Bank for International Settlements

937:. By mid-April, Fraser had arrived from the United States and was working on the BIS's behalf from the Paris office of the Agent General for Reparation Payments, joined by McGarrah in April. The Board members first met for an informal meeting in Basel on 22-23 April 1930, adopted the bank's Statutes. It unanimously elected McGarrah as President of the BIS and Chairman of its Board, Fraser as alternate President, and Addis, Melchior and Moreau as Vice-Chairmen "with equal rank". Quesnay was appointed General Manager, albeit with the three German Board members voting against "for serious reasons of principle" (i.e. objecting to the choice of a French national rather than to Quesnay as an individual). These foundational decisions were later ratified by the first formal Board meeting on 17 May 1930, as the April meeting had also agreed that the ordinary meetings of the Board would henceforth take place in Basel on the second Monday of each month. On 17 May the BIS opened for business and formally took over the funds, accounts, capital, and records of the Agent General for Reparation Payments. On 20 May, the bank's shares were publicly issued. 734:). Other points of contention included the future institution's official language(s), for which the committee endorsed French, and location. For the latter, several delegates favored London, but that was vetoed by the French who proposed Brussels instead, which in turn was vetoed by the British; after Amsterdam failed to gain sufficient support, a consensus was eventually found on Basel, which combined neutral country status and good railway connections. The founding texts of the BIS were then approved at the second part of the Hague conference, on 20 January 1930, with only minor changes from the Baden-Baden drafts such as the addition of English to French as official language. These texts included the constituent Charter and Statutes for the bank, and a Convention ( 36: 1235:

an international organization (in the technical sense of public international law), yet allowed for private shareholders. Many central banks had similarly started as such private institutions; for example, the Bank of England was privately owned until 1946. In more recent years the BIS has bought back its once publicly traded shares. It is now wholly owned by BIS members (central banks), but still operates in the private market as a counterparty, asset manager and lender for central banks and international financial institutions. Profits from its transactions are used, among other things, to fund the bank's other international activities.

1094: 276: 1467: 1216: 2132: 2090: 1361: 1403: 3881: 3690: 3591: 54: 1441: 645:; (2) facilitating German transfers by issuing counterpart bills, notes, and bonds; and (3) serving national central banks by taking their deposits, granting them credit, and carrying out currency and gold transactions on their behalf. It would rely on nonpolitical staff located in a country not directly involved in the reparations disputes. Subsequent fine-tuning discussions revolved around the scope for the bank's lending to foster economic growth and trade which would have given it a role similar to that of the later 1505: 4201: 1389: 4155: 3812: 3713: 3614: 2146: 1869: 1909: 2160: 1842: 629:. It was envisaged as a private institution with shareholders from all participating countries (including Germany) that would settle reparation payments, issue bonds to be serviced by the reparation transfers, and (as advocated by Schacht) provide international long-term credit for countries in need, including Germany. In a memo to Young a few days later, Schacht first used the name "International Settlements Bank" while referring to the projected new institution. Young asked his American peers 4178: 3568: 3858: 3789: 3736: 3667: 3644: 3545: 3515: 3485: 2047: 1985: 1855: 1738: 1788: 4471: 4499: 1776: 2010: 1673: 1616: 1348: 1686: 915: 2035: 1801: 1429: 2103: 2023: 1944: 1480: 1560: 1648: 1630: 1547: 1493: 2194: 1957: 1828: 1535: 1518: 1375: 1335: 2117: 1998: 1764: 1751: 1699: 1882: 1814: 1603: 288: 4247: 3904: 1586: 1454: 546: 2073: 537: 4132: 3950: 1927: 1895: 1416: 1971: 1573: 4485: 861:, and had the right to appoint a second Board member, plus additional right for France and Germany to appoint a third Board member each or the duration of the Young Plan. In principle the Board could appoint up to nine additional directors, in practice however only the Dutch, Swedish and Swiss central bank governors in the BIS's first decades. The inaugural BIS Board had 16 members: Franck and Francqui (Belgium); Moreau, 3835: 3766: 1712: 4111: 4090: 4069: 4039: 4016: 3973: 3927: 2060: 1725: 1660: 2220:

meetings always start on Sundays, when the dinner is a key moment for informal exchange and coordination, and extend over the next day or two. The meeting on Monday morning is the Global Economy Meeting (GEM), preceded by a meeting of the Economic Coordination Committee on Sunday. With the suspension of Russia since March 2022, 30 jurisdictions are members of the GEM and an additional 22 participate as observers.

4224: 2212: 621:. The need for a jointly governed bank emerged in these discussions as a means to overcome information asymmetries and increase the likelihood that commitments would be effectively met, not least by helping the creditors to act collectively and facilitating the reinvestment of German payments into the German economy. The first draft concept for the new bank was presented by Belgian banker 1006:. This was to no avail as remelted gold was either confiscated from prisoners or seized in victory and thus unacceptable as payment to the BIS. Operations conducted by the BIS were viewed with increasing suspicion from London and Washington. The fact that top-level German industrialists and advisors sat on the BIS Board seemed to provide ample evidence of how the BIS might be used by 27: 779: 3025:

One of the Group's first projects, a detailed review of payment system developments in the G10 countries, was published by the BIS in 1985 in the first of a series that has become known as "Red Books". Currently, the red books cover countries participating in the CPMI. A sample of statistical data in

1234:

The BIS was originally owned by both central banks and private individuals, since the United States, Belgium and France had decided to sell all or some of the shares allocated to their central banks to private investors. BIS shares traded on stock markets, which made the bank an unusual organization:

989:

in September 1939, the BIS Board of Directors – on which the main European central banks were represented – decided that the Bank should remain open, but that, for the duration of hostilities, no meetings of the Board of Directors were to take place and that the Bank should maintain a neutral stance

948:

of July 1932 failed to be ratified. Instead, the BIS focused on its second statutory task, i.e. fostering the cooperation between its member central banks. It acted as a meeting forum for central banks and provided banking facilities to them. For instance, in the late 1930s, the BIS was instrumental

856:

international legal personality, was exempted from Swiss taxation and banking supervision, and its senior management enjoyed diplomatic status. The Charter stipulated that "The Bank, its property and assets and all deposits and other funds entrusted to it shall be immune in time of peace and in time

3351:

For various reasons, it has become quite difficult to accurately assess reserves on more than simple loan instruments, and this plus the regional differences has tended to discourage standardizing any reserve rules at the global BIS scale. Historically, the BIS did set some standards which favoured

3335:

requires urban banks to hold 7% reserves while letting rural banks continue to hold only 6%, and simultaneously telling all banks that reserve requirements on certain overheated industries would rise sharply or penalties would be laid if investments in them did not stop completely. The PBoC is thus

2909:

Another of the committees hosted at the BIS is the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI). The Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS) was established in 1990 and extended the prior work of the Group of Experts on Payment Systems (1980) and Committee on Interbank Netting

664:

officials to be formally involved in the initiative, but the U.S. was still able to retain major influence in the proceedings because of a shared perception amongst negotiators that the project would fail without U.S. participation. Major figures of the U.S. financial world would participate in the

2251:

Central banks do not unilaterally "set" rates, rather they set goals and intervene using their massive financial resources and regulatory powers to achieve monetary targets they set. One reason to coordinate policy closely is to ensure that this does not become too expensive and that opportunities

1230:

In the 1990s–2000s, the BIS successfully globalized, breaking out of its traditional European core. This was reflected in a gradual increase in its membership (from 33 shareholding central bank members in 1995 to 60 in 2013, which together represent roughly 95% of global GDP), and also in the much

1183:

From 1964 until 1993, the BIS provided the secretariat for the Committee of Governors of the Central Banks of the Member States of the European Community (Committee of Governors). This Committee had been created by the European Council decision to improve monetary cooperation among the EC central

3454:

from January 1940 to June 1946. The position of President remained vacant from June 1946 to June 1948, when the roles of President and Chair of the Board were again reunited until the former was abolished on 27 June 2005. Meanwhile, the Chair had been left vacant from May 1940 to December 1942.

2219:

The activity of the BIS has always revolved around the regular meetings of its membership in Basel. In the 1930s, these meetings were held every month, with two interruptions resulting in ten meetings per year. Since 1998, these meetings have been held every other month, so six times a year. The

857:

of war from any measure such as expropriation, requisition, seizure, confiscation, prohibition or restriction of gold or currency export or import, and any other similar measures." Under the Statutes, the governor of each of the founding central banks was a member of the BIS Board of Directors

242:

The BIS carries out its work through its meetings, programmes and through the Basel Process, hosting international groups pursuing global financial stability and facilitating their interaction. It also provides banking services, but only to central banks and other international organizations.

1101:

After World War II, the BIS retained a distinct European focus. According to an announcement made by the Swiss Government on 26 December 1952, Japan renounced all rights, titles and interests in the BIS it had acquired under the Hague Convention of January 1930. The BIS acted as Agent for the

2280:

The role that the BIS plays today goes beyond its historical role. The original goal of the BIS was "to promote the co-operation of central banks and to provide additional facilities for international financial operations; and to act as trustee or agent in regard to international financial

851:

The legal status of the bank combined features of a private-sector company and of a public international organization. It was a limited-liability company incorporated under Swiss law, whose shares could be held by individuals and non-governmental entities. However, the rights of voting and

520: 649:. Such a role was advocated by Schacht but opposed by France and by commercial bankers, on the grounds that it could be inflationary and create unfair competition to private-sector lenders. An overall agreement on the future bank, with draft statutes prepared by the Bank of England's 1064:

of the Bank for International Settlements at the earliest possible moment". This resulted in the BIS being the subject of a disagreement between the U.S. and British delegations. The liquidation of the bank was supported by other European delegates, as well as Americans (including

3347:

Effectively, the PBoC sets different reserve levels for domestic and export styles of development. Historically, the United States also did this, by dividing federal monetary management into nine regions, in which the less-developed western United States had looser policies.

432:, a resolution was passed that recommended the creation of "an association or permanent understanding for cooperation amongst central banks, not necessarily limited to Europe, to coordinate credit policies, without detriment to the freedom of each individual central bank." 926:

The BIS had a quick start, even though its intended task of facilitating World War I reparation payments soon became obsolete. Even before the founding meeting in Rome, the Organisation Committee had secured a two-year lease of a convenient building in Basel, the former

475:, to envisage the creation of what he described in September 1925 as "a private and eclectic Central Banks' 'Club', small at first, larger in the future." That vision had a first materialization at a meeting in early July 1927 which brought together Montagu, his friend 640:

Under the Young Committee's consensus concept, made public on 10 March 1929, the bank would serve a threefold purpose as a trustee, bank, and international organization of central bankers: (1) receiving, managing, and distributing German reparation annuities as a

235:. Its primary goal is to foster international monetary and financial cooperation while serving as a bank for central banks. With its establishment in 1930 it is the oldest international financial institution. Its initial purpose was to oversee the settlement of 2231:

countries which forfeited the right to conduct monetary policy in order to implement the euro. While monetary policy is determined by most sovereign nations, it is subject to central and private banking scrutiny and potentially to speculation that affects

1326:

is a member but its engagement with the BIS has been suspended since early March 2022 (see History section above). In the list below, (*) indicates members of the BIS Global Economy Meetings (see below) and (**) indicates observers to these meetings.

580:

A deadline for French repayment of its bilateral debt to the United States provided impetus for a new initiative, which took the form of a Committee of Experts appointed to work out a final settlement of the German reparations, known as the

1231:

more global composition of the BIS Board of Directors. In 1998, the BIS opened a Representative Office for Asia and the Pacific in the Hong Kong SAR. A BIS Representative Office for the Americas was established in 2002 in Mexico City.

2259:

The stated mission of the BIS is to serve central banks in their pursuit of monetary and financial stability, to foster international cooperation in those areas and to act as a bank for central banks. The BIS pursues its mission by:

3398:

The BIS Innovation Hub, launched in 2019, extends the BIS mission of collaboration through digital innovation, developing technology-based public goods to support central banks and enhance the functioning of the financial system.

956:

As a purportedly apolitical organization, the BIS was unable to prevent transactions that reflected contemporaneous geopolitical realities, but were also widely regarded as unconscionable. As a result of the policy of

2649:. These can be overvalued in many circumstances because they do not always reflect current market conditions or adequately assess the risk of every trading position. Accordingly, the Basel standards require the 680:. The bank's Charter, Statutes, Trust Agreement, and Convention on its relations with the host country were subsequently drafted by a special Organisation Committee chaired by Jackson Reynolds, president of the 699:

from 3 October to 13 November 1929; the intense work was marred by the death of Delacroix from a heart attack during the proceedings. Aside from Reynolds, American participants in Baden-baden also included

4684: 848:, for Japan. Thus the BIS was formally created in Rome on 27 February 1930. The BIS promptly opened its doors in Basel on 17 May 1930, ahead of the first German annuities under the Young Plan due in June. 1080:

Keynes went to Morgenthau hoping to prevent or postpone the dissolution, but the next day it was approved; the liquidation of the bank was never actually undertaken. In April 1945, the new U.S. president

3344:", and among exporting countries that find it difficult to manage the diverse requirements of the domestic economy, especially rural agriculture, and an export economy, especially in manufactured goods. 3284: 346:, German academic Julius Wolff submitted a blueprint for an international currency that would be used for emergency lending to national central banks and would be issued by an institution based in a 2661:

The Committee on the Global Financial System (CGFS) was established in 1971 as the Euro-currency Standing Committee, and adopted its current name in 1999. It reports to the Global Economy Meeting.

726:

As in the Paris discussions earlier in the year, the Baden-Baden committee had to reconcile the different visions for the future BIS, from purely a creation of central banks (as espoused by Italy's

1160:

With the end of the Bretton Woods system (1971–73) and the return to floating exchange rates, financial instability came to the fore. The collapse of some internationally active banks, such as

2784:

The Markets Committee is the oldest of the BIS-hosted committees, originally established in 1962 as the Committee on Gold and Foreign Exchange. It also reports to the Global Economy Meeting.

3295: 852:

representation at the Bank's General Meeting were to be exercised exclusively by the central banks of the countries in which shares had been issued. At the same time, the BIS possessed

873: 569: 802:

who was both the most senior in the group, and in poor health (he would pass away in December of 1930). Aside from Stringher, who chaired the meeting, the other participants were:

3320:

to the larger economy, banks cannot create money in specific industries or regions without limit. To make bank depositing and borrowing safer for customers and reduce the risk of

990:

in the conduct of its business. However, as the war dragged on evidence mounted that the BIS conducted operations that were helpful to the Germans. Also, throughout the war, the

3327:

Reserve policy is harder to standardize, as it depends on local conditions and is often fine-tuned to make industry-specific or region-specific changes, especially within large

5487: 685: 1168:(BCBS), which remains active. The BIS developed into a global meeting place for regulators and for developing international standards (Basel Concordat, Basel Capital Accord, 5199: 6199: 3306: 1145:

made three design proposals in 1969, among which the Board of the BIS selected an 82-meter high round tower. This was opposed by locals and their representation in the

5767: 5313: 366:, referencing past examples of bilateral cooperation between central banks and emphasizing the need for more institutionalized cooperation at the international level. 1122:

monetary cooperation. It coordinated the central banks' Gold Pool and a number of currency support operations (e.g. Sterling Group Arrangements of 1966 and 1968. The

5224: 124: 6531: 327:. That episode was recorded as the "war of the banks", ostensibly because of frictions between the Bank of France and the Bank of England about the transaction. 3583: 3283:

The Irving Fisher Committee on Central Bank Statistics gathers 100 members, mostly national central banks as well as a few regional organizations such as the

1085:

ended U.S. involvement in the scheme. The British government suspended the dissolution and the decision to liquidate the BIS was officially reversed in 1948.

299:

International monetary cooperation started to develop tentatively in the course of the 19th century. An early case was a £400,000 loan in gold coins from the

5762: 3352:

lending money to private landowners (at about 5 to 1) and for-profit corporations (at about 2 to 1) over loans to individuals. These distinctions reflecting

3434:. The balance sheet total of the BIS on 31 March 2019 was SDR 291.1 billion (US$ 403.7 billion) and a net profit of SDR 461.1 million (US$ 639.5 million). 834: 1278:

involved as a special observer. The platform, which is expected to go live by 2026, will interlink domestic fast payment systems of the member countries.

1192:(1992). In 1993, when the Committee of Governors was replaced by the European Monetary Institute (EMI – the precursor of the ECB), it moved from Basel to 4054: 3378:

is dedicated to debates and exchanges of practices among supervisors and financial stability policymakers. It was established in 1999 in the wake of the

5858: 3415: 1043: 862: 730:

and by Montagu Norman) to a supranational development bank with policy tasks such as developing world trade (as advocated by Schacht and UK Chancellor

807: 806:

and Alberto Beneduce, for Italy; Bank of England governor Montagu Norman and Harry Arthur Siepmann, for the UK; Bank of France governor Émile Moreau,

3289: 2653:

of internationally active commercial banks to be above a prescribed minimum international standard, to improve the resilience of the banking sector.

3629: 3530: 3015: 2910:

Schemes (1989), and was in turn renamed to CPMI in 2014. Its membership was extended in 1997-98, 2009, and 2018 to reach the following 28 members:

2888: 2769: 2466: 2164: 463:

approved at another London conference in July-August 1924. The latter allowed for a more constructive atmosphere, materialized in diplomacy by the

4685:"Institutionalizing Central Bank Cooperation: The Norman–Schacht Vision and Early Experience of the Bank for International Settlements, 1929–1933" 4443: 331: 6294: 3751: 385:

line between their respective offices to facilitate communication. Similar formal agreements were made that year between the two banks and the

5815: 3500: 3419: 2444: 892: 709: 425: 6029: 404:, the first major discussion of international financial challenges following the war, endorsed by luminaries such as Belgian prime minister 5825: 5810: 1188:(Committee for the Study of Economic and Monetary Union), which produced a blueprint for monetary unification subsequently adopted in the 6894: 6884: 6879: 6864: 1153:

in 1971 in which 69% of voters endorsed a revised design with reduced height. The BIS moved into the new premises, sometimes dubbed the "

794:

and thus obtained force of law on 26 February 1930. The governors met that day and the next to formally approve and sign the statutes in

6649: 3007: 2880: 6357: 2609: 2349: 1274:

on 30 June 2024 as founding member of Project Nexus, a multilateral international initiative to enable retail cross-border payments.

5131:

Making the European Monetary Union, The Role of the Committee of Central Bank Governors and the Origins of the European Central Bank

637:

to sail promptly to Paris, and on 7 March 1929 they presented a compromise text that formed the basis for subsequent developments.

6383: 6320: 5782: 5522: 2527: 2136: 1220: 1010:

throughout the war, with the help of American, British and French banks. Between 1933 and 1945 the BIS Board of directors included

6845: 6127: 5627: 770:, establishing the bank's special status on Swiss soil and committing Switzerland to grant the Charter and approve the Statutes. 589:. The committee first met at the Bank of France on 9 February 1929, then on 28 successive sessions ending on 7 June 1929 at the 6666: 6596: 6393: 5959: 5851: 5820: 5805: 5655: 2623: 2493: 2344: 2309: 2290: 2236:

rates and especially the fate of export economies. BIS aims to keep monetary policy in line with reality and to help implement

2121: 1975: 1407: 1165: 4965:"Note on gold shipments and gold exchanges organized by the Bank for International Settlements, 1st June 1938 – 31st May 1945" 5772: 4705: 720: 452: 2626:(BCBS), colloquially referred to simply as the "Basel Committee", and with it has played a central role in establishing the 6189: 5600: 3300: 2176: 1315: 878: 731: 228: 6701: 5884: 5586: 2488: 2439: 974: 673:

to make sure that Americans would be in leadership position at the bank when it started operations, as indeed happened.

6869: 6122: 4948: 1164:(1974), highlighted the need for improved banking supervision at an international level. The G10 Governors created the 6660: 5844: 5777: 5089: 5048: 1150: 6525: 6273: 5483: 4437: 4170: 3317: 3026:

the red books appears in the table below, where local currency is converted to US dollars using end-of-year rates.

3019: 2892: 2773: 2183: 1873: 1484: 1319: 1239: 666: 480: 386: 320: 6790: 6747: 6278: 5904: 4817: 2987: 2860: 2741: 2014: 1267: 690: 681: 677: 315:) in 1836 and 1839, and lent to it in return in 1847. In 1860-1861, because of the disruption from the incipient 283:(1853-1933) was a precocious proponent of an international bank, for which he suggested a location in Switzerland 4605: 6752: 6654: 5879: 5681: 3336:

unusual in acting as a national bank focused on the country and not on the currency, but its desire to control

1207:. Since then, the BIS has used that building to host its banking operations on behalf of member central banks. 705: 4933:

Abelshauser, Werner; Ritschl, Albrecht; Fisch, S.; Holtfrerich, Carl-Ludwig; Hoffmann, Dierk O., eds. (2016).

4423: 3965: 3402:

The BIS Innovation Hub has officies in Hong Kong SAR, Singapore, Switzerland, London, Stockholm and Toronto.

369:

The practice of formalized central bank cooperation made unprecedented advances among allies in the course of

6676: 6378: 4527: 4490: 3375: 3369: 2602: 2585: 2532: 2281:

settlements entrusted to it under agreements with the parties concerned", as stated in its Statutes of 1930.

1379: 1142: 791: 4551: 6889: 6810: 6315: 6310: 6257: 6143: 5686: 4433: 2947: 2820: 2701: 1899: 1620: 965:

by the UK and France, in March 1939, the BIS was obliged to transfer 23 tons of gold it held, on behalf of

839: 400:

advocated an international currency without reliance of a common gold pool. Similar ideas burgeoned at the

319:, the Bank of France entered a series of swap agreements on specie with the Bank of England as well as the 35: 4879: 6732: 6624: 6300: 6263: 6226: 6215: 6184: 5914: 5752: 5620: 5596: 5034: 3379: 2500: 2245: 1913: 1859: 1263: 945: 902:(Germany); Stringher and Beneduce (Italy); Tanaka and Daisuke Nohara (Japan); Norman and Addis (UK); and 236: 3896: 6634: 6510: 6495: 6373: 6325: 6056: 6034: 5994: 5984: 5949: 5546: 4897: 2991: 2864: 2745: 2721: 2051: 1792: 1177: 401: 343: 4393: 2270:

carrying out research and policy analysis on issues of relevance for monetary and financial stability;

1039: 6825: 6775: 6722: 6696: 6571: 6283: 6137: 6132: 5944: 5919: 5660: 4357: 4303: 3411: 3332: 2931: 2915: 2911: 2804: 2788: 2685: 2669: 2665: 2215:

Brass plaque sign at the entrance of the BIS building in Basel, displaying its name in four languages

2027: 1471: 1365: 1352: 1138: 934: 822: 351: 280: 5457: 5409: 5374: 6815: 6805: 6737: 6681: 6629: 6601: 6547: 6505: 6448: 6388: 6091: 5939: 5924: 4454: 2919: 2844: 2792: 2673: 2595: 2522: 2476: 2339: 2334: 1961: 1393: 1255: 1123: 1057: 845: 3422:. These entities, unlike the above listed committees, have no direct reporting links to the BIS. 2267:

supporting dialogue with other authorities that are responsible for promoting financial stability;

626: 6820: 6795: 6757: 6566: 6537: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6398: 6368: 6236: 6112: 6076: 6044: 6024: 6019: 5974: 5969: 5894: 4517: 2233: 2002: 1690: 1652: 1433: 1119: 1103: 1048: 630: 436: 417: 6874: 6780: 6552: 6479: 6408: 6403: 6251: 6204: 6179: 5989: 5613: 4287: 4273: 3431: 3357: 2979: 2923: 2856: 2796: 2733: 2677: 2650: 2412: 1755: 1497: 1420: 1402: 1323: 1146: 991: 977:. The decision to carry out the transaction is still considered the most controversial by BIS. 661: 562:(for Germany) were key protagonists of the BIS's creation and of its first decade of operations 456: 448: 338:

started in 1865, did not extend to money other than coins, and therefore involved treasury and

4934: 4739: 3312:

Reserve policy is also important, especially to consumers and the domestic economy. To ensure

2576: 334:

devoted to better coordination of the coinage system, even though these initiatives, like the

6785: 6742: 6619: 6515: 6500: 6418: 6351: 6335: 6330: 6288: 6149: 6066: 5979: 5964: 5929: 5800: 5732: 5727: 5444: 5396: 5361: 5084:. Princeton: International Finance Section, Dept. of Economics, Princeton University. p. 42. 4327: 4317: 4297: 2975: 2951: 2935: 2852: 2824: 2808: 2729: 2705: 2689: 2627: 2198: 1846: 1664: 1551: 1522: 1458: 1271: 650: 527:(1874-1962) played a central role in the conception and establishment of the BIS in 1929–1930 511:, but was not held because of the bad health of Strong, who eventually died in October 1928. 444: 412:, who suggested reorganizing Europe's national central banks along similar lines as the U.S. 324: 275: 5389:"Bank for International Settlements and Bank of Canada launch BIS Toronto Innovation Centre" 1199:

In 1998, the BIS acquired a second building on Aeschenplatz 1 in Basel, designed in 1986 by

1176:). Through its member central banks, the BIS was actively involved in the resolution of the 1093: 6727: 6644: 6246: 6221: 6164: 6159: 6039: 5742: 5560: 5510: 4377: 4147: 4059: 3827: 3451: 3313: 2131: 1931: 1805: 1115: 1070: 701: 440: 421: 335: 3356:

were superseded by policies relying on undifferentiated market values – more in line with

2227:

more predictable and transparent among its 60-member central banks, except in the case of

821:, for France; Reichsbank governor Schacht, for Germany; National Bank of Belgium governor 295:(1867–1929) was an early promoter of the BIS and died during the negotiations to create it 8: 6591: 6423: 6413: 6107: 6061: 5676: 5517: 5501: 4347: 4307: 4283: 3383: 3353: 3003: 2943: 2876: 2816: 2757: 2697: 2461: 2407: 2241: 2094: 1685: 1634: 1590: 1509: 1215: 1074: 867: 476: 447:

was set up in January 1920 to determine the amount of German reparations. Conferences at

429: 4239: 812: 173: 6268: 6050: 6009: 5909: 5505: 4861: 4572: 2983: 2737: 1989: 1107: 1066: 409: 316: 185: 4841:"The Other Side of Isolationism: The Establishment of the First World Bank, 1929–1930" 949:

in helping continental European central banks ship out part of their gold reserves to

6671: 6586: 6542: 6490: 6241: 5999: 5092:. Retrieved 8 July 2013. Essays in International Finance 192 brief history of the BIS 5085: 5044: 4981:

Kubu, E. (1998). "Czechoslovak gold reserves and their surrender to Nazi Germany" In

4944: 4701: 4407: 4323: 3804: 3634: 3535: 3328: 2999: 2872: 2828: 2753: 2276:

serving as an agent or trustee in connection with international financial operations.

2273:

acting as a prime counterparty for central banks in their financial transactions; and

2077: 1948: 1780: 1189: 941: 803: 799: 783: 634: 507:

had hoped for an invitation but was not included). A second meeting was scheduled in

363: 53: 4656: 2417: 684:, which met in the discreet location of Hôtel Stéphanie (part of which later became 622: 439:

which plagued international relations in Europe throughout the 1920s. Following the

405: 292: 6576: 6305: 6231: 6071: 5899: 5757: 5075: 4853: 4693: 4448: 4373: 3873: 3450:

served as President from May 1937 to December 1939, succeeded by American national

2761: 2550: 2517: 2256:

exploiting shifts in policy or difference in policy, are rare and quickly removed.

2107: 2039: 1259: 1185: 1023: 826: 727: 670: 464: 397: 3606: 3442:

The Chairmen concurrently held the role of President from April 1930 to May 1937.

6706: 6686: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6363: 6209: 6117: 6014: 6004: 5934: 5889: 5712: 5707: 5592: 5526: 5276: 5129: 5038: 4512: 4504: 4383: 4293: 4277: 3919: 3756: 3682: 3387: 3341: 3337: 3011: 2884: 2765: 2391: 2378: 2373: 2237: 2224: 2150: 1868: 1832: 1564: 1539: 1339: 1082: 1031: 559: 488: 472: 413: 374: 347: 339: 304: 167: 4403: 6800: 6691: 6639: 6485: 6453: 6443: 6169: 6154: 6086: 6081: 5722: 4427: 4397: 4337: 4193: 4183: 4008: 3781: 3728: 3659: 3573: 3505: 3477: 2971: 2955: 2939: 2927: 2848: 2812: 2800: 2725: 2693: 2681: 2555: 2449: 2427: 2422: 2145: 1818: 1768: 1703: 1677: 1607: 1577: 1546: 1504: 1445: 1275: 1243: 1111: 966: 903: 897: 818: 751: 714: 657: 625:

on 23 February 1929, and amended with suggestions from Bank of France governor

614: 590: 555: 492: 468: 378: 359: 312: 311:. The Bank of England again borrowed from its French counterpart (and from the 300: 5538: 5523:

An account of the use of reserve policy and other central bank powers in China

5180: 4697: 723:), with J. P. Morgan Jr. monitoring the proceedings and advising from London. 435:

The decision to create the BIS took place in the context of negotiations over

6858: 6581: 6473: 6194: 6174: 5954: 5717: 5691: 5556: 5102: 4995: 4804:

Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements, 1930-1973

4627: 4417: 4387: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4343: 4216: 3942: 3560: 3520: 3490: 2995: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2868: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2749: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2646: 2642: 2314: 2168: 2159: 2064: 1742: 1729: 1716: 1311: 1299: 1295: 1161: 1053:, all of whom were later convicted of war crimes or crimes against humanity. 888: 830: 763: 618: 586: 524: 504: 390: 139: 126: 5353: 5337: 5294: 4740:"A Historical Perspective on the Euro: the Latin Monetary Union (1865–1926)" 576:(demolished in 1964), where the charter and statutes of the BIS were drafted 5836: 5636: 5263: 4476: 4333: 4031: 3850: 3705: 2510: 2505: 2454: 2382: 2046: 1984: 1011: 1007: 995: 986: 962: 496: 330:

A few years later, monetary cooperation took a novel form with a series of

287: 232: 5241: 5022:

Tower of Basel: The Shadowy History of the Secret Bank That Runs the World

1110:

arrangement designed to help the European countries in restoring currency

6841: 6520: 5567:, 1998 (a video documentary about the BIS role in financing Nazi Germany) 5314:"BIS Innovation Hub Sets The Pace For Central Banking Digital Innovation" 5162: 5079: 4915: 3886: 3863: 3794: 3741: 3695: 3672: 3649: 3596: 3550: 3447: 3443: 2483: 2434: 2089: 1917: 1908: 1886: 1854: 1841: 1737: 1219:

The BIS representative office for Asia and the Pacific is located in the

1200: 1061: 958: 884: 767: 696: 573: 500: 370: 308: 259: 251: 108: 5423: 5388: 4498: 2264:

fostering discussion and facilitating collaboration among central banks;

5531: 5144: 4865: 4840: 4690:

The Spread of the Modern Central Bank and Global Cooperation: 1919–1939

4413: 4313: 3309:(SEACEN). It is led by an 11-member executive elected by its members. 2560: 1787: 1184:

banks. Likewise, the BIS in 1988–89 hosted most of the meetings of the

1015: 1003: 970: 922:

at Centralbahnstrasse 7 in Basel, the seat of the BIS from 1930 to 1977

914: 646: 582: 484: 460: 5571:

eabh (The European Association for Banking and Financial History e.V.)

5436: 778: 676:

The BIS concept was agreed to in August 1929 at the first part of the

5551: 5200:"RBI, four Asean countries tie up for cross-border payments platform" 4964: 4597: 4547: 2904: 2635: 2329: 2253: 2009: 1775: 1672: 1615: 1360: 1347: 1224: 1193: 1173: 1154: 1035: 1027: 1019: 999: 508: 382: 255: 40: 5424:"Time to ignite all engines, BIS says in its Annual Economic Report" 5225:"Bank for International Settlements sees first expansion since 2011" 4857: 4682:

Clement, Piet (2023), Kakridis, Andreas; Eichengreen, Barry (eds.),

3321: 2631: 2324: 2228: 2102: 2034: 2022: 1943: 1800: 1479: 1428: 1169: 1114:

and free, multilateral trade. During the 1960s – the heyday of the

4932: 2898: 568: 545: 6558: 5570: 5228: 5134:. Cambridge-London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 4160: 4137: 3955: 3817: 3718: 3619: 2369: 2319: 2193: 1956: 1827: 1647: 1638: 1629: 1594: 1585: 1559: 1534: 1526: 1517: 1492: 1388: 1374: 1334: 1307: 743: 739: 642: 602: 594: 536: 307:

which was facing a bank run, made in 1825 and facilitated by the

5605: 5593:

Documents and clippings about Bank for International Settlements

5181:"IMF approves $ 1.4 billion Ukraine aid and BIS suspends Russia" 1254:

The Bank for International Settlements signed an agreement with

519: 5040:

Trading with the Enemy: The Nazi-American Money Plot, 1933–1949

4484: 4252: 4206: 4116: 4095: 4074: 4044: 4021: 3978: 3932: 3909: 3840: 3771: 2116: 2081: 2072: 1997: 1970: 1935: 1926: 1881: 1813: 1763: 1750: 1698: 1602: 1572: 1440: 1415: 1303: 1287: 1127: 950: 747: 735: 598: 381:

made agreements on bilateral lending and established a direct

5117:

The European Payments Union: Financial Diplomacy in the 1950s

4522: 4229: 2211: 2059: 1724: 1711: 1659: 1466: 1453: 1286:

The BIS members are central banks of 63 jurisdictions: 34 in

1134:, and the United States, became the most prominent grouping. 1131: 759: 755: 610: 606: 416:

which he had helped establish in the previous decade. At the

247: 104: 44: 5064:

United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, Final Act

3307:

South East Asian Central Banks Research and Training Centre

2656: 2387: 2223:

As an organization of central banks, the BIS seeks to make

1894: 1291: 795: 355: 26: 5768:

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

5529: (archived February 4, 2012), by Henry C K Liu in the 514: 16:

International financial institution owned by central banks

5564: 5103:"History – the BIS during the Second World War (1939–48)" 4996:"History - the BIS during the Second World War (1939-48)" 2284: 1204: 798:, out of consideration for the Bank of Italy's governor 653:, was achieved by the Young Committee on 25 March 1929. 354:

suggested to establish an international central bank in

5575: 5476: 5145:"Press release: BIS completes redistribution of shares" 5105:. Bank for International Settlements. October 14, 2014. 3405: 940:

Reparation payments were first suspended for one year (

396:

In the war's immediate aftermath, Dutch central banker

206: 420:, following advocacy by several experts that included 5763:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

4943:] (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 575. 4722: 4466: 1097:

Botta building in Basel, acquired by the BIS in 1998

3340:

is increasingly shared among BIS members who fear "

944:, June 1931) and then stopped altogether after the 4839: 4683: 3416:International Association of Insurance Supervisors 669:. The leverage held by the U.S. allowed Young and 665:joint bank, and act in close cooperation with the 5266:, 20 January 1930 (text amended 7 November 2016). 4837: 2244:among all 60 member banks and also involving the 6856: 4651: 4649: 3363: 3324:, banks are required to set aside or "reserve". 3016:Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 2889:Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 2770:Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 2165:Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 1874:National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia 1002:in payment for prewar obligations linked to the 790:The Convention and Charter were approved by the 4692:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 80–102, 3030:Banknotes and coin in circulation (12/31/2018) 2899:Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure 2630:(now commonly referred to as Basel I) of 1988, 708:, Warren Randolph Burgess, Shepard Morgan, and 6844:(dependent) territories, former countries, or 4833: 4831: 4801: 4718: 4716: 4602:Web page of Bank for International Settlements 786:(1854-1930) chaired the BIS's founding meeting 5852: 5816:Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean 5621: 4646: 3420:International Association of Deposit Insurers 2603: 5866: 5826:Central banks and currencies of the Americas 5811:Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific 4985:. London: The Stationery Office, pp. 245–48. 4737: 3386:from December 2000 to December 2016, and by 2301:International regulatory standards for banks 928: 5115:Kaplan, J. J. and Schleiminger, G. (1989). 4936:Wirtschaftspolitik in Deutschland 1917–1990 4828: 4727:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press. 4713: 4657:"History - foundation and crisis (1930-39)" 660:administration made it impossible for U.S. 5859: 5845: 5628: 5614: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 3285:Center for Latin American Monetary Studies 3278: 2610: 2596: 1118:– the BIS once again became the locus for 34: 25: 5024:. 1st ed. New York: Public Affairs, 2013. 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 1833:Bank Al-Maghrib (Central Bank of Morocco) 1126:, including the main European economies, 593:. The seven participating countries were 5783:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 2657:Committee on the Global Financial System 2210: 2137:Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates 1214: 1116:Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system 1092: 913: 777: 567: 518: 286: 274: 5311: 4681: 3989: 3008:Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye 2881:Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye 1380:Central Bank of the Republic of Austria 998:and pleaded with the BIS not to accept 515:The Young Plan and the Hague Conference 6857: 5821:Central banks and currencies of Europe 5806:Central banks and currencies of Africa 5656:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 5197: 5033: 4752: 4731: 3410:The BIS hosts the secretariats of the 2624:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 2310:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 2291:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 2285:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 2122:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey 1976:Central Bank of the Russian Federation 1408:Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1242:, in March 2022 the BIS suspended the 1221:International Financial Centre Tower 2 1166:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 918:Early-20th-century former building of 342:officials rather than bankers. At the 5840: 5773:International Development Association 5609: 4725:A Financial History of Western Europe 4263: 3393: 2622:The BIS hosts the Secretariat of the 721:Agent General for Reparation Payments 585:for its chairman the American banker 362:published an article in the Austrian 5518:Andrew Crockett statement to the IMF 5295:"BIS Statistics Explorer: Table CT2" 5262:Bank for International Settlements, 4941:Economic Policy in Germany 1917–1990 4590: 3425: 3406:Other associations hosted by the BIS 2779: 2634:framework in 2004 and more recently 2177:United States Federal Reserve System 1316:United States Federal Reserve System 459:in January 1923, and eventually the 5587:Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland 5081:The Bretton Woods Debates: A Memoir 4880:"Foreign News: Baden-Baden Bankers" 4838:Frank Costigliola (December 1972). 3430:BIS denominates its reserve in IMF 2641:Capital adequacy policy applies to 1314:is represented by two members, the 975:German annexation of Czechoslovakia 455:in March 1921 were followed by the 229:international financial institution 161:Central banks from 63 jurisdictions 85:International financial institution 13: 6895:Bank for International Settlements 6885:International finance institutions 6880:International banking institutions 6865:1930 establishments in Switzerland 5651:Bank for International Settlements 5577:Bank for International Settlements 4554:from the original on 22 April 2011 1106:(EPU, 1950–58), an intra-European 1088: 1077:, head of the British delegation. 930:Grand Hôtel et Savoy Hôtel Univers 471:, the influential governor of the 332:international monetary conferences 221:Bank for International Settlements 20:Bank for International Settlements 14: 6906: 5778:International Finance Corporation 5635: 5468: 3296:Central American Monetary Council 2206: 1203:and previously owned and used by 1196:, cutting its ties with the BIS. 1141:between 1966 and 1972. Architect 909: 254:, with representative offices in 4983:Nazi Gold, The London Conference 4608:from the original on 14 May 2008 4497: 4483: 4469: 4438:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 4245: 4222: 4199: 4176: 4153: 4130: 4109: 4088: 4067: 4037: 4014: 3971: 3948: 3925: 3902: 3879: 3856: 3833: 3810: 3787: 3764: 3734: 3711: 3688: 3665: 3642: 3612: 3589: 3566: 3543: 3513: 3483: 3020:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2893:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2774:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2192: 2184:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2158: 2144: 2130: 2115: 2101: 2088: 2071: 2058: 2045: 2033: 2021: 2008: 1996: 1983: 1969: 1955: 1942: 1925: 1907: 1893: 1880: 1867: 1853: 1840: 1826: 1812: 1799: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1749: 1736: 1723: 1710: 1697: 1684: 1671: 1658: 1646: 1628: 1614: 1601: 1584: 1571: 1558: 1545: 1533: 1516: 1503: 1491: 1485:Bank of the Republic of Colombia 1478: 1465: 1452: 1439: 1427: 1414: 1401: 1387: 1373: 1359: 1346: 1333: 1320:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 1240:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 667:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 544: 535: 481:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 467:in October 1925 and encouraging 387:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 321:State Bank of the Russian Empire 52: 6846:states with limited recognition 5429: 5416: 5381: 5346: 5330: 5305: 5287: 5269: 5256: 5234: 5217: 5198:Kawale, Ajinkya (1 July 2024). 5191: 5173: 5155: 5137: 5122: 5109: 5095: 5069: 5057: 5027: 5014: 4988: 4975: 4957: 4926: 4908: 4890: 4872: 4810: 4738:Luca Einaudi (September 2018), 2988:Monetary Authority of Singapore 2861:Monetary Authority of Singapore 2787:As of 2023, it had 27 members: 2742:Monetary Authority of Singapore 2664:As of 2023, it had 28 members: 2015:Monetary Authority of Singapore 1268:Monetary Authority of Singapore 1210: 1137:The BIS acquired land near the 980: 682:First National Bank of New York 678:Hague conference on reparations 656:Political positions within the 111:(Extraterritorial jurisdiction) 5682:Contractionary monetary policy 5354:"About the BIS Innovation Hub" 4675: 4620: 4565: 4540: 4049:January 1938 – September 1958 3960:November 2015 – December 2021 3601:December 1942 – November 1945 1069:and Secretary of the Treasury 706:First National Bank of Chicago 393:opened an office in New York. 1: 4806:. Cambridge University Press. 4723:Charles Kindleberger (1993). 4533: 4528:Central bank digital currency 4491:Business and economics portal 3776:January 1991 – December 1993 3746:January 1988 – December 1990 3723:January 1985 – December 1987 3700:January 1982 – December 1984 3458: 3437: 3376:Financial Stability Institute 3370:Financial Stability Institute 3364:Financial Stability Institute 2586:Business and Economics Portal 1281: 686:Brenners Park-Hotel & Spa 358:. In 1907, Italian statesman 270: 5687:Expansionary monetary policy 5339:About the BIS Innovation Hub 4211:April 2003 – September 2008 4026:April 1930 – September 1937 2948:Hong Kong Monetary Authority 2821:Hong Kong Monetary Authority 2702:Hong Kong Monetary Authority 2543:Pillar 2: Supervisory review 2400:Pillar 1: Regulatory capital 1900:Central Reserve Bank of Peru 1621:Hong Kong Monetary Authority 1073:). Abolition was opposed by 906:and Fraser (United States). 350:. In 1893, French economist 7: 5753:International Monetary Fund 5597:20th Century Press Archives 5066:, Article IV. London, 1944. 4846:Journal of American History 4462: 4424:François Villeroy de Galhau 4234:April 2009 – November 2017 4121:March 1971 – February 1981 4100:April 1963 – December 1970 3966:François Villeroy de Galhau 3914:March 2009 – December 2009 3891:March 2006 – February 2009 3868:March 2002 – February 2006 3845:March 1999 – February 2002 3380:1997 Asian financial crisis 2569:Pillar 3: Market disclosure 2246:International Monetary Fund 1914:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 1860:Reserve Bank of New Zealand 1264:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 1022:responsible for processing 773: 736:intergovernmental agreement 402:Brussels Conference of 1920 344:Brussels Conference in 1892 237:World War I war reparations 10: 6911: 5242:"BIS member central banks" 5119:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4916:"About the BIS – overview" 4818:"Kongresshaus Baden-Baden" 4188:January 1994 – March 2003 4079:October 1958 – March 1963 3937:March 2010 – October 2015 3822:July 1997 – February 1999 3677:July 1967 – December 1981 3367: 2992:South African Reserve Bank 2902: 2865:South African Reserve Bank 2746:South African Reserve Bank 2722:Central Bank of Luxembourg 2288: 2052:South African Reserve Bank 1793:Central Bank of Luxembourg 1178:Latin American debt crisis 1028:concentration camp victims 265: 6870:Banks established in 1930 6834: 6766: 6715: 6610: 6344: 6100: 5872: 5793: 5741: 5700: 5669: 5661:Financial Stability Board 5643: 5494:, 2013 (a book review of 4698:10.1017/9781009367578.006 4165:May 1985 – December 1993 3799:January 1994 – June 1997 3412:Financial Stability Board 2916:Reserve Bank of Australia 2912:Central Bank of Argentina 2789:Reserve Bank of Australia 2670:Reserve Bank of Australia 2666:Central Bank of Argentina 2240:in time, preferably as a 2028:National Bank of Slovakia 1366:Reserve Bank of Australia 1353:Central Bank of Argentina 1139:Basel SBB railway station 833:'s London representative 719:(a legal expert with the 231:which is owned by member 201: 191: 179: 165: 155: 118: 97: 89: 81: 63: 51: 33: 24: 6650:Curaçao and Sint Maarten 5867:Central banks by country 5555:, Paul Elston, producer 5252:– via www.bis.org. 4455:National Bank of Belgium 4257:December 2017 – present 4142:March 1981 – April 1985 2920:National Bank of Belgium 2845:Central Bank of Malaysia 2793:National Bank of Belgium 2674:National Bank of Belgium 2638:framework in 2010-2017. 1962:National Bank of Romania 1806:Central Bank of Malaysia 1394:National Bank of Belgium 1256:Central Bank of Malaysia 1058:Bretton Woods Conference 1000:gold from the Reichsbank 418:Genoa Conference of 1922 93:Central bank cooperation 5312:Wintermeyer, Lawrence. 5163:"Products and services" 4802:Gianni Toniolo (2005). 4518:Global financial system 4394:Victoria Rodríguez Ceja 3983:January 2022 – present 3279:Irving Fisher Committee 2003:National Bank of Serbia 1691:Central Bank of Ireland 1653:Central Bank of Iceland 1434:Bulgarian National Bank 1104:European Payments Union 933:across the street from 829:, for Belgium; and the 782:Bank of Italy Governor 631:Warren Randolph Burgess 437:World War I reparations 6394:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5880:Central African States 5484:"They've Got a Secret" 5452:Cite journal requires 5404:Cite journal requires 5369:Cite journal requires 5076:Raymond Frech Mikesell 5043:. Barnes & Noble. 5002:. BIS. 14 October 2014 4822:Architektur Bildarchiv 4663:. BIS. 14 October 2014 4358:People's Bank of China 4288:Central Bank of Brazil 3654:July 1958 – June 1967 3624:July 1946 – June 1958 3495:April 1930 – May 1933 3432:special drawing rights 3358:neoclassical economics 3333:People's Bank of China 2980:Central Bank of Russia 2932:People's Bank of China 2924:Central Bank of Brazil 2857:Central Bank of Russia 2805:People's Bank of China 2797:Central Bank of Brazil 2734:Central Bank of Russia 2686:People's Bank of China 2678:Central Bank of Brazil 2651:capital adequacy ratio 2216: 1887:Central Bank of Norway 1756:Central Bank of Kuwait 1498:Croatian National Bank 1472:People's Bank of China 1421:Central Bank of Brazil 1324:Central Bank of Russia 1227: 1147:Swiss Heritage Society 1098: 929: 923: 787: 662:Federal Reserve System 577: 528: 457:occupation of the Ruhr 296: 284: 69:; 94 years ago 6030:São Tomé and Príncipe 5801:List of central banks 5733:Sovereign wealth fund 5728:Open market operation 4328:European Central Bank 4318:De Nederlandsche Bank 4298:Reserve Bank of India 4126:Gunther Schleiminger 3390:since January 2017. 3382:. It has been led by 2976:De Nederlandsche Bank 2952:Reserve Bank of India 2936:European Central Bank 2853:De Nederlandsche Bank 2825:Reserve Bank of India 2809:European Central Bank 2730:De Nederlandsche Bank 2706:Reserve Bank of India 2690:European Central Bank 2628:Basel Capital Accords 2214: 2199:State Bank of Vietnam 1847:De Nederlandsche Bank 1665:Reserve Bank of India 1552:European Central Bank 1523:Danmarks Nationalbank 1459:Central Bank of Chile 1272:Reserve Bank of India 1218: 1157:of Basel," in 1977. 1096: 935:Basel railway station 917: 792:Swiss Federal Council 781: 651:Charles Stewart Addis 633:, Shepard Morgan and 571: 522: 499:at a private home on 445:Reparation Commission 325:De Nederlandsche Bank 290: 278: 5437:"Board of Directors" 4628:"History - overview" 4548:"Board of Directors" 4378:Federal Reserve Bank 4148:Alexandre Lamfalussy 3990:BIS General Managers 3578:May 1937 – May 1940 3555:May 1935 – May 1937 3525:May 1933 – May 1935 3452:Thomas H. McKittrick 3331:. For instance, the 3041:Billions of Dollars 1932:Narodowy Bank Polski 1071:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 702:Melvin Alvah Traylor 441:Treaty of Versailles 408:and American banker 352:Raphaël-Georges Lévy 336:Latin Monetary Union 281:Raphaël-Georges Lévy 246:The BIS is based in 140:47.54806°N 7.59194°E 6890:Supranational banks 6702:Trinidad and Tobago 5885:West African States 5677:Capital requirement 5541:Banking with Hitler 5498:, Adam LeBor, 2014) 5231:, January 14, 2020. 4971:. 1 September 1997. 4348:Deutsche Bundesbank 4308:Swiss National Bank 4284:Roberto Campos Neto 4268:As of August 2024: 3354:classical economics 3031: 3004:Swiss National Bank 2944:Deutsche Bundesbank 2877:Swiss National Bank 2817:Deutsche Bundesbank 2758:Swiss National Bank 2698:Deutsche Bundesbank 2408:Capital requirement 2242:simultaneous policy 2095:Swiss National Bank 1635:Magyar Nemzeti Bank 1591:Deutsche Bundesbank 1510:Czech National Bank 1075:John Maynard Keynes 1042:, the owner of the 1040:Baron von Schroeder 985:At the outbreak of 920:Savoy Hôtel Univers 704:, president of the 572:Hôtel Stéphanie in 430:John Maynard Keynes 136: / 21: 6667:Dominican Republic 5506:Edward Jay Epstein 5492:The New York Times 5283:. 2 February 2016. 5169:. 21 January 2003. 5128:James, H. (2012). 4886:. 28 October 1929. 4634:. BIS. 1 June 2005 4264:Board of directors 3394:BIS Innovation Hub 3329:developing nations 3029: 2984:Saudi Central Bank 2738:Saudi Central Bank 2217: 1990:Saudi Central Bank 1228: 1124:Group of Ten (G10) 1099: 1067:Harry Dexter White 1034:, the director of 1024:dental gold looted 946:Lausanne Agreement 924: 835:Tetsuzaburo Tanaka 788: 578: 529: 410:Frank A. Vanderlip 389:, and in 1917 the 317:American Civil War 297: 291:Belgian statesman 285: 186:Board of directors 19: 6852: 6851: 6655:Eastern Caribbean 5834: 5833: 5204:Business Standard 5187:. March 10, 2022. 4922:. 1 January 2005. 4707:978-1-009-36757-8 4408:Sveriges Riksbank 4324:Christine Lagarde 4261: 4260: 4055:Guillaume Guindey 3987: 3986: 3805:Alfons Verplaetse 3426:Financial results 3276: 3275: 3000:Sveriges Riksbank 2873:Sveriges Riksbank 2829:Bank of Indonesia 2780:Markets Committee 2754:Sveriges Riksbank 2620: 2619: 2302: 2078:Sveriges Riksbank 1949:Banco de Portugal 1781:Bank of Lithuania 1190:Maastricht Treaty 1151:public referendum 1149:, which led to a 1143:Martin Burckhardt 1060:recommended the " 942:Hoover moratorium 874:Melchior de Vogüé 804:Vincenzo Azzolini 800:Bonaldo Stringher 784:Bonaldo Stringher 635:Walter W. Stewart 558:(for the UK) and 451:in July 1920 and 364:Neue Freie Presse 279:French economist 217: 216: 145:47.54806; 7.59194 6902: 6738:Papua New Guinea 5861: 5854: 5847: 5838: 5837: 5758:World Bank Group 5630: 5623: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5584:database of the 5543: 5502:"The Money Club" 5480: 5479: 5477:Official website 5462: 5461: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5392: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5357: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5277:"About the CPMI" 5273: 5267: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5238: 5232: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5141: 5135: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5093: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5031: 5025: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4843: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4799: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4687: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4604:. January 2005. 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4550:. www.bis.org/. 4544: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4452: 4434:John C. Williams 4374:Jerome H. Powell 4251: 4249: 4248: 4240:Agustín Carstens 4228: 4226: 4225: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4020: 4018: 4017: 3997:General Manager 3994: 3993: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3874:Jean-Pierre Roth 3862: 3860: 3859: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3638: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3509: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3463: 3462: 3304: 3293: 3032: 3028: 2762:Bank of Thailand 2612: 2605: 2598: 2551:Economic capital 2518:Operational risk 2300: 2298:Basel Framework 2295: 2294: 2238:monetary reforms 2234:foreign exchange 2197: 2196: 2180: 2172: 2163: 2162: 2149: 2148: 2140: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2108:Bank of Thailand 2106: 2105: 2093: 2092: 2076: 2075: 2063: 2062: 2050: 2049: 2040:Bank of Slovenia 2038: 2037: 2026: 2025: 2013: 2012: 2001: 2000: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1960: 1959: 1947: 1946: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1912: 1911: 1898: 1897: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1858: 1857: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1817: 1816: 1804: 1803: 1791: 1790: 1779: 1778: 1767: 1766: 1754: 1753: 1741: 1740: 1728: 1727: 1715: 1714: 1702: 1701: 1689: 1688: 1676: 1675: 1663: 1662: 1651: 1650: 1642: 1633: 1632: 1619: 1618: 1606: 1605: 1589: 1588: 1576: 1575: 1563: 1562: 1550: 1549: 1538: 1537: 1521: 1520: 1508: 1507: 1496: 1495: 1483: 1482: 1470: 1469: 1457: 1456: 1444: 1443: 1432: 1431: 1419: 1418: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1364: 1363: 1351: 1350: 1338: 1337: 1260:Bank of Thailand 1186:Delors Committee 1052: 1044:J. H. Stein Bank 996:Nazis of looting 973:, following the 969:, to the German 932: 901: 882: 871: 863:Georges Brincard 843: 827:Paul van Zeeland 816: 728:Alberto Beneduce 718: 694: 671:J. P. Morgan Jr. 554:Central bankers 548: 539: 523:American banker 465:Locarno Treaties 398:Gerard Vissering 213: 210: 208: 174:Agustín Carstens 151: 150: 148: 147: 146: 141: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 77: 75: 70: 67:17 May 1930 56: 38: 29: 22: 18: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6830: 6768: 6762: 6748:Solomon Islands 6711: 6612: 6606: 6532:Northern Cyprus 6526:North Macedonia 6340: 6096: 5868: 5865: 5835: 5830: 5789: 5744: 5737: 5708:Capital control 5696: 5665: 5639: 5634: 5539: 5527:Wayback Machine 5475: 5474: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5426:, 30 June 2019. 5421: 5417: 5405: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5322: 5320: 5310: 5306: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5196: 5192: 5185:Central Banking 5179: 5178: 5174: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5127: 5123: 5114: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5074: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5035:Higham, Charles 5032: 5028: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4980: 4976: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4931: 4927: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4902:treaties.un.org 4896: 4895: 4891: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4858:10.2307/1900660 4836: 4829: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4800: 4753: 4747:Ifo DICE Report 4742: 4736: 4732: 4721: 4714: 4708: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4513:Bank regulation 4505:Politics portal 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4446: 4384:Rhee Chang-yong 4294:Shaktikanta Das 4278:Bank of England 4266: 4246: 4244: 4223: 4221: 4200: 4198: 4177: 4175: 4171:Andrew Crockett 4154: 4152: 4131: 4129: 4110: 4108: 4089: 4087: 4084:Gabriel Ferras 4068: 4066: 4057: 4038: 4036: 4015: 4013: 3992: 3972: 3970: 3949: 3947: 3926: 3924: 3920:Christian Noyer 3903: 3901: 3897:Guillermo Ortiz 3880: 3878: 3857: 3855: 3834: 3832: 3828:Urban Bäckström 3811: 3809: 3788: 3786: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3735: 3733: 3712: 3710: 3689: 3687: 3683:Fritz Leutwiler 3666: 3664: 3643: 3641: 3632: 3613: 3611: 3590: 3588: 3567: 3565: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3484: 3482: 3461: 3440: 3428: 3408: 3396: 3388:Fernando Restoy 3372: 3366: 3338:asset inflation 3298: 3287: 3281: 3012:Bank of England 2907: 2901: 2885:Bank of England 2782: 2766:Bank of England 2659: 2616: 2392:Risk management 2379:Monetary policy 2299: 2293: 2287: 2225:monetary policy 2209: 2204: 2191: 2175: 2157: 2156: 2151:Bank of England 2143: 2129: 2128: 2114: 2113: 2100: 2087: 2070: 2057: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2007: 1995: 1982: 1968: 1967: 1954: 1941: 1924: 1906: 1905: 1892: 1879: 1866: 1865: 1852: 1839: 1825: 1824: 1811: 1798: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1748: 1735: 1722: 1709: 1696: 1683: 1670: 1657: 1645: 1627: 1626: 1613: 1600: 1583: 1570: 1565:Bank of Finland 1557: 1544: 1540:Bank of Estonia 1532: 1515: 1502: 1490: 1477: 1464: 1451: 1438: 1426: 1413: 1400: 1399: 1386: 1372: 1371: 1358: 1345: 1340:Bank of Algeria 1332: 1284: 1246:'s membership. 1213: 1091: 1089:Postwar decades 1083:Harry S. Truman 1046: 1032:Hermann Schmitz 983: 912: 895: 876: 865: 837: 810: 776: 712: 688: 583:Young Committee 566: 565: 564: 563: 560:Hjalmar Schacht 551: 550: 549: 541: 540: 517: 489:Hjalmar Schacht 477:Benjamin Strong 473:Bank of England 414:Federal Reserve 375:Bank of England 373:. In 1916, the 348:neutral country 305:Bank of England 273: 268: 205: 194: 182: 170: 168:General manager 158: 144: 142: 138: 135: 130: 127: 125: 123: 122: 114: 73: 71: 68: 59: 47: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6908: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6850: 6849: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6661:Cayman Islands 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6155:Bank Indonesia 6152: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5723:Money creation 5720: 5718:Interest rates 5715: 5710: 5704: 5702: 5701:Implementation 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5590: 5573: 5568: 5536: 5520: 5515: 5499: 5496:Tower of Basel 5481: 5470: 5469:External links 5467: 5464: 5463: 5454:|journal= 5428: 5415: 5406:|journal= 5380: 5371:|journal= 5345: 5329: 5304: 5286: 5268: 5255: 5244:. Oct 13, 2014 5233: 5216: 5190: 5172: 5154: 5151:. 1 June 2005. 5136: 5121: 5108: 5094: 5068: 5056: 5049: 5026: 5013: 4987: 4974: 4956: 4950:978-3110465266 4949: 4925: 4907: 4889: 4871: 4852:(3): 602–620. 4827: 4809: 4751: 4730: 4712: 4706: 4674: 4645: 4619: 4589: 4564: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4494: 4480: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4441: 4431: 4428:Bank of France 4421: 4411: 4401: 4398:Bank of Mexico 4391: 4381: 4371: 4361: 4351: 4341: 4338:Bank of Canada 4331: 4321: 4311: 4301: 4291: 4281: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4196: 4194:Malcolm Knight 4190: 4189: 4186: 4184:United Kingdom 4173: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4064: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4011: 4009:Pierre Quesnay 4005: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3784: 3782:Wim Duisenberg 3778: 3777: 3774: 3761: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3731: 3729:Wim Duisenberg 3725: 3724: 3721: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3662: 3660:Jelle Zijlstra 3656: 3655: 3652: 3639: 3630:Marius Holtrop 3626: 3625: 3622: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3574:United Kingdom 3563: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3540: 3531:Leonardus Trip 3527: 3526: 3523: 3510: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3480: 3478:Gates McGarrah 3474: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3439: 3436: 3427: 3424: 3407: 3404: 3395: 3392: 3384:Josef Tošovský 3368:Main article: 3365: 3362: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3159:United Kingdom 3157: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3036: 2972:Bank of Mexico 2956:Bank Indonesia 2940:Bank of France 2928:Bank of Canada 2900: 2897: 2849:Bank of Mexico 2813:Bank of France 2801:Bank of Canada 2781: 2778: 2726:Bank of Mexico 2694:Bank of France 2682:Bank of Canada 2658: 2655: 2647:capital assets 2618: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2556:Liquidity risk 2553: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2442: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2418:Leverage ratio 2415: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2327: 2322: 2312: 2304: 2303: 2289:Main article: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2208: 2207:Basel Meetings 2205: 2203: 2202: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2154: 2141: 2126: 2111: 2098: 2085: 2068: 2055: 2042: 2030: 2018: 2005: 1993: 1980: 1965: 1952: 1939: 1922: 1903: 1890: 1877: 1863: 1850: 1837: 1822: 1819:Bank of Mexico 1809: 1796: 1783: 1771: 1769:Bank of Latvia 1759: 1746: 1733: 1720: 1707: 1704:Bank of Israel 1694: 1681: 1678:Bank Indonesia 1668: 1655: 1643: 1624: 1611: 1608:Bank of Greece 1598: 1581: 1578:Bank of France 1568: 1555: 1542: 1530: 1513: 1500: 1488: 1475: 1462: 1449: 1446:Bank of Canada 1436: 1424: 1411: 1397: 1384: 1369: 1356: 1343: 1329: 1283: 1280: 1276:Bank Indonesia 1244:Bank of Russia 1212: 1209: 1112:convertibility 1090: 1087: 1018:official, and 1014:, a prominent 982: 979: 967:Czechoslovakia 911: 910:Early activity 908: 904:Gates McGarrah 819:Pierre Quesnay 775: 772: 752:United Kingdom 732:Philip Snowden 658:Herbert Hoover 623:Émile Francqui 615:United Kingdom 591:Hotel George V 556:Montagu Norman 553: 552: 543: 542: 534: 533: 532: 531: 530: 516: 513: 495:vice governor 493:Bank of France 479:, head of the 469:Montagu Norman 406:Léon Delacroix 379:Bank of France 360:Luigi Luzzatti 313:Hamburger Bank 301:Bank of France 293:Léon Delacroix 272: 269: 267: 264: 215: 214: 203: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 183: 180: 177: 176: 171: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 120: 116: 115: 113: 112: 101: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 65: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6907: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6875:Central banks 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6847: 6843: 6842:non-sovereign 6839: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6707:United States 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5743:Bretton Woods 5740: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:Discount rate 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5692:Basel Accords 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5637:Central banks 5631: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5557:Laurence Rees 5554: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5488:Michael Hirsh 5485: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5459: 5446: 5439:. 2015-12-01. 5438: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5398: 5391:. 2024-06-13. 5390: 5384: 5376: 5363: 5356:. 2021-01-27. 5355: 5349: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5300: 5299:stats.bis.org 5296: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5243: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5112: 5104: 5098: 5091: 5090:0-88165-099-4 5087: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5052: 5050:9780760700099 5046: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5023: 5020:LeBor, Adam. 5017: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4719: 4717: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4678: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4481: 4478: 4467: 4456: 4450: 4445: 4444:Pierre Wunsch 4442: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4418:Bank of Japan 4415: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4388:Bank of Korea 4385: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4368:Bank of Italy 4365: 4364:Fabio Panetta 4362: 4359: 4355: 4354:Pan Gongsheng 4352: 4349: 4345: 4344:Joachim Nagel 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4304:Thomas Jordan 4302: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4274:Andrew Bailey 4272: 4271: 4269: 4256: 4254: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4220: 4218: 4217:Jaime Caruana 4215: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4118: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4097: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4046: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4023: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3982: 3980: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3946: 3944: 3943:Jens Weidmann 3941: 3940: 3936: 3934: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3651: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3610: 3608: 3607:Maurice Frère 3605: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3575: 3564: 3562: 3561:Otto Niemeyer 3559: 3558: 3554: 3552: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3521:United States 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3492: 3491:United States 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3400: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3286: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3093:United States 3092: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3060:Hong Kong SAR 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996:Bank of Spain 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:Bank of Korea 2965: 2964:Bank of Japan 2961: 2960:Bank of Italy 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:Bank of Spain 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841:Bank of Korea 2838: 2837:Bank of Japan 2834: 2833:Bank of Italy 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750:Bank of Spain 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718:Bank of Korea 2715: 2714:Bank of Japan 2711: 2710:Bank of Italy 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2413:Capital ratio 2411: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2315:Basel Accords 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2213: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2169:United States 2166: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2065:Bank of Spain 2061: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1743:Bank of Korea 1739: 1734: 1731: 1730:Bank of Japan 1726: 1721: 1718: 1717:Bank of Italy 1713: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312:United States 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:North America 1297: 1296:South America 1293: 1289: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1250:Project Nexus 1247: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162:Herstatt Bank 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:transatlantic 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030:, as well as 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 954: 952: 947: 943: 938: 936: 931: 921: 916: 907: 905: 899: 894: 890: 889:Carl Melchior 886: 880: 875: 869: 864: 860: 855: 849: 847: 846:Hiroshi Saito 844:and diplomat 841: 836: 832: 831:Bank of Japan 828: 824: 820: 814: 809: 808:Clément Moret 805: 801: 797: 793: 785: 780: 771: 769: 765: 764:United States 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 716: 711: 707: 703: 698: 692: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 619:United States 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587:Owen D. Young 584: 575: 570: 561: 557: 547: 538: 526: 525:Owen D. Young 521: 512: 510: 506: 505:Bank of Italy 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 422:Ralph Hawtrey 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 391:Bank of Italy 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 294: 289: 282: 277: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 244: 240: 238: 234: 233:central banks 230: 226: 222: 212: 204: 200: 196: 190: 187: 184: 178: 175: 172: 169: 164: 160: 154: 149: 121: 117: 110: 106: 103: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 66: 62: 55: 50: 46: 42: 37: 32: 28: 23: 6837: 6659: 6559:Soviet Union 6557: 6530: 6478: 6356: 6316:Turkmenistan 6293: 6274:Saudi Arabia 6256: 6214: 6142: 6057:South Africa 6049: 6040:Sierra Leone 5650: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5561:Sean Barrett 5550: 5540: 5530: 5509: 5495: 5491: 5445:cite journal 5431: 5418: 5397:cite journal 5383: 5362:cite journal 5348: 5342:, 2021-01-27 5338: 5332: 5321:. Retrieved 5317: 5307: 5298: 5289: 5280: 5271: 5258: 5246:. Retrieved 5236: 5219: 5207:. Retrieved 5203: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5124: 5116: 5111: 5097: 5080: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5039: 5029: 5021: 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 4999: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4919: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4849: 4845: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4746: 4733: 4724: 4689: 4677: 4665:. Retrieved 4660: 4636:. Retrieved 4631: 4622: 4610:. Retrieved 4601: 4592: 4581:. Retrieved 4579:. 2005-01-01 4576: 4567: 4556:. Retrieved 4542: 4477:Banks portal 4404:Erik Thedéen 4334:Tiff Macklem 4267: 4032:Roger Auboin 4000:Nationality 3884: 3851:Nout Wellink 3752:Bengt Dennis 3706:Jean Godeaux 3693: 3594: 3469:Nationality 3441: 3429: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3373: 3350: 3346: 3326: 3311: 3282: 3258:South Africa 3148:Saudi Arabia 3024: 2908: 2786: 2783: 2663: 2660: 2640: 2621: 2528:Standardized 2489:Standardized 2383:Central bank 2279: 2258: 2252:for private 2250: 2222: 2218: 1285: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1211:21st century 1198: 1182: 1159: 1136: 1100: 1079: 1055: 1012:Walther Funk 994:accused the 987:World War II 984: 981:World War II 963:Nazi Germany 955: 939: 925: 919: 858: 853: 850: 823:Louis Franck 789: 725: 675: 655: 639: 627:Émile Moreau 579: 497:Charles Rist 434: 426:Robert Horne 395: 368: 329: 298: 245: 241: 224: 220: 218: 157:Membership 6733:New Zealand 6625:The Bahamas 6592:Switzerland 6516:Netherlands 6311:Timor-Leste 6264:Philippines 6200:North Korea 6195:South Korea 6108:Afghanistan 6062:South Sudan 5559:, narrator 5281:www.bis.org 5223:Jones, M., 5167:www.bis.org 5149:www.bis.org 5000:www.bis.org 4969:www.bis.org 4920:www.bis.org 4661:www.bis.org 4632:www.bis.org 4598:"About BIS" 4577:www.bis.org 4573:"About BIS" 4447: [ 4430:), Chairman 4105:René Larre 4058: [ 3887:Switzerland 3864:Netherlands 3795:Netherlands 3755: [ 3742:Netherlands 3696:Switzerland 3673:Netherlands 3650:Netherlands 3633: [ 3597:Switzerland 3584:Ernst Weber 3551:Netherlands 3534: [ 3504: [ 3501:Leon Fraser 3448:Netherlands 3444:Johan Beyen 3299: [ 3288: [ 3049:Switzerland 3035:Per Capita 2484:Market risk 2435:Credit risk 1918:Philippines 1306:, and 2 in 1201:Mario Botta 1062:liquidation 1047: [ 959:appeasement 896: [ 893:Paul Reusch 885:Hans Luther 877: [ 866: [ 838: [ 811: [ 768:Switzerland 713: [ 710:Leon Fraser 697:Baden-Baden 689: [ 574:Baden-Baden 501:Long Island 371:World War I 309:Rothschilds 260:Mexico City 252:Switzerland 143: / 119:Coordinates 109:Switzerland 64:Established 58:BIS members 6859:Categories 6511:Montenegro 6496:Luxembourg 6374:Azerbaijan 6352:Eurosystem 6326:Uzbekistan 6301:Tajikistan 6190:Kyrgyzstan 6185:Kazakhstan 6118:Bangladesh 6051:Somaliland 6035:Seychelles 6010:Mozambique 5995:Mauritania 5985:Madagascar 5910:Cape Verde 5532:Asia Times 5323:2023-10-11 4583:2016-03-17 4558:2011-04-14 4534:References 4414:Kazuo Ueda 4314:Klaas Knot 3459:BIS Chairs 3438:Leadership 3316:and limit 2903:See also: 2577:Disclosure 2561:Legal risk 2374:Regulation 2362:Background 1282:Membership 1270:, and the 1238:After the 1223:(left) in 1004:Young Plan 971:Reichsbank 883:(France); 859:ex officio 738:) between 647:World bank 487:president 485:Reichsbank 461:Dawes Plan 271:Background 181:Main organ 128:47°32′53″N 74:1930-05-17 6840:indicate 6836:Names in 6826:Venezuela 6776:Argentina 6723:Australia 6697:Nicaragua 6672:Guatemala 6491:Lithuania 6284:Sri Lanka 6279:Singapore 6258:Palestine 6144:Hong Kong 6000:Mauritius 5552:Timewatch 3322:bank runs 3318:liability 3314:liquidity 3294:(CEMLA), 3269:Indonesia 3214:Argentina 3115:Australia 3082:Singapore 2905:CLS Group 2636:Basel III 2330:Basel III 2254:arbitrage 1225:Hong Kong 1194:Frankfurt 1056:The 1944 1036:IG Farben 1020:Emil Puhl 509:Algeciras 383:telegraph 256:Hong Kong 131:7°35′31″E 41:BIS-Tower 6816:Suriname 6806:Paraguay 6791:Colombia 6682:Honduras 6635:Bermuda 6630:Barbados 6577:Slovenia 6572:Slovakia 6543:Portugal 6459:Hungaria 6399:Bulgaria 6379:Austrian 6358:Abkhazia 6306:Thailand 6252:Pakistan 6232:Mongolia 6227:Maldives 6222:Malaysia 6133:Cambodia 6092:Zimbabwe 6072:Tanzania 5945:Ethiopia 5940:Eswatini 5925:Djibouti 5900:Botswana 5670:Policies 5511:Harper's 5264:Statutes 5037:(1995). 4606:Archived 4552:Archived 4463:See also 3184:$ 1,151 3107:$ 1,446 3104:Eurozone 3096:$ 1,719 3074:$ 1,048 3046:$ 10,194 2632:Basel II 2325:Basel II 2229:Eurozone 1290:, 16 in 1180:(1982). 1170:Basel II 1108:clearing 854:de facto 774:Creation 617:and the 227:) is an 98:Location 6838:italics 6821:Uruguay 6796:Ecuador 6769:America 6758:Vanuatu 6716:Oceania 6687:Jamaica 6613:America 6602:Ukraine 6548:Romania 6506:Moldova 6469:Ireland 6464:Iceland 6449:Georgia 6439:Finland 6434:Estonia 6429:England 6424:Germany 6419:Denmark 6404:Croatia 6389:Belgium 6384:Belarus 6369:Armenia 6364:Albania 6331:Vietnam 6237:Myanmar 6210:Lebanon 6113:Bahrain 6077:Tunisia 6045:Somalia 6020:Nigeria 6015:Namibia 6005:Morocco 5975:Liberia 5970:Lesotho 5935:Eritrea 5915:Comoros 5905:Burundi 5890:Algeria 5599:of the 5595:in the 5580:in the 5547:YouTube 5525:at the 5514:, 1983. 5248:Mar 19, 5229:Reuters 5006:25 July 4866:1900660 4667:25 July 4638:25 July 4612:May 17, 4161:Belgium 4138:Germany 3956:Germany 3818:Belgium 3719:Belgium 3620:Belgium 3446:of the 3342:bubbles 3167:$ 1,009 3156:$ 1,417 3145:$ 1,683 3134:$ 1,924 3123:$ 2,003 3112:$ 2,404 3101:$ 4,230 3090:$ 5,238 3079:$ 6,378 3068:$ 8,290 3057:$ 8,471 2501:CVA vol 2370:Banking 2350:Endgame 2320:Basel I 1639:Hungary 1595:Germany 1527:Denmark 1308:Oceania 1302:, 3 in 1298:, 3 in 1294:, 5 in 744:Belgium 740:Germany 643:trustee 603:Germany 595:Belgium 303:to the 266:History 202:Website 193:Staff 90:Purpose 72: ( 6801:Guyana 6781:Brazil 6692:Mexico 6640:Canada 6597:Turkey 6587:Sweden 6567:Serbia 6553:Russia 6538:Poland 6521:Norway 6486:Latvia 6480:Kosovo 6454:Greece 6444:France 6409:Cyprus 6345:Europe 6295:Taiwan 6205:Kuwait 6180:Jordan 6170:Israel 6128:Brunei 6123:Bhutan 6087:Zambia 6082:Uganda 6025:Rwanda 5990:Malawi 5960:Guinea 5950:Gambia 5895:Angola 5873:Africa 5745:system 5644:Global 5563:(UK), 5318:Forbes 5209:2 July 5088: 5047: 4947: 4898:"UNTC" 4864: 4704: 4253:Mexico 4250: 4227: 4207:Canada 4204: 4181: 4158: 4135: 4117:France 4114: 4096:France 4093: 4075:France 4072: 4045:France 4042: 4022:France 4019: 4003:Dates 3979:France 3976: 3953: 3933:France 3930: 3910:Mexico 3907: 3861: 3841:Sweden 3838: 3815: 3792: 3772:Sweden 3769: 3739: 3716: 3670: 3647: 3617: 3571: 3548: 3518: 3488: 3472:Dates 3466:Chair 3418:, and 3414:, the 3305:, and 3250:$ 307 3236:Turkey 3225:Brazil 3203:Mexico 3192:Sweden 3173:$ 148 3170:Russia 3137:Canada 3129:$ 103 3014:, the 2891:, and 2772:, and 2643:equity 2511:SA-CVA 2506:BA-CVA 2467:SA-CCR 2428:Tier 2 2423:Tier 1 2082:Sweden 1936:Poland 1322:. The 1310:. 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