOD)".
1709:
2321:
560:
358:
79:
2301:
848:
516:
321:
1584:
698:: Membership often comes with a loss of state sovereignty as treaties are signed that require co-operation on the part of all member states.
979:
974:
969:
648:(NAFTA), membership in the free trade agreement benefits the parties' economies. For example, Mexican companies are given better access to
372:
261:
170:
17:
1377:
320:(IMF). It also includes globally operating intergovernmental organizations that are not an agency of the UN, including for example: the
2316:
731:
364:
2378:
2173:
2103:
Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette (2021-03). "What kills international organisations? When and why international organisations terminate".
472:
399:
1726:
Reinisch, August (July 2008). "The immunity of international organizations and the jurisdiction of their administrative tribunals".
232:) do not establish an independent secretariat and instead rely on the parties for their administration, for example by setting up a
208:
Intergovernmental organizations in a legal sense should be distinguished from simple groupings or coalitions of states, such as the
2721:
520:
186:
182:
1755:
701:
Insufficient benefits: Often membership does not bring about substantial enough benefit to warrant membership in the organization.
2486:
2481:
2476:
2408:
2213:
964:
686:
Democracy: It has been noted that member countries experience a greater degree of democracy and those democracies survive longer.
2741:
492:
225:
737:
Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character
2351:
1532:
1447:
1356:
942:
868:
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309:
293:
2830:
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2736:
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2166:
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1291:
937:
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2584:
2574:
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376:
221:
1645:
822:) and are governed independently by them; examples include international organizations that predate the UN, such as the
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2491:
2233:
468:
380:
102:
447: – open to members from a particular continent or other specific region of the world. This category includes the
2797:
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2428:
1878:
624:
110:
606:
2344:
835:
1801:
2835:
2792:
2651:
810:, are generally regarded as international organizations in their own right. Additionally, the United Nations has
729:), which are normally supplemented by further multinational agreements and national regulations (for example the
500:
488:
484:
1968:"Death of international organizations. The organizational ecology of intergovernmental organizations, 1815–2015"
683:
gives security benefits to member countries. This provides an arena where political differences can be resolved.
2713:
2468:
2248:
2225:
2205:
2123:
591:
2142:
2034:
Lall, Ranjit. 2017. "Beyond Institutional Design: Explaining the Performance of International Organizations."
1556:
999:
739:
of 1975,. which however has so far not been signed by 35 states and is thus not yet in force (status: 2022).
368:
190:
174:
1869:
Alesani, Daniele (17 December 2013). "International Institutions. Classification and main characteristics".
414:
was founded as an economic-policy-focused organization. An example of a recently formed economic IGO is the
2413:
2238:
333:
233:
114:
2152:
42:(Switzerland), which is the city that hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world
2594:
2243:
2048:
Lavelle, Kathryn C. (2020): The Challenges of Multilateralism. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300230451.
1346:
395:
317:
1821:
875:, founded on 10 January 1920 with a principal mission of maintaining world peace after World War I. The
2802:
2611:
2253:
1706:
1235:
871:(founded in 1865). The first general international organization—addressing a variety of issues—was the
807:
220:. Intergovernmental organizations must also be distinguished from treaties. Many treaties (such as the
213:
2258:
1895:
831:
504:
426:
305:
75:
598:
2604:
2288:
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496:
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229:
202:
130:
2777:
2589:
2367:
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947:
795:
602:
460:
348:
257:
155:
216:. Such groups or associations have not been founded by a constituent document and exist only as
827:
297:
178:
1630:
1096:
133:
has been credited with coining the term "international organization" in a 1871 article in the
1009:
815:
756:
752:
556:
508:
444:
2767:
2681:
2418:
2268:
1896:"Specialised Agencies and Other United Nations Organs Working in the Field of Human Rights"
1004:
932:
843:
430:
281:
2053:
Regionalism in Africa and External Partners. Uneven Relationships and (Un)Intended Effects
1654:
The French court said... The right to a day in court prevails over jurisdictional immunity
1516:
Regionalism in Africa and External Partners: Uneven Relationships and (Un)Intended Effects
1378:"Analyzing international organizations: How the concepts we use affect the answers we get"
386:
Economic organizations – based on macro-economic policy goals: Some are dedicated to
142:
8:
2691:
2686:
2549:
1609:
Parish, Matthew (2010). "An essay on the accountability of international organizations".
1019:
994:
984:
952:
715:
422:
253:
146:
2522:
1871:
Management of International Institutions and NGOs: Frameworks, practices and challenges
1822:"International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD): Die Migrations-Manager"
1759:
1538:
1492:
1418:
1327:
1319:
1174:
1166:
1052:
François Modoux, "La Suisse engagera 300 millions pour rénover le Palais des Nations",
860:
564:
30:
1514:
193:, as well as lobby groups that represent the interests of multinational corporations.
2787:
2656:
2621:
2564:
2532:
2449:
2158:
2072:
1999:
1911:
1874:
1626:
1542:
1528:
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1453:
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1331:
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1272:
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872:
799:
452:
415:
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67:
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158:" (all relations between states), "international law" (which lacks enforcement) and
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1989:
1979:
1903:
1737:
1679:
1618:
1520:
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1392:
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1264:
1150:
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1790:
1713:
1695:
1362:
989:
909:
237:
2133:
1741:
917:
2433:
2278:
2069:
Swords into Plowshares: The problems and progress of international organization
1956:
Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice
1396:
1231:
1154:
876:
763:
743:
665:
533:
456:
285:
209:
94:
71:
35:
2132:
on the 'Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations' in the
2060:
1984:
1967:
1929:
1907:
1524:
1457:
1268:
1112:
1097:"The International Law Commission's Definition of International Organizations"
727:
Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Criminal Court
145:
in works published in 1907, 1908 and 1909, and by political science professor
2824:
2076:
2003:
1915:
1683:
1649:
1622:
1488:
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480:
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that alternative means of dispute settlement are required as states have
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352:
273:
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obligations to provide plaintiffs with access to court in view of their
2666:
1496:
1472:
1405:
1323:
1170:
1024:
421:
Educational organizations – centered around tertiary-level study.
387:
313:
217:
1994:
830:, as well as organizations that were created after the UN such as the
2772:
2527:
325:
1508:
1506:
1307:
773:
609:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2579:
2517:
2496:
2263:
2043:
Making International Institutions Work: The Politics of Performance
2022:
Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics
1054:
859:
An early prominent example of an international organization is the
783:
657:
549:
289:
154:, Potter argued that international organization was distinct from "
118:
1943:
1844:
1503:
723:
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
673:
661:
412:
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
249:
177:(NGOs) that operate internationally. These include international
141:(1883, 1884). Other early uses of the term were by law professor
1202:"International Organizations - Research Guide International Law"
768:
Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization
2671:
2559:
1070:"Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations"
669:
403:
197:
63:
39:
2646:
2403:
818:
that have their member states (often nearly identical to the
779:
545:
341:
1134:
Koremenos, Barbara; Lipson, Charles; Snidal, Duncan (2001).
778:
The United Nations focuses on five main areas: "maintaining
2423:
680:
541:
411:
407:
288:) while others may have subject-specific missions (such as
83:
152:
An Introduction to the Study of International Organization
2703:
2126:
List of International Organisation and their Headquarters
165:
International Organizations are sometimes referred to as
86:. International organizations are composed of primarily
2138:
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
1348:
Introduction to the Study of International Organization
324:, an operating intergovernmental organization based in
260:, promote international cooperation on matters such as
2188:
1292:"The Classification of International Organizations, I"
135:
Revue de Droit International et de Legislation Compare
27:
Organization established by treaty between governments
1133:
834:(which was made up of regional organizations such as
70:
and possesses its own legal personality, such as the
2274:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2029:
International Organizations: Politics, Law, Practice
1965:
1234:." United Nations Department of Public Information,
1015:
Supranational aspects of international organizations
899:
477:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
137:. Lorimer use the term frequently in his two-volume
99:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
2151:: IGO/NGO google custom search engine built by the
1136:"The Rational Design of International Institutions"
435:United Nations Institute for Training and Research
774:United Nations agencies and related organizations
668:. Also for countries with more influence such as
150:organizations on the other end. In his 1922 book
2822:
656:Political influence: Smaller countries, such as
570:
513:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
449:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
1253:"Origin of the Term International Organization"
2409:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
2322:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
561:Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine
359:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
80:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2352:
2174:
1668:
517:Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization
322:Hague Conference on Private International Law
1966:Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette (1 April 2020).
1893:
980:List of supranational environmental agencies
975:List of regional organizations by population
970:List of organizations with .int domain names
742:Rather than by national jurisdiction, legal
709:
373:International Organization of Turkic Culture
356:
328:that pursues the progressive unification of
171:international non-governmental organizations
2366:
2105:European Journal of International Relations
1519:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
2359:
2345:
2317:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
2181:
2167:
2124:Headquarters of International Organisation
1512:
1375:
1076:. United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs
732:International Organizations Immunities Act
365:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
336:that adjudicates crimes defined under the
119:International Criminal Police Organization
2424:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
2098:The Review of International Organizations
2020:Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, M. 2004.
1993:
1983:
1972:The Review of International Organizations
1664:
1662:
1404:
1385:The Review of International Organizations
1376:Roger, Charles B.; Rowan, Sam S. (2022).
1178:
625:Learn how and when to remove this message
527:
473:Economic Community of West African States
2130:Procedural history and related documents
2071:(3rd ed.). New York: Random House.
1725:
1470:
1094:
1074:Audiovisual Library of International Law
521:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
187:International Committee of the Red Cross
183:World Organization of the Scout Movement
169:(IGOs), to clarify the distinction from
66:or other type of instrument governed by
29:
2429:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
1868:
1716:, brettonwoodlaw.com, 11 September 2013
1435:
965:List of intergovernmental organizations
886:
679:Security: Membership in an IGO such as
14:
2823:
2066:
1672:International Organizations Law Review
1659:
1611:International Organizations Law Review
1608:
1473:"Turkey's Candidacy for EU Membership"
1344:
1289:
1250:
1101:International Organizations Law Review
493:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
390:and reduction of trade barriers, e.g.
284:. Some are more general in scope (the
226:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
2340:
2162:
1894:Blyth-Kubota, Fiona (16 April 1992).
1643:
1351:. The Century Company. pp. 1–5.
1257:American Journal of International Law
943:International organisations in Europe
869:International Telecommunication Union
824:International Telecommunication Union
814:, which are organizations within the
644:Economic rewards: In the case of the
310:International Telecommunication Union
294:International Telecommunication Union
2155:of the American Library Association.
1729:Chinese Journal of International Law
1707:The success of which we cannot speak
1442:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1246:
1244:
1095:Bouwhuis, Stephen (1 January 2012).
1067:
938:International financial institutions
574:
243:
2153:Govt Documents Round Table (GODORT)
2145:on the World News related documents
1900:Nordic Journal of International Law
1842:
1190:from the original on 22 April 2023.
958:Index of international trade topics
646:North American Free Trade Agreement
532:In regional organizations like the
377:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
222:North American Free Trade Agreement
24:
2502:International relations since 1989
2492:Diplomatic history of World War II
2414:International Criminal Court (ICC)
2234:Bank for International Settlements
2051:Muntschick, Johannes, ed. (2022):
2014:
1513:Muntschick, Johannes, ed. (2022).
690:Reasons for rejecting membership:
469:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
381:Commonwealth of Independent States
103:Bank for International Settlements
25:
2847:
2798:International political sociology
2117:
1439:The Challenges of Multilateralism
1296:American Political Science Review
1241:
1127:
1068:Gaja, Giorgio (9 December 2011).
111:International Labour Organization
1802:EPO: no immunity in labor cases?
916:
902:
579:
228:before the establishment of the
139:Institutes of the Law of Nations
2793:International political economy
1959:
1950:
1922:
1887:
1862:
1836:
1814:
1795:
1774:
1748:
1719:
1700:
1637:
1602:
1577:
1549:
1464:
1429:
1369:
501:Union of South American Nations
489:Association of Caribbean States
485:Organization of American States
167:intergovernmental organizations
2249:International Seabed Authority
1644:Heitz, André (November 2005).
1338:
1283:
1224:
1194:
1088:
1061:
1043:
762:The immunities also extend to
175:non-governmental organizations
124:
52:intergovernmental organization
13:
1:
2067:Claude, Inis L. Jr. (1964) .
2045:. Cambridge University Press.
2031:. Cambridge University Press.
1036:
1000:Regional Economic Communities
571:Participation and involvement
369:Organization of Turkic States
93:Notable examples include the
2761:Related fields and subfields
2239:International Criminal Court
2143:World News related documents
1782:Waite and Kennedy v. Germany
1436:Lavelle, Kathryn C. (2020).
1058:, Friday 28 June 2013, p. 9.
334:International Criminal Court
115:International Criminal Court
7:
2831:International organizations
2244:International Monetary Fund
2190:International organizations
2024:. Cornell University Press.
1471:Yesilada, Birol A. (2002).
895:
640:Reasons for participation:
605:the claims made and adding
396:International Monetary Fund
318:International Monetary Fund
18:International organizations
10:
2852:
2803:Peace and conflict studies
2419:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
2254:World Customs Organization
2036:International Organization
1756:"Van der Peet vs. Germany"
1397:10.1007/s11558-021-09432-2
1345:Potter, Pitman B. (1922).
1290:Potter, Pitman B. (1935).
1251:Potter, Pitman B. (1945).
1236:United Nations Secretariat
1155:10.1162/002081801317193592
1143:International Organization
879:followed this model after
854:
808:UN Relief and Works Agency
713:
196:IGOs are established by a
48:international organization
2760:
2712:
2510:
2467:
2442:
2396:
2387:
2374:
2297:
2259:Inter-Parliamentary Union
2223:
2204:
2061:10.1007/978-3-031-10702-3
1985:10.1007/s11558-018-9340-5
1908:10.1163/15718107-90000022
1873:. Routledge. p. 24.
1811:, dvdw.nl, 27 August 2013
1742:10.1093/chinesejil/jmn020
1525:10.1007/978-3-031-10702-3
1269:10.1017/S0002930000140515
1113:10.1163/15723747-00902004
864:30 Years' War in Europe.
832:World Health Organization
710:Privileges and immunities
563:, created in 1815 by the
505:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
427:United Nations University
400:international development
357:
330:private international law
306:World Health Organization
300:). Common types include:
156:international intercourse
76:World Health Organization
62:that is established by a
56:international institution
2289:World Trade Organization
1902:. 61–62 (1–4): 193–195.
1824:(in German). 19 May 2023
1684:10.1163/1572374043242330
1623:10.1163/157237410X543332
749:fundamental human rights
497:Islamic Development Bank
398:. Others are focused on
392:World Trade Organization
262:environmental protection
230:World Trade Organization
203:public international law
191:Médecins Sans Frontières
2778:Foreign policy analysis
2590:International community
2368:International relations
2312:Commonwealth of Nations
1646:"UN Special number 645"
948:International relations
796:sustainable development
461:Eurasian Economic Union
349:Commonwealth of Nations
298:standards organizations
258:international relations
179:nonprofit organizations
129:Scottish law professor
2836:Cultural globalization
828:Universal Postal Union
528:Regional organizations
445:Regional organizations
43:
1010:Regional organization
816:United Nations System
753:right to a fair trial
557:regional organization
509:Pacific Islands Forum
33:
2768:Comparative politics
2269:New Development Bank
2041:Lall, Ranjit. 2023.
1652:on 19 October 2013.
1206:Peace Palace Library
1005:Regional integration
933:Intergovernmentalism
887:Expansion and growth
844:low-income countries
812:Specialized Agencies
431:University for Peace
282:economic development
2550:Collective security
2434:United Nations (UN)
2298:Cultural IGOs
1477:Middle East Journal
1020:Supranational union
995:Non-aggression pact
985:List of trade blocs
953:International trade
716:Diplomatic immunity
254:conflict resolution
173:(INGOs), which are
50:, also known as an
34:The offices of the
2055:. Cham: Palgrave.
1807:2013-10-19 at the
1789:2013-08-25 at the
1762:on 19 October 2013
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1694:2013-10-19 at the
861:Congress of Vienna
590:possibly contains
565:Congress of Vienna
270:social development
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2657:Right of conquest
2622:National interest
2565:Deterrence theory
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2206:Intergovernmental
2134:Historic Archives
2027:Hurd, Ian. 2018.
1843:Nations, United.
1534:978-3-031-10701-6
1449:978-0-300-25232-3
1358:978-1-4067-2003-7
873:League of Nations
800:international law
635:
634:
627:
592:original research
453:Council of Europe
423:EUCLID University
416:Bank of the South
244:Types and purpose
143:Walther Schucking
107:Council of Europe
68:international law
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121:(INTERPOL).
92:
60:organization
55:
51:
47:
45:
2783:Geopolitics
2662:Sovereignty
2642:Imperialism
2555:Colonialism
2540:Appeasement
2455:Warsaw Pact
1406:10230/49072
1050:(in French)
804:UN agencies
696:sovereignty
555:The oldest
353:Arab League
312:(ITU), the
274:health care
256:and better
218:task groups
125:Terminology
2825:Categories
2737:Liberalism
2682:Friendship
2667:Suzerainty
2149:IGO Search
2083:Datasets:
1995:1814/60598
1845:"Our Work"
1458:1149484630
1302:(2): 215.
1037:References
1025:Trade bloc
826:, and the
806:, such as
714:See also:
599:improve it
475:(ECOWAS),
406:, such as
388:free trade
340:; and the
316:, and the
314:World Bank
296:and other
2773:Diplomacy
2677:Bilateral
2575:Grey-zone
2528:Coalition
2487:1919–1939
2482:1814–1919
2477:1648–1814
2077:559717722
2004:1559-744X
1916:0902-7351
1543:252751858
1489:0026-3141
1423:255317045
1415:1559-744X
1332:251095046
1316:0003-0554
1277:0002-9300
1216:21 August
1163:0020-8183
1121:1572-3747
1080:21 August
615:June 2023
603:verifying
515:(SAARC),
495:(ASEAN),
451:(CLACS),
437:(UNITAR).
326:The Hague
280:, and to
224:, or the
2732:Feminism
2585:Idealism
2580:Hegemony
2533:Military
2518:Alliance
2511:Concepts
2497:Cold War
2379:Glossary
2264:Interpol
1805:Archived
1787:Archived
1710:Archived
1692:Archived
1185:Archived
1180:41593236
1055:Le Temps
896:See also
784:security
725:and the
694:Loss of
658:Portugal
550:Mercosur
479:(OSCE),
471:(NATO),
463:(EAEU),
429:and the
290:INTERPOL
101:(OSCE),
58:, is an
2752:Realism
2742:Marxism
2605:Liberal
2523:Entente
2469:History
2397:Present
2136:of the
1944:YouTube
1631:1651784
1497:4329722
1324:1947502
1171:3078615
855:History
674:Germany
662:Belgium
597:Please
559:is the
523:(OECS).
507:(ACD),
491:(ACS),
487:(OAS),
455:(CoE),
404:cartels
292:or the
250:charter
214:Quartet
212:or the
113:(ILO),
109:(COE),
105:(BIS),
2714:Theory
2672:Treaty
2560:Crisis
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2002:
1914:
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1828:9 June
1784:(1999)
1629:
1594:18 May
1589:un.org
1569:18 May
1564:un.org
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670:France
653:South.
483:(AU),
459:(EU),
383:(CIS).
379:, and
332:; the
308:, the
198:treaty
117:, and
97:(UN),
82:, and
74:, the
64:treaty
54:or an
40:Geneva
2697:Peace
2652:Power
2647:Peace
2404:BRICS
1938:7 May
1854:7 May
1560:(PDF)
1539:S2CID
1493:JSTOR
1419:S2CID
1381:(PDF)
1328:S2CID
1320:JSTOR
1188:(PDF)
1175:S2CID
1167:JSTOR
1139:(PDF)
849:UNHCR
780:peace
705:IGOs.
546:ASEAN
342:CGIAR
2443:Past
2302:list
2226:IGOs
2214:list
2196:list
2111:(1).
2073:OCLC
2000:ISSN
1940:2022
1912:ISSN
1875:ISBN
1856:2022
1830:2023
1768:2013
1689:Pdf.
1627:SSRN
1596:2022
1571:2022
1529:ISBN
1485:ISSN
1454:OCLC
1444:ISBN
1411:ISSN
1353:ISBN
1312:ISSN
1273:ISSN
1218:2019
1159:ISSN
1117:ISSN
1082:2019
836:PAHO
782:and
681:NATO
672:and
660:and
650:U.S.
548:and
542:NATO
408:OPEC
189:and
84:NATO
2704:War
2057:doi
1990:hdl
1980:doi
1904:doi
1738:doi
1680:doi
1619:doi
1521:doi
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