175:
163:
1459:
136:
39:
674:
460:. The relief of a landscape can change with the size of the area over which it is measured, making the definition of the scale over which it is measured very important. Because it is related to the slope of surfaces within the area of interest and to the
378:
is basic to both defensive and offensive strategy. The military usage of "terrain" is very broad, encompassing not only landform but land use and land cover, surface transport infrastructure, built structures and
977:* "culture — A feature of the terrain that has been constructed by man. Included are such items as roads, buildings, and canals; boundary lines; and, in a broad sense, all names and legends on a map."
1261:
I. Balenovic, H. Marjanovic, D. Vuletic, etc. Quality assessment of high density digital surface model over different land cover classes. PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM. VOL. 117, No 4, 459–470, 2015.
848:
1188:
Wobus, C.; Whipple, K.; Kirby, E.; Snyder, N.; Johnson, J.; Spyropolou, K.; Sheehan, D. (2006). "Tectonics from topography: Procedures, promise, and pitfalls. Special Paper".
1101:
Gasparini, N.; Bras, R.; Whipple, K. (2006). "Numerical modeling of non–steady-state river profile evolution using a sediment-flux-dependent incision model. Special Paper".
1354:
Hoth, S.; Adam, J.; Kukowski, N.; Oncken, O. (2006). "Influence of erosion on the kinematics of bivergent orogens: Results from scaled sandbox simulations. Special Paper".
440:. It is the difference between maximum and minimum elevations within a given area, usually of limited extent. A relief can be described qualitatively, such as a "
842:
Dwevedi, Alka; Kumar, Promod; Kumar, Pravita; Kumar, Yogendra; Sharma, Yogesh K.; Kayastha, Arvind M. (January 1, 2017). Grumezescu, Alexandru Mihai (ed.).
484:
Geomorphology is in large part the study of the formation of terrain or topography. Terrain is formed by concurrent processes operating on the underlying
1272:
1130:
Roe, G.; Stolar, D.; Willett, S. (2006). "Response of a steady-state critical wedge orogen to changes in climate and tectonic forcing. Special Paper".
602:
rarely (if ever) reaches equilibrium. These processes are also codependent, however the full range of their interactions is still a topic of debate.
464:
of any streams present, the relief of a landscape is a useful metric in the study of the Earth's surface. Relief energy, which may be defined
892:
Baker, N.T.; Capel, P.D. (2011). "Environmental factors that influence the location of crop agriculture in the conterminous United States".
1310:"Interactions between tectonics, erosion, and sedimentation during the recent evolution of the Alpine orogen: Analogue modeling insights"
636:, are definite physical objects (lines, points, areas) that differ from the surrounding objects. The most typical examples airlines of
1377:
King, G.; Herman, F.; Guralnik, B. (2016). "Northward migration of the eastern himalayan syntaxis revealed by OSL thermochronometry".
1027:
470:
as "the maximum height range in a regular grid", is essentially an indication of the ruggedness or relative height of the terrain.
869:
269:, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect
811:
412:
979:* "key terrain — Any locality, or area, the seizure or retention of which affords a marked advantage to either combatant."
981:* "terrain intelligence — Intelligence on the military significance of natural and manmade characteristics of an area."
724:
103:
1309:
1037:
1010:
727:. A digital terrain model (DTM) represents specifically the ground surface while DEM and DSM may represent tree top
122:
75:
179:
151:
317:
363:
on sloping land; it is the practice of ploughing along lines of equal elevation instead of up and down a slope.
82:
60:
1159:
Stolar, D.; Willett, S.; Roe, G. (2006). "Climatic and tectonic forcing of a critical orogen. Special Paper".
1356:
1190:
1161:
1132:
1103:
1059:"Interaction between normal fault slip and erosion on relief evolution; insights from experimental modelling"
1058:
775:
769:
720:
485:
1287:
764:
1480:
843:
563:
555:
329:
89:
375:
308:
and other interdisciplinary sciences; understanding the terrain of an area assists the understanding of
1430:
419:
systems. Furthermore, a hilly or mountainous terrain can strongly impact the implementation of a new
333:
949:
71:
1490:
1066:
56:
20:
975:* "compartmentation ... areas bounded on at least two sides by terrain features such as woods..."
535:
415:) and airport altitudes. Terrain will also affect range and performance of radars and terrestrial
1241:
806:
692:
666:
598:
processes wear the land away by smoothing and reducing topographic features. The relationship of
360:
49:
921:
914:
Drainage basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected streams in central
Pennsylvania
897:
844:"15 - Soil sensors: detailed insight into research updates, significance, and future prospects"
796:
1237:
599:
297:
167:
370:
critical because it determines the ability of armed forces to take and hold areas, and move
1388:
1326:
1260:
1075:
716:
696:
677:
539:
384:
8:
1485:
1317:
489:
289:
The terrain of a region largely determines its suitability for human settlement: flatter
1392:
1330:
1079:
745:
and visualization applications, a DTM is often required for flood or drainage modeling,
436:) refers specifically to the quantitative measurement of vertical elevation change in a
1412:
1342:
1283:
995:
937:
861:
738:
617:
of a terrain or curvatures at each location. These measures can also be used to derive
614:
516:
512:
457:
258:
963:
1416:
1404:
1379:
1346:
1033:
1006:
1002:
865:
750:
746:
708:
356:
352:
96:
523:
155:
1396:
1365:
1334:
1242:"New insights into the relationship between erosion and tectonics in the Himalayas"
1199:
1170:
1141:
1112:
1083:
857:
728:
681:
531:
416:
626:
591:
559:
527:
504:
461:
380:
345:
309:
195:
178:
A shaded and colored image (i.e. terrain is enhanced) of varied terrain from the
1463:
1087:
853:
781:
742:
551:
508:
500:
396:
patterns. Two areas geographically close to each other may differ radically in
313:
290:
174:
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1203:
1174:
1145:
1116:
162:
1474:
1434:
576:
479:
397:
203:
1400:
912:
261:, terrain is the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the
1408:
1246:
1043:
801:
637:
606:
569:
543:
321:
187:
1338:
653:
401:
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301:
135:
1458:
1280:
Severn Tidal
Tributaries Catchment Flood Management Plan – Scoping Stage
821:
786:
595:
466:
237:
233:
229:
219:
191:
147:
1433:. On military terrain from the perspective of the combat soldier. By
700:
649:
618:
609:
properties of a surface. The most common examples are used to derive
573:
547:
437:
420:
305:
262:
241:
143:
38:
791:
732:
712:
633:
583:
408:
367:
325:
199:
183:
1057:
Strak, V.; Dominguez, S.; Petit, C.; Meyer, B.; Loget, N. (2011).
1451:
971:
Department of
Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
894:
U.S. Geological Survey
Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5108
816:
622:
587:
496:
393:
332:. Complex arrays of relief data are used as input parameters for
274:
270:
27:
673:
293:
tend to have better farming soils than steeper, rockier uplands.
704:
703:
data to represent terrain or overlaying objects, commonly of a
641:
645:
610:
605:
Land surface parameters are quantitative measures of various
453:
371:
266:
140:
723:(GIS), and are the most common basis for digitally produced
285:
The understanding of terrain is critical for many reasons:
1446:
685:
337:
225:
16:
Vertical and horizontal dimension and shape of land surface
765:
Applications of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
749:, geological applications, and other applications, and in
1056:
1187:
400:
levels or timing because of elevation differences or a
1353:
1307:
1220:
1216:
841:
1236:
224:) involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of
1100:
387:, even psychological, cultural, or economic factors.
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1376:
1224:
994:
411:, especially for low-flying routes and maneuvers (
190:running about 500 km (310 mi) long. The
594:cause land to be elevated, whereas erosional and
1472:
1158:
1129:
1029:African Landscapes: Interdisciplinary Approaches
194:is flanked by a vast chain of hills between the
1308:Bonnet, C.; Malavieille, J.; Mosar, J. (2007).
1026:Bollig, Michael; Bubenzer, Olaf, eds. (2009).
1025:
992:
245:
891:
695:(DEM) or digital surface model (DSM) is a
625:parameters are based on the modelling of
407:Precise knowledge of terrain is vital in
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
885:
672:
659:
374:and material into and through areas. An
173:
161:
134:
1473:
1221:Bonnet, Malavieille & Mosar (2007)
910:
621:that reflect flow/erosion processes.
1273:"Appendix A – Glossary and Acronyms"
812:Terrain awareness and warning system
392:Terrain is important in determining
359:is an established practice enabling
351:Understanding terrain also supports
61:adding citations to reliable sources
32:
423:and the orientation of its runways.
383:, and, by extension under the term
13:
1424:
1225:King, Herman & Guralnik (2016)
862:10.1016/B978-0-12-804299-1.00016-3
656:or borders of specific landforms.
14:
1502:
1440:
1032:. Cologne: Springer. p. 48.
156:TerrainBase Digital Terrain Model
1457:
665:This section is an excerpt from
473:
180:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
152:National Geophysical Data Center
37:
1301:
1265:
1254:
1230:
1210:
1181:
1152:
849:New Pesticides and Soil Sensors
413:see terrain collision avoidance
344:) to allow prediction of river
206:. Northeast is towards the top.
48:needs additional citations for
1123:
1094:
1050:
1019:
986:
956:
904:
835:
737:While a DSM may be useful for
721:geographic information systems
715:. A "global DEM" refers to a
1:
1462:The dictionary definition of
1357:Geological Society of America
1191:Geological Society of America
1162:Geological Society of America
1133:Geological Society of America
1104:Geological Society of America
828:
776:Geographic information system
770:Cartographic relief depiction
355:, especially in agriculture.
280:
338:Storm Water Management Model
240:studies terrain relative to
7:
1088:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.10.005
757:
10:
1507:
993:Summerfield, M.A. (1991).
664:
477:
334:hydrology transport models
25:
18:
719:. DEMs are used often in
632:Land surface objects, or
427:
964:"Joint Publication 1-02"
499:processes: migration of
376:understanding of terrain
314:drainage characteristics
26:Not to be confused with
21:Terrain (disambiguation)
1401:10.1126/science.aaf2637
693:digital elevation model
667:Digital elevation model
619:hydrological parameters
361:sustainable agriculture
922:U.S. Geological Survey
898:U.S. Geological Survey
797:Physical terrain model
688:
246:
207:
171:
159:
1370:10.1130/2006.2398(12)
1238:University of Cologne
1204:10.1130/2006.2398(04)
1175:10.1130/2006.2398(14)
1146:10.1130/2005.2398(13)
1117:10.1130/2006.2398(08)
911:Brush, L. M. (1961).
676:
660:Digital terrain model
600:erosion and tectonics
486:geological structures
298:environmental quality
177:
165:
138:
1339:10.1029/2006TC002048
1219:, pp. 201–225;
997:Global Geomorphology
717:discrete global grid
697:3D computer graphics
310:watershed boundaries
232:is used to describe
57:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1431:Boots on the ground
1393:2016Sci...353..800K
1331:2007Tecto..26.6016B
1080:2011Tectp.513....1S
920:. Washington D.C.:
542:and gravitational (
322:groundwater systems
1481:Physical geography
1284:Environment Agency
1240:(23 August 2016).
1227:, pp. 800–804
1217:Hoth et al. (2006)
739:landscape modeling
699:representation of
689:
586:processes such as
517:volcanic eruptions
513:mountain formation
259:physical geography
228:surface. The term
208:
172:
160:
1387:(6301): 800–804.
871:978-0-12-804299-1
751:planetary science
357:Contour ploughing
353:soil conservation
328:, and impacts on
254:) means "earth."
244:. The Latin word
186:of New Zealand's
133:
132:
125:
107:
1498:
1461:
1420:
1373:
1350:
1314:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1286:. Archived from
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878:
839:
747:land-use studies
682:Tithonium Chasma
570:Extraterrestrial
451:
450:
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417:radio navigation
318:drainage systems
249:
182:. This shows an
150:. Data from the
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65:
41:
33:
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1491:Vertical datums
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1425:Further reading
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1005:. p. 537.
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978:
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924:. pp. 1–44
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836:
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772:(2D relief map)
760:
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670:
662:
627:solar radiation
501:tectonic plates
490:geological time
482:
476:
448:
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381:human geography
291:alluvial plains
283:
184:elevation model
129:
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66:
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42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
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5:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1468:at Wiktionary
1455:
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1442:
1441:External links
1439:
1438:
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1297:
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1293:on 2007-07-10.
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1067:Tectonophysics
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854:Academic Press
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782:Geomorphometry
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552:downhill creep
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478:Main article:
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326:water movement
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743:city modeling
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629:or air flow.
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544:mass movement
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480:Geomorphology
474:Geomorphology
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406:
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398:precipitation
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385:human terrain
382:
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365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
346:water quality
343:
339:
336:(such as the
335:
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330:water quality
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253:
250:(the root of
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223:
221:
220:topographical
216:
212:
205:
204:Southern Alps
201:
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176:
169:
168:Sierra Nevada
164:
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84:
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74: –
73:
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
1464:
1456:
1384:
1378:
1361:
1355:
1322:
1316:
1302:Bibliography
1288:the original
1279:
1267:
1256:
1247:ScienceDaily
1245:
1232:
1212:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1071:
1065:
1052:
1044:Google Books
1042:– via
1028:
1021:
996:
988:
974:
970:
958:
926:. Retrieved
913:
906:
893:
887:
875:. Retrieved
847:
837:
802:Relief ratio
690:
680:of a DEM of
678:3D rendering
631:
607:morphometric
604:
582:
483:
465:
434:local relief
433:
431:
342:DSSAM Models
296:In terms of
284:
256:
251:
218:
214:
210:
209:
188:Alpine Fault
139:Present-day
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
1447:Google Maps
1364:: 201–225.
1169:: 241–250.
1140:: 227–239.
1111:: 127–141.
946:|work=
928:October 29,
877:October 11,
856:: 561–594.
807:Subterranea
725:relief maps
650:break-lines
546:); such as
449:high relief
432:Relief (or
402:rain shadow
366:Terrain is
302:agriculture
1486:Topography
1475:Categories
1325:(TC6016).
829:References
822:Topography
787:Hypsometry
644:patterns,
638:watersheds
596:weathering
564:rock falls
548:landslides
522:Erosional
497:Geological
467:inter alia
443:low relief
368:militarily
281:Importance
277:patterns.
238:hypsometry
234:underwater
230:bathymetry
192:escarpment
148:bathymetry
83:newspapers
1452:Bing Maps
1417:206647417
1347:131347609
1318:Tectonics
1198:: 55–74.
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938:cite book
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