467:, .org is for "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, but encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of those domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organization including
184:
funding; programs, services or merchandise sales, and investments. Each NPO is unique in which source of income works best for them. With an increase in NPOs since 2010, organizations have adopted competitive advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, many nonprofit organizations have been moving toward increasing the diversity of their funding sources. For example, many nonprofits that have relied on government grants have started fundraising efforts to appeal to individual donors.
421:
advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today, however, nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.
175:(NFPOs); while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment. Other examples of NFPOs include: credit unions, sports clubs, and advocacy groups. Nonprofit organizations provide services to the community; for example aid and development programs, medical research, education, and health services. It is possible for a nonprofit to be both member-serving and community-serving.
104:
for a nonprofit that seeks to finance its operations through donations, public confidence is a factor in the amount of money that a nonprofit organization is able to raise. Supposedly, the more a nonprofit focuses on their mission, the more public confidence they will gain. This will result in more money for the organization. The activities a nonprofit is partaking in can help build the public's confidence in nonprofits, as well as how ethical the standards and practices are.
145:, and other nonprofit organizations. Private charitable contributions increased for the fourth consecutive year in 2017 (since 2014), at an estimated $ 410.02 billion. Out of these contributions, religious organizations received 30.9%, education organizations received 14.3%, and human services organizations received 12.1%. Between September 2010 and September 2014, approximately 25.3% of Americans over the age of 16 volunteered for a nonprofit.
46:
395:. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commenters have argued that the receipt of significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions. A frequent measure of an NPO's efficiency is its
503:. Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities, and limitations.
361:
in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure the organization's sustainability. An advantage of nonprofits registered in the UK is that they benefit from some reliefs and exemptions. Charities and nonprofits are exempt from
Corporation Tax as
335:
for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as the election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree
103:
Key aspects of nonprofits are accountability, trustworthiness, honesty, and openness to every person who has invested time, money, and faith into the organization. Nonprofit organizations are accountable to the donors, founders, volunteers, program recipients, and the public community. Theoretically,
283:, or both in the state in which they expect to operate. The act of incorporation creates a legal entity enabling the organization to be treated as a distinct body (corporation) by law and to enter into business dealings, form contracts, and own property as individuals or for-profit corporations can.
196:
A second misconception is that nonprofit organizations may not make a profit. Although the goal of nonprofits is not specifically to maximize profits, they still have to operate as a fiscally responsible business. They must manage their income (both grants and donations and income from services) and
424:
It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. A good environment is ranked higher than salary and pressure of work. NPOs
390:
Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anyone who has a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's
183:
Nonprofit organizations are not driven by generating profit, but they must bring in enough income to pursue their social goals. Nonprofits are able to raise money in different ways. This includes income from donations from individual donors or foundations; sponsorship from corporations; government
420:
Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sectors have enjoyed an
411:
is another problem that nonprofit organizations inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers, and to some, NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which
192:
Most nonprofits have staff that work for the company, possibly using volunteers to perform the nonprofit's services under the direction of the paid staff. Nonprofits must be careful to balance the salaries paid to staff against the money paid to provide services to the nonprofit's beneficiaries.
416:
competitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the remuneration package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work
204:
Though nonprofits are managed differently from for-profit businesses, they have felt pressure to be more businesslike. To combat private and public business growth in the public service industry, nonprofits have modeled their business management and mission, shifting their reason of existing to
309:
The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those
91:
are regularly organized as non-profits. A host of organizations may be nonprofit, including some political organizations, schools, hospitals, business associations, churches, foundations, social clubs, and consumer cooperatives. Nonprofit entities may seek approval from governments to be
357:) is granted by the federal government via the IRS. This means that not all nonprofits are eligible to be tax-exempt. For example, employees of non-profit organizations pay taxes from their salaries, which they receive according to the laws of the country. NPOs use the model of a
381:
Founder's syndrome is an issue organizations experience as they expand. Dynamic founders, who have a strong vision of how to operate the project, try to retain control of the organization, even as new employees or volunteers want to expand the project's scope or change policy.
330:
has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to
117:(NFPOs); while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a sports club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment. The names used and precise regulations vary from one
310:
delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as 'members'; examples of such organizations are
336:
of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to members and directors is concerned.
425:
are encouraged to pay as much as they are able and offer a low-stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.
247:
While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with
86:
for its owners. A nonprofit organization is subject to the non-distribution constraint: any revenues that exceed expenses must be committed to the organization's purpose, not taken by private parties. Depending on the local laws,
243:
Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the US at least) expressed in the organization's charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction.
306:. A nonprofit may have a delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors.
219:
Nonprofit organizations provide public goods that are undersupplied by government. NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are, nevertheless, some elements of importance:
348:
status, so that the organization itself may be exempt from income tax and other taxes. In the United States, to be exempt from federal income taxes, the organization must meet the requirements set forth in the
1022:
786:
SacristĂĄn LĂłpez de los Mozos, I., RodrĂguez Duarte, A., & RodrĂguez Ruiz, Ă. (2016). Resource dependence in non-profit organizations: is it harder to fundraise if you diversify your revenue structure?.
1477:
208:
Setting effective missions is a key for the successful management of nonprofit organizations. There are three important conditions for effective mission: opportunity, competence, and commitment.
211:
One way of managing the sustainability of nonprofit organizations is to establish strong relations with donor groups. This requires a donor marketing strategy, something many nonprofits lack.
1407:
1135:
1594:
197:
expenses so as to remain a fiscally viable entity. Nonprofits have the responsibility of focusing on being professional and financially responsible, replacing self-interest and
391:
reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute
553:
691:
1059:
362:
well as the trustees being exempt from Income Tax. There may also be tax relief available for charitable giving, via Gift Aid, monetary donations, and legacies.
82:, is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, as opposed to an entity that operates as a business aiming to generate a
315:
1160:
The
Nonprofit Handbook: Everything You Need to Know to Start and Run Your Nonprofit Organization (Paperback), Gary M. Grobman, White Hat Communications, 2008.
1469:
1446:
1253:
1363:"Working in the for-profit versus not-for-profit sector: what difference does it make? An inquiry on preferences of voluntary and involuntary movers"
706:
1415:
1608:
732:
1139:
1539:
Alvarado, Elliott I.: "Nonprofit or Not-for-profit â Which Are You?", page 6â7. Nonprofit World, Volume 18, Number 6, November/December 2000.
1957:
651:
548:
1118:
1871:
1974:
1562:
1331:
130:
1305:
252:
regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly.
1523:
1384:
327:
1500:
412:
could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPOs are well-funded and comparative to their
499:(CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector â as one of citizens, for citizens â by organizations including
158:
that are a religious, charitable, or educational-based organization that does not influence state and federal legislation, and
848:
McDonald, Robert E. (2007). "An
Investigation of Innovation in Nonprofit Organizations: The Role of Organizational Mission".
1762:
1747:
940:
563:
1005:
687:
1055:
903:
322:
imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as the
2037:
1981:
1636:
1103:
1032:
635:
568:
528:
500:
1170:
1281:
Edwards, M.; Hulme, D., eds. (2002). "NGO Performance and
Accountability: Introduction and Overview (Chapter 11)".
39:
35:
1116:
SSRN-Voluntary
Disclosure in Nonprofit Organizations: an Exploratory Study by Bruce Behn, Delwyn DeVries, Jing Lin
193:
Organizations whose salary expenses are too high relative to their program expenses may face regulatory scrutiny.
319:
2042:
1969:
986:
263:
corporate entities must have board members, steering-committee members, or trustees who owe the organization a
1438:
1752:
1259:
573:
543:
442:
20:
762:
353:(IRC). Granting nonprofit status is done by the state, while granting tax-exempt designation (such as IRC
1555:
Nonprofits: On the Brink : How
Nonprofits have lost their way and some essentials to bring them back
967:
823:
487:
Some organizations offer new, positive-sounding alternative terminology to describe the sector. The term
171:
150:
113:
24:
1572:
Weisbrod, Burton, 1977. The
Voluntary Nonprofit Sector: An Economic Analysis, Lexington Books, New York.
1174:
918:
Weisbrod, Burton, 1977. The
Voluntary Nonprofit Sector: An Economic Analysis, Lexington Books, New York.
710:
479:. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.
1798:
1226:
Block, Stephen R.; Rosenberg, Steven (Summer 2002). "Toward and
Understanding of Founder's Syndrome".
1846:
740:
396:
280:
100:
contributions, but an entity may incorporate as a nonprofit entity without having tax-exempt status.
2052:
1715:
538:
138:
28:
1599:
1964:
1730:
518:
155:
658:
2047:
1851:
1782:
1777:
1629:
599:
558:
376:
350:
291:
1927:
323:
249:
1339:
399:(i.e. expenditures on things other than its programs, divided by its total expenditures).
34:"Registered association" redirects here. For the legal status in Finland and Germany, see
8:
1297:
533:
513:
271:, which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, including church members.
83:
1520:
1362:
1952:
1937:
1902:
1881:
1856:
1833:
1735:
1669:
1645:
1212:
892:
865:
358:
299:
295:
142:
452:(TLD), to differentiate themselves from more commercial entities, which typically use
1996:
1861:
1841:
1772:
1694:
1506:
1171:"not-for-profit â definition of not-for-profit in English from the Oxford dictionary"
1099:
1028:
899:
869:
631:
332:
268:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1725:
1622:
1374:
1235:
1083:
ABA Code
Revision Raises Concerns for Democracy and Parliamentary Law in Nonprofits
857:
578:
460:
449:
392:
1912:
1614:
1024:
How to Convert Taxes into Profits: Professional Guide for Non Profit Organizations
133:(NCCS), there are more than 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered in the
2006:
1947:
1932:
1907:
1886:
1589:
1553:
1527:
1122:
1009:
990:
971:
256:
929:
707:"The Nonprofit Sector in Brief 2018: Public Charities, Giving, and Volunteering"
464:
1986:
408:
264:
162:
organizations that are for pleasure, recreation, or another nonprofit purpose.
97:
54:
2031:
1917:
1584:
1136:"Applying for Exemption â Difference Between Nonprofit and Tax-Exempt Status"
861:
413:
198:
134:
93:
294:
of members. The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the
1942:
1922:
1866:
1767:
1742:
1704:
1699:
1002:
822:
Simkovich, D. (2017). How to Run a Non-Profit Organization. Retrieved from
709:. Urban Institute National Center for Charitable Statistics. Archived from
279:
In the United States, nonprofit organizations are formed by filing bylaws,
118:
789:
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations
286:
Nonprofits can have members, but many do not. The nonprofit may also be a
1689:
1379:
801:
523:
476:
434:
154:
are tax-exempt. There are various types of nonprofit exemptions, such as
1361:
Becchetti, Leonardo; Castriota, Stefano; Depedri, Sara (1 August 2014).
491:(CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, including the
259:
though there are often significant differences. Both not-for-profit and
230:
Provisory for the amendment of the statutes or articles of incorporation
1674:
1197:
345:
260:
1239:
824:
https://www.donateforcharity.com/nonprofit/a-nonprofit-you-pick-later/
287:
159:
88:
983:
688:"Nonprofit, Not-for Profit & For-Profit Organizations Explained"
1991:
1876:
1813:
1679:
1664:
1115:
1080:
311:
1027:. International Business Publications. 20 March 2009. p. 12.
964:
1818:
1684:
468:
303:
45:
1803:
1603:
354:
50:
1499:
Glasius, Marlies; Kaldor, Mary; Anheier, Helmut, eds. (2005).
1408:"Nonprofit Salaries: Achieving Parity with the Private Sector"
894:
Managing the Non-profit Organization: Principles and Practices
1823:
1808:
472:
630:. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
1659:
453:
446:
438:
267:
of loyalty and trust. A notable exception to this involves
1470:"How to Compete with the Private Sector for Young Workers"
657:. United Nations Statistics Division. 1993. Archived from
1360:
554:
Non-profit organizations and access to public information
930:"A History of the Tax-Exempt Sector: An SOI Perspective"
1096:
Charity on Trial: What You Need to Know Before You Give
417:
environments and implacable work that drove them away.
148:
In the United States, both nonprofit organizations and
316:
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
1498:
165:
There is an important distinction in the US between
107:
There is an important distinction in the US between
1644:
1081:Malamut, Michael E. & Blach, Thomas J. (2008),
1609:Nonprofits & Philanthropy Research at IssueLab
891:
2029:
1439:"Nonprofits Can Compete with Employee Benefits"
255:In many aspects, they are similar to corporate
1295:
1225:
407:Competition for employees with the public and
16:Organization operated for a collective benefit
1630:
1530:. Alliance Magazine, Vol. 12/No.2, June 2007.
1255:Audit Guide for Small Nonprofit Organizations
1280:
1085:, National Parliamentarian, Volume 69, No. 1
625:
344:In many countries, nonprofits may apply for
236:Tax statuses of corporate and private donors
233:Provisions for the dissolution of the entity
1298:"Nonprofits Need to Compete for Top Talent"
626:Ciconte, Barbara L.; Jacob, Jeanne (2009).
549:Nonprofit organization laws by jurisdiction
1872:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis
1637:
1623:
1138:. Internal Revenue Service. Archived from
274:
1378:
927:
836:Nonprofit Organizations: An Introduction.
763:"Social Clubs | Internal Revenue Service"
737:National Center for Charitable Statistics
681:
679:
621:
619:
493:Center for the Study of Global Governance
402:
385:
326:, have formed board-only structures. The
131:National Center for Charitable Statistics
1593:) is being considered for deletion. See
850:Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
847:
704:
328:National Association of Parliamentarians
44:
1436:
1325:
1323:
889:
685:
437:, NPOs often use one of the following:
96:, and some may also qualify to receive
2030:
1283:The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management
1058:. Wikimedia Foundation. 14 July 2010.
676:
616:
227:Accountability and auditing provisions
1726:Charitable trust / Registered charity
1618:
1405:
1228:Nonprofit Management & Leadership
885:
883:
881:
879:
802:"2020 Global Trends in Giving Report"
694:from the original on 11 January 2024.
370:
205:establish sustainability and growth.
1763:Public-benefit nonprofit corporation
1748:Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation
1320:
1210:
1062:from the original on 23 January 2008
705:McKeever, Brice S. (November 2018).
628:Fundraising Basics: A Complete Guide
564:Public-benefit nonprofit corporation
482:
445:of their respective country, or the
1467:
1329:
459:In the traditional domain noted in
13:
1546:
1480:from the original on 20 March 2021
1449:from the original on 20 March 2021
1387:from the original on 20 March 2021
1308:from the original on 20 March 2021
1196:UK, Government (12 October 2020).
1195:
1177:from the original on 20 March 2021
946:from the original on 20 March 2021
876:
686:Heaslip, Emily (6 February 2023).
428:
14:
2064:
1982:Master of Nonprofit Organizations
1597:to help reach a consensus. âş
1576:
1336:Stanford Social Innovation Review
1285:. UK: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
1211:Plus, Accountants (4 July 2024).
739:. Urban Institute. Archived from
569:Supporting organization (charity)
529:Master of Nonprofit Organizations
501:Ashoka: Innovators for the Public
53:(UNICEF), an organization of the
1563:"It's about people, not profits"
1437:Coffman, S. (23 December 2002).
1003:NORML Board of Directors â NORML
339:
124:
40:Registered association (Germany)
36:Registered association (Finland)
1646:Charitable giving and practices
1533:
1513:
1492:
1461:
1430:
1399:
1367:Industrial and Corporate Change
1354:
1289:
1274:
1246:
1219:
1204:
1189:
1163:
1154:
1128:
1109:
1089:
1074:
1048:
1015:
996:
977:
958:
921:
912:
841:
828:
816:
320:Model Nonprofit Corporation Act
1970:List of charitable foundations
794:
780:
755:
733:"Quick Facts About Nonprofits"
725:
698:
644:
592:
178:
51:United Nations Children's Fund
1:
1753:Non-governmental organization
1582:
1296:Chertavian, G. (March 2013).
965:FairVote â Board of Directors
937:Statistics of Income Bulletin
652:"System of National Accounts"
609:
574:United States non-profit laws
544:Non-governmental organization
443:country code top-level domain
187:
21:Non-governmental organization
214:
172:not-for-profit organizations
151:not-for-profit organizations
114:not-for-profit organizations
7:
1502:Global Civil Society 2006/7
690:. US Chambers of Commerce.
506:
497:citizen sector organization
365:
25:Not-for-profit organization
10:
2069:
1923:Charity / thrift / op shop
1799:Charity (Christian virtue)
1611:(archived 7 November 2015)
1406:Cohen, R. (21 June 2010).
489:civil society organization
374:
239:Tax status of the founders
33:
18:
1895:
1847:Animal Charity Evaluators
1832:
1791:
1713:
1652:
1468:Fox, T. (18 March 2014).
1332:"Winning the Talent Game"
281:articles of incorporation
2038:Non-profit organizations
1595:templates for discussion
1567:Business Strategy Review
1330:Maw, Liz (9 July 2014).
939:. Winter 2008: 105â135.
928:Ansberger, Paul (2008).
862:10.1177/0899764006295996
838:New York, NY: Routledge.
585:
19:Not to be confused with
1526:7 November 2017 at the
1443:Columbus Business First
1302:Harvard Business Review
1008:30 October 2008 at the
989:23 October 2008 at the
970:30 October 2008 at the
890:Drucker, Peter (2006).
834:Anheier, K. H. (2005).
539:Non-commercial activity
275:Formation and structure
156:501(c)(3) organizations
29:Charitable organization
1965:Ethics of philanthropy
1958:Psychological barriers
1758:Nonprofit organization
1505:. Sage. Archived from
519:Community organization
403:Competition for talent
386:Resource mismanagement
64:nonprofit organization
57:
2043:Types of organization
1783:Voluntary association
1778:Religious corporation
1213:"Charity Accountants"
1121:20 March 2021 at the
600:nominalized adjective
559:Non-profit technology
351:Internal Revenue Code
224:Management provisions
201:with mission motive.
76:nonprofit institution
48:
1928:Click-to-donate site
1792:Charity and religion
1098:/ Doug White (2007)
324:Wikimedia Foundation
250:corporate governance
1600:Nonprofit Resources
1474:The Washington Post
1418:on 11 December 2014
1412:Nonprofit Quarterly
1198:"Charities and tax"
791:, 27(6), 2641â2665.
743:on 18 December 2017
534:Mutual organization
514:501(c) organization
143:private foundations
70:), also known as a
1953:Effective altruism
1938:Donor-advised fund
1903:Alternative giving
1882:Giving What We Can
1857:Charity assessment
1834:Charity evaluation
1670:Charity (practice)
1380:10.1093/icc/dtt044
1142:on 16 October 2012
898:. HarperBusiness.
664:on 17 October 2013
377:Founder's syndrome
371:Founder's syndrome
359:double bottom line
300:board of governors
296:board of directors
72:nonbusiness entity
58:
2025:
2024:
1997:Visiting the sick
1862:Charity Navigator
1842:Aid effectiveness
1773:Social enterprise
1695:Humanity (virtue)
1552:Snyder, Gary R.,
1509:on 24 April 2007.
1262:on 4 January 2011
1240:10.1002/nml.12403
483:Alternative names
433:When selecting a
333:market discipline
257:business entities
129:According to the
2060:
2017:Warm-glow giving
2012:Wall of kindness
2002:Voluntary sector
1639:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1414:. Archived from
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1373:(4): 1087â1120.
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1342:on 7 August 2018
1338:. Archived from
1327:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1258:. Archived from
1250:
1244:
1243:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1132:
1126:
1113:
1107:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
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